Sustainability

33 pages, 1293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Promoting Industrial Symbiosis: Does the Synergistic Drive of Innovation and Domestic Demand Work? Evidence from Listed Enterprises in China

by Wei Qiu, Yunfei Zhang and Lingzhang Kong

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010165 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Abstract

Driving the coexistence of manufacturing and producer services by enhancing the synergistic effect of innovation and domestic demand has important practical significance for China in building a new development paradigm with domestic circulation as the mainstay and dual circulation as a complement. Based [...] Read more.

Driving the coexistence of manufacturing and producer services by enhancing the synergistic effect of innovation and domestic demand has important practical significance for China in building a new development paradigm with domestic circulation as the mainstay and dual circulation as a complement. Based on the time-series input–output tables and using data from China’s A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2022, this paper selects manufacturing and producer services as research objects to empirically test the driving role of innovation, domestic demand, and their synergy in the co-development of these two industries. The results indicate that innovation, domestic demand, and their synergy positively drive the coexistence and development of the two industries. After addressing endogeneity issues and conducting multiple robustness checks, the results remain robust. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the synergistic effect of innovation and domestic demand on the coexistence of manufacturing and producer services is more pronounced in emerging enterprises, high-tech enterprises, small-sized enterprises, highly competitive enterprises, and enterprises with a high labor income share. This study provides reliable empirical evidence for the coordinated development of enterprise innovation and domestic demand, as well as its economic consequences. They have practical significance for China in forming an industrial symbiosis model, promoting the development of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and breaking the low-end lock-in in the value chain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

30 pages, 1616 KiB

Open AccessReview

Enhancing Mobility and Sustainability: An Origami-Based Furniture Design Approach for Young Migrants

by Wei Liu, Siti Mastura Md Ishak and Mohd Faiz Yahaya

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010164 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Abstract

Amid accelerating globalization and resource scarcity, rapid urbanization and population mobility have made sustainable development a critical issue for cities. Frequent relocations pose furniture disposal challenges for many young migrants, with high transportation costs and furniture wear increasing their economic burden and resource [...] Read more.

Amid accelerating globalization and resource scarcity, rapid urbanization and population mobility have made sustainable development a critical issue for cities. Frequent relocations pose furniture disposal challenges for many young migrants, with high transportation costs and furniture wear increasing their economic burden and resource waste. Origami design effectively addresses these needs with its portability, easy storage, simplified manufacturing, and reduced failure rates. However, most furniture designers lack origami expertise, limiting their ability to leverage these benefits. This study integrates the existing literature and presents a sustainable furniture design method combining Rhinoceros 3D, Grasshopper, and Crane, enabling designers to incorporate origami principles with limited prior knowledge. The results show that this method not only enhances the economic feasibility of furniture but also balances user needs, commercial interests, and environmental sustainability, offering new insights for urban sustainable development. Full article

28 pages, 2913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Implementation of Wellbeing Rating Systems Among Architectural Firms for Commercial Office Building

by Jamil Binabid, Mohammad Z. Alrajhi and Reham Alawwad

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010163 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Abstract

Human health and wellbeing in the field of design have been a rising focus in the last decade due to the growing recognition of the built environment’s impact on occupant health and productivity. This study aims to assess the implementation of wellbeing rating [...] Read more.

Human health and wellbeing in the field of design have been a rising focus in the last decade due to the growing recognition of the built environment’s impact on occupant health and productivity. This study aims to assess the implementation of wellbeing rating systems among architectural firms for commercial office buildings, focusing on designers’ perceptions, challenges, and experiences in incorporating these systems. A mixed-methods approach will be used, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to gather data from a sample of designers working on commercial office building projects. The quantitative survey will assess designers’ knowledge of wellbeing rating systems. The qualitative interviews will investigate designers’ understanding and awareness of wellbeing rating systems, motivations for using them, and challenges they face during implementation. This study aims to identify potential areas for improvement and recommend strategies to enhance the successful integration of wellbeing rating systems into design practices, ultimately contributing to healthier and more sustainable commercial buildings. Also, findings reveal that 36% of architectural firms in Riyadh expressed an interest in adopting the WELL Building Standard (WELL). Contributing to the existing body of knowledge by shedding light on the level of adoption of wellbeing rating systems among designers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, providing current challenges and strategies recommendations that are essential in shaping building regulations, guidelines, and tools related to occupant wellbeing. Full article

22 pages, 645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring External Costs on the Example of Sea–Land Transport Chains of Refrigerated Cargo Between Spain and Poland

by Marcin Kalinowski, Rafał Koba, Patryk Lipka, Krzysztof Czaplewski, Adam Weintrit and Joanna Witkowska

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010162 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Abstract

The aim of this study is to identify sea–land transport chains of refrigerated cargo against the background of direct road transport on the Valencia–Warsaw route based on the analysis of external costs with particular consideration of the external costs of energy production in [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to identify sea–land transport chains of refrigerated cargo against the background of direct road transport on the Valencia–Warsaw route based on the analysis of external costs with particular consideration of the external costs of energy production in road and sea transport. Fruits and vegetables were assumed to be a group of refrigerated cargo in the study. The considerations so far have shown that many refrigerated cargo operators transported between Spain and Poland are only sometimes guided by full and up-to-date knowledge of the amount of external costs in their transport decisions. It seems reasonable to undertake information activities at the national level addressed to cargo operators and organizations associating with them, aimed at presenting the total costs of both direct and external transport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Transition: Balancing Economic, Political, and Social Realities)

25 pages, 866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Executive Accountability Pressure and Green Innovation: Evidence from China

by Li Chen and Xiankun Deng

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010161 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Abstract

This study explores the influence of the accountability system on corporate green innovation. Using data on Chinese A-share-listed companies from 2013 to 2022, we found that the accountability system significantly promotes green innovations in state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Furthermore, the promoting effect is stronger [...] Read more.

This study explores the influence of the accountability system on corporate green innovation. Using data on Chinese A-share-listed companies from 2013 to 2022, we found that the accountability system significantly promotes green innovations in state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Furthermore, the promoting effect is stronger in central SOEs as opposed to local SOEs. A mechanism analysis suggested that its positive effect may stem from improving corporate internal controls, curbing managerial myopia, and providing sufficient resources. In addition, heterogeneity tests suggested that the promoting effect of the accountability system on green innovation is more pronounced when the CEO is close to retirement or subject to high accountability pressure, in heavily polluting firms, and in regions with intense environmental regulations. Further analyses suggested that the accountability system also improves green innovation quality, persistence, and environmental performance. Our findings indicate that the accountability system has unexpected real effects on promoting corporate green innovation and sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corporate Governance, Social Responsibility and Sustainability in Public and Private Sector Organizations)

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46 pages, 1712 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pathways to Greener Primary Lithium Extraction for a Really Sustainable Energy Transition: Environmental Challenges and Pioneering Innovations

by Marcello Ruberti

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010160 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Abstract

The rapid increase in lithium demand has recently drawn attention to the environmental impacts of conventional mining processes. Pyrometallurgical extraction from hard rock is associated with high energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and land degradation. Extraction from brines involves the depletion of [...] Read more.

