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Gels for Biomedical Applications

A special issue of Gels (ISSN 2310-2861). This special issue belongs to the section "Gel Chemistry and Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 September 2025 | Viewed by 6959

Special Issue Editors


E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: semisolid formulations; emulsions; rheology; dispersed systems; topical drug delivery systems; gels; nanomedicine; drug permeation

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: semisolid formulations; emulsions; dispersed systems; topical drug delivery systems; gels; nanomedicine; nanocarriers; drug permeation; pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamic drug evaluation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Gels play a pivotal role in biomedical applications due to their unique physical properties and versatile capabilities such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and adaptability to different environments. These three-dimensional polymeric crosslinked networks resemble natural tissues and are extensively used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound healing, and diagnostics. Gels can be designed to release drugs in a controlled manner, and tailoring their composition allows us to control biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical properties, which are crucial for specific applications.

Hydrogels contain high water content resembling native tissue and are commonly employed for controlled drug release and wound dressings. In situ forming gels offer minimally invasive delivery, while smart gels respond to physiological changes for on-demand drug release. Scaffold-like gels promote cell growth in tissue engineering. However, challenges like mechanical fragility and inconsistent performance under physiological conditions still require attention. Advances in material science continue to enhance gel design, fuelling their significance in creating effective biomedical solutions with improved patient outcomes.

This Special Issue focuses on recent research in innovative material design, resulting in improved gel properties, stability, and functionality in the biomedical field. We welcome contributions tackling gel development, characterization, and evaluation.

Dr. Joaquim Suñer-Carbó
Dr. Helena Colom-Codina
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Gels is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gels
  • hydrogels
  • smart gels
  • in situ gels
  • biomedical applications
  • drug delivery
  • tissue engineering
  • wound healing

