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KEGG   PATHWAY: zca04261
Entry
zca04261                    Pathway                                
Name
Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes - Zalophus californianus (California sea lion)
Description
Cardiac myocytes express at least six subtypes of adrenergic receptor (AR) which include three subtypes of beta-AR (beta-1, beta-2, beta-3) and three subtypes of the alpha-1-AR (alpha-1A, alpha-1B, and alpha-1C). In the human heart the beta-1-AR is the pre- dominate receptor. Acute sympathetic stimulation of cardiac beta-1-ARs induces positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, the most effective mechanism to acutely increase output of the heart, by coupling to Gs, formation of cAMP by adenylyl cyclase (AC), and PKA- dependent phosphorylation of various target proteins (e.g., ryanodine receptor [RyR]; phospholamban [PLB], troponin I [TnI], and the L-type Ca2+ channel [LTCC]). Chronic beta-1-AR stimulation is detrimental and induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis. beta-2-AR coupled to Gs exerts a proapoptotic action as well as beta-1-AR, while beta-2-AR coupled to Gi exerts an antiapoptotic action.
Class
Organismal Systems; Circulatory system
Pathway map
zca04261  Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes
zca04261

Other DBs
GO: 0001997
Organism
Zalophus californianus (California sea lion) [GN:zca]
Gene
113907921  PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K21290]
113908174  PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K21290]
113908284  ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 [KO:K01540]
113908308  CACNG4; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-4 subunit [KO:K04869]
113908519  PPP2R5C; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584]
113908565  SLC8A3; sodium/calcium exchanger 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
113908798  CALM1; calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
113908868  TPM1; tropomyosin alpha-1 chain isoform X1 [KO:K10373]
113908984  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 isoform X1 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
113909061  PPP2R5E; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform [KO:K11584]
113909205  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113909515  PPP2R3C; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K11583]
113909648  myosin-7 isoform X1 [KO:K17751]
113909878  RPS6KA5; ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-5 isoform X1 [KO:K04445] [EC:2.7.11.1]
113910017  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
113910477  ACTC1; actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1 [KO:K12314]
113910547  CALML4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183]
113911293  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
113911321  CACNA2D1; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04858]
113911420  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
113911474  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
113911484  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
113911491  PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
113911563  CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047]
113912320  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
113912489  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
113912650  ATP2A2; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
113912840  PPP1CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-gamma catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
113912842  MYL2; myosin regulatory light chain 2, ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform [KO:K10351]
113913854  PPP2R1B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K03456]
113914077  calmodulin-1-like [KO:K02183]
113914217  PPP2R5B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit beta isoform [KO:K11584]
113914325  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
113914347  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K01538]
113914410  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04926]
113914445  CALML6; calmodulin-like protein 6 [KO:K02183]
113914784  PPP1CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
113915286  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113915367  SCN4B; sodium channel subunit beta-4 [KO:K04848]
113915804  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
113916249  ATP2B2; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
113916410  POPDC2; popeye domain-containing protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K26206]
113916465  SCN5A; sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04838]
113916580  CACNA2D2; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04859]
113916640  TPM4; tropomyosin alpha-4 chain isoform X1 [KO:K10375]
113916795  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X2 [KO:K04851]
113916866  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
113917002  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
113917015  TNNC1; troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles [KO:K05865]
113917313  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
113917448  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
113917801  MYL3; myosin light chain 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12749]
113917870  KCNE1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04894]
113918036  ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
113918397  PPP2R2D; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
113918427  CACNA2D3; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K04860]
113918625  PPP2R3A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K11583]
113919173  ATF2; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04450]
113919323  RYR2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ryanodine receptor 2 [KO:K04962]
113919486  RAPGEF4; rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04351]
113919503  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
113920171  CACNB4; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04865]
113920384  neo-calmodulin-like [KO:K02183]
113920773  SCN7A; sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04839]
113921338  ATP2B1; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
113921368  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
113921384  CREM; cAMP-responsive element modulator isoform X1 [KO:K09052]
113921757  CACNA1C; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C [KO:K04850]
113921771  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
113921812  PPP1R1A; protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1A isoform X1 [KO:K08050]
113921962  CACNB3; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K04864]
113921975  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
113922200  CACNB2; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04863]
113922228  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