The rapid increase in lithium demand has recently drawn attention to the environmental impacts of conventional mining processes. Pyrometallurgical extraction from hard rock is associated with high energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and land degradation. Extraction from brines involves the depletion of water resources and risks to local ecosystems. In response to these environmental challenges, this study explores innovative pathways for more sustainable primary lithium extraction for a truly green energy transition across the entire supply chain. This paper provides a comprehensive examination of novel technologies designed to mitigate these impacts, with particular emphasis on direct lithium extraction (DLE) technologies, which offer promising solutions for water savings, CO₂e emissions reduction, and improved lithium recovery. A comprehensive review of the scientific literature, along with an analysis of data and information from various pilot projects and demonstration plants, have been conducted. The main conclusion is that, despite considerable efforts by mining companies, two primary obstacles remain to the implementation of novel technology: scalability and operational costs. To address these challenges, it is essential to sustain consistent investments in R&D (Research and Development) initiatives and continue testing the implementation of the most sustainable experimental practices on an industrial scale. Full article

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22 pages, 511 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment for Buildings: Exploring Key Processes and Methodologies

by Maryam Salati, António Aguiar Costa and José Dinis Silvestre

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010159 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Abstract

Climate change presents a worldwide challenge, with buildings significantly contributing to carbon emissions throughout their life cycles. Numerous assessments have been conducted to measure buildings’ global warming potential (GWP). However, the significance of the environmental impacts at different times is affected by varying [...] Read more.

Climate change presents a worldwide challenge, with buildings significantly contributing to carbon emissions throughout their life cycles. Numerous assessments have been conducted to measure buildings’ global warming potential (GWP). However, the significance of the environmental impacts at different times is affected by varying external conditions, and their magnitude also changes over time, a factor often overlooked in conventional LCA studies. Dynamic LCA, emerging in the past decade, incorporates temporal variations in parameters (e.g., energy mix) and processes (e.g., technological advancement) that influence the results and interpretation of the assessed systems. Influential factors, functional pathways, and assessment outcomes vary across locations, underscoring the need for a comprehensive dynamic LCA framework encompassing diverse, dynamic properties. This review paper aims to pinpoint common dynamic parameters, processes, and methodologies used in building modelling to enhance understanding of the latest trends in predicting associated dynamics of LCA. From the Google Scholar database, this study collected 50 papers. The results were categorised into eight typical dynamic processes and eight common approaches for predicting the dynamic evolution of LCA. Finally, we discuss the limitations and formulate some recommendations in this scope. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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22 pages, 735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Substrate Properties, Vegetative Growth, Chlorophyll Content Index and Leaf Mineral Content of Sweet Cherry Maiden Trees as Affected by Rootstock and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria

by Šimun Kolega, Tomislav Kos, Marko Zorica, Šime Marcelić and Goran Fruk

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010158 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Abstract

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a valuable fruit crop for fresh consumption. Due to its early availability in season, it achieves relatively high prices on the market. Self-fertile cultivar Lapins is one of the world’s leading sweet cherry varieties. Intensive cherry [...] Read more.

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a valuable fruit crop for fresh consumption. Due to its early availability in season, it achieves relatively high prices on the market. Self-fertile cultivar Lapins is one of the world’s leading sweet cherry varieties. Intensive cherry production seeks for new technologies such as using more adaptable rootstocks and microbiological products that could help plants adopt more sustainable growth in different soils/climates. The aim of this work is to determine the substrate properties, vegetative growth, leaf chlorophyll and mineral content of maiden trees grafted on three different rootstocks due to the application of growth-promoting rhizobacteria. A pot experiment was carried out on one-year-old maiden trees of cv. Lapins grafted on SL 64, MaxMa 14 and Gisela 5 and grown in 12 L plant pots filled with commercial substrate. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Azospirillum brasilense was added by watering the plants with 1.12 g L⁻¹ per pot once a month (T₁) or every two months (T₂) from March to September with seven treatments in T₁ and four treatments in T₂. At the same time, control (C) plants were watered with rainwater. Plant height, trunk circumference and leaf chlorophyll content index (CCI) were measured. In addition, shoot growth and internode number were measured in three development stages (BBCH 34, 39 and 91). The substrate and leaf samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory in accordance with established procedures. Data were processed by ANOVA and the Tukey test. Results have showed that rootstock affected substrate electrical conductivity (EC); nitrate (NO₃⁻), phosphorous (P₂O₅), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) content, including mineral nitrogen (N) content; tree height, circumference, shoot length and internode number; the leaf chlorophyll content index (CCI); and leaf potassium (K), Ca and Mg content. Furthermore, treatment significantly affected the CCI, average internode length, ammonia (NH₄⁺) and Ca content in the substrate and leaf N, Ca and Mg content. Rhizobacteria A. brasilense can be used as an additional biofertilizer in sustainable agricultural practices for obtaining healthier sweet cherry maiden trees, but microbial biotechnology rules must be respected. Full article

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Mean, maximum and minimum daily temperature and monthly precipitation for the meteorological station in Zadar, year 2022 [<a href="#B66-sustainability-17-00158" class="html-bibr">66</a>]. Full article ">Figure 2
Factor interaction on electrical conductivity in the substrate of cv. Lapins grown on three different rootstocks. Columns represent the mean value ± se. Statistically significant differences in the mean values of factor interaction are shown in lowercase letters (p ≤ 0.05). Full article ">Figure 3
Factor interaction on K2O concentration in the substrate of cv. Lapins grown on three different rootstocks. Columns represent the mean value ± se. Statistically significant differences in the mean values of factor interaction are shown in lowercase letters (p ≤ 0.05). Full article ">Figure 4
Factor interaction on Mg concentration in the substrate of cv. Lapins grown on three different rootstocks. Columns represent the mean value ± se. Statistically significant differences in the mean values of factor interaction are shown in lowercase letters (p ≤ 0.05). Full article ">Figure 5
Factor interaction on the shoot circumferences of cv. Lapins grown on three different rootstocks. Columns represent the mean value ± se. Statistically significant differences in the mean values of factor interaction are shown in lowercase letters (p ≤ 0.05). Full article ">Figure 6
Factor interaction on the P content in leaves of cv. Lapins grown on three different rootstocks. Columns represent the mean value ± se. Statistically significant differences in the mean values of factor interaction are shown in lowercase letters (p ≤ 0.05). Full article ">

18 pages, 533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Digital Environmental Governance on Green Transformation: Theoretical Mechanism and Empirical Test from China

by Xiaoman Zhao, Shuai Zhang and Fengzhi Lu

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010157 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Viewed by 108

Abstract

In the era of digitalization, digital environmental governance has gradually emerged as a new driving force for promoting economic green transformation. Taking China’s 30 provinces as the research sample, on the basis of the theoretical analysis, this paper explores the influence, mechanism, and [...] Read more.

