Engineering Proceedings

12 pages, 4916 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Ecological Protection: Cell Phone Stand with Cable Winding Made of Polypropylene

by Deysi Vanessa Canchis Paredes, Jerson Córdova Salas and Ruben Felipe Vidal Endara

Eng. Proc. 2025, 83(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025083010 - 13 Jan 2025

In an increasingly digitized environment, the deterioration of cell phone cables has led to a significant environmental impact due to the lack of adequate protection and care. This often results in cell phone charging cables being in poor condition. Cable damage can include [...] Read more.

In an increasingly digitized environment, the deterioration of cell phone cables has led to a significant environmental impact due to the lack of adequate protection and care. This often results in cell phone charging cables being in poor condition. Cable damage can include situations such as dirt accumulation or incorrect bending, leading to breakage. As a result, the objective was determined to design a prototype of a cell phone holder with internal biodegradable cable winding. Ulrich and Eppinger served as the methodological basis for the design, following phases including customer needs identification, setting objective values, product concept generation, concept selection, concept testing, and final specification filtering. A survey of 100 individuals provided valuable data for validating certain metrics. Additionally, two focus groups with 15 users were conducted, two experts were interviewed, and a 72 h usage test was carried out, all supported by the agile Scrum methodology and the Scamper technique, allowing for feedback and validation of the initial concept. The final prototype was modeled in 3D using the Lumion 11 program and physically constructed, ensuring functionality and adaptability of the cell phone and charger. In conclusion, a cell phone holder with a cable winder was designed, facilitating easy transport and prolonging the lifespan of any charger cable. Full article

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8 pages, 2093 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Technology for eVTOL Cementing and Co-Curing Composite Wing Box Segment

by Shutao Qi, Jiannan Cheng, Jichuan Ma and Jun Wang

Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080021 - 10 Jan 2025

Abstract

In this paper, the status quo of manufacturing technology of the wing structures of large and small general aircraft at home and abroad is reported. The existing problems in the manufacturing technology of double-beam, multi-rib composite wing structures are analyzed. The application of [...] Read more.

In this paper, the status quo of manufacturing technology of the wing structures of large and small general aircraft at home and abroad is reported. The existing problems in the manufacturing technology of double-beam, multi-rib composite wing structures are analyzed. The application of adhesive co-curing technology to manufacture eVTOL double-beam, multi-rib integral composite wing box segment structures is proposed. Composite-material wing box segment adhesive co-curing manufacturing technology realizes the high-quality manufacturing of double-beam, multi-rib integral wing box segment structures and the optimal lightweight design of such structures. It can be applied to the manufacture of this type of integral wing box segment structure or the manufacture of other complex integral composite components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))

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12 pages, 12962 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

One Kind of Green New Method for Detection of Inside Layer Cracks of Aircraft Multilayer Structures

by Huabin Huang, Zhiwei Peng and Mao Xu

Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080020 - 10 Jan 2025

Abstract

To address the technical challenges in detecting internal cracks within aircraft metallic multilayer structures, we have employed the environmentally friendly detection technique of remote-field eddy current (RFEC). Through theoretical analysis and experimental research, we have analyzed influencing factors such as frequency and phase, [...] Read more.

To address the technical challenges in detecting internal cracks within aircraft metallic multilayer structures, we have employed the environmentally friendly detection technique of remote-field eddy current (RFEC). Through theoretical analysis and experimental research, we have analyzed influencing factors such as frequency and phase, designed detection probes and reference blocks, and conducted research on the capability of detecting concealed defects within thick structures (greater than 10 mm). By testing the reference blocks, we have studied the changes in phase and amplitude caused by variations in frequency and damage, gaining insights into the detection capabilities and applicable scope of this method. Ultimately, we have obtained an effective method for detecting internal cracks within different thickness layers of metallic multilayer structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))

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8 pages, 7391 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Analysis of LiDAR Inertial Odometry Algorithms in Blueberry Crops

by Ricardo Huaman, Clayder Gonzalez and Sixto Prado

Eng. Proc. 2025, 83(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025083009 - 9 Jan 2025

Abstract

In recent years, LiDAR Odometry (LO) and LiDAR Inertial Odometry (LIO) algorithms for robot localization have considerably improved, with significant advancements demonstrated in various benchmarks. However, their performance in agricultural environments remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by evaluating five state-of-the-art LO [...] Read more.

