WO2024211390A1 - Methods and apparatus for prioritizing neighbor cells during cell (re)selection according to artificial intelligence/machine learning parameters - Google Patents

Abstract

Methods, apparatuses, and procedures are disclosed herein for prioritizing of neighbor cells during cell (re)selection according to artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) parameters. For example, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) is configured to detect one or more candidate neighbor cells for cell selection, to receive information related to AI/ML beam management associated with the one or more candidate neighbor cells, to receive a priority regime to use in ranking the one or more candidate neighbor cells with AI/ML capabilities for cell selection, to rank the one or more candidate neighbor cells based at least on the priority regime, and to select, from the one or more candidate neighbor cells, a neighbor cell based on the rank of the selected neighbor cell.

Description

METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR PRIORITIZING NEIGHBOR CELLS DURING CELL (RE)SELECTION ACCORDING TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE/MACHINE LEARNING PARAMETERS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

[001] This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/456,997 filed in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on April 4, 2023, the entire content of which being incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth below in its entirety and for all applicable purposes.

FIELD

[002] This disclosure pertains to procedures, methods, architectures, apparatus, systems, devices, and computer program products for, and/or directed to the prioritizing of neighbor cells during cell (re)selection according to artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) parameters and processes.

SUMMARY

[003] One or more embodiments disclosed herein are related to methods, apparatuses, and procedures in wireless communications for prioritizing of one or more neighbor cells during cell selection or cell reselection according to a set of AI/ML parameters.

|004| In one embodiment, a method implemented by a wireless transmit and/or receive unit (WTRU) for wireless communications includes detecting one or more candidate neighbor cells for cell selection, receiving information related to AI/ML beam management associated with the one or more candidate neighbor cells, and receiving a priority regime to use in ranking the one or more candidate neighbor cells with AI/ML capabilities for cell selection. The method also includes ranking the one or more candidate neighbor cells based at least on the priority regime, and selecting, from the one or more candidate neighbor cells, a neighbor cell based on the rank of the selected neighbor cell. In an example, the selected neighbor cell has the highest ranking for cell selection. In some cases, the neighbor cell is reselected from the one or more candidate neighbor cells. In some examples, the received information (e.g.. configuration information) indicates one or more of a set B type, a set B size, a set B pattern, or an AI/ML model that are associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beam-pairs for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

[005] In one embodiment, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) for wireless communications comprises circuity, including a processor, a transmitter, a receiver, and/or memory, and the WTRU is configured to implement and perform one or more methods discussed herein. For example, the WTRU is configured to detect one or more candidate neighbor cells for cell selection, to receive information related to AI/ML beam management associated with the one or more candidate neighbor cells, and to receive a priority regime to use in ranking the one or more candidate neighbor cells with AI/ML capabilities for cell selection. The WTRU is further configured to rank the one or more candidate neighbor cells based at least on the priority regime, and to select, from the one or more candidate neighbor cells, a neighbor cell based on the rank of the selected neighbor cell. In an example, the selected neighbor cell has the highest ranking for cell selection. In some cases, the neighbor cell is reselected from the one or more candidate neighbor cells. In some examples, the received information (e.g.. configuration information) indicates one or more of: a set B type, a set B size, a set B pattern, or an AI/ML model that are associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beam-pairs for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

[006] In another embodiment, a network element associated with a base station may be configured to implement and perform one or more methods discussed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[007] A more detailed understanding may be had from the detailed description below, given by way of example in conjunction with the drawings appended hereto. Figures in such drawings, like the detailed description, are exemplary. As such, the Figures and the detailed description are not to be considered limiting, and other equally effective examples are possible and likely. Furthermore, like reference numerals ("ref.") in the Figures ("FIGs.") indicate like elements, and wherein:

[008] FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented;

[009] FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment;

[010] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment; [OH] FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment;

[012] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a scenario in which a network (e.g., a base station) transmits a subset of beams and skips transmission of another subset of the beams, in accordance with one or more embodiments;

[013] FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating an example procedure for a device (e.g.. a WTRU) to prioritize neighbor cells for purposes of cell (re)selection according to AI/ML parameters, in accordance with one or more embodiments; and

[014] FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating an example procedure for a device (e.g., a WTRU) to collect and share data from neighboring cells that support AI/ML systems, in accordance wi th one or more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

INTRODUCTION

[015] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments and/or examples disclosed herein. However, it will be understood that such embodiments and examples may be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail, so as not to obscure the following description. Further, embodiments and examples not specifically described herein may be practiced in lieu of, or in combination with, the embodiments and other examples described, disclosed, or otherwise provided explicitly, implicitly and/or inherently (collectively "provided") herein.

EXAMPLE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

[016] The methods, procedures, apparatuses and systems provided herein are well-suited for communications involving both wired and wireless networks. An overview of various types of wireless devices and infrastructure is provided with respect to FIGs. 1 A-1D. where various elements of the network may utilize, perform, be arranged in accordance with and/or be adapted and/or configured for the methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein.

[017] FIG. 1 A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[018] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104/113, a CN 106/115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a "station" and/or a "STA", may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[019] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and/or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any ty pe of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106/ 115. the Internet 110. and/or the other netw orks 112. By w ay of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, a NR NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.

[020] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104/113, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and/or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive w ireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[021] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e g., radio frequency (RF). microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[022] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA. SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104/113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[023] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) and/or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro). [024] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a. 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[025] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[026] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b. 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e.. Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 IX, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[027] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802. 11 to establish a wireless local area netw ork (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802. 15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106/115.

[028] The RAN 104/113 may be in communication with the CN 106/115, which may be any type of netw ork configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106/115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1 A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104/113 and/or the CN 106/115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104/113, which may be utilizing aNR radio technology, the CN 106/115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology. [029] The CN 106/115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and/or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other sendee providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT.

|030| Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1 A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[031] FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. IB. the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive element 122. a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, nonremovable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment. [032] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the tike. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. IB depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[033] The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emi tier/ detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[034] Although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. IB as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g.. multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[035] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802. 11, for example.