In the era of digitalization, digital environmental governance has gradually emerged as a new driving force for promoting economic green transformation. Taking China’s 30 provinces as the research sample, on the basis of the theoretical analysis, this paper explores the influence, mechanism, and threshold effects of digital environmental governance on green transformation by using a panel fixed model, a two-step mechanism test model, and a threshold model, respectively. The spatial Durbin model is further employed to discuss the spatial spillover effects of the digital environmental governance’s influence. The results indicate that the following: (1) Digital environmental governance can effectively enhance green transformation, with a pronounced impact observed in central and western regions and high-pollution areas. (2) Mechanism analysis reveals that the intermediary pathway for achieving green transformation through digital environmental governance lies in strengthening environmental regulation intensity. Meanwhile, this enabling effect is constrained by the development level of regional digital economy, showing an “increasing marginal utility” characteristic along with the digital economy. (3) The digital environmental governance’s influence shows a spatial spillover effect, which not only enhances local green transformation but also significantly contributes to promoting surrounding green transformation. Therefore, it is necessary to expedite the integrated application of digital technology in the field of environmental governance, prioritize tailored enabling strategies based on local conditions, and reinforce the supportive role played by the digital economy through multiple avenues to effectively harness the benefits of this new opportunity presented by digital environmental governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)

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26 pages, 3465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regional Competitiveness for Achieving Sustainable Development of Hail Region, Saudi Arabia

by Nahla Chaaben, Zied Elleuch, Bassem Kahouli and Kaouther Zneidi

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010156 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Viewed by 135

Abstract

The concept of competitiveness has had a notable influence on the strategies and policies adopted recently. In particular, the concept of regional competitiveness has attracted significant interest from policymakers due to its capacity to assess and compare different territories in the absence of [...] Read more.

The concept of competitiveness has had a notable influence on the strategies and policies adopted recently. In particular, the concept of regional competitiveness has attracted significant interest from policymakers due to its capacity to assess and compare different territories in the absence of an established policy or conceptual framework. Nevertheless, the concept of regional competitiveness itself has been a topic of debate among scholars, along with the dimensions that should be included in such a concept. The aim of this study is to examine and evaluate the competitive landscape at the regional level in Saudi Arabia. In this regard, the Regional Competitiveness Index (RCI), as proposed by the European Union, provides an appropriate framework for analysis. The index is made up of eleven pillars classified into three sub-indices: basic, efficiency, and innovation assess factors pertinent to businesses that extend beyond those relevant to the residents of the regions in question and their quality of life. The findings indicate that the RCI indicator performs robustly to the variable reduction methods employed. Moreover, the study’s results indicate that Riyadh and Makkah are the two regions with the highest scores of the index, with values of 18.705 and 17.949, respectively. In contrast, the Hail region exhibits an average performance in comparison to the other regions. The RCI scores indicate notable disparities in competitiveness between provinces. In light of these findings, it can be proposed that efforts to enhance a region’s competitive standing should be accompanied by efficacious enhancements to its economic and social facets to ensure sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regional Economics, Policies and Sustainable Development)

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17 pages, 1443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Stakeholder Networks as Governance Structures and ICT Tools to Boost Blue Biotechnology in Spain

by Jesus E. Argente-Garcia, Jaime Bernardeau-Esteller, Cristóbal Aguilera, Juan Luis Gómez Pinchetti, María Semitiel-García and Antonio F. Skarmeta Gómez

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010155 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Viewed by 123

Abstract

Blue Biotechnology (BBt) is a young and promising sector in the Mediterranean region with the potential to drive innovation and strengthen the Blue Economy (BE). However, its progress is constrained by fragmented coordination among stakeholders, impeding policy development and efficient resource management. Under [...] Read more.

Blue Biotechnology (BBt) is a young and promising sector in the Mediterranean region with the potential to drive innovation and strengthen the Blue Economy (BE). However, its progress is constrained by fragmented coordination among stakeholders, impeding policy development and efficient resource management. Under this context, this study investigates the role of networks of diverse stakeholders, particularly the Spanish Blue Biotechnology Hub (BBHub) and a digital tool, ICT Matchmaking Tool (which connects network actors), in addressing these challenges by fostering collaboration, enhancing governance and supporting sustainable innovation. Building on this, the research employed the quadruple helix model (administrations, academia and research, industry and society), engaging 214 individuals from 130 organizations in the BBHub network. A survey assessed participants’ involvement and influence perceptions, followed by the formation of a discussion group “called sherpa group” of 10 key stakeholders for in-depth discussions through semi-structured interviews and meetings. Through this approach, key barriers to BBt and potential solutions for BE sustainable growth in Spain were identified, including regulatory obstacles, limited funding or weak public-private collaboration. Among the solutions proposed were the simplification of administrative processes to create new business, the creation of specific funding opportunities or the implementation of labelling policies to promote BBt products and value chains. Considering these findings, the study demonstrates that the BBHub network and ICT Matchmaking Tool could enhance stakeholder coordination, governance and decision-making processes in Spain. By addressing these gaps, these tools enable collaboration and better coordination among actors, contributing to sustainable marine resource use and innovation in the BBt and BE sector. However, sustained progress requires stable funding and stronger stakeholder commitments. In turn, as a broader implication, this research provides a replicable model for leveraging open innovation and multi-stakeholder frameworks to promote coordination, policy development and sustainable growth in the BBt and BE sectors. Thus, it offers insights into addressing governance challenges in Spain and the Mediterranean, advancing the use of marine bioresources through collaborative approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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15 pages, 694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation and Pathway Selection for China’s Carbon Peak: A Multi-Objective Nonlinear Dynamic Optimization Approach

by Liang Shen, Qiheng Yuan, Qi He, Peng Jiang, Haoyang Ji and Junyi Shi

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010154 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Viewed by 127

Abstract

This study innovatively develops a multi-objective Markal-Macro model, which simultaneously considers three objectives: minimizing carbon emissions from energy consumption, minimizing carbon emissions from production processes, and maximizing societal welfare. Based on the Cobb–Douglas production function, we construct a production function of carbon emission [...] Read more.

