Archaeplastida

The status, affinity, scope or nomenclature of this taxon is disputed.

Please see discussion on the talk page.

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Supergroup: Bikonta
Cladus: Archaeplastida
Regni et Divisiones: Glaucophyta - Viridiplantae - Rhodophyta

[Note: this page is about Archaeplastida (= Plantae sensu Cavalier-Smith, 1981, 1998). For other uses of Plantae, see:

Plantae (L.)
Viridiplantae (= Plantae sensu Copeland, 1938, 1956)
Embryophyta (= Plantae sensu Margulis, 1971).]

Name

Archaeplastida Adl et al., 2005

Synonyms

Plantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981
Primoplastobiota Reviers, 2002
Primoplantae Palmer et al., 2004

Classifications

Cavalier-Smith (1981)

Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?. Biosystems, 14(3), 461-481, [1].

Nine eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 462]

Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Eufungi
- Kingdom 2. Ciliofungi
- Kingdom 3. Animalia
- Kingdom 4. Biliphyta
- Kingdom 5. Viridiplantae
- Kingdom 6. Euglenozoa
- Kingdom 7. Protozoa
- Kingdom 8. Cryptophyta
- Kingdom 9. Chromophyta

Five eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 476-477]

Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Fungi (Ciliofungi + Eufungi)
- Kingdom 2. Chromista (Cryptophyta + Chromophyta)
- Kingdom 3. Plantae (Viridiplantae + Biliphyta)
- Kingdom 4. Protista (Euglenozoa + Protozoa)
- Kingdom 5. Animalia

Seven eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 478]

Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Viridiplantae
  - Phylum Chlorophyta
  - Phylum Bryophyta
  - Phylum Tracheophyta
- Kingdom Biliphyta
  - Phylum Biliphyta
    - Class Rhodophyceae
    - Class Glaocophyceae
- Kingdom Chromista
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Euglenozoa
- Kingdom Protozoa

Cavalier-Smith (1998)

From A revised six-kingdom system of life, [2].

Empire or Superkingdom Eukaryota

Kingdom Plantae Haeckel 1866 em. Cavalier-Smith 1981
- Subkingdom 1. Biliphyta Cavalier-Smith 1981 [probably paraphyletic]
  - Infrakingdom 1. Glaucophyta infraking. nov.
  - Infrakingdom 2. Rhodophyta infraking. nov.
- Subkingdom 2. Viridaeplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981
  - Infrakingdom 1. Chlorophyta Cavalier-Smith 1993
  - Infrakingdom 2. Cormophyta Endlicher 1836 stat. nov.
    - Phylum 1. Bryophyta Endlicher 1836 stat. nov.
    - Phylum 2. Tracheophyta Sinnott 1935 phyl. nov

Reviers (2002-2003)

Reviers, B. de (2002-2003). Biologie et phylogénie des algues. Tome 1, 352 p. Tome 2, 255 p. Paris: Belin.

Eukaryota [see Algae]

Regnum Plantae (or Primoplastobiota)
- Subregnum Glaucobionta
  - Divisio, phylum Glaucophyta (or Glaucocystophyta)
- Subregnum Rhodobionta
  - Divisio, phylum Rhodophyta
- Subregnum Viridiplantae (or Chlorobionta)
  - Branch of Chlorophyta
  - Branch of Streptophyta

Adl et al., (2005)

Eukaryota

Archaeplastida
- Glaucophyta Skuja, 1954 [Glaucocystophyta Kies and Kremer, 1986]
- Rhodophyceae Thuret, 1855, emend. Rabenhorst, 1863, emend. Adl et al., 2005 [Rhodophyta Wettstein, 1901; Rhodoplantae Saunders and Hommersand, 2004]
- Chloroplastida Adl et al., 2005 [Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981; Chlorobionta Jeffrey, 1982, emend. Bremer, 1985, emend. Lewis and McCourt, 2004; Chlorobiota Kendrick and Crane, 1997]

Adl et al. (2012)

Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x . [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 .] Reference page.