[036] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display /touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/mi crophone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display /touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132. The non -removable memory 130 may include random-access memory⁷ (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory⁷ 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory⁷ stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[037] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134 and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the pow er source 134 may include one or more dry⁷ cell batteries (e.g., nickelcadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[038] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 1 14a, 114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable locationdetermination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[039] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass. a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and/or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and/or Augmented Reality (VR/AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor.

[040] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the uplink (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and/or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the uplink (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)). [041] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[042] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 1 0a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[043] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a. 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink (UL) and/or downlink (DL), and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[044] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator. [045] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an SI interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and/or WCDMA.

[046] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the SI interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[047] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a. 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. [048] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.

[049] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1 A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[050] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[051] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic in to and/or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and/or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11 e DLS or an 802. 11 z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g.. all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" mode of communication.

[052] When using the 802.11 ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA/CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary’ channel. If the primary channel is sensed/detected and/or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[053] High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadj acent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[054] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and/or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA. the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[055] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802. 11 af and 802. 11 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802. 1 laf and 802. 1 lah relative to those used in 802. 1 In, and 802.1 lac. 802. 1 laf supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802. 1 lah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz. 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802. 11 ah may support Meter Type Control/Machine-Type Communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g.. only support for) certain and/or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[056] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802. 1 In, 802.1 lac, 802.1 laf, and 802. 1 lah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all ST As in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and/or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.1 lah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and/or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP. the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.

[057] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.1 lah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802. 1 lah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[058] FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[059] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not show n). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a. 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180c).

[060] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and/or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying number of OFDM symbols and/or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).

[061] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and/or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a. 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a. 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with/connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with/connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a. 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[062] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink (UL) and/or downlink (DL), support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b. routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a. 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. ID, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[063] The CN 115 shown in FIG. ID may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[064] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b.

180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for netw ork slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the ty pes of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different netw ork slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and/or the like. The AMF 182a, 182b may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[065] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an Ni l interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a. 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session ty pe may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like. [066] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, w hich may provide the WTRUs 102a. 102b. 102c wdth access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[067] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless netw orks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[068] In view of Figs. 1A-1D, and the corresponding description of Figs. 1A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b. eNode-B 160a-c. MME 162. SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and/or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and/or to simulate network and/or WTRU functions.

[069] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and/or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication netw ork in order to test other devices w ithin the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and/or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[070] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and/or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and/or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and/or receive data.

Cell (Re)Selection in NR

[071] In 3GPP RAN#94-e, the RAN study item on Artificial Intelligence (AI)ZMachine Learning (ML) for NR agreed upon an air interface. Beam management was selected as one of the target use-cases for AI/ML for air interface. This technology could be a significant foundation in improving performance and complexity in conventional beam management aspects, including beam prediction in time and/or spatial domain for overhead and latency reduction, beam selection accuracy improvement, etc.

[0721 In legacy NR, the gNB could select a set of SS/PBCH blocks (SSB) to be transmitted in SSB bursts, where the list of SSBs that are transmitted in a SSB burst could be indicated via ssb-PositionsInBurst in SIB1. The transmission of all SSB beams (e.g., up to 64 in NR- Rel. 17) could result in a huge payload and overhead on the gNB's performance. Reducing the number of transmitted SSBs could positively impact the system performance and latency. As such, the gNB could skip transmission of some SSBs and transmit only a subset of SSBs, and the WTRUs could predict (e.g., by using AI/ML systems) the best beam based on the transmitted SSBs. An example of such a scenario is shown in Fig. 2, where the gNB transmits only a subset of beams (shown as black beams) and skips transmission of a subset of the beams (shown as dashed pink beams)

[073] During cell (re)selection, the WTRU performs cell-ranking that is based on cell-based RSRP measurement on the SS/PBCH blocks. The WTRU evaluates RSRP (Rs for the serving cell and Rn for neighbor cells) based on the measured RSRP and one or more offset values and parameters. The WTRU searches to find the strongest cell based on the evaluated RSRP, number of the suitable beams, and corresponding priorities. In cell (re)selection, once a cell is found for which the evaluated ranking is higher than the serving cell's (within a time duration), the cell will be selected, and the cell reselection will be performed.

[074] In NR-AI/ML systems, an AI/ML-capable WTRU could prioritize selecting and connecting to different cells based on the WTRU's preferences as well as the cells' AI/ML properties and AI/ML models. This could result in different WTRU behavior in determining the priority levels and/or relative priority, and prioritizing the cells during initial access and cell (re)selection procedures. As such, further investigation into AI/ML-dependent prioritization enhancement in initial access and cell (re)selection is required.

Common Terminology

[075] Hereinafter, 'a' and 'an' and similar phrases are to be interpreted as 'one or more' and 'at least one'. Similarly, any term which ends with the suffix '(s)' is to be interpreted as 'one or more' and 'at least one'. The term 'may' is to be interpreted as 'may, for example'.

[076] A symbol '/' (e.g., forward slash) may be used herein to represent 'and/or', where for example, 'A/B' may imply 'A and/or B'.

[Artificial Intelligence (Al)]

[077] Artificial intelligence may be broadly defined as the behavior exhibited by machines. Such behavior may, e.g., mimic cognitive functions to sense, reason, adapt, and act.