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 6165 KiB  
Article
Injectable Chitosan Hydrogel Particles as Nasal Packing Materials After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Treatment of Chronic Sinusitis
by Yusuke Yamashita, Kei Hosoya, Yukio Fujiwara, Yoichi Saito, Masahiro Yoshida, Shoji Matsune, Kimihiro Okubo and Takayuki Takei
Gels 2025, 11(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11010060 - 11 Jan 2025
Viewed by 650
Abstract
After endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), nasal packing is often used to stop bleeding and promote wound healing. Because maintaining a moist environment is important to enhance wound healing, hydrogel-based wound dressings are effective to promote wound healing. Chitosan is used in the medical [...] Read more.
After endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), nasal packing is often used to stop bleeding and promote wound healing. Because maintaining a moist environment is important to enhance wound healing, hydrogel-based wound dressings are effective to promote wound healing. Chitosan is used in the medical field because of its high hemostatic and wound healing properties. We developed a pH-neutral and non-toxic chitosan hydrogel, which was difficult to achieve using conventional methods. In this study, we show in animal experiments that the chitosan hydrogel (hydrogel particles) had higher wound healing properties than a commercially available solid wound dressing (dry state) composed of the same polymer. Additionally, we applied the injectable chitosan hydrogel particles as nasal packing materials to patients with bilateral chronic sinusitis undergoing ESS in a pilot clinical study. Concerning symptom scores, though the results narrowly missed statistical differences (p < 0.05), the average scores of our chitosan hydrogel were superior to those of a commercially available wound dressing (especially p = 0.09 for nasal bleeding). These findings suggest that the injectable chitosan hydrogel could be a viable option as a packing material following ESS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels for Biomedical Applications)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>(<b>a</b>) The appearance of the CG hydrogel particles, (<b>b</b>) observation of the hydrogel with scanning electron microscope (scale bar: 300 μm), (<b>c</b>) observation of the hydrogel with stereo microscope (scale bar: 2 mm), and (<b>d</b>) particle size distribution of CG hydrogel particles (n = 82).</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The results of the treatment of wounds in the dorsal skin of rats with gauze, Beschitin-F<sup>®</sup>, and CG hydrogel. (<b>a</b>) The number of days required for the wound area to shrink to 50% of the area at the time of injury. (<b>b</b>) The reduction in the wound area (n = 4–8). * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 vs. gauze and Beschitin-F<sup>®</sup>, # <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 vs. Beschitin-F<sup>®</sup>.</p>
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<p>Regeneration and healing process of wounds created on the dorsal skin of rats and treated with gauze, Beschitin-F<sup>®</sup>, and CG hydrogels at 0 days (just after wounding), 4 days, and 15 days after wounding.</p>
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<p>Hematoxylin and eosin (HE)- and immunohistochemically stained sections of myeloperoxidase (MPO) of wound tissues treated with gauze, Beschitin-F<sup>®</sup>, and CG hydrogels on day 6 after wounding. Scale bars are 100 µm.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Preoperative findings in the left nasal cavity; (<b>b</b>) post-ESS; (<b>c</b>) CG hydrogel filled in the syringe; and (<b>d</b>) sinuses after filling with hydrogel.</p>
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<p>Boezaart scores and wound healing scores. The bars are presented as the median and interquartile range (IQR).</p>
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<p>Symptom scores (VAS 0–10) reported by patients on the day after surgery. The bars are presented as the median and interquartile range (IQR).</p>
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19 pages, 3641 KiB  
Article
In Situ Aqueous Spice Extract-Based Antifungal Lock Strategy for Salvage of Foley’s Catheter Biofouled with Candida albicans Biofilm Gel
by Bindu Sadanandan, Vaniyamparambath Vijayalakshmi, Kalidas Shetty, Adithya Rathish, Harshala Shivkumar, Malavika Gundreddy, Nikhil Kumar Kagganti Narendra and Nethra Machamada Devaiah
Gels 2025, 11(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11010023 - 1 Jan 2025
Viewed by 664
Abstract
Candida forms a gel-like biofilm in the Foley’s catheter (FC) causing tenacious biofouling and severe urinary tract infections (UTIs). For the first time, a spice extract-based antifungal lock therapy (ALT) has been developed to inhibit the Candida albicans gel matrix in FC. Aqueous [...] Read more.
Candida forms a gel-like biofilm in the Foley’s catheter (FC) causing tenacious biofouling and severe urinary tract infections (UTIs). For the first time, a spice extract-based antifungal lock therapy (ALT) has been developed to inhibit the Candida albicans gel matrix in FC. Aqueous extracts of garlic, clove, and Indian gooseberry were used as ALT lock solutions and tested against biofilm-forming multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of C. albicans. Reduction in the gel matrices formation in the catheter was confirmed by Point inoculation, MTT assay, CFU, and SEM analysis at 12 and 24 h of incubation. Garlic was effective in controlling both C. albicans M207 and C. albicans S470; however, clove and gooseberry effectively controlled the latter. As evidenced by CFU assay, there were 82.85% and 99.68% reductions in the growth of C. albicans M207 and S470, respectively, at 24 h of incubation. SEM revealed a switch from the biofilm to the yeast mode and a drastic reduction in cell numbers, with mostly clumped or lysed cells. The study will provide an impetus to the development of novel spice extract-based ALT, reducing the selection pressure on the pathogen and lowering antimicrobial resistance. Further research in this area has the potential to leverage clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels for Biomedical Applications)