Eukaryota

Archaeplastida Adl et al. 2005
- Glaucophyta Skuja 1954 (Glaucocystophyta Kies & Kremer 1986)
  - Cyanophora, Glaucocystis, Gloeochaete
- Rhodophyceae Thuret 1855, emend. Rabenhorst 1863 (Rhodophyta Wettstein 1901, Rhodoplantae Saunders & Hommersand 2004) emend. Adl et al. 2005
  - Cyanidiales T. Christensen 1962 (Cyanidiophyceae Merola et al. 1981, Cyanidiophyta Moehn ex Doweld 2001)
    - Cyanidioschyzon, Cyanidium, Galdieria
  - Rhodellophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1998 (Rhodellophytina Cavalier-Smith 1998)
    - Dixoniella, Glaucosphaera, Rhodella
  - Stylonematales K. Drew 1956 (Stylonematophyceae H.S. Yoon et al. 2006)
    - Bangiopsis, Chroodactylon, Chroothece, Purpureofilum, Rhodosorus, Rhodospora, Rufusia, Stylonema
  - Porphyridiophyceae H. S. Yoon et al. 2006
    - Erythrolobus, Flintiella, Porphyridium
  - Compsopogonales Skuja 1939 (Compsopogonophyceae G. W. Saunders & Hommersand 2004)
    - Boldia, Compsopogon, Erythrotrichia, Rhodochaete
  - Bangiales Nägeli 1847 (Bangiophyceae A. Wettstein 1901)
    - Bangia, Bangiomorpha, Boreophyllum, Dione, Minerva, Porphyra, Pyropia, Pseudobangia
  - Florideophycidae Cronquist 1960
    - Hildenbrandia Nardo 1834 (Hildenbrandiophycidae G. W. Saunders & Hommersand 2004)
      - Hildenbrandia
    - Nemaliophycidae Christensen 1978
      - Acrochaetium, Balbiania, Ballia, Batrachospermum, Colaconema, Nemalion, Palmaria, Rhodychlya, Thorea
    - Corallinophycidae L. Le Gall & G. W. Saunders 2007
      - Corallina, Lithophyllum, Mastophora, Melobesia, Metagoniolithon, Rhodogorgon, Sporolithon
    - Ahnfeltiophycidae G. W. Saunders & Hommersand 2004
      - Ahnfeltia, Pihiella
    - Rhodymeniophycidae G. W. Saunders & Hommersand 2004
      - Acrosymphytum, Bonnemaisonia, Ceramium, Gelidium, Gigartina, Gracilaria, Halymenia, Nemastoma, Plocamium, Rhodymenia, Sebdenia
- Chloroplastida Adl et al. 2005 (Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981)
  - Chlorophyta Pascher 1914, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004
    - Ulvophyceae Mattox and Stewart 1984 (P)
      - Acetabularia, Caulerpa, Chladophora, Codium, Pithophora, Pseudonochloris, Rhizoclonium
    - Trebouxiophyceae Friedl 1995 (Pleurastrophyceae Mattox et al. 1984, Microthamniales Melkonian 1990)
      - Botryococcus, Chlorella, Choricystis, Coccomyxa, Microthamnion, Nannochloris, Oocystis, Pabia, Prasiola, Prototheca, Trebouxia
    - Chlorophyceae Christensen 1994
      - Bracteacoccus, Chlamydomonas (P), Desmodesmus, Floydiella, Hydrodictyon, Oedegonium, Pediastrum, Scenedesmus, Volvox.
      - Incertae sedis Chlorophyceae: Carteria, Cylindrocapsa, Hafniomonas, Mychanastes, Treubaria, Trochiscia
    - Pedinophyceae Moestrup 1991, emend. Fawley, Zechman & Buchheim in Adl et al. 2012
      - Marsupiomonas, Pedinomonas
    - Nephroselmis Stein 1878 (Nephroselmidophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Yamaguchi 2011)
    - Mamiellophyceae Marin & Melkonian 2010
      - Bathycoccus, Dolichomastix, Mamiella, Monomastix
    - Prasinophytae Cavalier-Smith 1998, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004 (Micromonadophyceae Mattox & Stewart 1984) (P)
      - Crustomastix, Halosphaera, Pyramimonas, Pycnococcus, Pseudoscourfieldia, Prasinococcus
    - Chlorodendrophyceae Fritsch 1917
      - Scherffelia, Tetraselmis
    - Palmophyllales Zechman et al. 2010
      - Palmophyllum, Palmoclathrus, Verdigellas
  - Charophyta Migula 1897, emend. Karol et al. 2009 (Charophyceae Smith 1938, Mattox & Stewart 1984)
    - Chlorokybus Geitler 1942 (Chlorokybophyceae Lewis & McCourt 2004) (M)
    - Mesostigma Lauterborn 1894 (Mesostigmatophyceae Marin & Melkonian 1999, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004; Mesostigmata Turmel et al. 2002) (M)
    - Klebsormidiophyceae van den Hoek et al. 1995
      - Entransia, Interfilum, Klebsormidium
    - Phragmoplastophyta Lecointre & Guyander 2006
      - Zygnematophyceae van den Hoek et al. 1995, emend. Hall et al. 2009
        Spirogyra, Staurastrum
      - Coleochaetophyceae Jeffrey 1982
        Coleochaete, Chaetosphaeridium
      - Streptophyta Jeffrey 1967
        Charophyceae Smith 1938, emend. Karol et al. 2009 (Charales Lindley 1836; Charophytae Engler 1887)
        Chara, Nitella, Tolypella
        