[Machine Learning (ML)]

[078] Machine learning may refer to type of algorithms that solve a problem based on learning through experience ('data'), without explicitly being programmed ('configuring set of rules'). Machine learning can be considered as a subset of Al. Different machine learning paradigms may be envisioned based on the nature of data or feedback available to the learning algorithm. For example, a supervised learning approach may involve learning a function that maps input to an output based on labeled training example, wherein each training example may be a pair consisting of input and the corresponding output. For example, an unsupervised learning approach may involve detecting patterns in the data with no pre-existing labels. For example, a reinforcement learning approach may involve performing a sequence of actions in an environment to maximize the cumulative reward. In some instances, it is possible to apply machine learning algorithms using a combination or interpolation of the above-mentioned approaches. For example, a semi-supervised learning approach may use a combination of a small amount of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data during training. In this regard semi-supervised learning falls between unsupervised learning (with no labeled training data) and supervised learning (with only labeled training data). [Deep Learning (DL)]

[079] Deep learning refers to a class of machine learning algorithms that employ artificial neural networks (specifically DNNs) which are loosely inspired from biological systems. Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are a special class of machine learning models inspired by the human brain, wherein the input is linearly transformed and pass-through non-linear activation function multiple times. A DNN typically comprises multiple layers where each layer comprises a linear transformation function and a given non-linear activation function. The DNNs can be trained using the training data via a back -propagation algorithm. Recently, DNNs have show n state-of-the-art performance in a variety of domains, e.g., speech, vision, natural language, etc., and for various machine learning settings, such as supervised, unsupervised. and semi-supervised. The term AI/ML based methods/processing may refer to realization of behaviors and/or conformance to requirements by learning based on data without explicit configuration of a sequence of steps or actions. Such methods may enable learning complex behaviors that might be difficult to specify and/or implement when using legacy methods.

[Definition of Beam]

[080] A WTRU may transmit or receive a physical channel or reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter. The term "beam" may be used to refer to a spatial domain filter.

10811 The WTRU may transmit a physical channel or signal using the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for receiving a Reference Signal (RS) (such as CSI-RS) or a SS block. The WTRU transmission may be referred to as "target", and the received RS or Synchronization Signal (SS) block may be referred to as "reference" or "source". In such case, the WTRU may be said to transmit the target physical channel or signal according to a spatial relation with a reference to such RS or SS block.

[082] The WTRU may transmit a first physical channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for transmitting a second physical channel or signal. The first and second transmissions may be referred to as "target" and "reference" (or "source"), respectively. In such case, the WTRU may be said to transmit the first (target) physical channel or signal according to a spatial relation with a reference to the second (reference) physical channel or signal.

[083] A spatial relation may be implicit, configured by RRC, or signaled by MAC CE or DCI. For example, a WTRU may implicitly transmit Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) and Demodulation Reference Signal (DM-RS) of PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as an SRS indicated by an SRI indicated in DCI or configured by RRC. In another example, a spatial relation may be configured by RRC for an SRS resource indicator (SRI) or signaled by MAC CE for a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH). Such spatial relation may also be referred to as a "beam indication".

[084] The WTRU may receive a first (target) downlink channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter or spatial reception parameter as a second (reference) downlink channel or signal. For example, such association may exist between a physical channel such as Physical Uplink Control Channel (PDCCH) or Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PDSCH) and its respective DM-RS. At least when the first and second signals are reference signals, such association may exist when the WTRU is configured with a quasi-colocation (QCL) assumption type D between corresponding antenna ports. Such association may be configured as a TCI (transmission configuration indicator) state. A WTRU may be indicated by an association between a CSI-RS or SS block and a DM-RS by an index to a set of TCI states configured by RRC and/or signaled by MAC CE. Such indication may also be referred to as a "beam indication".

[TRP, MTRP, M-TRP]

[085] Hereafter, a TRP (e.g., transmission and reception point) may be interchangeably used with one or more of TP (transmission point), RP (reception point), RRH (radio remote head), DA (distributed antenna), BS (base station), a sector (of a BS), and a cell (e.g., a geographical cell area served by a BS), but still consistent with this invention. Hereafter. Multi-TRP may be interchangeably used with one or more of MTRP, M-TRP, and multiple TRPs.

[CSI components]

[086] A WTRU may report a subset of channel state information (CSI) components, where CSI components may correspond to at least a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), a SSB resource indicator (SSBRI), an indication of a panel used for reception at the WTRU (such as a panel identity or group identity ), measurements such as Ll-RSRP, Ll-SINR taken from SSB or CSI-RS (e.g. cri-RSRP, cri-SINR, ssb-Index-RSRP, ssb-Index-SINR), and other channel state information such as at least rank indicator (RI), channel quality indicator (CQI), precoding matrix indicator (PMI). Layer Index (LI), and/or the like.

[Channel and/or Interference Measurements]

[087] [SSB] A WTRU may receive a synchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) block. The SS/PBCH block (SSB) may include a primary' synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and physical broadcast channel (PBCH). The WTRU may monitor, receive, or attempt to decode an SSB during initial access, initial synchronization, radio link monitoring (RLM), cell search, cell switching, etc.

[088] [CSI-RS] A WTRU may measure and report the channel state information (CSI), wherein the CSI for each connection mode may include or be configured with one or more of following.

[089] CSI Report Configuration, including one or more of the following: o CSI report quantity, e.g.. Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Rank Indicator (RI), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRI), Layer Indicator (LI), etc. o CSI report type, e.g., aperiodic, semi persistent, periodic. o CSI report codebook configuration, e.g.. Type I. Type II, Type II port selection, etc. o CSI report frequency.

CSI-RS Resource Set, including one or more of the following CSI Resource settings: o NZP-CSI-RS Resource for channel measurement o NZP-CSI-RS Resource for interference measurement o CSI-IM Resource for interference measurement

NZP CSI-RS Resources, including one or more of the following: o NZP CSI-RS Resource ID o Periodicity and offset o QCL Info and TCI-state o Resource mapping, e.g., number of ports, density. Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) type, etc.

[090] A WTRU may indicate, determine, or be configured with one or more reference signals. The WTRU may monitor, receive, and/or measure one or more parameters based on the respective reference signals. For example, one or more of the following may apply. The following parameters are non-limiting examples of the parameters that may be included in reference signal(s) measurements. One or more of these parameters may be included. Other parameters may be included.

[091] SS-RSRP. SS reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) may be measured based on the synchronization signals (e.g., demodulation reference signal (DMRS) in PBCH or SSS). It may be defined as the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective synchronization signal. In measuring the RSRP, power scaling for the reference signals may be required. In case SS-RSRP is used for Ll-RSRP, the measurement may be accomplished based on CSI reference signals in addition to the synchronization signals.