This study innovatively develops a multi-objective Markal-Macro model, which simultaneously considers three objectives: minimizing carbon emissions from energy consumption, minimizing carbon emissions from production processes, and maximizing societal welfare. Based on the Cobb–Douglas production function, we construct a production function of carbon emission and use it as a coupling equation of the Markal-Macro model (Markal is the abbreviation of market allocation, and Macro is the abbreviation of macroeconomy). This enables the coupling of the endogenous variables of carbon emissions and those related to maximizing societal welfare. By collecting relevant data on energy consumption, production outputs, and key economic indicators, five different scenarios are established. To enhance the computational efficiency of the simulation, we introduce a Firefly Algorithm into the penalty function method. The objective of our simulation is to explore the optimal carbon peak pathway for China. The results indicate that under the baseline scenario, China can achieve its carbon peak by 2029, with the peak value reaching approximately 12.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide. Finally, based on the simulation results, this study provides specific policy recommendations for China’s carbon peak pathway, addressing aspects such as industrial structure, energy consumption structure, the share of clean energy, economic growth targets, and the growth of emission reduction expenditures, while considering regional five-year plans and regional carbon peak strategies. From the aspect of the practical contributions, this article not only provides a set of methods for policymakers to make the Carbon Peak Implementation Plan but also offers an optimal path to improve the sustainable development for China. Full article

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29 pages, 6157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Simulation Tool to Forecast the Behaviour of a New Smart Pre-Gate at the Sines Container Terminal

by Raquel Gil Pereira, Rui Borges Lopes, Ana Martins, Bernardo Macedo and Leonor Teixeira

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010153 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Viewed by 146

Abstract

Intelligent logistical systems are crucial for adapting to technological advancements and global supply chains, particularly at seaports. Automation can maximize port efficiency and adapt to changing circumstances, but port digitalisation is challenging due to the various parties and information flows involved. The port [...] Read more.

Intelligent logistical systems are crucial for adapting to technological advancements and global supply chains, particularly at seaports. Automation can maximize port efficiency and adapt to changing circumstances, but port digitalisation is challenging due to the various parties and information flows involved. The port of Sines in Portugal is undergoing a digital transformation, specifically about the Smart Gate concept. The port administration and partners have developed a pre-gate, which is being examined for operations, technologies, and information models. This work uses simulation to analyse the pre-gate model dynamically. The discrete-event simulation model, using Anylogic software (version 8.9.0), forecasts possible problems and predicts pre-gate behaviour, facilitating ongoing enhancement of pre-gate procedures. The considered scenarios vary in two factors: the processing time at the bottleneck process and the number of active lanes at the same point. Four of the twenty tested alternatives were identified as balanced. Results allow drawing conclusions on the number of lanes to be open to prevent congestion, particularly when processing times increase. The study highlights the benefits of simulating complex systems to improve operations. Future work could involve adjusting parameters, incorporating advanced optimisation techniques, and expanding evaluated metrics. The ultimate goal is to develop a reliable digital twin for the port. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue NEXUS International Conference: Digital and Green Transition in Maritime Ports: Trends and Challenges—DGTMP 2024)

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23 pages, 4194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probabilistic Embodied Carbon Assessments for Alkali-Activated Concrete Materials

by Nouf Almonayea, Natividad Garcia-Troncoso, Bowen Xu and Dan V. Bompa

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010152 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Viewed by 307

Abstract

This study evaluates the environmental impact of alkali-activated concrete materials (AACMs) as alternatives to conventional concrete. The influence of binder and activator content and type, along with other mix parameters, is analysed using a probabilistic embodied carbon assessment on a large dataset that [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the environmental impact of alkali-activated concrete materials (AACMs) as alternatives to conventional concrete. The influence of binder and activator content and type, along with other mix parameters, is analysed using a probabilistic embodied carbon assessment on a large dataset that includes 580 mixes. Using a cradle-to-gate approach with region-specific life-cycle inventory data, emissions are analysed against binder intensity, activator-to-binder and water-to-binder ratios, and fresh/mechanical properties. A multicriteria assessment quantifies the best-performing mix in terms of embodied carbon, compressive strength, and slump. AACM environmental impact is compared to conventional concrete through existing classification schemes and literature. AACM emissions vary between 41 and 261 kgCO₂eq/m³, with activators contributing the most (3–198 kgCO₂eq/m³). Uncertainty in transport-related emissions could shift these values by ±38%. AACMs can achieve up to four-fold less emissions for high-strength materials compared to conventional concrete, although this benefit decreases with lower mechanical properties. AACM environmental sustainability depends on activator characteristics, curing, mix design, and transportation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Green and Sustainable Construction Materials)

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26 pages, 8479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fine-Tuning Biophysical Parameters: Italy’s Methodological Approach to Redefining Areas with Natural Constraints

by Luca Fraschetti, Concetta Cardillo, Maria Fantappiè, Flavio Lupia, Alessandra Pesce and Daniela Storti

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010151 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Viewed by 220

Abstract

One of the main challenges faced by many rural areas is the presence of natural constraints, such as climatic conditions, steep slopes, and poor soil quality, which make agricultural production and activities more difficult and costly. In these areas, there is a significant [...] Read more.

One of the main challenges faced by many rural areas is the presence of natural constraints, such as climatic conditions, steep slopes, and poor soil quality, which make agricultural production and activities more difficult and costly. In these areas, there is a significant risk of agricultural land abandonment, leading to potential losses in biodiversity, degradation of rural landscapes, desertification, and increased forest fire risk. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) aims to mitigate these risks through specific payment schemes provided to areas facing natural and other specific constraints. In this context, mapping and measuring territorial differentiation is essential for informing policy responses. At the end of the previous CAP programming period, the EU updated its classification of Less Favored Areas (LFAs), experimenting with a flexible approach based on common biophysical criteria (definitions and thresholds) and methodological guidelines to delineate territorial differentiations that are both locally relevant and comparable across member states. This contribution presents a review of the current state of data and spatial inference systems used in Italy to delineate biophysical limitations and assess the presence of factors that may help offset the impact of natural constraints. This process has supported the analysis of territorial differentiation and highlighted the related implications for agricultural entrepreneurs operating in diverse contexts. Full article

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28 pages, 8434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Model to Prospectively Assess the Environmental Impact of Tourism: Empirical Application to the Earth’s Third Pole National Park

by Jing Xia, Kun Sun, Qing Li, Bing Hou and Peng Yu

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010150 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Viewed by 228

Abstract

Sustainable tourism requires preventing the environmental impact (EI) of tourist activities. The predictive assessment of EI at an early stage is conducive to the prevention of EI caused by tourism. To acquire adequate insight into the EI of planned tourist activities and promote [...] Read more.

