Sulconazole induces pyroptosis promoted by interferon-γ in monocyte/macrophage lineage cells

Imidazole derivatives are commonly used as antifungal agents. Here, we aimed to investigate the functions of imidazole derivatives on macrophage lineage cells. We assessed the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in mouse monocyte/macrophage lineage (RAW264.7) cells. All six imidazole derivatives examined, namely ketoconazole, sulconazole, isoconazole, luliconazole, clotrimazole, and bifonazole, reduced the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, after induction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 cells. These imidazole derivatives also induced cell death in RAW264.7 cells, regardless of the presence or absence of LPS. Since the cell death was characteristic in morphology, we investigated the mode of the cell death. An imidazole derivative, sulconazole, induced gasdermin D degradation together with caspase-11 activation, namely, pyroptosis in RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, priming with interferon-γ promoted sulconazole-induced pyroptosis in RAW264.7 cells and macrophages and reduced the secretion of the inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, from sulconazole-treated macrophages. Our results suggest that imidazole derivatives suppress inflammation by inducing macrophage pyroptosis, highlighting their modulatory potential for inflammatory diseases.