113922250  RAPGEF3; rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08014]
113922256  CACNA2D4; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-4 [KO:K04861]
113922505  calmodulin-A-like [KO:K02183]
113922995  calmodulin-like [KO:K02183]
113923011  CALML3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 3 [KO:K02183]
113923113  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
113923160  CACNG2; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit [KO:K04867]
113923428  ADRB1; beta-1 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04141]
113923905  AGT; angiotensinogen isoform X1 [KO:K09821]
113924526  PPP2R2A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
113924837  ADRA1A; alpha-1A adrenergic receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04135]
113925121  PPP2CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
113925822  calmodulin-1-like [KO:K02183]
113925838  tropomyosin alpha-3 chain-like [KO:K09290]
113925843  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
113925887  PPP2R2C; protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B, gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
113926219  BVES; blood vessel epicardial substance [KO:K21108]
113926247  POPDC3; popeye domain-containing protein 3 [KO:K26207]
113926300  ATF6B; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta isoform X1 [KO:K09049]
113926341  PPP2R5D; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit delta isoform [KO:K11584]
113926396  ATP1A1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
113926549  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
113927499  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
113927633  PLN; cardiac phospholamban [KO:K05852]
113928399  ADRA1B; alpha-1B adrenergic receptor [KO:K04136]
113928893  ADRB2; beta-2 adrenergic receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04142]
113929021  PPP2R2B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
113929050  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
113929195  calmodulin-1-like [KO:K02183]
113929378  PPP2CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
113929739  calmodulin-A-like [KO:K02183]
113929853  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
113930637  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
113930651  PPP2R3B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K11583]
113930731  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform-like [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
113930839  AGTR2; type-2 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04167]
113931031  CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853]
113931250  ATP1B4; protein ATP1B4 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
113931311  ATP2B3; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
113931821  PRKACB; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
113931936  ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 [KO:K01540]
113931949  TPM3; tropomyosin alpha-3 chain isoform X1 [KO:K09290]
113932035  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
113932237  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
113932246  ATP2B4; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
113932406  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857]
113932876  CACNG3; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-3 subunit [KO:K04868]
113932955  troponin T, cardiac muscle isoform X6 [KO:K12045]
113933054  ATP1A2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
113933076  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
113933138  ATP2A1; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
113933258  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
113933479  PPP2R5A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit alpha isoform [KO:K11584]
113933656  KCNK2; potassium channel subfamily K member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04913]
113933699  CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
113934022  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
113934028  TPM2; tropomyosin beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K10374]
113934371  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X1 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
113934691  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
113935537  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
113935633  SCN1B; sodium channel subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04845]
113935770  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
113935813  PPP2R1A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K03456]
113935864  CACNG7; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-7 subunit [KO:K04872]
113935871  CACNG6; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-6 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K04871]
113936086  CALM3; calmodulin-3 [KO:K02183]
113936296  CACNG8; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-8 subunit [KO:K04873]
113936540  SLC9A1; sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05742]
113936608  ATP1A3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
113936724  SLC8A2; sodium/calcium exchanger 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
113936966  GNAS; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
113936968  neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 [KO:K04632]
113937189  SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
113937245  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113937275  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
113937538  CALM2; calmodulin-2 [KO:K02183]
113937582  PPP1CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
113937907  ADRA1D; alpha-1D adrenergic receptor [KO:K04137]
113937989  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113938968  CACNG5; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-5 subunit [KO:K04870]
113939006  CACNG1; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-1 subunit [KO:K04866]
113939318  MYL4; myosin light chain 4 isoform X1 [KO:K12750]
113939436  ATP2A3; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
113939477  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
113939636  CACNB1; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04862]
118356210  calmodulin-A-like [KO:K02183]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00080  H+
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00547  L-Noradrenaline
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00788  L-Adrenaline
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C07056  Isoproterenol
Reference
PMID:19883653
  Authors
Grimm M, Brown JH
  Title
Beta-adrenergic receptor signaling in the heart: role of CaMKII.
  Journal
J Mol Cell Cardiol 48:322-30 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.10.016
Reference
PMID:21212391
  Authors
Yang JH, Saucerman JJ
  Title
Computational models reduce complexity and accelerate insight into cardiac signaling networks.