        Embryophyta Engler 1886, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004 (Cormophyta Endlicher 1836; Plantae Haeckel 1866)

[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [3].

Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
  - Subkingdom Biliphyta
    - Phylum Glaucophyta
      - Class Glaucophyceae
        Order Glaucocystales
    - Phylum Rhodophyta
  - Subkingdom Viridiplantae
    - Infrakingdom Chlorophyta
    - Infrakingdom Streptophyta
      - Superphylum Charophyta
      - Superphylum Embryophyta
        Phylum Anthocerotophyta
        
        Phylum Bryophyta
        
        Phylum Marchantiophyta
        
        Phylum Tracheophyta

Kadereit et al. (2014)

Kadereit, J.W., Körner, C., Kost, B., Sonnewald, U. (2014). Strasburger – Lehrbuch der Pflanzenwissenschaften. 37. Aufl. Springer Spektrum, [4].

Eukaryotes

Boudouresque (2015)

Boudouresque, C. F. (2015). Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Unicellular Eukaryotes. In: Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications (pp. 191-257). Springer: Netherlands, [5].

Eukaryotes

Bikonts
- Archaeplastida (= Plantae)
  - Incertae sedis: Centrohelida

Yazaki et al. (2022)

Yazaki, E., Yabuki, A., Imaizumi, A., Kume, K., Hashimoto, T. & Inagaki, Y. 2022. The closest lineage of Archaeplastida is revealed by phylogenomics analyses that include Microheliella maris. Open Biology 12(4): 210376 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210376 Preview (PDF).

Eukaryota

Diaphoretickes
- CAM clade
  - Pancryptista
    - Cryptista
    - Microheliella maris
  - Archaeplastida

References

Adl, S.M. et al. (2005) The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52: 399–451. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x PDF
Yazaki, E., Yabuki, A., Imaizumi, A., Kume, K., Hashimoto T & Inagaki Y. 2022. The closest lineage of Archaeplastida is revealed by phylogenomics analyses that include Microheliella maris. Open Biology 12(4): 210376 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210376 Preview (PDF).