Sustainable tourism requires preventing the environmental impact (EI) of tourist activities. The predictive assessment of EI at an early stage is conducive to the prevention of EI caused by tourism. To acquire adequate insight into the EI of planned tourist activities and promote EI prevention in advance, this study integrates the Relative Risk Model with the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix to develop an integrated model that predictively assesses and compares the EIs from different contributors along the EI formation path. To demonstrate the model, a study was conducted in the Earth’s Third Pole National Park. The results of this study show that (1) this model allows for the clear identification and comparison of the characteristics of EI formation across different tourist activities. This allows for defining a priority order for developing different tourist activities in terms of environmental conservation, thereby identifying relatively suitable activities. (2) In different stages of EI formation, the main contributors to EI can be discerned by this model, thereby defining the key targets of EI prevention in the whole EI process. (3) The EIs that different receptors carry can be compared using this model, thereby selecting the main receptors carrying higher EI as principal protected objects. In summary, in tourism development, assessing EI with this method helps predict the EI from different contributors, guide sustainable tourism development, and promote environmental care at an early stage. Full article

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16 pages, 9762 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microplastics Can Alter Plant Parameters Without Affecting the Soil Enzymatic Activity in White Lupine

by Carla Sobarzo-Palma, María Dolores López-Belchí, Felipe Andrés Noriega, Raúl Zornoza, Gonzalo Tortella and Mauricio Schoebitz

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010149 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Viewed by 273

Abstract

The widespread presence of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural soils raises concerns regarding their impact on crop health and productivity, particularly in legumes, which are known to have soil-enhancing properties. This study investigated the effects of low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polyamide (PA) [...] Read more.

The widespread presence of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural soils raises concerns regarding their impact on crop health and productivity, particularly in legumes, which are known to have soil-enhancing properties. This study investigated the effects of low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polyamide (PA) MPs on white lupine (Lupinus albus L.). Plants were cultivated for 110 days in glass pots containing 700 g of volcanic soil mixed with 2% w/w MPs, with four treatments (control, LDPE, PP, and PA) and five replicates each. The results indicated that PP increased soil ammonium and available nitrogen by 71% and 60%, respectively, compared to the control. LDPE increased root length by 3% and decreased chlorophyll content by 2.7%, whereas PA increased chlorophyll levels by 3.5%. Oxidative stress markers were significantly elevated in the LDPE and PA treatments, with 12% and 5.4% increases, respectively, compared with the control. However, no significant differences were observed in enzyme activity or basal soil respiration. These findings contribute to the understanding of how short-term exposure to MPs affects agricultural soils and emphasize the necessity for long-term studies to elucidate their potential effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Contaminants in the Environment: Measurement, Transport, Impacts, Bioaccumulation, and Remediation)

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21 pages, 14740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Population Flow Changes in Red Tourism Counties of China Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic Based on Mobile Signaling Data

by Yaqing Bai, Min Wang, Xinliang Xu, Jiahui Li and Xuepeng Cheng

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010148 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Viewed by 257

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted the tourism industry, particularly red tourism. This study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics and dynamics of population flow in red tourism counties during the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods, aiming to provide valuable insights for sustainable red tourism planning [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted the tourism industry, particularly red tourism. This study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics and dynamics of population flow in red tourism counties during the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods, aiming to provide valuable insights for sustainable red tourism planning and policy formulation. This study covers 180 red tourism counties across 20 provinces in China, utilizing mobile signaling data from May and October of 2018, 2020, 2022, and 2023. The results show that, in 2023, the total population inflow to red tourism counties reached 4448.85 × 10⁴, with a notable spatial disparity, mainly concentrated in northern and central regions, such as Beijing, Linyi, and Liu’an. The inflow was primarily from eastern and central provinces, such as Guangdong, Hebei, and Henan, with these areas showing substantially higher visitation than western and northeastern regions. These inflows were strongly influenced by geographic proximity and transportation accessibility, with a significant increase during holiday periods reflecting the role of tourism policies in shaping mobility patterns. From 2018 to 2023, population dynamics fluctuated significantly due to the pandemic, with a strong recovery by 2023, surpassing pre-pandemic levels by 1332.26 × 10⁴. The recovery rates varied regionally, with areas such as Inner Mongolia and Qinghai showing substantial growth, while provinces such as Beijing and Shanxi showed slower recovery. These findings underscore the enduring appeal of red tourism and highlight the effectiveness of targeted policy interventions. However, regional disparities in recovery rates suggest that focused efforts are needed to ensure balanced and sustainable red tourism development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-COVID-19-Pandemic Climate Change and Sustainable Tourism Management)

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21 pages, 1121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of High-Tech Enterprise Certification on Green Innovation: Evidence from Listed Companies in China

by Zhiqiang Liang, Yao Shen, Kunyu Yang and Jinsong Kuang

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010147 (registering DOI) - 28 Dec 2024

Viewed by 226

Abstract

Against the backdrop of global efforts towards carbon peak and carbon neutrality, enhancing the level of green innovation in enterprises represents a significant challenge faced by governments worldwide. The practice of establishing a certification system for high-tech enterprises and leveraging this certification to [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of global efforts towards carbon peak and carbon neutrality, enhancing the level of green innovation in enterprises represents a significant challenge faced by governments worldwide. The practice of establishing a certification system for high-tech enterprises and leveraging this certification to influence corporate behavior has been shown to be an effective approach. This paper constructs an analytical framework based on incentive effects, signaling effects, and external pressure, employing the negative binomial regression method to evaluate the impact of high-tech enterprise certification on green innovation using data from listed companies in China from 2006 to 2023. The research findings indicate that, generally speaking, this certification primarily promotes green innovation through increased government subsidies, alleviation of financing constraints, and enhanced market attention. Further analysis reveals that its impact is particularly pronounced on state-owned enterprises, enterprises in central regions, and labor-intensive enterprises. Based on these research outcomes, this paper recommends that the government should further strengthen the construction of the certification system to enhance its credibility and authority; place greater emphasis on green-oriented fiscal subsidy policies; promote the development of green finance to alleviate financing constraints for enterprises; and refine the external supervision mechanisms of the capital market to provide robust support for enterprise green innovation. This study deepens the understanding of the relationship between government institutional construction and green innovation and provides empirical evidence for transforming the economic development model. Full article

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23 pages, 6251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Activated Biochar from Pineapple Crown Biomass: A High-Efficiency Adsorbent for Organic Dye Removal

by Francisco J. Cano, Odín Reyes-Vallejo, Rocío Magdalena Sánchez-Albores, Sebastian P. Joseph, Abumalé Cruz-Salomón, Maritza del Carmen Hernández-Cruz, Wilber Montejo-López, Mayram González Reyes, Rocío del Pilar Serrano Ramirez and Héctor Hiram Torres-Ventura

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010099 - 27 Dec 2024

Viewed by 454

Abstract

Renowned for its versatility in environmental applications, biochar exhibits substantial potential to enhance anaerobic digestion, facilitate carbon sequestration, and improve water treatment through its highly efficient adsorption mechanisms. This study focuses on biochar derived from pineapple crown biomass, produced through slow pyrolysis, and [...] Read more.

