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KEGG   PATHWAY: hsa05218
Entry
hsa05218                    Pathway                                
Name
Melanoma - Homo sapiens (human)
Description
Melanoma is a form of skin cancer that has a poor prognosis and which is on the rise in Western populations. Melanoma arises from the malignant transformation of pigment-producing cells, melanocytes. The only known environmental risk factor is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and in people with fair skin the risk is greatly increased. Melanoma pathogenesis is also driven by genetic factors. Oncogenic NRAS mutations activate both effector pathways Raf-MEK-ERK and PI3K-Akt. The Raf-MEK-ERK pathway may also be activated via mutations in the BRAF gene. The PI3K-Akt pathway may be activated through loss or mutation of the inhibitory tumor suppressor gene PTEN. These mutations arise early during melanoma pathogenesis and are preserved throughout tumor progression. Melanoma development has been shown to be strongly associated with inactivation of the p16INK4a/cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6/retinoblastoma protein (p16INK4a/CDK4,6/pRb) and p14ARF/human double minute 2/p53 (p14ARF/HMD2/p53) tumor suppressor pathways. MITF and TP53 are implicated in further melanoma progression.
Class
Human Diseases; Cancer: specific types
Pathway map
hsa05218  Melanoma
hsa05218

Network
  Element
N00012  Mutation-activated KRAS/NRAS to ERK signaling pathway
N00013  Mutation-activated BRAF to ERK signaling pathway
N00032  Mutation-activated KRAS/NRAS to PI3K signaling pathway
N00051  Deleted PTEN to PI3K signaling pathway
N00052  Mutation-inactivated PTEN to PI3K signaling pathway
N00067  Deleted p14(ARF) to p21-cell cycle G1/S
N00070  Mutation-inactivated p16(INK4a) to p16-cell cycle G1/S
N00071  Deleted p16(INK4a) to p16-cell cycle G1/S
N00073  Mutation-activated CDK4 to cell cycle G1/S
N00076  Mutation-inactivated p14(ARF) to p21-cell cycle G1/S
N00115  Mutation-inactivated TP53 to transcription
Disease
H00038  Melanoma
Drug
D09996  Vemurafenib (JAN/USAN/INN)
D10104  Dabrafenib mesylate (USAN)
D10175  Trametinib (USAN)
D10176  Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide (JAN/USAN)
D10405  Cobimetinib (USAN/INN)
D10604  Binimetinib (JAN/USAN/INN)
D10615  Cobimetinib fumarate (USAN)
D11053  Encorafenib (JAN/USAN/INN)
Organism
Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
Gene
2246  FGF1; fibroblast growth factor 1 [KO:K18496]
2247  FGF2; fibroblast growth factor 2 [KO:K18497]
2248  FGF3; fibroblast growth factor 3 [KO:K04358]
2249  FGF4; fibroblast growth factor 4 [KO:K04358]
2250  FGF5; fibroblast growth factor 5 [KO:K04358]
2251  FGF6; fibroblast growth factor 6 [KO:K04358]
2252  FGF7; fibroblast growth factor 7 [KO:K04358]
2253  FGF8; fibroblast growth factor 8 [KO:K04358]
2254  FGF9; fibroblast growth factor 9 [KO:K04358]
2255  FGF10; fibroblast growth factor 10 [KO:K04358]
26281  FGF20; fibroblast growth factor 20 [KO:K04358]
27006  FGF22; fibroblast growth factor 22 [KO:K04358]
8817  FGF18; fibroblast growth factor 18 [KO:K04358]
8822  FGF17; fibroblast growth factor 17 [KO:K04358]
8823  FGF16; fibroblast growth factor 16 [KO:K04358]
9965  FGF19; fibroblast growth factor 19 [KO:K22603]
26291  FGF21; fibroblast growth factor 21 [KO:K22429]
8074  FGF23; fibroblast growth factor 23 [KO:K22428]
3082  HGF; hepatocyte growth factor [KO:K05460]
3479  IGF1; insulin like growth factor 1 [KO:K05459]
5154  PDGFA; platelet derived growth factor subunit A [KO:K04359]
5155  PDGFB; platelet derived growth factor subunit B [KO:K17386]
56034  PDGFC; platelet derived growth factor C [KO:K05450]
80310  PDGFD; platelet derived growth factor D [KO:K05450]
1950  EGF; epidermal growth factor [KO:K04357]
2260  FGFR1; fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 [KO:K04362] [EC:2.7.10.1]
4233  MET; MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase [KO:K05099] [EC:2.7.10.1]
3480  IGF1R; insulin like growth factor 1 receptor [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
5156  PDGFRA; platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha [KO:K04363] [EC:2.7.10.1]
5159  PDGFRB; platelet derived growth factor receptor beta [KO:K05089] [EC:2.7.10.1]
1956  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
3265  HRAS; HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K02833]
3845  KRAS; KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K07827]
4893  NRAS; NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K07828]
369  ARAF; A-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase [KO:K08845] [EC:2.7.11.1]
673  BRAF; B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase [KO:K04365] [EC:2.7.11.1]
5894  RAF1; Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
5604  MAP2K1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
5605  MAP2K2; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
5594  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5595  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
595  CCND1; cyclin D1 [KO:K04503]
1019  CDK4; cyclin dependent kinase 4 [KO:K02089] [EC:2.7.11.22]
5290  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5291  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5293  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
