Afrodita

Afrodita
	maʼbuda
	Member of Oʻn ikki olimpiyachi
	; Afrodita haykali
Yashash joy(lar)i	Olimp togʻi
Sayyora	Venera
Jonivorlar	delfin, chumchuq, kaptar, oqqush, quyon, gʻoz, ari, baliq, kapalak
	atirgul, dengiz chigʻanogʻi, marvarid, oyna, kamar, anemona, marul, narcissus
	pink
Shaxsiy maʼlumotlar
Ota-onasi	Zevs va Diona (Homer boʻyicha)
Konsortlari	Gefest (ajrashgan); Ares (turmushga chiqmagan turmush oʻrtogʻi); Bir nechta sevishganlar;
Bolalari	Eros, Fobos, Deimos, Garmoniya, Pothos, Anteros, Himeros, Germafrodit, Rodos, Eriks, Peitho, Greyslar, Berolar, Golgos, Priapus, Eney
Ekvivalentlari
Rimcha ekvivalenti	Venera
Canaanite ekvivalenti	Astarte
Misr ekvivalenti	Hathor, Isis

Afrodita (AF-rə-DY-tee, Attic Greek pronunciation: [a.pʰro.dǐː.tɛː], Koinē Greek: [a.ɸroˈdi.te̝], Greek pronunciation: [a.froˈði.ti]) — qadimgi yunon maʼbudasi, sevgi, shahvat, goʻzallik, zavq, ehtiros, nasl bilan bogʻliq va uning sinkretlangan Rim maʼbudasi Venera singari, istak, jinsiy aloqa, unumdorlik, farovonlik va gʻalaba ramzi. Afrodita bilan birgalikda qoʻllanadigan asosiy elementlarga dengiz chigʻanoqlari, mirtlar, atirgullar, kaptarlar, chumchuqlar va oqqushlar kiradi. Afroditaga sigʻinish asosan Sharqiy Som maʼbudasi Inannaning qarindoshi boʻlgan Finikiya maʼbudasi Astartedan kelib chiqqan boʻlib, uning kulti shumerlarning Inanna kultiga asoslangan. Afroditaga sigʻinadiganlarning asosiy diniy markazlari Sitera, Kipr, Korinf va Afina boʻlgan. Ularning asosiy bayrami Afrodiziya boʻlib, u har yili yoz oʻrtalarida nishonlanadi. Lakoniyada Afroditaga jangchi maʼbuda sifatida sigʻinishgan. Shuningdek, u fohishalarning homiy maʼbudasi boʻlgan, bu uyushma qadimgi olimlarni yunon-rim madaniyatida „ilohiy fohishalik“ tushunchasini kiritishiga olib kelgan. Bugungi kunda mazkur gʻoya notoʻgʻri deb hisoblaniladi.

Gesiodning Teogoniyasida Afrodita Cythera qirgʻogʻida koʻpikdan (ἀφρός ., aphrós) tugʻilgani aytiladi. Unga koʻra, bu koʻpiklar Uranning oʻgʻli Kronus kesib, dengizga tashlagan, jinsiy aʼzolaridan hosil boʻlgan. Gomerning Iliadasida esa, u Zevs va Dionaning qizi deya tariflanadi. Platon oʻzining Simpoziumida bu ikki kelib chiqishni aslida alohida shaxslarga tegishli ekanligini taʼkidlaydi, ular: Afrodita Uraniya („Samoviy“ Afrodita) va Afrodita Pandemos („barcha odamlar“ uchun umumiy Afrodita)dir^[1]. Afroditaning boshqa koʻplab epitetlari boʻlgan, ularning har biri ayni bir maʼbudaning boshqa turli jihatlarini oʻizda namoyish qiladi yoki boshqa mahalliy madaniyat tomonidan qoʻllanadi. Shuningdek, u Cytherea (Kithera xonimi) va Cypris (Kipr xonimi) sifatida ham tanilgan, chunki ikkala hudud ham uning tugʻilgan joyi sifatida taʼriflangan.