In recent years, LiDAR Odometry (LO) and LiDAR Inertial Odometry (LIO) algorithms for robot localization have considerably improved, with significant advancements demonstrated in various benchmarks. However, their performance in agricultural environments remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by evaluating five state-of-the-art LO and LIO algorithms—LeGO-LOAM, DLO, DLIO, FAST-LIO2, and Point-LIO—in a blueberry farm setting. Using an Ouster OS1-32 LiDAR mounted on a four-wheeled mobile robot, the algorithms were evaluated using the translational error metric across four distinct sequences. DLIO showed the highest accuracy across all sequences, with a minimal error of 0.126 m over a 230 m path, while FAST-LIO2 achieved its lowest translational error of 0.606 m on a U-shaped path. LeGO-LOAM, however, struggled due to the environment’s lack of linear and planar features. The results underscore the effectiveness and potential limitations of these algorithms in agricultural environments, offering insights into future improvements and adaptations. Full article

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1 pages, 146 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Statement of Peer Review

by Stefano Alvisi, Marco Franchini, Valentina Marsili and Filippo Mazzoni

Eng. Proc. 2024, 69(1), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024069213 - 8 Jan 2025

Abstract

In submitting conference proceedings to Engineering Proceedings, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all contributions published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Joint Conference on Water Distribution Systems Analysis & Computing and Control for the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI 2024))

9 pages, 11332 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sandstone Reservoir Characterization and Its Capacity for Subsurface CO₂ Capture and Storage: A Case Study of the Black Island Member of the Winnipeg Formation, Southeastern Saskatchewan

by Osman Salad Hersi and Naveed Iqbal

Eng. Proc. 2024, 76(1), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024076104 - 8 Jan 2025

Abstract

Reducing CO₂ emission from fossil fuels is crucial for the global aim of constraining greenhouse gas release into the atmosphere and the consequent adverse impact of the rising global temperature. One prominent approach for reducing the CO₂ influx concerns capturing and [...] Read more.

Reducing CO₂ emission from fossil fuels is crucial for the global aim of constraining greenhouse gas release into the atmosphere and the consequent adverse impact of the rising global temperature. One prominent approach for reducing the CO₂ influx concerns capturing and storing CO₂ in subterranean reservoirs. The properties of deep subsurface reservoirs that are appropriate for storing gasses require extensive scrutiny, including (i) the assessment of their reservoir characteristics, (ii) examinations of the nature of the caprock, and (iii) continuous monitoring of the movement of injected gas plumes. The sedimentary strata of Saskatchewan contains a number of reservoirs that are potentially good for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). The Late Ordovician Winnipeg Formation in Southern Saskatchewan constitutes a lower highly porous sandstone unit of the Black Island Member. Volumetric calculations of the Storage Space Capacity Potential of the sandstone indicate a subterraneous 974 km³ pore space. The porous sandstone unit is capped by a shale unit (Icebox Member). Thus, juxtaposition of these two lithologies makes the formation an excellent candidate for CCS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Industrial, Manufacturing, and Process Engineering (ICIMP-2024))