[092] CSI-RSRP. CSI-RSRP may be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective CSI-RS. The CSI-RSRP measurement may be configured within measurement resources for the configured CSI-RS occasions.

[093] SS-SINR. SS signal-to-noise and interference ration (SS-SINR) may be measured based on the synchronization signals (e.g., DMRS in PBCH or SSS). It may be defined as the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective synchronization signal divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. In case SS-SINR is used for Ll-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement may be accomplished based on resources configured by higher layers.

[094] CSI-SINR. CSI-SINR may be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective CSI-RS divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. In case CSI-SINR is used for Ll-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement may be accomplished based on resources configured by higher layers. Otherwise, the noise and interference power may be measured based on the resources that carry the respective CSI-RS.

|095| RSSI. Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) may be measured based on the average of the total power contribution in configured OFDM symbols and bandwidth. The power contribution may be received from different resources (e.g., co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.)

[096] CLI-RSSI. Cross-Layer interference received signal strength indicator (CLI-RSSI) may be measured based on the average of the total power contribution in configured OFDM symbols of the configured time and frequency resources. The power contribution may be received from different resources (e.g., cross-layer interference, co-channel serving and nonserving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.).

[097] SRS-RSRP. Sounding reference signals RSRP (SRS-RSRP) may be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective SRS.

[098] SS-RSRQ. Secondary synchronization signal reference signal received quality (SS- RSRQ) may be measured based on measurements on the reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) and received signal strength (RSSI). In an example, the SS-RSRQ may be calculated as the ratio of NxSS-RSRP / NR carrier RSSI, where N may be determined based on the number of resource blocks that are in the corresponding NR carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. As such, the measurements to be used in the numerator and denominator may be over the same set of resource blocks.

[099] CSI-RSRQ. CSI reference signal received quality (CSI-RSRQ) may be measured based on measurements on the reference signal received power (CSI-RSRP) and received signal strength (RSSI). In an example, the SS-RSRQ may be calculated as the ratio of N*CSI-RSRP / CSIRSSI, where N may be determined based on the number of resource blocks that are in the corresponding CSI-RSSI measurement bandwidth. As such, the measurements to be used in the numerator and denominator may be over the same set of resource blocks.

[Beam/CSI Report Configuration]

[0100] A CSI report configuration (e.g., CSI-ReportConfigs) may be associated with a single BWP (e.g., indicated by BWP-Id), wherein one or more of the following parameters are configured: CSI-RS resources and/or CSI-RS resource sets for channel and interference measurement; CSI-RS report configuration type including the periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic; CSI-RS transmission periodicity for periodic and semi-persistent CSI reports; CSI- RS transmission slot offset for periodic, semi-persistent and aperiodic CSI reports; CSI-RS transmission slot offset list for semi-persistent and aperiodic CSI reports; Time restrictions for channel and interference measurements; Report frequency band configuration (wideband/subband CQI, PMI, etc.); Thresholds and modes of calculations for the reporting quantities (CQI, RSRP, SINR, LI, RI, etc.); Codebook configuration; Group based beam reporting; CQI table; Subband size; Non-PMI port indication: Port Index; etc.

[CSI-RS Resource Configuration]

[0101] A CSI-RS Resource Set (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet) may include one or more of CSI-RS resources (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-Resource and CSI-ResourceConfig), wherein a WTRU may be configured with one or more of the following in a CSI-RS Resource: CSI-RS periodicity and slot offset for periodic and semi-persistent CSI-RS Resources; CSI-RS resource mapping to define the number of CSI-RS ports, density. CDM-type. OFDM symbol, and subcarrier occupancy; the bandwidth part to which the configured CSI-RS is allocated; the reference to the TCI-State including the QCL source RS(s) and the corresponding QCL type(s).

[RS resource set Configuration] [0102] One or more of following configurations may be used for RS resource set. A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resource sets. The RS resource set configuration may include one or more of: RS resource set ID; one or more RS resources for the RS resource set; repetition (i.e., on or off); aperiodic triggering offset (e.g., one of 0-6 slots); TRS info (e.g., true or not).

[RS resource Configuration]

[0103] One or more of following configurations may be used for RS resource. A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resources. The RS resource configuration may include one or more of: RS resource; IDResource mapping (e.g., REs in a Physical Resource Block (PRB)); power control offset (e.g.. one value of -8, ... , 15); Power control offset with SS (e.g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 dB); Scrambling ID; Periodicity and offset ; QCL information (e.g., based on a TCI state).

[Property of a grant or assignment]

[0104] In the following, a property of a grant or assignment may consist of at least one of: a frequency allocation; an aspect of time allocation, such as a duration; a priority; a modulation and coding scheme; a transport block size; a number of spatial layers; a number of transport blocks; a TCI state, CRI or SRI; a number of repetitions; whether the repetition scheme is Type A or Type B; whether the grant is a configured grant type 1, type 2 or a dynamic grant; whether the assignment is a dynamic assignment or a semi-persistent scheduling (configured) assignment; a configured grant index or a semi-persistent assignment index; a periodicity of a configured grant or assignment; a channel access priority class (CAPC); any parameter provided in a DCI, by MAC or by RRC for the scheduling the grant or assignment.

In the following, an indication by DCI may consist of at least one of: an explicit indication by a DCI field or by Radio Network Identifier (RNTI) used to mask or scramble the CRC of the DCI and an implicit indication by a property such as DCI format, DCI size. Coreset or search space, Aggregation Level, first resource element of the received DCI (e.g., index of first Control Channel Element), where the mapping between the property⁷ and the value may be signaled by RRC or MAC.

[0105] Receiving or monitoring for a DCI with or using an RNTI may mean that the CRC of the DCI is masked or scrambled with the RNTI.

[0106] Hereafter, a signal may be interchangeably used with one or more of: sounding reference signal (SRS); channel state information - reference signal (CSI-RS); demodulation reference signal (DM-RS); phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS); Synchronization signal block (SSB). [0107] Hereafter, a channel may be interchangeably used with one or more of following: Physical downlink control channel (PDCCH); Physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH); Physical uplink control channel (PUCCH); Physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH); Physical random access channel (PRACH); etc.

