- Arrow, Kenneth (1963) “Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of medical care†American Economic Review, 53(5) 141-149.
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- Baicker, Katherine and Amitabh Chandra (2004) “Medicare Spending, the Physician Workforce, and the Quality of Healthcare Received by Medicare Beneficiaries.†Health Affairs, April, 184-197.
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Bertrand, Marianne, and Antoinette Schoar (2003) “Managing with Style: The Effect of Managers on Firm Policies.†Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118 (4): 1169-1208.
Black, Sandra and Lisa Lynch (2001) “How to Compete: The Impact of Workplace Practices and Information Technology on Productivityâ€, Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(3), 434–445.
Bloom, Nicholas and John Van Reenen (2007) “Measuring and Explaining Management practices across firms and nationsâ€, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122, No. 4: 1351– 1408.
Bloom, Nicholas, Carol Propper, Stephan Seiler and John Van Reenen (2015) “The Impact of Competition on Management Quality: Evidence from Public Hospitals†Review of Economic Studies 82: 457-489.
- Bloom, Nicholas, Raffaella Sadun and John Van Reenen (2016) “Management as a Technologyâ€, CEP Discussion Paper 1433.
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Bloom, Nicholas, Stephen Dorgan, Rebecca Homkes, Dennis Layton and Raffaella Sadun (2010) “Management in Healthcare: Why Good Practice Really Matters†Report http://cep.lse.ac.uk/textonly/_new/research/productivity/management/PDF/Management_ in_Healthcare_Report.pdf Bloom, Nicholas, Renata Lemos, Raffaella Sadun, Daniela Scur, John Van Reenen (2014) "The New Empirical Economics of Management". Journal of the European Economic Association, 12, No. 4 (August 2014): 835–876.
- Brazil: We used the rate for myocardial infarction specified as acute or with a stated duration of 4 weeks (28 days) or less from onset (ICD-10, I21) for years 2012 and 2013. We create a simple risk-adjusted measure by taking the unweighted average across rates for each rage-gender-age cell for each hospital. The raw data was extracted from Datasus Tabnet (http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br).
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- Cacace, Mirella, Stefanie Ettelt, Laura Brereton, Janice S. Pedersen and Ellen Nolte (2011) “How health systems make available information on service providers: Experience in seven countries.†Mimeo, RAND Corporation. 17 Capelli, Peter and David Neumark, 2001. ‘Do ‘High-Performance’ Work Practices Improve Establishment-Level Outcomes?’, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 54(4), 737775.
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- Canada: We take the average of the risk-adjusted rate for acute myocardial infarction mortality for the years 2004-2005, 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 for the provinces British Columbia and Ontario. The data was extracted from hospital reports provided by the Fraser Institute (www.fraserinstitute.org).
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Chandra, Amitabh and Douglas O. Staiger (2007) “Productivity Spillovers in Healthcare: Evidence from the Treatment of Heart Attacks.†Journal of Political Economy 115, 103140.
- Chandra, Amitabh, Douglas O. Staiger, Skinner Jonathan (2010) Saving Money and Lives, in The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes. Institute of Medicine. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53920/ Cutler, David (2010) “Where are the Healthcare Entrepreneurs?†Issues in Science and Technology. (1): 49-56.
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Doyle, Joe, Todd Wagner and Steven Ewer (2010) “Returns to Physician Human Capital: Evidence from Patients Randomized to Physician Teams†Journal of Health Economics 29(6) 866-882.
- Eisenberg, John M. 2002. “Physician Utilization: The State of Research about Physicians’ Practice Patterns.†Medical Care. 40(11): 1016-1035.
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- Fisher, Elliott S., David Wennberg, Theresa Stukel, Daniel Gottlieb, F.L. Lucas, and Etoile L. Pinder (2003) “The Implications of Regional Variations in Medicare Spending. Part 1: The Content, Quality and Accessibility of Care†Annals of Internal Medicine 138(4): 273-287.
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- Gawande, Atul (2009) The Checklist Manifesto, New York: Henry Holt.
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- Gennailoi, Nicola, Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silvanes and Andrei Shleifer (2013) “Human Capital and Regional Development†Quarterly Journal of Economics 128(1) 105-164.
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Goodall, Amanda (2011) “Physician-leaders and hospital performance: Is there an association?†Social Science and Medicine, 73(4), 535-539.
Huselid, Mark, 1995. ‘The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Turnover, Productivity and Corporate Financial Performance’, Academy of Management Journal, 38, 635-672. 18 Ichniowski, Casey, Katheryn Shaw and Prennushi, Giovanni. (1997) “The effects of human resource management practices on productivity: A study of steel finishing lines†The American Economic Review, 87(3), 291–313.
- McConnell K, Lindrooth RC, Wholey DR, Maddox TM and Bloom N. (2013) “Management Practices and the Quality of Care in Cardiac Units†JAMA Intern Med.; 173(8):684-692.
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Moretti, Enrico (2004) Workers’ Education, Spillovers and Productivity: Evidence from PlantLevel Production Functions, American Economic Review, 94(3).
Osterman, Paul (1994) “How common is workplace transformation and who adopts it?†Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 47(2), 173–188.
Paris, V., M. Devaux and L. Wei (2010), "Health Systems Institutional Characteristics: A Survey of 29 OECD Countries", OECD Health Working Papers, No. 50, OECD Publishing.
- Phelps, Charles and Cathleen Mooney (1993) “Variations in Medical Practice Use: Causes and Consequences†In Competitive Approaches to Health Care Reform, ed. Arnould, Richard, Robert Rich and William White. Washington DC: The Urban Institute Press.
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- Sirovich, Brenda, Gallagher, Patricia M., Wennberg, David E., and Elliott S. Fisher. (2008) “Discretionary Decision Making by Primary Care Physicians and the Cost of U.S. Health Care.†Health Affairs. 27(3): 813-823.
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- Sweden: We use 28-day case fatality rate from myocardial infarction for hospitalized patients for the years of 2004 to 2006 computed and published by the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SALAR) and the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW) in the report "Quality and Efficiency in Swedish Health Care – Regional Comparisons 2008".
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- United Kingdom: We use 30-day risk adjusted AMI mortality data purchased from “Dr Foster†relative to 2006 (matched with the 2006 survey wave) and 2009 (matched with the 2009 survey wave).
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- United States: We use the 30-day death (mortality) rates from heart attack from July 2005 to June 2008 (2009 for the specifications in Table 2, columns 8 and 9) computed and published by Hospital Compare.
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Valero, Anna and John Van Reenen (2016) “The Economic Impact of Universities: Evidence from Across the Globe†NBER Discussion Paper 22501.
- World Health Organization. The world health report 2000 — Health systems: improving performance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000. 19 ONLINE APPENDICES (NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION) APPENDIX A: DATA A1. Management Survey Data Table A1 lists the 20 management practices questions asked during the survey. A2. Hospital-Level Performance Data We use hospital performance data for five countries surveyed, for which data was publicly available. Below is a description of our hospital performance dataset for each country.
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