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(A) Location of the Williston Basin and delineation of the study area in SE Saskatchewan (modified from [<a href="#B6-engproc-76-00104" class="html-bibr">6</a>,<a href="#B11-engproc-76-00104" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. (B) Cambrian to Ordovician stratigraphy of the SE Saskatchewan and occurrence of the Winnipeg Formation and its two members: Black Island and Icebox. Unconformities bound the lower and upper boundaries of the Winnipeg Formation (adapted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B6-engproc-76-00104" class="html-bibr">6</a>]. Copyright year 2023, Copyright owner: Iqbal, N.). Full article ">Figure 2
(A) Thin-section photomicrograph with grid lines (15 × 20) for the purpose of point counting (300 points). This example shows a porosity of 16.3%. (B) Plain polarized thin-section photomicrograph, with the blue epoxy showing porous zones. (C) Same image as (B). ImageJ software was used for digital pore analysis. This software calculated pore spaces, represented by the red color. Full article ">Figure 3
(A) Example of a well core showing the major lithologic properties of the Black Island Member of the Winnipeg Formation. The lithologic units include quartz arenite, graywacke, and shale. (B) Cross-bedded, clean quartz arenite with streaks of shale (darker layers). (C) Thin-section photomicrograph of the quartz arenite. (D) Thin-section photomicrograph of the graywacke sandstone. Full article ">Figure 4
(A) Township and range map of the study area and locations of the 21 cored wells (A to U). Descriptions of these cores constituted the base of our rock lithologic analysis of the Winnipeg Formation. The map also shows locations of the north–south and west–east cross sections shown in (B) and (C), respectively. Full article ">Figure 5
An isopach map showing the thickness distribution of the total porous units (quartz arenite and graywacke sandstone facies) of the Black Island Member. The porous units become thinner northward, possibly due to the relative lack of accommodation space in the shallower part of the depositional environment or post-Black Island Member erosional vacuity, or a combination of both. Full article ">Figure 6
(A) A map showing the areal porosity distribution of the sandstone lithofacies (the quartz arenite and the graywacke sandstones) of the study area. Porosity increases northward due to the quartz arenite facies being relatively cleaner than the graywacke facies. (B) A map showing the areal permeability distribution. Full article ">Figure 7
Permeability ranges of conventional and unconventional reservoirs. The permeability (Kmax) of the BIM sandstones ranges from slightly tight to excellent, with an average permeability considered good (78.3 millidarcy). Full article ">

5 pages, 1023 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Influence of Boundary Constraint Viscoelasticity on the Nonlinear Forced Vibration of Fluid-Conveying Layered Pipes

by Zhoumi Wang and Qingchun Meng

Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080019 - 8 Jan 2025

Abstract

In this paper, the influence of the viscoelasticity of boundary constraints on the forced vibration of the nonlinear forced resonance of a fluid-conveying layered pipe under an external forced excitation is studied. The pipe lays on viscoelastic foundations and is simply supported at [...] Read more.

In this paper, the influence of the viscoelasticity of boundary constraints on the forced vibration of the nonlinear forced resonance of a fluid-conveying layered pipe under an external forced excitation is studied. The pipe lays on viscoelastic foundations and is simply supported at both ends, and one end is subject to a viscoelastic boundary constraint. The Kelvin–Voight model was employed to describe the viscoelasticity provided by the foundation and boundary constraint. Hamilton’s variational principle was used to obtain the governing equations, during which geometric nonlinear factors including curvature nonlinearity and inertia nonlinearity were considered. By employing a perturbation-incremental harmonic balance method (IHBM), amplitude–frequency bifurcation diagrams of the pipe were obtained. The results show that the viscoelastic constraints from the boundary and foundation have significant influence on the linear and nonlinear dynamic behavior of the pipe system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))

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8 pages, 1424 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Convolutional Neural Network for Early Supraventricular Arrhythmia Identification

by Emilio J. Ochoa and Luis C. Revilla

Eng. Proc. 2025, 83(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025083008 - 8 Jan 2025

Abstract

Supraventricular arrhythmias (SVAs), including the often-asymptomatic supraventricular extrasystole (SVE), pose significant challenges in early detection and precise diagnosis. These challenges are of paramount importance, as recurrent SVEs may elevate the risk of developing severe SVAs, potentially resulting in cardiac weakening and subsequent heart [...] Read more.