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
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<p>Panel 1: Point inoculation of the catheter sections at 12 h of incubation for (a) control, (b) garlic, (c) clove, and (d) gooseberry extracts. (A) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> M207 center, (B) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> M207 periphery, (C) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> S470 centre, (D) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> S470 periphery. Panel 2: Point inoculation of the catheter sections at 24 h of incubation for (a) control, (b) garlic, (c) clove, and (d) gooseberry extracts. (A) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> M207 center, (B) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> M207 periphery, (C) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> S470 centre, (D) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> S470 periphery.</p>
Full article ">Figure 1 Cont.
<p>Panel 1: Point inoculation of the catheter sections at 12 h of incubation for (a) control, (b) garlic, (c) clove, and (d) gooseberry extracts. (A) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> M207 center, (B) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> M207 periphery, (C) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> S470 centre, (D) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> S470 periphery. Panel 2: Point inoculation of the catheter sections at 24 h of incubation for (a) control, (b) garlic, (c) clove, and (d) gooseberry extracts. (A) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> M207 center, (B) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> M207 periphery, (C) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> S470 centre, (D) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> S470 periphery.</p>
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<p>Panel 1: MTT assay of center and periphery regions of the catheter having <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> M207 and <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> S470 grown for 12 h and treated with garlic, gooseberry, and clove. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.01. The asterisk indicates a significant difference with respect to the control. Panel 2: MTT assay of center and periphery regions of catheter having <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> M207 and <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> S470 grown for 24 h and treated with garlic, gooseberry, and clove. **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.0001. The asterisk indicates a significant difference with respect to the control.</p>
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<p>Panel 1: CFUs of (A) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> M207 control treated with (B) garlic extract at 12 and 24 h of incubation. (a) 12 h neat, (b) 12 h 10<sup>−1</sup> dilution, (c) 24 h neat, (d) 24 h 10<sup>−1</sup> dilution. Panel 2: CFUs of (A) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> S470 control treated with (B) garlic, (C) gooseberry, and (D) clove extracts at 12 and 24 h of incubation. (a) 12 h neat, (b) 12 h 10<sup>−1</sup> dilution, (c) 24 h neat, (d) 24 h 10<sup>−1</sup> dilution.</p>
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<p>SEM analysis of the longitudinal section of the catheter. Panel 1: Blank catheter. Panel 2: (A) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> M207 at 12 h, (B) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> S470 at 12 h, (C) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> M207 at 24 h and (D) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> S470 at 24 h. (a) Control, (b) garlic-treated, (c) gooseberry-treated, (d) clove-treated.</p>
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<p>The proposed mechanism of action of allicin, eugenol/ellagic acid, and gallic acid of garlic (pink arrow), clove (black arrow), and gooseberry (green arrow), respectively, on <span class="html-italic">Candida</span> sp. Allicin causes cellular damage, affects the sodium–potassium pump, affects lipid synthesis, causes lipid peroxidation, inactivates thiol peptide (glutathione) and proteins (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, coenzyme A) that act as innate antioxidants, leading to oxidative stress, thereby also triggering ROS generation, damages mitochondria, reduces succinate dehydrogenase, produces ROS, which, in turn, cause cytochrome C release, caspase activation and apoptosis, inhibits ECE1 virulence factor/candidalysin, and inactivates quorum-sensing genes. Eugenol/ellagic acid causes cellular damage, releases cytochrome C, leading to caspase activation and apoptosis, produces ROS, releases nucleic acid and proteins, inhibits ECE1 virulence factor/candidalysin, and forms DNA adducts. Gallic acid causes cellular damage, leading to cytoplasmic leakage, damage to nucleic acid and proteins, and inhibits RNA synthesis. Classes of conventional antimycotics (azole, allylamine, echinocandins, polyenes, the miscellaneous class—griseofulvin, and nucleotide analogues) and their binding sites are also depicted in the figure.</p>