Renowned for its versatility in environmental applications, biochar exhibits substantial potential to enhance anaerobic digestion, facilitate carbon sequestration, and improve water treatment through its highly efficient adsorption mechanisms. This study focuses on biochar derived from pineapple crown biomass, produced through slow pyrolysis, and its efficiency in removing organic dyes from contaminated water. The structural, morphological, and surface properties of both biochar and chemically activated biochar samples were comprehensively characterized using a range of techniques, including XRD, FTIR, XPS, BET surface area analysis, and SEM microscopy. The adsorption performance was evaluated using methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB), and malachite green (MG) dyes as model contaminants, with particular emphasis on the contact time on dye removal efficiency. Initial results showed removal rates of 10.8%, 37.5%, and 88.4% for RhB, MB, and MG, respectively. Notably, chemical activation significantly enhanced the adsorption efficiency, achieving complete (100%) removal of all tested dyes. Complete adsorption of MB and MG occurred within 9 min, indicating rapid adsorption kinetics. Adsorption data fit well with pseudo-second-order kinetics (R² = 0.9748–0.9999), and the Langmuir isotherm (R² = 0.9770–0.9998) suggested monolayer adsorption with chemical interactions between dyes and biochar. The intraparticle diffusion model further clarified the adsorption mechanisms. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of activated biochar for dye removal and highlight the potential of pineapple crown biomass in environmental remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Biomass: Advanced Strategies for Renewable Chemicals and Energy Production)

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33 pages, 5583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bibliometric and Co-Occurrence Study of the Production of Bioethanol and Hydrogen from African Palm Rachis (2003–2023)

by Luis Ángel Castillo-Gracia, Néstor Andrés Urbina-Suarez and Ángel Darío González-Delgado

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010146 (registering DOI) - 27 Dec 2024

Viewed by 385

Abstract

Today, the world is increasingly concerned about energy and environmental challenges, and the search for renewable energy sources has become an unavoidable priority. In this context, Elaeis guineensis (better known as the African oil palm) has been placed in the spotlight due to [...] Read more.

Today, the world is increasingly concerned about energy and environmental challenges, and the search for renewable energy sources has become an unavoidable priority. In this context, Elaeis guineensis (better known as the African oil palm) has been placed in the spotlight due to its great potential and specific characteristics for the production of alternative fuels in the search for sustainable energy solutions. In the present study, bibliometric and co-occurrence analyses are proposed to identify trends, gaps, future directions, and challenges related to the production of bioethanol and hydrogen from oil palm rachis, using VOSviewer v.1.6.20 as a tool to analyze data obtained from SCOPUS. A mapping of several topics related to bioethanol and hydrogen production from oil palm bagasse or rachis is provided, resulting in contributions to the topic under review. It is shown that research is trending towards the use of oil palm rachis as a raw material for hydrogen production, consolidating its position as a promising renewable energy source. The field of hydrogen production from renewable sources has undergone constant evolution, and it is expected to continue growing and playing a significant role in the transition towards cleaner and more sustainable energy sources, potentially involving the adoption of innovative technologies such as solar-powered steam generation. From an economic point of view, developing a circular economy approach to bioethanol and hydrogen production from oil palm rachis and waste management will require innovations in material design, recycling technologies, and the development of effective life cycle strategies that can be evaluated through computer-assisted process simulation. Additionally, the extraction and purification of other gases during the dark fermentation method contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and minimizing energy consumption. Ultimately, the sustainability assessment of bioethanol production processes is crucial, employing various methodologies such as life cycle assessment (LCA), techno-economic analysis, techno-economic resilience, and environmental risk assessment (ERA). This research is original in that it evaluates not only the behavior of the scientific community on these topics over the past 20 years but also examines a less-studied biofuel, namely bioethanol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Waste Management and Recovery)

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40 pages, 1055 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Barriers, Benefits, and Influential Factors of Adopting Earth Observation Satellite Data at Local and Regional Levels: The Case of the Italian LRAs

by Elisa Filippi and Antonello Aiello

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010145 (registering DOI) - 27 Dec 2024

Viewed by 264

Abstract

Earth observation (EO) data are essential for monitoring and planning public policies to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. Despite significant public investments at the European level, the socio-economic impact on public administrations, especially local and regional authorities (LRAs), remains suboptimal. This limited adoption may [...] Read more.

Earth observation (EO) data are essential for monitoring and planning public policies to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. Despite significant public investments at the European level, the socio-economic impact on public administrations, especially local and regional authorities (LRAs), remains suboptimal. This limited adoption may hinder the enhancement of cities’ and regions’ capability to address climate change and sustainable development effectively. This article aims to (1) map the use of EO data and services by Italian LRAs, (2) investigate barriers to adoption and perceived benefits, and (3) identify influential factors and provide recommendations for adoption. A case study methodology was employed, focusing on Italian LRAs. A survey covering 37 variables across five categories was distributed. Data from 109 respondents indicated an EO data adoption rate of approximately 58%, with higher rates in North-East and Central Italy and among regions compared to cities. EO data are primarily used for land cover and urban planning, with significant applications in climate change management. While LRAs recognise benefits such as time and economic savings and monitoring efficacy, they face many barriers, including exogenous and endogenous factors. This paper delves into these barriers and recommends enhancing EO data adoption among LRAs. Full article

25 pages, 1498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fostering Continuous Innovation in Creative Education: A Multi-Path Configurational Analysis of Continuous Collaboration with AIGC in Chinese ACG Educational Contexts

by Juan Huangfu, Ruoyuan Li, Junping Xu and Younghwan Pan

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010144 (registering DOI) - 27 Dec 2024

Viewed by 374

Abstract

AI-generated content (AIGC) is uniquely positioned to drive the digital transformation of professional education in the animation, comic, and game (ACG) industries. However, its collaborative application also faces initial novelty effects and user discontinuance. Existing studies often employ single-variable analytical methods, which struggle [...] Read more.