[0108] Hereafter, a signal, channel, and message (e.g., as in DL or UL signal, channel, and message) may be used interchangeably.

[0109] Hereafter, RS may be interchangeably used with one or more of RS resource. RS resource set, RS port and RS port group.

[0110] Hereafter, RS may be interchangeably used with one or more of SSB, CSI-RS, SRS, and DM-RS, TRS, PRS, and PTRS.

[0111] Herein, time instance, slot, symbol, and subframe may be used interchangeably.

[0112] Herein, the terms SSB, SS/PBCH block, PSS, SSS, PBCH, and MIB may be used interchangeably.

[0113] Herein, SSB, SSB beam, and SSB index may be used interchangeably.

[0114] Herein, the embodiments provided for cell (re)selection and initial access may be used interchangeably.

[0115] Hereafter, the proposed embodiments for beam resources prediction may be used for beam resources belonging to a single or multiple cells as well as single or multiple TRPs.

[0116] Hereafter, CSI reporting may be interchangeably used with CSI measurement, beam reporting, and beam measurement.

[0117] Hereafter, a RS resource set may be interchangeably used with a beam group.

Aspects Common to All Embodiments

[SS/PBCH Block, MIB, and SIB]

[0118] A WTRU may receive a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). The PBCH may be part of an SS/PBCH block (SSB). The PBCH may carry system information. The PBCH may include or carry a master information block (MIB). The term MIB may be used to represent the content, information, payload, and/or bits carried by the PBCH. PBCH and MIB may be used interchangeably herein.

[0119] Upon detection and/or reception of an SS/PBCH block, the WTRU may use the information in the MIB on the time and/or frequency resources to find one or more system information blocks (SIB). The term SIB may be used to represent the content, information, payload, and/or bits. In an example, one or more cell (re)selection parameters may be broadcasted in SIB (e.g.. SIB1, SIB2, SIB3. etc.), which the WTRU may detect and/or receive from the serving and/or the newly detected cells. [Cell Selection and/or Reselection]

[0120] A WTRU may perform cell selection with or without stored cell information. The cell information may include frequencies and/or cell parameters. In an example, a cell may be defined as a combination of one or more uplink component carriers (CC) and one or more downlink component carriers. The WTRU may have (previously) stored information on one or more cells based on previously received measurement control information elements or from previously detected cells. If the WTRU has stored cell information, the WTRU may leverage it for cell selection.

[0121] In case there is no stored information, or if cell search based on the stored information has no results, the WTRU may perform initial cell selection, where the WTRU has no prior knowledge of the cell parameters. For example, the WTRU may not have knowledge of which Radio Frequency (RF) channels are NR frequencies. As such, the WTRU may scan and/or monitor one or more RF channels, for example, from a set of RF channels (e.g., based on the synchronization raster frequencies) in the NR bands to find a suitable cell. For example, a synchronization raster may indicate the frequency positions of the synchronization block (e.g., SS/PBCH block) that can be used by the WTRU for system acquisition when explicit signaling of the synchronization block position is not present. As such, the WTRU may search to find the SS/PBCH blocks corresponding to one and more cells on each frequency channel and/or raster, where the WTRU may select the strongest cell based on measuring the RSSI. RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc. for the detected SS/PBCH block.

[0122] Evaluated parameter. Hereinafter, the term 'evaluated parameter' may be used interchangeably with 'evaluated RSRP', 'evaluated RSRQ', etc., where the term evaluated may be interpreted as adjusted, computed, calculated, compensated, scaled, defined, determined, identified, etc. As such, a WTRU may determine an evaluated parameter based on one or more measured values along with one or more compensation and/or scaling parameters (e.g., (pre)configured and/or indicated parameters). The WTRU may calculate the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and/or division of one or more measured values with one or more compensation and/or scaling parameters to determine the corresponding evaluated parameter. [0123] Criteria for a suitable cell. Upon finding a suitable cell, the WTRU may select it as the serving cell. In an example, the WTRU may use one or more criteria to select a candidate cell as a suitable cell. The WTRU may determine the criteria based on one or more evaluated parameters. The WTRU may determine the evaluated parameters based on one or more of measured parameters, compensation values, scaling rules, etc. For instance, the WTRU may determine the compensation values and/or scaling rules based on one or more configured and/or indicated offsets, parameters, and/or configured values. For example, the WTRU may be configured with, or determine, one or more of the following parameters.

[0124] In one example, the WTRU may be configured with, or determine, a measured cell received level value. For example, the WTRU may measure the reference signal received power (RSRP), signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SINR), received signal strength indicator (RSSI). etc. for one or more SS/PBCH blocks, reference signals, and/or channels. [0125] In another example, the WTRU may be configured with, or determine, a measured cell quality value. For example, the WTRU may measure the reference signal received quality (RSRQ) for one or more SS/PBCH blocks, reference signals, and/or channels.

[0126] In another example, the WTRU may be configured with, or determine, a minimum required measured Rx level and/or quality level in a cell. For example, a WTRU may receive, determine, or be configured with one or more parameters and/or offset values to determine the minimum required Rx level (e.g., in dBm) and/or minimum required quality level (e.g., dB) in the corresponding cell.

[0127] In another example, the WTRU may be configured with, or determine, one or more compensation values. For example, the WTRU may receive, determine, or be configured with one or more parameters, offset, and/or scaling values that may be used upon receiving an indication, or based on WTRU determining based on one or more modes of operation, thresholds, etc.

|0128| In another example, the WTRU may be configured with, or determine, an evaluated cell (re)selection Rx level value. For example, the WTRU may compute, evaluate, and/or calculate the received level value (e.g., in dB) based on one or more measured parameters and/or compensation and/or scaling values. In an example, the WTRU may calculate the evaluated cell (re)sel ection Rx level value (e.g., Srxlev) based on the measured cell received level value (e.g., Qrxlevmeas), the minimum required measured Rx level (e.g., Qrxlevmin and/or Qrxlevminoffset), the compensation parameters (e.g., Pcompensation), one or more temporary offset values (e.g., Qoffsettemp), etc. (e.g., Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - ( Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset ) - Pcompensation - Qoffsettemp). As such, the WTRU may select the corresponding cell as one of the candidate suitable cells if the evaluated cell (re)selection Rx level value is higher than a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., Srxlev > 0 for cell selection, or Srxlev > SintraSearchP or Srxlev > SnonlntraSearchP for intra-frequency and interfrequency, respectively, cell reselection, etc ).