Supraventricular arrhythmias (SVAs), including the often-asymptomatic supraventricular extrasystole (SVE), pose significant challenges in early detection and precise diagnosis. These challenges are of paramount importance, as recurrent SVEs may elevate the risk of developing severe SVAs, potentially resulting in cardiac weakening and subsequent heart failure. In the study conducted, an innovative approach was introduced that combined a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to enable the early identification and characterization of SVEs within electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The analysis leveraged a dataset comprising 78 half-hour recordings from the highly regarded MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database, which included annotation headers serving as labels for each recording. Signals were down-sampled by a factor of 2 and split into windows of 512 samples, with 12,288 observations for training. Following the methodology, classic signal preprocessing techniques (filtering and data normalization) were used. The proposed model was based on the UNET 1D model. A binary cross-entropy loss function, Adam optimizer, and a batch size of 128 were obtained after a hyperparameter tuning. As a training-validation methodology, a 50-fold cross-validation technique was used. The approach demonstrated a Dice coefficient of 79.01%, a precision of 80.96%, and a recall rate of 86.60% in detecting SVE events. These findings were corroborated through meticulous comparison with the annotations provided by the MIT-BIH database. The results underscore the immense potential of CNN and deep learning techniques in the early detection of supraventricular arrhythmias. This approach not only offers a valuable tool for healthcare professionals engaged in telemonitoring and early intervention strategies but also represents a significant contribution to the field of cardiac health monitoring. By facilitating efficient and precise identification of SVEs, our research sets the stage for improved patient outcomes and the prevention of severe SVAs, marking substantial advancements in this critical domain. Full article

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6 pages, 362 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Survey of Process Mining for Customer Management

by Javier Dioses and Leyde Cordova

Eng. Proc. 2025, 83(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025083007 - 8 Jan 2025

Abstract

Currently, organizations are experiencing rapid growth in the digitization of their processes, which generates a high availability of data and metadata in information systems generated by the activities of operations and support areas. This is important for business because it allows them to [...] Read more.

Currently, organizations are experiencing rapid growth in the digitization of their processes, which generates a high availability of data and metadata in information systems generated by the activities of operations and support areas. This is important for business because it allows them to analyze and understand the customer journey to provide a better experience to consumers and generate value in organizations. One way to analyze the customer journey is to use process discovery to obtain an optimal process model. There are several process discovery algorithms that allow for analyzing different business process models. In this paper, we focus on the customer experience because we have found that this is a trend in business that has rarely been addressed using process discovery by means of event logs. Thus, in this study, we conduct a literature review of primary articles about the use of process discovery algorithms using event logs from information systems to provide a better understanding on this topic. As a result, we have found that Heuristic Miner, Alpha Miner, and Inductive Miner are the most used algorithms for customer process discovery. Finally, we explain our findings about process discovery in the customer experience and why this is an emerging topic. Full article

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8 pages, 2712 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

CareTaker.ai—A Smart Health-Monitoring and Caretaker-Assistant System for Elder Healthcare

by Ankur Gupta, Sahil Sawhney and Suhaib Ahmed

Eng. Proc. 2024, 78(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024078007 - 8 Jan 2025

Abstract

There are several systems for patient care, including elderly healthcare, which rely on sensor data acquisition and analysis. These sensors are typical vital-monitoring sensors and are coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) models to quickly analyze emergency situations or even predict them. These systems [...] Read more.

There are several systems for patient care, including elderly healthcare, which rely on sensor data acquisition and analysis. These sensors are typical vital-monitoring sensors and are coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) models to quickly analyze emergency situations or even predict them. These systems are deployed in hospitals and require expensive monitoring and analysis equipment. Eldercare specifically encompasses monitoring, smart analysis, and even the emotional aspects of care. Existing systems do not provide a portable, easy-to-use system for at-home eldercare. Further, existing systems do not address advanced analysis capabilities around mood/sentiment/mental state/mental disorder analysis or the analysis of issues around sleep disorders, apnea, etc., based on sound capture and analysis. Also, existing systems disregard the emotional needs of elderly patients, which are a critical aspect of patient wellbeing. A low-cost and effective solution is therefore required for extended use in eldercare. In this paper, the CareTaker.ai system is proposed to address the shortcomings of the existing systems and build a comprehensive caretaker assistant using sensors, audio, video, and AI. It consists of smart bed sheets, pillow covers with embedded sensors, and a processing unit with GPUs, conversational AI, and generative AI capabilities, with associated functional modules. Compared to existing systems, the proposed system has advanced monitoring and analysis capabilities with potential for low-cost mass manufacturing and a widespread commercial application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on AI Sensors & the 10th International Symposium on Sensor Science)