Yunon mifologiyasiga koʻra, Afrodita olov, temirchilik va metallga ishlov berish xudosi Gefestga turmushga chiqadi. Afrodita unga koʻp bora xiyonat qilgan. Shuningdek, uning koʻplab oshiqlari boʻlgan. Odisseyda u urush xudosi Ares bilan zino qilib qoʻlga tushadi. Afrodita birinchi Homerik madhiyasida marhum choʻpon Anchisesni aldaydi. Afrodita, shuningdek, yovvoyi choʻchqa tomonidan oʻldirilgan choʻponlar homiysi Adonisning surrogat onasi va sevgilisi hamdir. Afrodita Afina va Gera bilan birga troya urushining boshlanishiga sabab boʻlgan uchta maʼbudadan biri edi. U Iliadada muhim rol oʻynaydi. Afrodita Gʻarb sanʼatida ayol goʻzalligining ramzi sifatida tasvirlangan va Gʻarb adabiyotining koʻplab namunalarida ham tilga olinadi. U zamonaviy neopagan dinlarida ham ilohiylashtirilgan, jumladan Afrodita, Vikka va Ellenismos bu dindagi asosiy xudolardir.

Etimologiyasi

Gesiod Afrodita ismini aphrós (ἀφρός) „dengiz koʻpigi“ soʻzidan olingan, deb hisoblagan^[2], shunga koʻra, maʼbuda ismi „koʻpikdan vujudga kelgan“ deb talqin qiladi^[2]^[3]. Lekin koʻpchilik zamonaviy olimlar buni soxta xalq etimologiyasi, deb hisoblashadi^[2]. Klassik mifologiyaning dastlabki zamonaviy olimlari Afroditaning nomi yunon yoki hind-yevropa tillaridan kelib chiqqan boʻlishi mumkinligi haqida bahslashishadi, ammo hozirgacha bu iddaolarning barchasi inkor qilingan^[4]. Afrodita nomi yunoncha boʻlmagan (ehtimol som tili) tildan kelib chiqqan deb taxmin qilinadi, ammo uning aniq kelib chiqishi haqida yetarlicha maʼlumot mavjud emas^[4].

Kipr orolida miloddan avvalgi XI asrdan IV asrgacha ishlatilgan boʻgʻin yozuvida maʼbudaning nomi turli shakllarda hosil qilingan. Jumladan, 𐠀𐠡𐠦𐠭𐠃𐠂 (a-po-ro-ta-oi, oʻngdan chapga tomon oʻqiladi)^[5], 𐠀𐠡𐠦𐠯𐠭𐠂 (a-po-ro-ti-ta-i, oʻngdan chapga tomon oʻqiladi)^[6] va 𐠀𐠡𐠦𐠯𐠪𐠈 (a-po-ro-ti-si-jo, „Aphrodisian“, „Aphrodita bilan bogʻliq“, oʻngdan chapga tomon oʻqiladi)^[7] singari koʻrinishlari qoʻllangan.

Kelib chiqishi

Yaqin Sharqda sevgi maʼbudasi

Miloddan avvalgi II ming yillikning oxirlarida Suza shahridan topilgan, yalangʻoch maʼbudaning haykalchasi toj kiygan va koʻkragini changallagan holda tasvirlangan.

Miloddan avvalgi V asr boshlarida, Kiprdagi Afrodita haykali, u silindrli toj kiygan va qoʻlida kaptar tutgan

Yunonistonda Afrodita kulti boshqa millatlar madaniyatidan oʻtgan yoki hech boʻlmaganda Finikiyadagi Astarte kultidan taʼsirlangan holda paydo boʻlgan degan qarashlar mavjud^[8]. Oʻz navbatida, Mesopotamiyadagi maʼbudalarga sigʻinish madaniyati ham taʼsir qilgan boʻlishi mumkin. Sharqiy som xalqlarining „Ishtar“ va shumerlarning „Inanna“ singari maʼbudalari bunga misol boʻla oladi^[9]. Pausaniasning taʼkidlashicha, Afroditaga sigʻinishni birinchi boʻlib ossuriyaliklar, keyin Kipr pafiylari, keyinchalik esa Askalondagi finikiyaliklar amalga oshirgan. Finikiyaliklar, oʻz navbatida, Kitera xalqiga oʻzlari singari Afroditaga sigʻinishni oʻrgatishgan^[10].