[0129] In another example, the WTRU may be configured with, or determine, an evaluated cell (re)selection quality value. For example, the WTRU may compute, evaluate, and/or calculate the received quality value (e.g., in dB) based on one or more measured parameters and/or compensation and/or scaling values. In an example, the WTRU may calculate the evaluated cell (re)selection quality value (e.g., Squai) based on the measured cell quality’ value (e.g., Qquaimeas), the minimum required quality level (e.g., Qquaimin and/or Qquaiminoffset), one or more temporary offset values (e.g., Qofisettemp), etc. (e.g., Squai = Qquaimeas - ( Qquaimin + Qquaiminoffset ) - Qofisettemp). As such, the WTRU may select the corresponding cell as one of the candidate suitable cells if the evaluated cell (re)selection quality value is higher than a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., Squai > 0, or Squai > SintraSearchQ, or Squai > SnonlntraSearchQ for intra-frequency and inter-frequency, respectively, cell reselection, etc.).

[0130] The WTRU may receive or be configured with one or more of the compensation and/or scaling parameters, values, settings, and/or rules as the criteria for cell (re)selection via implicit and/or explicit indications. The explicit indications may be via a master information block (MIB) in corresponding SS/PBCH block, system information blocks (SIB1, SIB2, SIB3, SIB4, etc.), semi-static configuration (e.g., via RRC). dynamic indication (e.g., via MAC-CE and/or DCI), etc. The WTRU may determine to use one or more compensation and/or scaling rules based on implicit indication that is based on comparing one or more parameters with corresponding thresholds for instance.

[Cell Ranking]

|01311 Upon measuring and calculating the evaluated received power and/or evaluated quality value, a WTRU may perform cell ranking for all the cells (e.g., serving and neighbor cells) that the WTRU determined as the candidate suitable cells based on the cell selection criterion. For example, the WTRU may determine the cell ranking based on calculating the R values (i.e., Rs and Rn) using average RSRP results, where one or more of the following may apply. The following parameters are non-limiting examples of the parameters that may be included in cell ranking calculation and measurement. One or more of these parameters may be included. Other parameters may be included.

Rs Qmeas,s "^Qhyst ^— Qoffsettemp

Rn ⁼ Qmeas,n “Qoffset ^— Qoffsettemp where, Rs and Rn correspond to the serving and neighbor cells, respectively. In an example, in the above equation, Qhyst may represent the mobility aspects of the WTRU. Qoffset may be configured with different values for intra-frequency and inter-frequency cell (re)selections, and Qmeas may be the measured RSRP quantity used in cell (re)selection. [0132] The WTRU may reselect a new candidate cell, if a neighbor cell has higher R value than the serving cell during a (pre)configured time interval.

[Configuration of measurement and estimation sets]

[0133] A WTRU may be configured with one or more sets of reference signal (RS) resources and/or beams (or beam-pairs). Each RS resource, beam, or beam-pair may be associated with a transmission from a beam of specific beam parameters (e.g., beam direction and beamwidth). The WTRU may be configured with the associated beams and/or RS resources and the beam parameters.

[0134] In an example, a WTRU may be configured with a first set of RS resources or beams or beam-pairs that may cover the entire RS resource-space, beam-space, or beam-pair-space. The WTRU may determine or select a set A and a set B such that the union of set A and set B covers the entire RS-resource-space, beam-space, or beam-pair-space. In an example, set A and set B may be mutually exclusive. In an example, a set B includes RS resources on which the WTRU may perform measurements to obtain (1) direct measurement values for a first set of beams or beam-pairs (e.g., one-to-one mapping between an RS resource and a beam or beam-pair) and (2) estimated measurement values for a second set of beams or beam-pairs (e.g., many-to-one mapping between RS resources and a beam or beam-pair and possibly using AI/ML estimation model).

[Set B requirements]

|0135| A WTRU may be configured with one or more sets of RS resources associated with each beam. For example, a WTRU may be configured with a first beam associated with two sets of RSs: a first set including a single RS resource and a second set including multiple RS resources. A WTRU may determine measurements associated with the beam via direct measurements of the RS resources in the first set or via estimation obtained from measurements of the RS resources in the second set.

[0136] A WTRU may determine a measurement set of RS resources (e.g., a set B) such that, for every beam for which it must obtain measurements (either directly or via estimation), the set B contains at least one of the two sets of RS resources associated with the beam.

[0137] Hereafter, a Set B may be interchangeably used with a set of RS resource sets, beams, beam-pairs, beam RS resources, RS resources, and a beam pattern.

[0138] Hereafter, a Set A may be interchangeably used with a set of RS resource sets, beams, beam-pairs, beam RS resources, RS resources, and a beam pattern.

Prioritization of candidate cells according to AI/ML parameters during cell (re)selection

Methodology: Priority level determination based on AI/ML [0139] In an example embodiment, a WTRU may perform one or more of the following steps.

[0140] The WTRU detects one or more cells for cell (re)selection or during initial access.

[0141] The AI/ML-enabled WTRU is (pre)configured or receives one or more configurations (e.g., from gNB, via MIB, SIB, etc.) on the priority levels to be used for the cell (re)selection. [0142] The WTRU receives priority levels for selecting the cells with AI/ML operations.

[0143] For example, priority level I may indicate that there is no priority in connecting to the cells with AI/ML operation, e.g., all cells (with or without AI/ML systems) are considered to have the same priority.

[0144] For example, priority level 2 may indicate that cells with AI/ML operation have higher priority compared to the cells without AI/ML operation.