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9 pages, 2397 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Evaluation of the Seismic Performance of Unsymmetric-Plan Tall Buildings Using Modal Spectral Time History and Multi-Mode Pushover Analysis

by Luis A. Flores and Rick M. Delgadillo

Eng. Proc. 2025, 83(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025083006 - 8 Jan 2025

Abstract

In recent seismic events that occurred worldwide and in Peru, it has been observed that irregular structures in plan present greater structural damage compared to regular structures. Investigations carried out after seismic events indicate that irregular plan structures collapse due to erroneous structural [...] Read more.

In recent seismic events that occurred worldwide and in Peru, it has been observed that irregular structures in plan present greater structural damage compared to regular structures. Investigations carried out after seismic events indicate that irregular plan structures collapse due to erroneous structural conception and poor seismic analysis. Likewise, the Peruvian earthquake-resistant standard does not establish a permissible limit for the degree of irregularity under analysis, instead qualitatively assessing the structural irregularity. The objective of this article was to study the effect of plan irregularities using innovative methodologies on the structural response of tall 10-story reinforced concrete buildings. In this sense, seventeen (17) structural models are proposed that reflect different irregular configurations in plan: 06 structures Type L, 05 structures Type I, 05 structures Type I, and one regular building. These buildings are numerically modeled using ETABS software V.18.0 through modal analysis, Modal Spectral and Linear Time History (MSLTH), and Multi-Mode Pushover (MPA). For the MSLTH, seven (07) pairs of representative Peruvian earthquakes were analyzed. The results of the modal analysis evaluated in the first two vibration modes demonstrated that Type L irregular structures change their behavior from translational to torsional when the structures present an irregularity greater than 57%. Type I and O structures present translational behavior. Furthermore, the results of the Modal Spectral and MSLTH analysis demonstrate that Type L structures present greater displacements and drifts in both directions. The shear force and the overturning moment for Types L, I, and O decrease as the irregularity in plan increases. Finally, the results of the MPA for irregular Type L structures demonstrated that the lateral stiffness of the structures decreases as the irregularity in plan is critical, increasing the possibility of the formation of plastic mechanisms in the structural elements. Full article

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7 pages, 1556 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Geometrically Nonlinear Static Analysis of High-Aspect-Ratio Truss-Braced Wing

by Yanxin Huang, Jinchi Chen and Qingyuan Ma

Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080018 - 7 Jan 2025

Abstract

Truss-braced wings (TBWs) feature higher aspect ratios with a lighter weight and lower bending moment than conventional wings. These wings show significant potential for performance improvements in terms of fuel efficiency. However, additional configurations of these wings also present nonlinear problems and challenges [...] Read more.

Truss-braced wings (TBWs) feature higher aspect ratios with a lighter weight and lower bending moment than conventional wings. These wings show significant potential for performance improvements in terms of fuel efficiency. However, additional configurations of these wings also present nonlinear problems and challenges in aeroelastic designs. This paper investigates the static response of a TBW with a high aspect ratio, specifically focusing on the impact of the spanwise joint location on aeroelastic characteristics. The TBW is modeled by nonlinear beam elements and the unsteady vortex-lattice method (UVLM). The results show that the bending deformation is effectively reduced by the truss member and the deformation is impacted by the location of the spanwise joint connected to the main body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))

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11 pages, 2327 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Initial Sizing Method of Large-Scale Electric Cargo Unmanned Aeiral Vehicles for Conceptual Design

by Chang-Zhou Wang and Fu-Hu Liu

Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080017 - 7 Jan 2025

Abstract

In order to accurately evaluate the preliminary parameters of the large-scale electric cargo UAV for conceptual design, combined with its own characteristics and payload requirements, a total weight assessment procedure of a traditional fixed-wing electric propeller cargo UAV was established. According to the [...] Read more.