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17 pages, 2391 KiB  
Article
Development of an Emulgel for the Effective Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis: Biocompatibility and Clinical Investigation
by Almudena Gómez-Farto, Ana Leticia Jiménez-Escobar, Noelia Pérez-González, Herminia Castán, Beatriz Clares, Salvador Arias-Santiago and Trinidad Montero-Vílchez
Gels 2024, 10(6), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10060370 - 27 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2327
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common dermatological disease affecting both children and adults. No drug-free emulgel has been developed and studied in vitro and in vivo for the treatment of AD. The aim of this study was to develop and assess the efficacy [...] Read more.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common dermatological disease affecting both children and adults. No drug-free emulgel has been developed and studied in vitro and in vivo for the treatment of AD. The aim of this study was to develop and assess the efficacy of a topical emulgel containing hyaluronic acid, glycerol, Calendula officinalis, Aloe vera, polyphenols and EGF for the concomitant treatment in patients with AD aged over 14. Objective skin barrier function parameters were included, such as transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin temperature, pH, stratum corneum hydration, skin elasticity and erythema. The subjective opinion of the patients was determined including acceptability, absorption, comfort of use and tolerability, as well as the degree of improvement in patients’ quality of life. We observed an improvement in the subjective parameters studied and statistically significant differences in the objective parameters. Specifically, we found an improvement in TEWL (p = 0.006), erythema (p = 0.008) and hydration (p < 0.001), parameters indicating an improvement in the epidermal barrier. One hundred per cent of patients were satisfied with the product. Therefore, these results suggest that the product may contribute to the treatment of AD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels for Biomedical Applications)
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>Percentage of cell viability of the test sample compared to the control sample (L929 mouse cell line).</p>
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<p>Diagram CONSORT profile.</p>
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<p>Changes in homeostasis parameters in eczematous areas. (<b>a</b>)Temperature assessment, (<b>b</b>) Erythema assessment, (<b>c</b>) TEWL assessment, (<b>d</b>) SCH assessment, (<b>e</b>) pH assessment, (<b>f</b>) elasticity assessment.</p>
Full article ">Figure 3 Cont.
<p>Changes in homeostasis parameters in eczematous areas. (<b>a</b>)Temperature assessment, (<b>b</b>) Erythema assessment, (<b>c</b>) TEWL assessment, (<b>d</b>) SCH assessment, (<b>e</b>) pH assessment, (<b>f</b>) elasticity assessment.</p>
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<p>Images of areas affected by AD before and after treatment: (<b>a</b>) patient’s hand;(<b>b</b>) patient’s elbow flexure.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>)Change in SCORAD before and after the use of emulgel. (<b>b</b>) Change in EASI before and after the use of emulgel.</p>
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<p>Self-assessment by patients.</p>
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<p>Emulgel infrared spectrum.</p>
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18 pages, 4236 KiB  
Article
Hydrogel of Thyme-Oil-PLGA Nanoparticles Designed for Skin Inflammation Treatment
by Camila Folle, Natalia Díaz-Garrido, Mireia Mallandrich, Joaquim Suñer-Carbó, Elena Sánchez-López, Lyda Halbaut, Ana M. Marqués, Marta Espina, Josefa Badia, Laura Baldoma, Ana Cristina Calpena and Maria Luisa García
Gels 2024, 10(2), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10020149 - 18 Feb 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2432
Abstract
Thyme oil (THO) possesses excellent antibacterial and antioxidant properties which are suitable for skin inflammatory disorders such as acne vulgaris. However, THO is insoluble in water and its components are highly volatile. Therefore, these drawbacks may be overcome by its encapsulation in biodegradable [...] Read more.
Thyme oil (THO) possesses excellent antibacterial and antioxidant properties which are suitable for skin inflammatory disorders such as acne vulgaris. However, THO is insoluble in water and its components are highly volatile. Therefore, these drawbacks may be overcome by its encapsulation in biodegradable PLGA nanoparticles (THO-NPs) that had been functionalized using several strategies. Moreover, cell viability was studied in HaCat cells, confirming their safety. In order to assess therapeutic efficacy against acne, bacterial reduction capacity and antioxidant properties were assessed. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory and wound-healing abilities of THO-NPs were also confirmed. Additionally, ex vivo antioxidant assessment was carried out using pig skin, demonstrating the suitable antioxidant properties of THO-NPs. Moreover, THO and THO-NPs were dispersed in a gelling system, and stability, rheological properties, and extensibility were assessed. Finally, the biomechanical properties of THO-hydrogel and THO-NP-hydrogel were studied in human volunteers, confirming the suitable activity for the treatment of acne. As a conclusion, THO has been encapsulated into PLGA NPs, and in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assessments had been carried out, demonstrating excellent properties for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels for Biomedical Applications)