[0145] For example, priority level 3 may indicate that cells with AI/ML operation have lower priority' compared to the cells without AI/ML operation.

[0146] In case priority level 2 is configured, the WTRU may receive, determine, or be (pre)configured with one or more priority sub-levels within priority level 2 based on the AI/ML system models (e.g., at the detected cell). For example, a first level 2 type of priority may comprise priority level 2-1, in which, e.g., the WTRU considers cells with a specific Set B type (e.g., fixed or random) to have the highest priority' (e.g., based on the WTRU's AI/ML trained model).

|0147| For example, a second level 2 priority may be level 2-2. in which, e.g., the WTRU considers cells with a specific Set B size (e g., 16, 32, etc. beams) to have the highest priority (e.g., based on WTRU's AI/ML trained model).

[0148] For example, a third level 2 priority' may be level 2-3, in which, e.g., the WTRU considers cells with a specific ratio between Set A and Set B (e.g., between the transmitted and not-transmitted beams) to have the highest priority.

[0149] In another example, a second type of level 2 priority' may comprise priority level 2-4, in which, e.g., the WTRU uses AI/ML-specific compensation values, offset values, or scaling rules (e.g., q offsets or thresholds) for prioritizing the cells with AI/ML operation and with specific properties (e.g., Set B type, Set B size, Set B ratio, etc.).

[0150] In the case of the first type of priority, the WTRU may use the priority offset to be considered in calculating the absolution priority of a cell, e.g.:

Absolute priority - cellReselectPriority + CellReselectSubPriority + AI/ML _priority [0151] Next, the WTRU performs cell ranking based on the priority levels and offset values. [0152] Finally, the WTRU selects the cell with the highest ranking. [Determining Mode of Operation: e.g., operation with or without AI/ML]

[0153] In an embodiment, a WTRU may use the received and/or detected SS/PBCH block, MIB, SIB, etc. to receive, detect, identify, or determine information on the mode of operation for the detected cell. The WTRU may determine at least one of the following modes of operation based on the detected information: (1) AI/ML operation (for example, the WTRU may determine whether the detected cell supports the operation with or without AI/ML systems): (2) duplex mode (for example, the WTRU may determine the duplex mode to be TDD, FDD, or HD-FDD); (3) license regime mode, (for example, the WTRU may determine if the detected cell operates with or without shared spectrum, that is operation in unlicensed or licensed spectrum, respectively); (4) barring of WTRU types (e.g., access barring of certain WTRU types) (for example, a first type of WTRU (e.g.. a WTRU with a limited capability including reduced Rx antenna, smaller maximum bandwidth supported, lower maximum transmission power) may be not allowed to access the cell if so indicated (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.): otherwise, the first type of WTRUs may be allowed to access the cell); (5) support of a specific functionality in the network (e.g., power saving, carrier aggregation, DRX, etc.); (6) range of the system bandwidth; (7) use case (e.g., sidelink, Uu, NTN, etc.); and/or (8) maximum uplink transmission power; etc.

[Parameters and settings for a mode of operation]

[0154] In an embodiment, upon detection of a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation) for the detected cell, a WTRU may determine information corresponding to the first mode of operation (e g., via MIB, SIB, etc ). In an example, the WTRU may determine at least some of the follow ing information for a detected cell with the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation).

[0155] Time and frequency resources

[0156] Time resources: For example, the WTRU may receive and/or determine the time resources, time units, and/or time window s (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames etc.) where the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation) is applied.

[0157] Time configurations: For example, the WTRU may receive and/or determine the time periodicity, the starting time, the time duration, etc. for the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation).

[0158] Frequency resources: For example, the WTRU may receive and/or determine the frequency resources (e.g., carriers, BWPs, subbands), where the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation) is applied.

[0159] Reference signal (RS) resources and/or beams (or beam-pairs) [0160] Set A. For example, the WTRU may receive the configuration on a first set of RS resources (e.g.. SSB. CSI-RS, etc.) or beams or beam-pairs that may cover the entire RS resource-space or beam-space or beam-pair-space (e.g., Set A).

[0161] Set B, Measurement Resources: In an example, the WTRU may receive the configuration on a second set of RS resources (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, etc.) or beams or beampairs that may be actually transmitted (e.g., measurement resources and/or Set B). The WTRU may receive information on one or more parameters regarding the Set B in the detected cell:

[0162] Set B type: For example, the WTRU may receive information of the Set B ty pe supported in the detected cells (e.g., fixed type, random type, etc., e.g., via AI/ML- BeamResourceSet-type).

[0163] Set B size: For example, the WTRU may receive information of the Set B size supported in the detected cell (e.g., the number of the transmitted reference signals included in corresponding Set B, e.g., 8, 16, 32, 64, etc. beams, e.g., via AI/ML-BeamResourceSet- size).

[0164] Set B pattern: For example, the WTRU may receive information on the Set B pattern supported in the detected cell (e.g., if the Set B pattern supported in the detected cell is a first pattern, a second pattern, etc., e.g., via AI/MU-model -location-support).

[0165] AI/ML model: For example, the WTRU may receive the AI/ML model used at the detected cell. The WTRU may receive one or more indication indexes to one or more lists or tables of AI/ML models, patterns, etc. (e.g., via AI/ML-operation-status).

[0166] Parameters, thresholds, and/or scaling rules (e.g., AI/ML-specific)

[0167] Priority Level: For example, the WTRU may receive, identify, or determine an indication on one or more cell (re)selection priority levels. The WTRU may determine a first priority level for a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation), a second priority level for a second mode of operation (e.g., without AI/ML operation), etc. The indication may be based on:

[0168] Explicit indication'. For example, the WTRU may receive an explicit indication (e.g., from a gNB) via MIB. SIB, DCI, MAC-CE. RRC, etc.

[0169] Implicit indication'.