110117499  P3R3URF-PIK3R3; P3R3URF-PIK3R3 readthrough [KO:K02649]
5295  PIK3R1; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K02649]
5296  PIK3R2; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K02649]
8503  PIK3R3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K02649]
10000  AKT3; AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
207  AKT1; AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
208  AKT2; AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
572  BAD; BCL2 associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
5728  PTEN; phosphatase and tensin homolog [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
1029  CDKN2A; cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A [KO:K06621]
4193  MDM2; MDM2 proto-oncogene [KO:K06643] [EC:2.3.2.27]
7157  TP53; tumor protein p53 [KO:K04451]
1026  CDKN1A; cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A [KO:K06625]
1021  CDK6; cyclin dependent kinase 6 [KO:K02091] [EC:2.7.11.22]
5925  RB1; RB transcriptional corepressor 1 [KO:K06618]
1869  E2F1; E2F transcription factor 1 [KO:K17454]
1870  E2F2; E2F transcription factor 2 [KO:K09389]
1871  E2F3; E2F transcription factor 3 [KO:K06620]
999  CDH1; cadherin 1 [KO:K05689]
10912  GADD45G; growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gamma [KO:K04402]
1647  GADD45A; growth arrest and DNA damage inducible alpha [KO:K04402]
4616  GADD45B; growth arrest and DNA damage inducible beta [KO:K04402]
581  BAX; BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator [KO:K02159]
578  BAK1; BCL2 antagonist/killer 1 [KO:K14021]
1643  DDB2; damage specific DNA binding protein 2 [KO:K10140]
51426  POLK; DNA polymerase kappa [KO:K03511] [EC:2.7.7.7]
4286  MITF; melanocyte inducing transcription factor [KO:K09455]
Compound
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:16822996
  Authors
Miller AJ, Mihm MC Jr.
  Title
Melanoma.
  Journal
N Engl J Med 355:51-65 (2006)
DOI:10.1056/NEJMra052166
Reference
PMID:12894244
  Authors
Chin L.
  Title
The genetics of malignant melanoma: lessons from mouse and man.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 3:559-70 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1145
Reference
PMID:16750612
  Authors
Takata M, Saida T.
  Title
Genetic alterations in melanocytic tumors.
  Journal
J Dermatol Sci 43:1-10 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.05.002
Reference
PMID:15841168
  Authors
Chudnovsky Y, Khavari PA, Adams AE.
  Title
Melanoma genetics and the development of rational therapeutics.
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:813-24 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI24808
Reference
PMID:16001050
  Authors
Merlino G.
  Title
Cancer biology: the weakest link?
  Journal
Nature 436:33-5 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/436033a
Reference
PMID:16001072
  Authors
Garraway LA, Widlund HR, Rubin MA, Getz G, Berger AJ, Ramaswamy S, Beroukhim R, Milner DA, Granter SR, Du J, Lee C, Wagner SN, Li C, Golub TR, Rimm DL, Meyerson ML, Fisher DE, Sellers WR.
  Title
Integrative genomic analyses identify MITF as a lineage survival oncogene amplified in malignant melanoma.
  Journal
Nature 436:117-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nature03664
Reference
PMID:16899407
  Authors
Levy C, Khaled M, Fisher DE.
  Title
MITF: master regulator of melanocyte development and melanoma oncogene.
  Journal
Trends Mol Med 12:406-14 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2006.07.008
Reference
PMID:15009714
  Authors
Tsao H, Goel V, Wu H, Yang G, Haluska FG.
  Title
Genetic interaction between NRAS and BRAF mutations and PTEN/MMAC1 inactivation in melanoma.
  Journal
J Invest Dermatol 122:337-41 (2004)
DOI:10.1046/j.0022-202X.2004.22243.x
Reference
PMID:11224709
  Authors
Gruss C, Herlyn M.
  Title
Role of cadherins and matrixins in melanoma.
  Journal
Curr Opin Oncol 13:117-23 (2001)
DOI:10.1097/00001622-200103000-00006
Reference
PMID:15721476
  Authors
Thompson JF, Scolyer RA, Kefford RF.
  Title
Cutaneous melanoma.
  Journal
Lancet 365:687-701 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17951-3
Reference
PMID:14695152
  Authors
Omholt K, Platz A, Kanter L, Ringborg U, Hansson J.
  Title
NRAS and BRAF mutations arise early during melanoma pathogenesis and are preserved throughout tumor progression.
  Journal
Clin Cancer Res 9:6483-8 (2003)
Reference
PMID:15557758
  Authors
Hussein MR.
  Title
The TP53 tumor suppressor gene and melanoma tumorigenesis: is there a relationship?
  Journal
Tumour Biol 25:200-7 (2004)
DOI:10.1159/000081103
Reference
PMID:10843728
  Authors
Lazar-Molnar E, Hegyesi H, Toth S, Falus A.
  Title
Autocrine and paracrine regulation by cytokines and growth factors in melanoma.
  Journal
Cytokine 12:547-54 (2000)
DOI:10.1006/cyto.1999.0614
Related
pathway
hsa04010  MAPK signaling pathway
hsa04110  Cell cycle
hsa04115  p53 signaling pathway
hsa04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
hsa04520  Adherens junction
hsa04916  Melanogenesis
KO pathway
ko05218   

  All links  
Network (11)   
   KEGG NETWORK (11)   
Disease (1)   
   KEGG DISEASE (1)   
Genome (1)   
   KEGG GENOME (1)   
Gene (73)   
   KEGG GENES (73)   
All databases (86)   

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