Afrodita Inanna-Ishtarning shahvoniylik va nasl bilan aloqalari singari qobiliyatlarini oʻzida namoyon etadi^[8]. Bundan tashqari, u „samoviy“ degan maʼnoni anglatuvchi Ourania (Οὐρανία) nomi bilan ham tanilgan^[8]. Ayni shu unvon Inannaning Osmon malikasi nomiga mos keladi^[11]. Afroditaning dastlabki badiiy va adabiy tasvirlari Inanna-Ishtarnikiga juda oʻxshash^[8]. Inanna-Ishtar singari, Afrodita ham jangchi maʼbuda boʻlgan^[8]. Milodiy ikkinchi asrda yashagan yunon geografi Pausaniasning qayd etishicha, Spartada Afroditaga Afrodita Areia nomi bilan sajda qilishgan, bu nom „jangchi“ degan maʼnoni anglatadi^[2]. U, shuningdek, Afroditaning Sparta va Kiteradagi eng qadimiy kult haykallarida uning qoʻllari koʻtarilgan holdagi tasvirlari borligini eslab oʻtadi^[2]. Zamonaviy olimlar Afroditaning jangchi-maʼbudaligi unga sigʻinuvchilarning eng qadimgi qatlamlarida paydo boʻlganligini taʼkidlaydilar^[12] va buni uning Yaqin Sharqdan kelib chiqqanligining belgisi sifatida koʻrishadi^[12].

Hind-yevropa mintaqasida tong maʼbudasi

Afroditaning Yaqin Sharqdan kelib chiqishi haqidagi gʻoyalarga qarshi boʻlgan baʼzi ilk qiyosiy mifologlar, Afrodita yunon tong maʼbudasi Eosning^[13] ayrim jihatlarini oʻzida namoyon qilgan iloha sifatida paydo boʻlgan va shuning uchun u proto-hind-yevropa tong maʼbudasi *H_aéusōs (yunoncha Eos, lotincha Aurora, Sanskritcha Ushas) dan kelib chiqqan, deb taʼkidlaydilar^[13]. Hozirgi zamon olimlarining aksariyati sof hind-yevropamadaniyatiga xos Afrodita tushunchasini rad etishadi^[4]. Lekin asli som xudosi boʻlgan hind-yevropa tong maʼbudasining Afroditaga taʼsiri boʻlgan boʻlishi mumkin^[2]. Afrodita ham, Eos ham oʻzlarining erotik goʻzalligi va tajovuzkor tarzdagi shahvoniy istaklari bilan tanilgan^[2]. Shuningdek, ikkalasi ham oʻlik oshiqlari bilan jinsiy aloqada boʻlgan^[2]. Ikkala maʼbuda ham qizil, oq va oltin ranglar bilan aloqador holda tasvirlanadi^[2]. Michael Janda, Afrodita ismini Eosning epiteti sifatida „[okean] koʻpigidan koʻtarilgan“^[14] maʼnosini anglatadi va Gesiodning Teogoniyadagi Afroditaning tugʻilishi haqidagi hikoyasini hind-yevropa afsonasining arxaik refleksi sifatidagi namoyishi, deb hisoblaydi^[14]. Kronus Uranni mitema sifatida magʻlub etgandan soʻng suvdan koʻtarilgan Afrodita Indraning Vrtrani magʻlub etib, Ushasni ozod qilish haqidagi Rigvedik afsonasi bilan bevosita bogʻliq ekanligi iddao qilinadi^[15]. Afrodita va hind-yevropa tong maʼbudasi oʻrtasidagi yana bir muhim oʻxshashlik uning yunon osmon xudosi bilan yaqin qarindoshligidir^[2], chunki uning otaligiga asosiy daʼvogarlar (Zevs va Uran) osmon xudolaridir^[2].

Epitetlari

Afroditaning eng keng tarqalgan kultik epiteti „samoviy“ degan maʼnoni anglatuvchi Ourania^[2] hisoblanadi, lekin bu epitet deyarli hech bir adabiy matnlarda uchramagan, bu esa ilohaning sof kultik ahamiyatga ega ekanligini koʻrsatadi^[2]. Afroditaning yana bir umumiy nomi Pandemos („Barcha xalq uchun“) boʻlgan^[2]. Afrodita Pandemos rolida Peytō (Πείθω „ishontirish“ maʼnosini anglatadi) bilan bogʻliq holda tasvirlangan^[2]. Odamlar undan vasvasa vaqtida yordam soʻrab, ibodat qilishgan^[2]. Platon simpoziumidagi Pausaniasning fikrlariga binoan, Ourania va Pandemos, aslida, alohida maʼbudalar ekanligini tasvirlanadi. Uning taʼkidlashicha, Afrodita Ourania — Kronus Uranni kastratsiya qilganidan keyin dengiz koʻpigidan tugʻilgan samoviy Afrodita boʻlib, qolgan ikki maʼbudaning eng kattasi boʻlgan. Simpoziumdagi tarifga koʻra, Afrodita Ourania erkak gomoseksual istagi, xususan, efebik Eros va Pederastiyaning ilhomi mahsulidir. Afrodita Pandemos, aksincha, Zevs va Dionaning birligidan tugʻilgan oddiy Afrodita va geteroseksual istak va jinsiy fohishalik ilhomidan paydo boʻlgan Afrodita Uraniyadan „kichik“dir^[16]^[17]. Paphian (Παφία) Kiprdagi Pafosdan keyingi Afroditaning epitetlaridan biri boʻlgan, Kiprda u tugʻilgan vaqtida dengizdan chiqib kelgan^[18]

