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- تولى حافظ الأسد منصب رئيس سوريا منذ عام 1971 وحتى وفاته في عام 2000. وكان رئيس وزراء سوريا، وكان يقود حكومة لمدة عامين. وقد خلفه ابنه بشار الأسد. خلال فترة حكمه، اتبع الأسد مسارًا اشتراكيًا معتدلًا. (ar)
- Hafez al-Assad served as the President of Syria from 12 March 1971 until his death on 10 June 2000. He had been Prime Minister of Syria, leading a government for two years. He was succeeded by his son, Bashar al-Assad. Assad consolidated his power by imposition of mass surveillance on the society and ran a Soviet-style military dictatorship characterised by human rights violations, arbitrary detentions, extrajudicial killings and elimination of leftist and conservative opposition. Various journalists and political scientists have described his regime as a totalitarian. Major events during his tenure include the 1976 Syrian invasion launched against the Palestinian and leftist militias in Lebanon, resulting in the Syrian occupation of Lebanon until 2005. Domestically, his early years in power witnessed Sunni uprisings against his rule, which were violently put down during the 1982 Hama massacre, an incident estimated to have killed between 20,000-40,000 civilians. (en)
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