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- A Data Appendix: LEHD, Immigration, and Firms This appendix explains in more detail how the LEHD data are structured and what types of issues are likely to arise when attempting to follow persons and …rms over time within the LEHD. It is meant to provide guidance and useful suggestions for researchers interested in utilizing these data to study immigration and entrepreneurship at the …rm level. Our analysis …les for the current study and some previous studies (Kerr and Kerr, 2013; Kerr et al., 2014b) are available for researchers within the Census RDC network. We can also provide any SAS and Stata programs that have been redacted for any company identi…cation to researchers who do not have access to the Census RDC network, although these …les are likely to be of limited use without access to the raw data.
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- Figure 1: LEHD state coverage Stars indicate 11 states whose coverage begins by Notes: See Table 2a. Sample includes 11 states present in the LEHD by 1992: CA, CO, FL, ID, IL, LA, MD, NC, OR, WA, and WI. New firms are defined through the LBD and retain their entering status for the first three years of the firm's life. Entrepreneurs defined as top three initial earners in business.
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- Notes: The figure indicates with shading the states that are covered by the 2008 version of the LEHD used in this study. Alaska is not covered. Stars indicate the 11 states whose coverage begins by 1992. The wider sample used in this study includes all shaded states excepting Arkansas. Coverage for all states ends in 2008.
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- Researchers should further search the LBD by company name and name variations, including the companies that have merged into the original sample companies. For each company and its acquisitions, one needs to collect all ALPHAs that are contained in the LBD under any of the name variations. For example, if company AAA has acquired companies BBB and CCC, we would …nd three (or more) separate ALPHAs in the LBD and group these with a composite company identi…er that is used in subsequent work. This process produces a unique company name, along with the full list of ALPHAs that should be combined together in the LEHD for each company. Kerr et al. (2014b) further describes the application of this manual process for the study’ s group of 319 large …rms and major patenting …rms. These …rm lists and associated identi…ers are available to researchers with appropriate approvals and data access.
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- The BRB …les are further separated into two vintage …les. The older vintage …les cover years until 2001, and the newer vintage …les cover years 1997-2004. While data for the overlapping years should be mostly identical, there are instances where the linkage information diers between the two …les. We prioritize the later vintage information where con‡ ict exists. 9
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- This is undesirable if one is interested in describing changes in a …rm’ s workforce related to a speci…c phenomenon, such as high-skilled immigration. Some of our prior work (Kerr et al., 2014b; Kerr and Kerr, 2013) thus pursues the creation of composite …rm entities.11 Such steps require identifying all of the ALPHAs from the company’ s workforce during the period of study.
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- Year States entering LEHD Cumulative state count (1) (2) (3) 1991 or before CA, CO, ID, IL, LA, MD, NC, OR, WA, WI 10 1992 FL 11 1993 MT 12 1994 12 1995 HI, NM, RI, TX 16 1996 ME, NJ 18 1997 WV 19 1998 GA, IA, IN, SC, TN, VA 25 1999 UT 26 2000 OK, VT 28 2001 28 2002 AR 29 Appendix Table 1: Initial year of state inclusion in the LEHD Notes: LEHD files for states run through 2008 in version used in this study. The start year differs by state and is tabulated in this table. Parts of the records for Georgia and Indiana (EHF, ECF) start earlier than 1998.
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