Geneologiyasi

Afroditaning oila daraxti ^[19]

Uranus

Geya

Uranning jinsiy aʼzolari

a^[20]

b^[21]

Afina^[22]

a^[23]

b^[24]

AFRODITA

Yana qarang

Anchises
Ashera
Amur
Afrodita kamari
Lakshmi, Afrodita kabi okeandan koʻtarilgan va Ishtar kabi 8 qirrali yulduzga ega maʼbuda.

Manbalar

↑ This claim is made at Symposium 180e. It is hard to interpret the role of the various speeches in the dialogue and their relationship to what Plato actually thought; therefore, it is controversial whether Plato, in fact, believed this claim about Aphrodite. See Frisbee Sheffield, "The Role of the Earlier Speeches in the „Symposium“: Platoʻs Endoxic Method?" in J. H. Lesher, Debra Nails & Frisbee C. C. Sheffield (eds.), Platoʻs Symposium: Issues in Interpretation and Reception. Harvard University Press (2006).
↑ ^2,00 ^2,01 ^2,02 ^2,03 ^2,04 ^2,05 ^2,06 ^2,07 ^2,08 ^2,09 ^2,10 ^2,11 ^2,12 ^2,13 ^2,14 ^2,15 Cyrino 2010.
↑ Hesiod, Theogony, 190-97.
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 West 2000.
↑ O'Bryhim, Shawn David. A Student's Commentary on Ovid's Metamorphoses Book 10. United States: Wiley-Blackwell, June 22, 2021 — 80-bet. ISBN 9781119770503.
↑ „The Cypriot Syllabic Script word a-po-ro-ti-ta-i“. www.palaeolexicon.com. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 24-aprel.
↑ Pestarino, Beatrice. Kypriōn Politeia, the Political and Administrative Systems of the Classical Cypriot City-Kingdoms. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill Publications, August 8, 2022 — 135-136-bet. ISBN 9789004520332.
↑ ^8,0 ^8,1 ^8,2 ^8,3 ^8,4 Breitenberger 2007.
↑ Burkert 1985.
↑ Pausanias, Description of Greece, I. XIV.7
↑ Penglase 1994.
↑ ^12,0 ^12,1 Iossif & Lorber 2007.
↑ ^13,0 ^13,1 Dumézil 1934.
↑ ^14,0 ^14,1 Janda 2010.
↑ Janda 2005.
↑ Plato, Symposium 181a-d.
↑ Richard L. Hunter, Platoʻs Symposium, Oxford University Press: 2004, pp. 44-47
↑ „Suda, π, 825“.
↑ Bu diagramma Gesiodning Teogoniya asariga asoslangan
↑ Homerning Iliada dostoniga koʻra 1.570–579, 14.338, Odyssey 8.312, Gefest Gera va Zevsning oʻgʻli edi, Gantzga qarang. p. 74.
↑ Gesiodning Teogoniya asariga koʻra 927–929, Gefestni otasi boʻlmagan Gera yolgʻiz oʻzi tugʻgan, Gantzga qarang. p. 74.
↑ Gesiodning Teogoniya asariga koʻra 886–890, Zevsning yetti xotinidan boʻlgan bolalaridan Afinaga birinchi boʻlib homilador boʻlingan, lekin u eng oxirgi tugʻilgan farzand; Zevs Metisni homilador qilgan, keyin uni yutib yuborgan, keyinroq Zevsning oʻzi Afinani „boshidan boshlab“ tuqqan, Gantzga qarang, pp. 51–52, 83–84.
↑ Gesiodning Teogoniya asariga koʻra 183–200, Afrodita Uranning kesilgan jinsiy aʼzolaridan tugʻilgan, qarang Gantz, pp. 99–100.
↑ Homer Iliada dostoniga koʻra, Zevs 3.374, 20.105; Odissey 8.308, 320) va Dionaning farzandi (Iliada 5.370–71), Gantzga qarang, pp. 99–100.