AI-generated content (AIGC) is uniquely positioned to drive the digital transformation of professional education in the animation, comic, and game (ACG) industries. However, its collaborative application also faces initial novelty effects and user discontinuance. Existing studies often employ single-variable analytical methods, which struggle to capture the complex mechanisms influencing technology adoption. This study innovatively combines necessary condition analysis (NCA) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and applies them to the field of ACG education. Using this mixed-method approach, it systematically explores the necessary conditions and configurational effects influencing educational users’ continuance intention to adopt AIGC tools for collaborative design learning, aiming to address existing research gaps. A survey of 312 Chinese ACG educational users revealed that no single factor constitutes a necessary condition for their continuance intention to adopt AIGC tools. Additionally, five pathways leading to high adoption intention and three pathways leading to low adoption intention were identified. Notably, the absence or insufficiency of task–technology fit, and perceived quality do not hinder ACG educational users’ willingness to actively adopt AIGC tools. This reflects the creativity-driven learning characteristics, and the flexible and diverse tool demands of the ACG discipline. The findings provide theoretical and empirical insights to enhance the effective synergy and sustainable development between ACG education and AIGC tools. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Education and Sustainable Development)

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16 pages, 4028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Early Miocene Paleoclimate of Erzhilansay: Interpretation of Climatic Parameters Using Modern Methods

by Aizhan Zhamangara, Shahizada Akmagambet, Saida Nigmatova, Ilnura Madyarova, Kaisar Kashaganov, Aizhan Zadagali, Arman Seidali and Bolat Bayshashov

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010143 (registering DOI) - 27 Dec 2024

Viewed by 183

Abstract

Studying paleoclimatic conditions across geological epochs is essential for understanding climate evolution and its influence on Earth’s biosphere. Leaf macrofossils serve as a crucial data source for reconstructing ancient climates due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. Advanced analytical methods, such as the [...] Read more.

Studying paleoclimatic conditions across geological epochs is essential for understanding climate evolution and its influence on Earth’s biosphere. Leaf macrofossils serve as a crucial data source for reconstructing ancient climates due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. Advanced analytical methods, such as the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) and the coexistence approach (CA), enable precise assessment of past climatic parameters using fossilized leaf remains. The Erzhilansay locality, dated to the early Miocene, represents a remarkable site with exceptionally preserved and diverse plant fossils, making it pivotal for paleoclimatic reconstructions. This study reveals that mean annual temperatures and summer temperatures in the early Miocene were relatively stable over millions of years. In contrast, winters were notably milder, exhibiting warmer and more consistent conditions. Precipitation levels were significantly higher, fostering the development of dense vegetation, unlike the arid environment seen today. These findings underscore the importance of employing integrated methodologies to reconstruct ancient climates and interpret geological-scale climate changes. The study also offers critical insights into climate dynamics, supporting the development of strategies to mitigate current environmental challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)

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(a) Geographical location of the Erzhilansay locality within Kazakhstan. (b). A detailed map of the Turgay region indicating the Uly-Zhylanchik River and Erzhilansay. Full article ">Figure 2
Selected fossil taxa from the early Miocene Erzhilansay. 1—Carya Ungeri (Juglandaceae); 2—Corylus Jarmolenkoi (Betulaceae); 3—Ulmus dreponata (Ulmaceae); 4—Alnus Shmalhauseni (Betulaceae); 5—Pterocarya paradissica (Juglandaceae); 6—Ostrya antiqua (Betulaceae). Full article ">Figure 3
Comparison of temperature regimes in the early Miocene using the coexistence approach (CA) and Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP). Full article ">Figure 4
Comparison of precipitation in the early Miocene using the CA and CLAMP. Full article ">Figure 5
Stratigraphic sequence of sedimentary layers in the Erzhilansay locality. Full article ">Figure 6
Comparison of temperature regimes in the early Miocene using the CA and CLAMP with modern data. Full article ">Figure 7
Comparison of precipitation in the early Miocene using CA and CLAMP with modern data. Full article ">

46 pages, 1289 KiB

Open AccessReview

Understanding Urban Cooling of Blue–Green Infrastructure: A Review of Spatial Data and Sustainable Planning Optimization Methods for Mitigating Urban Heat Islands

by Grzegorz Budzik, Marta Sylla and Tomasz Kowalczyk

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010142 (registering DOI) - 27 Dec 2024

Viewed by 387

Abstract

Many studies in the literature have assessed the blue–green infrastructure (BGI) characteristics that influence its cooling potential for sustainable urban development. Common assessment methods include satellite remote sensing, numerical simulations, and field measurements, each defining different cooling efficiency indicators. This methodological diversity creates [...] Read more.

Many studies in the literature have assessed the blue–green infrastructure (BGI) characteristics that influence its cooling potential for sustainable urban development. Common assessment methods include satellite remote sensing, numerical simulations, and field measurements, each defining different cooling efficiency indicators. This methodological diversity creates uncertainties in optimizing BGI management. To address this, a literature review was conducted using Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus, examining how the BGI cools urban space, which spatial data and methods are most effective, which methodological differences may affect the results, and what the current research gaps and innovative future directions are. The results suggest that remote sensing is ideal for large-scale BGI comparisons, numerical simulations for local development scenarios, and field measurements for assessing conditions closest to residents. Maximum BGI cooling intensity averages show 4 °C from remote sensing, 3 °C from field measurements, and 2 °C from numerical simulations. Differences in conclusions may arise from differences in the data resolution, model scale, BGI delineation method, and cooling range calculation. The key BGI characteristics include object size, vegetation fraction, foliage density, and spatial connectivity. Future research should prioritize the different methods of integration, BGI shape complexity effectiveness assessment, and effects of urban morphology on evaluating BGI characteristics’ effectiveness, and explore digital twin technology for BGI management optimization. This study integrates key information on BGI’s cooling capabilities, serving as a useful resource for both practitioners and researchers to support resilient city development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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16 pages, 1998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dewatering of Sludge Through Vibratory Sieving

by Dana-Claudia Farcas-Flamaropol, Radu Iatan, Petru Cardei, Ion Durbaca, Elena Surdu and Nicoleta Sporea

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010141 (registering DOI) - 27 Dec 2024

Viewed by 249

Abstract

The article describes the results obtained by the authors in sludge dewatering through new processes and evaluating their performance. The research is part of sustainable development by valorizing the sludge and agricultural waste in composite materials with applicability in the constructions from rural [...] Read more.