In order to accurately evaluate the preliminary parameters of the large-scale electric cargo UAV for conceptual design, combined with its own characteristics and payload requirements, a total weight assessment procedure of a traditional fixed-wing electric propeller cargo UAV was established. According to the demand of different flight conditions, a constraint analysis method that meets the flight performance was established. Considering long-distance transportation requirements, a method of evaluating the range was obtained, as well as the relationship between the following three parameters: range, preliminary parameters, and battery energy density. These methods can form a design system to evaluate the total weight, power load, wing load, range, and some crucial sizing parameters. Based on this system, the parameter design and iterations of ton-level electrical cargo UAV were analyzed, whose values basically met the design requirements. The results show that the design method can be used for the preliminary parameter analysis and performance evaluation of large-scale electric cargo UAVs, which are a kind of traditional fixed-wing propeller aircraft. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))

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5 pages, 177 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Research on the Requirement Validation Process of an eVTOL Aircraft

by Haiyun Yang, Yiheng Li and Jing Hu

Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080016 - 7 Jan 2025

Abstract

According to the SAEARP4754B standard, the positive development of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft must carry out requirement management in order to ensure the traceability of requirements. The requirement validation process plays a key role in the requirement traceability process, and [...] Read more.

According to the SAEARP4754B standard, the positive development of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft must carry out requirement management in order to ensure the traceability of requirements. The requirement validation process plays a key role in the requirement traceability process, and this paper is mainly about the research on the requirement validation process. The steps of optimizing the requirement validation process are to formulate validation plans, define the initial validation matrix template, select the validation approach, implement requirement validation, and notify the relevant parties of the problems found in validation. The implementation of the optimized requirement validation process avoids human error to some extent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))

8 pages, 1425 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhanced Skin Lesion Classification Using Deep Learning, Integrating with Sequential Data Analysis: A Multiclass Approach

by Azmath Mubeen and Uma N. Dulhare

Eng. Proc. 2024, 78(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024078006 - 7 Jan 2025

Abstract

In dermatological research, accurately identifying different types of skin lesions, such as nodules, is essential for early diagnosis and effective treatment. This study introduces a novel method for classifying skin lesions, including nodules, by combining a unified attention (UA) network with deep convolutional [...] Read more.

In dermatological research, accurately identifying different types of skin lesions, such as nodules, is essential for early diagnosis and effective treatment. This study introduces a novel method for classifying skin lesions, including nodules, by combining a unified attention (UA) network with deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) for feature extraction. The UA network processes sequential data, such as patient histories, while long short-term memory (LSTM) networks track nodule progression. Additionally, Markov random fields (MRFs) enhance pattern recognition. The integrated system classifies lesions and evaluates whether they are responding to treatment or worsening, achieving 93% accuracy in distinguishing nodules, melanoma, and basal cell carcinoma. This system outperforms existing methods in precision and sensitivity, offering advancements in dermatological diagnostics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on AI Sensors & the 10th International Symposium on Sensor Science)

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6 pages, 355 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Preface: III International Congress: Technology and Innovation in Engineering and Computing

by Luis Olivera-Montenegro

Eng. Proc. 2025, 83(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025083005 - 7 Jan 2025

Abstract

The III International Congress: Technology and Innovation in Engineering and Computing, organized by Faculty of Engineering, St [...] Full article

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9 pages, 2119 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Additive Manufacturing of Reinforced Thermoplastic Nanoclay Particle Composites by Fused Filament Fabrication

by Andoni R. Molina and Julio Acosta-Sullcahuamán

Eng. Proc. 2025, 83(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025083003 - 7 Jan 2025

Abstract

In this study, reinforced thermoplastic nanoclay particle composites were prepared and used as filaments for additive manufacturing of specimens by using fused filament fabrication (FFF). Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) were used as thermoplastic polymer matrices. The particle reinforced composite [...] Read more.