  Journal
Circ Res 108:85-97 (2011)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223602
Reference
PMID:16765984
  Authors
Schaub MC, Hefti MA, Zaugg M
  Title
Integration of calcium with the signaling network in cardiac myocytes.
  Journal
J Mol Cell Cardiol 41:183-214 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.04.005
Reference
PMID:22022314
  Authors
Taggart P, Boyett MR, Logantha S, Lambiase PD
  Title
Anger, emotion, and arrhythmias: from brain to heart.
  Journal
Front Physiol 2:67 (2011)
DOI:10.3389/fphys.2011.00067
Reference
PMID:17988210
  Authors
Bers DM
  Title
Calcium cycling and signaling in cardiac myocytes.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 70:23-49 (2008)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100455
Reference
PMID:20923637
  Authors
Soltis AR, Saucerman JJ
  Title
Synergy between CaMKII substrates and beta-adrenergic signaling in regulation of cardiac myocyte Ca(2+) handling.
  Journal
Biophys J 99:2038-47 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.bpj.2010.08.016
Reference
PMID:12439640
  Authors
Wallukat G
  Title
The beta-adrenergic receptors.
  Journal
Herz 27:683-90 (2002)
DOI:10.1007/s00059-002-2434-z
Reference
PMID:11604549
  Authors
Xiao RP
  Title
Beta-adrenergic signaling in the heart: dual coupling of the beta2-adrenergic receptor to G(s) and G(i) proteins.
  Journal
Sci STKE 2001:re15 (2001)
DOI:10.1126/stke.2001.104.re15
Reference
PMID:10571541
  Authors
Xiao RP, Cheng H, Zhou YY, Kuschel M, Lakatta EG
  Title
Recent advances in cardiac beta(2)-adrenergic signal transduction.
  Journal
Circ Res 85:1092-100 (1999)
DOI:10.1161/01.RES.85.11.1092
Reference
PMID:15979723
  Authors
Zheng M, Zhu W, Han Q, Xiao RP
  Title
Emerging concepts and therapeutic implications of beta-adrenergic receptor subtype signaling.
  Journal
Pharmacol Ther 108:257-68 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.006
Reference
PMID:17826821
  Authors
Kuzumoto M, Takeuchi A, Nakai H, Oka C, Noma A, Matsuoka S
  Title
Simulation analysis of intracellular Na+ and Cl- homeostasis during beta 1-adrenergic stimulation of cardiac myocyte.
  Journal
Prog Biophys Mol Biol 96:171-86 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2007.07.005
Reference
PMID:11805843
  Authors
Bers DM
  Title
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling.
  Journal
Nature 415:198-205 (2002)
DOI:10.1038/415198a
Reference
PMID:20658186
  Authors
Ho D, Yan L, Iwatsubo K, Vatner DE, Vatner SF
  Title
Modulation of beta-adrenergic receptor signaling in heart failure and longevity: targeting adenylyl cyclase type 5.
  Journal
Heart Fail Rev 15:495-512 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s10741-010-9183-5
Reference
PMID:15142747
  Authors
Saucerman JJ, McCulloch AD
  Title
Mechanistic systems models of cell signaling networks: a case study of myocyte adrenergic regulation.
  Journal
Prog Biophys Mol Biol 85:261-78 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.01.005
Reference
PMID:15765137
  Authors
Yano M, Ikeda Y, Matsuzaki M
  Title
Altered intracellular Ca2+ handling in heart failure.
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:556-64 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI24159
Reference
PMID:15232578
  Authors
Wehrens XH, Marks AR
  Title
Novel therapeutic approaches for heart failure by normalizing calcium cycling.
  Journal
Nat Rev Drug Discov 3:565-73 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/nrd1440
Reference
PMID:19874988
  Authors
Triposkiadis F, Karayannis G, Giamouzis G, Skoularigis J, Louridas G, Butler J
  Title
The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications.
  Journal
J Am Coll Cardiol 54:1747-62 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.015
Reference
PMID:18407781
  Authors
Barry SP, Davidson SM, Townsend PA
  Title
Molecular regulation of cardiac hypertrophy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40:2023-39 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.020
Related
pathway
zca04020  Calcium signaling pathway
zca04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
zca04260  Cardiac muscle contraction
KO pathway
ko04261   

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Genome (1)   
   KEGG GENOME (1)   
Gene (160)   
   KEGG GENES (160)   
All databases (161)   

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