The article describes the results obtained by the authors in sludge dewatering through new processes and evaluating their performance. The research is part of sustainable development by valorizing the sludge and agricultural waste in composite materials with applicability in the constructions from rural areas. The main method of sludge dewatering tested in this research is vibratory sieving dewatering. The experimental research examined three variable parameters: initial sludge moisture, sieve angle, and the engine speed causing sieve vibration. A three-factorial experiment was performed with four values for each of the three parameters considered, and the results were processed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Absolute and relative dewatering depend the most on the initial sludge moisture and sieve tilt angle. In conclusion, it was found that dewatering by vibrating sieving can achieve an almost double range of values for absolute performance, compared to pressing dewatering. However, the efficiency of dewatering by pressing is superior to dewatering by vibratory sieving. As a matter of absolute values, the two dewatering processes that were studied and described in this article perform below the values achieved by the classical processes: natural, thermal, and mechanical. Full article

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22 pages, 2566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle CO₂ Emissions and Techno-Economic Analysis of Wood Pellet Production and CHP with Different Plant Scales and Sawdust Drying Processes

by Kenji Koido, Daichi Konno and Michio Sato

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010140 (registering DOI) - 27 Dec 2024

Viewed by 181

Abstract

This study presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) and economic analysis of wood pellet production and utilisation in gasification combined heat and power (CHP) systems, focusing on optimising the drying process and evaluating the impacts of varying plant scales. In line with Japan’s [...] Read more.

This study presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) and economic analysis of wood pellet production and utilisation in gasification combined heat and power (CHP) systems, focusing on optimising the drying process and evaluating the impacts of varying plant scales. In line with Japan’s target of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, the research examines primary energy demand (PED), CO₂ emissions, and financial viability across the wood pellet production (gate-to-gate) and CHP energy generation (gate-to-grave) stages. The results reveal that the drying process accounts for 35–39% of the total energy consumption in wood pellet production, with the heat source significantly influencing PED and CO₂ emissions. Systems employing wood-fired boilers and wood pellet CHP for drying achieve reductions in PED by 12–26% and CO₂ emissions by 14–31% compared to the conventional grid-supplied drying process. Economic analysis reveals that scaling up production enhances financial performance, with net income increasing by up to 20% and payback periods reducing to approximately 10 years in facilities producing 2.5 tons of wood pellets per hour. These findings highlight the critical role of optimised drying processes, plant scalability, and efficient supply chains in advancing sustainable wood pellet-based bioenergy systems that support Japan’s renewable energy targets. Full article

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30 pages, 13635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustaining Carbon Storage: An Analysis of Land Use and Conservation Strategies in China’s Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

by Xiaofang Wang, Weiwei Zhang, Xinghui Zhao, Dongfeng Wang and Yongsheng Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010139 (registering DOI) - 27 Dec 2024

Viewed by 221

Abstract

The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, a vital agricultural area in China with a significant amount of arable land, plays a pivotal role in influencing grain production, ecological carbon cycles, and global climate change through its shifts in land use. Within this research, we have employed [...] Read more.

The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, a vital agricultural area in China with a significant amount of arable land, plays a pivotal role in influencing grain production, ecological carbon cycles, and global climate change through its shifts in land use. Within this research, we have employed the ArcGIS tool and the In-VEST-Geodetector-PLUS methodology to scrutinize the shifts in carbon storage from the year 2000 to 2020, determine the pivotal influences behind these shifts, and anticipate the projected carbon storage for 2030. Although there has been a slight increase in forested areas as a result of environmental policies, the conversion of cropland to impervious surfaces due to urbanization has led to a persistent decrease in carbon storage, with a cumulative loss of 272.79 million metric tons over the two decades. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Night-Time Lights (NTL), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Population (POP) are critical factors impacting carbon storage, reflecting the intricate connection between socio-economic development and natural ecosystems. The multi-scenario simulations for 2030 suggest that the least reduction in carbon storage would occur under the scenario of protecting arable land, while the most significant decrease would be under the urban expansion scenario, highlighting the impact of urbanization. The study’s results emphasize the critical need to harmonize agricultural land conservation with economic progress for the enduring growth of the Huang-Huai-Hai region. Full article

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19 pages, 1363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regulation of Sustainability Reporting Requirements—Digitalisation Path

by Jekaterina Novicka and Tatjana Volkova

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010138 (registering DOI) - 27 Dec 2024

Viewed by 202

Abstract

In this paper, we identify the synergic link between the organisational elements sustainability and digitalisation by implementing digital sustainability reporting (DSR) in the context of the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). Founded on bibliometric analyses and a literature-based scientific discussion, this conceptual paper [...] Read more.

In this paper, we identify the synergic link between the organisational elements sustainability and digitalisation by implementing digital sustainability reporting (DSR) in the context of the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). Founded on bibliometric analyses and a literature-based scientific discussion, this conceptual paper provides modern definitions of sustainability, digitalisation, and digitainability. Additionally, based on analyses of the CSRD regulatory framework, a definition of DSR is suggested. Our findings align with those of other scholars who highlight the crucial role of digitainability in successfully executing organisational changes. Furthermore, the CSRD’s role in providing a digital framework for sustainability reporting (SR) and shaping organisational digitainability is outlined. This study uncovers a novel collection of emerging digitainability concepts compliant with the DSR requirements under which organisations can pursue organisational transformation. This paper also provides DSR-related recommendations to top management for adopting organisational systems to comply with CSRD reporting requirements. Full article

18 pages, 2199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Feasibility and Strategic Planning for Floating Solar Power Plants in Korea: A Real Options Approach

by Seoungbeom Na, Woosik Jang and Youngwoong Lee

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010137 (registering DOI) - 27 Dec 2024

Viewed by 187

Abstract

This paper presents an economic feasibility analysis for constructing a 100 MW floating solar power plant in Korea aimed at utilizing idle water spaces to mitigate geographical limitations for large-scale renewable energy projects. Employing both Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis and Real Options [...] Read more.

This paper presents an economic feasibility analysis for constructing a 100 MW floating solar power plant in Korea aimed at utilizing idle water spaces to mitigate geographical limitations for large-scale renewable energy projects. Employing both Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis and Real Options Analysis (ROA), the study evaluates the economic viability and strategic flexibility of the project under future market uncertainties. The DCF method reveals an NPV of 11,863,000 USD and a B/C ratio of 1.1, indicating baseline feasibility. However, the ROA demonstrates the value of adaptive strategies, with real option values showing that plant expansion (to 200 MW) is economically advantageous under favorable conditions. This approach supports strategic decision-making aligned with Korea’s renewable energy targets. The study emphasizes the importance of incorporating market uncertainties into feasibility assessments and proposes detailed strategies for expanding renewable energy generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operation and Control of Renewable Energy Resources)

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