In this study, reinforced thermoplastic nanoclay particle composites were prepared and used as filaments for additive manufacturing of specimens by using fused filament fabrication (FFF). Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) were used as thermoplastic polymer matrices. The particle reinforced composite feedstock filaments were fabricated from ABS and PLA pellets with different contents of nanoclay particles in a twin-screw extruder. Tensile and impact tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of the composite specimens fabricated by FFF. The mechanical test results showed an increase in the tensile strength of ABS matrix composites, but a decrease in the impact strength. For the case of PLA matrix composites, the tensile strength decreased when introducing the nanoclay particles and only with 3% of nanoclay particles was an increase of impact strength observed. Successful additive manufacturing of the particle-reinforced composite was achieved. Full article

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20 pages, 1952 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Energy-Efficient Path Planning for Commercial Aircraft Formation Flights

by Olivia Curtis, Yibing Xie, Man Liang and Cees Bil

Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080015 - 6 Jan 2025

Abstract

The increasing global demand for air travel over the past three decades has led to heightened congestion, environmental concerns, and operational inefficiencies. This study explores the potential of commercial aircraft formation flight, inspired by the energy-saving flight patterns of migratory birds, to enhance [...] Read more.

The increasing global demand for air travel over the past three decades has led to heightened congestion, environmental concerns, and operational inefficiencies. This study explores the potential of commercial aircraft formation flight, inspired by the energy-saving flight patterns of migratory birds, to enhance fuel efficiency on the busy Melbourne to Sydney city-pair route. The methodology is divided into macroscopic and microscopic levels, addressing both strategic planning and detailed flight optimisation. The macroscopic level focuses on route optimisation, formation flight planning, air traffic management integration, and environmental impact. The microscopic level involves adjustments to individual aircraft flight profiles to ensure minimum separation, flight safety, and efficiency. Using a gradient-based optimisation algorithm applied to a constrained nonlinear multivariable function, this study aims to minimise fuel consumption and travel time while maintaining the required separation distances. The mathematical formulation and algorithm pseudocode provides a clear framework for implementation. The experimental results demonstrate the potential of formation flight to optimise fuel efficiency and resolve path conflicts on the Melbourne to Sydney route; despite a conservative 5% fuel efficiency improvement for the follower aircraft, the total fuel consumption decreased by 2.5–2.65% compared to the non-formation flight. These findings support the feasibility of applying formation flight principles to commercial aviation in Australia for improved fuel efficiency and operation performance of busy short-haul routes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))

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16 pages, 1030 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Research on the Security Risk Governance Roadmap in Low-Altitude Economic Field Based on the Economic Externality Theory

by Shuang Liu and Mingming Liu

Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080014 - 6 Jan 2025

Abstract

In 2024, the low-altitude economy, as a representative of strategic emerging industries, was written into the government work report for the first time, becoming an important engine for the development of new-quality productive forces. China’s low-altitude economic development market is huge, but opportunities [...] Read more.

In 2024, the low-altitude economy, as a representative of strategic emerging industries, was written into the government work report for the first time, becoming an important engine for the development of new-quality productive forces. China’s low-altitude economic development market is huge, but opportunities and risks coexist. With the rapid development of the low-altitude economy, all kinds of safety risks contained within it have not received enough attention, and the relevant policies and regulations of safety risk management need to be improved. Therefore, the concept of the low-altitude economy is defined and considers that the low-altitude economy belongs to the “economic field”. Secondly, the types of low-altitude economic security risks are summarized based on the theory of economic externalities, which shows that the management of low-altitude economic security risk of the national team is important and necessary. Thirdly, we comprehensively summarize the policies, laws, and regulations of a low-altitude economy and give a description of low-altitude economic security risk management. Finally, the practical path of low-altitude economic security risk management is given as establishing top-level design, establishing and perfecting regulations and standards, collaborative governance of multiple subjects, and strengthening safety knowledge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))

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Engineering Proceedings

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