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>Viable count experiments of cells treated with THO and THO-NPs. (<b>A</b>) Antibacterial capacity of the formulations against <span class="html-italic">C. acnes</span>. Values are expressed as mean ± SD (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3), and are represented as (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001): against control (<span class="html-italic">C. acnes</span> without treatment) and (<sup><span>$</span></sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001): against THO. (<b>B</b>) Cell viability of HaCaT cells (24 h incubation) at different concentrations. Values represent the Mean ± SEM (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). (<b>C</b>) Antioxidant activity in HaCaT cells H<sub>2</sub>DCFDA labelled and challenged with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Data are expressed as the Mean ± SD of quantified ROS (%), <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 8, (**** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001 versus control; <sup>####</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001 versus corresponding blank NPs, <sup>&amp;</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 vs. other THO-NPs). Statistical analysis developed either by <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test or by one-way ANOVA (Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test).</p>
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<p>Gene expression values of inflammatory cytokines in HaCaT cells infected with <span class="html-italic">C. acnes</span> and treated with THO or THO-NPs. Relative mRNA levels of (<b>A</b>) TNF-α, (<b>B</b>) IL-6, (<b>C</b>) IL-8, and (<b>D</b>) IL-1β, measured by RT-qPCR, with β-actin as the endogenous control. Values (Mean ± SEM, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3) are expressed as fold-change compared to untreated HaCaT cells (control+). Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test, and is represented as: * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001 or **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001: versus positive control (C+), <sup><span>$</span></sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05: versus THO, and <sup>&amp;</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 or <sup>&amp;&amp;</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01: versus other THO-NPs.</p>
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<p>Skin cell regeneration studies: (<b>A</b>) In vitro wound healing activity in HaCaT cells scratch treatment. Images recorded prior to incubation (Control t0) and after 24 h, untreated (control 24 h) and treated, with THO, THO-NP-L-, THO-NP-P-, THO-NP-P-C+, and their corresponding blank NPs (NP-L-, NP-P-, NP-P-C+). (<b>B</b>) Ex vivo antioxidant activity of THO, THO-NP-L-, THO-NP-P-, THO-NP-P-C+, or water (as the control), as shown by the methylene blue reduction on the skin surface.</p>
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<p>The long-term stability of GC-THO-NP-L- by means of the backscattering profile, measured by Turbiscan<sup>®</sup> Lab Expert (<b>A</b>) for 24 h (1 scan every h, represented by the blue and red lines) and (<b>B</b>) under storage at RT for 6 months (1 scan every selected measurement day). Optical micrographs (X63) of (<b>C</b>) GC-THO-NP-L- and (<b>D</b>) GC-THO (scale bars representing 10 µm).</p>
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<p>The characterization of the developed hydrogels, GC-THO and GC-THO-NP-L- (left and right, respectively). (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) Rheological profile with viscosity curve (blue line) and flow curve (red line) (<span class="html-italic">τ</span>: shear stress, <span class="html-italic">ץ:</span> shear rate, <span class="html-italic">η</span>: apparent viscosity). (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) Extensibility profile as the function of increasing weights, adjusted to the Hyperbola equation.</p>
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<p>In vivo skin biomechanical properties of GC-TH and GC-TH-NLC-L- (up and down, respectively), measured on the forearm of healthy volunteers for SC skin hydration (Corneometer<sup>®</sup>, <b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and skin barrier functions (TEWL<sup>®</sup>, <b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 12). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA non-parametric Wilcoxon paired tests, comparing each measure against the basal value (t0), * indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 against the initial value.</p>
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

1. Title: Surface and Mechanical Characterization of Gelatin Hydrogel Scaffolds Modified with Microgrooves and Influence of Surface Topography on Endothelialization

Authors: Ali Salehi, Lena Rutz, Konstantin Ulbrich and Giorgio Cattaneo

2. Title: A Mini-Review on Enhancing Solubility in Topical Hydrogel Formulations Using Solid Dispersion Technology for Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs

Authors: Zaid Dahma, Covadonga Álvarez-Álvarez and Paloma Marina de la Torre-Iglesias

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