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Havolalar

Theoi loyihasidan AFRODITA Klassik adabiyot, yunon va rim sanʼatidan maʼlumot
Ayollar nuqtai nazaridan Gretsiya boʻlgan xurmat
Safoning Afroditaga atalgan madhiyasi, qisqacha tushuntirish bilan
Warburg institutining ikonografik maʼlumotlar bazasi (taxminan 2450 ta Afrodita tasviri)

Ushbu maqolada Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi (2000-2005) maʼlumotlaridan foydalanilgan.

[1] This claim is made at Symposium 180e. It is hard to interpret the role of the various speeches in the dialogue and their relationship to what Plato actually thought; therefore, it is controversial whether Plato, in fact, believed this claim about Aphrodite. See Frisbee Sheffield, "The Role of the Earlier Speeches in the „Symposium“: Platoʻs Endoxic Method?" in J. H. Lesher, Debra Nails & Frisbee C. C. Sheffield (eds.), Platoʻs Symposium: Issues in Interpretation and Reception. Harvard University Press (2006).

[FOOTNOTECyrino2010-2] 2,00 ^2,01 ^2,02 ^2,03 ^2,04 ^2,05 ^2,06 ^2,07 ^2,08 ^2,09 ^2,10 ^2,11 ^2,12 ^2,13 ^2,14 ^2,15 Cyrino 2010.

[3] Hesiod, Theogony, 190-97.

[FOOTNOTEWest2000-4] 4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 West 2000.

[5] O'Bryhim, Shawn David. A Student's Commentary on Ovid's Metamorphoses Book 10. United States: Wiley-Blackwell, June 22, 2021 — 80-bet. ISBN 9781119770503.

[6] „The Cypriot Syllabic Script word a-po-ro-ti-ta-i“. www.palaeolexicon.com. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 24-aprel.

[7] Pestarino, Beatrice. Kypriōn Politeia, the Political and Administrative Systems of the Classical Cypriot City-Kingdoms. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill Publications, August 8, 2022 — 135-136-bet. ISBN 9789004520332.

[FOOTNOTEBreitenberger2007-8] 8,0 ^8,1 ^8,2 ^8,3 ^8,4 Breitenberger 2007.

[FOOTNOTEBurkert1985-9] Burkert 1985.

[10] Pausanias, Description of Greece, I. XIV.7

[FOOTNOTEPenglase1994-11] Penglase 1994.

[FOOTNOTEIossifLorber2007-12] 12,0 ^12,1 Iossif & Lorber 2007.

[FOOTNOTEDumézil1934-13] 13,0 ^13,1 Dumézil 1934.

[FOOTNOTEJanda2010-14] 14,0 ^14,1 Janda 2010.

[FOOTNOTEJanda2005-15] Janda 2005.

[16] Plato, Symposium 181a-d.

[17] Richard L. Hunter, Platoʻs Symposium, Oxford University Press: 2004, pp. 44-47

[18] „Suda, π, 825“.

[19] Bu diagramma Gesiodning Teogoniya asariga asoslangan

[20] Homerning Iliada dostoniga koʻra 1.570–579, 14.338, Odyssey 8.312, Gefest Gera va Zevsning oʻgʻli edi, Gantzga qarang. p. 74.

[21] Gesiodning Teogoniya asariga koʻra 927–929, Gefestni otasi boʻlmagan Gera yolgʻiz oʻzi tugʻgan, Gantzga qarang. p. 74.

[22] Gesiodning Teogoniya asariga koʻra 886–890, Zevsning yetti xotinidan boʻlgan bolalaridan Afinaga birinchi boʻlib homilador boʻlingan, lekin u eng oxirgi tugʻilgan farzand; Zevs Metisni homilador qilgan, keyin uni yutib yuborgan, keyinroq Zevsning oʻzi Afinani „boshidan boshlab“ tuqqan, Gantzga qarang, pp. 51–52, 83–84.

[23] Gesiodning Teogoniya asariga koʻra 183–200, Afrodita Uranning kesilgan jinsiy aʼzolaridan tugʻilgan, qarang Gantz, pp. 99–100.

[24] Homer Iliada dostoniga koʻra, Zevs 3.374, 20.105; Odissey 8.308, 320) va Dionaning farzandi (Iliada 5.370–71), Gantzga qarang, pp. 99–100.

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