[0170] WTRU capability. In an example (e.g., in case the WTRU has not received an explicit indication of the priority level), the WTRU may determine the priority levels based on one or more WTRU capabilities (e.g., AI/ML-enabled WTRU) and/or modes of operation. For example, the WTRU may determine a higher priority for a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation), and a lower priority' for a second mode of operation (e.g., without AI/ML operation). Alternately, the WTRU may determine a lower priority for the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation), and a higher priority for the second mode of operation (e.g., without AI/ML operation).

[0171] In another example, the WTRU may determine the priority level based on at least one of the following: latency, coverage, mobility’ criteria, etc. The WTRU may determine the priority level based on one or more thresholds. For example, the WTRU may determine that the (expected) latency is higher than a corresponding threshold (e.g., the WTRU may determine the requirements based on respective mobility⁷ parameters). As such, the WTRU may determine to use and/or consider a higher priority' for the cells with the first mode of operation that reduces the latency (e.g., with AI/ML operation) compared to the cells with mode of operation with potential higher latency (e.g., without AI/ML operation).

[0172] Thresholds: For example, the WTRU may receive, identify, determine, or be configured with one or more threshold values for a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation). The WTRU may use the thresholds for determining one or more limits, levels, ranges, and corresponding actions. The WTRU may receive one or more thresholds indicating the minimum and maximum limits for one or more values. In an example, the WTRU may receive thresholds for latency, mobility', RSRP measures, differences between detected and predicted RSRP, accuracy level, etc.

|0173| Compensation and/or scaling rules and/or values: For example, the WTRU mayreceive, identify, determine, or be configured with one or more compensation and/or scaling values. The WTRU may use respective values to be added, subtracted, multiplied, and/or divided by one or more configured, indicated, and/or determined parameters.

[Determining Priority Level for the mode of operation]

[0174] In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive, identify, determine, or be provided with one or more priority levels for the cells with one or more modes of operation (e.g., for the first mode of operation, i.e., with AI/ML operation). For example, at least one of the folloyving may apply. For priority level 1, no priority for the cells with a first mode of operation. For example, the WTRU may determine that the cells with the first mode of operation (e g., with AI/ML operation) have the same priority- level as other cells (e g., yvithout AI/ML operation) for cell (re)selection.

[0175] For priority level 2, cells with the first mode of operation (e g., with AI/ML operation) have higher priority compared to the cells with other modes of operation (e.g., without AI/ML operation). For example, if the WTRU supports a first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML-capable WTRUs), the WTRU may consider cell (re)selection candidate frequencies at which it cannot receive the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation) to be of the lowest priority.

[0176] For priority level 3, cells with the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation) have lower priority compared to the cells with other modes of operation (e.g., without AI/ML operation). For example, if the WTRU supports a first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML- capable WTRUs), the WTRU may consider cell (re)selection candidate frequencies at which it can receive the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation) to be of the lowest priority.

[0177] In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive an indication of which one of the priority levels is selected to be applied (e.g., for cell (re)sel ection). In an example, the WTRU may receive the start and/or end time, and/or the time duration (e.g., time units, symbols, slots, etc.) to apply the one or more priority levels. The indication may be explicit. For example, the indication may be received via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, and/or RRC indication.

[0178] Alternately, the indication may be implicit. For instance, it may be based on state of operation. For example, the WTRU may determine one or more events to trigger, enable, set up, or allow the WTRU to consider priority levels for cell (re)selection from the cells with the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation). As such, the WTRU may determine one or more states or events as the criteria for determining the priority levels (e.g., mobility state of the WTRU having low and/or normal mobility, medium mobility, or high mobility).

[0179] In an example, in case the WTRU determines that the WTRU is in a first state (e.g., high mobility' state), the WTRU may determine to consider a first priority' level (e.g., priority' level 3). If the WTRU determines that the WTRU is in a second state (e.g., medium mobility state), the WTRU may determine to consider a second priority level (e.g., priority level 1). If the WTRU determines that the WTRU is in a third state (e.g., normal and/or low mobility state), the WTRU may determine to consider a third priority level (e.g., priority' level 2). Mobility state could be interchangeably used with other events or states such as state of coverage, state of latency, etc.

[Determining the priority level for a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation)]

[0180] A WTRU may determine or be configured with a first priority' level (e.g., priority' level 2, as described herein) that grants higher priority to the cells with a first mode of operation (e.g.. with AI/ML operation) compared to the cells with other modes of operation (e.g., without AI/ML operation). [0181] In an embodiment, a WTRU may implement and/or carry out the initial access and/or cell (re)selection based on one or more sub-types of priority. In an example, one or more of the following may apply.

[0182] First type of prioritization. In an embodiment, a WTRU may determine or be configured with a first type of priority, where the WTRU may determine or be configured with one or more priority levels to be considered. The WTRU may receive the configuration of the type of priority and the priority level via signaling (e.g., from a gNB, e.g., via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc.). In an example, one or more of the following priority levels may be determined and/or configured.

[0183] Set B Type. For example, the WTRU may determine or be configured to consider cells with at least one specific Set B type (e.g., fixed, random, etc.) to have the highest priority. In an example, the WTRU may determine the specific Set B type based on the (e.g., AI/ML) trained model at the WTRU.

[0184] Set B Size. For example, the WTRU may determine or be configured to consider cells with at least one specific Set B size (e.g., 8, 16, 32, etc.) to have the highest priority. In an example, the WTRU may determine the specific Set B size based on the (e.g., AI/ML) trained model at the WTRU.

[0185] Set A and Set B ratio. For example, the WTRU may determine or be configured to consider cells with at least one specific ratio between the number of beams in Set A and the number of beams in Set B (e.g., between the transmitted and not-transmitted beams) to have the highest priority. In an example, the WTRU may determine the specific ratio between Set A and Set B based on the (e.g., AI/ML) trained model at the WTRU.

[0186] Set B pattern. For example, the WTRU may determine or be configured to consider cells with at least one specific pattern for the Set B to have the highest priority. In an example, the WTRU may determine the specific Set B pattern based on the (e.g., AI/ML) trained model at the WTRU.

[0187] As such, in the first type of prioritization, the WTRU may consider the cells that are in accordance with the determined and/or configured priority level to be the cells with the highest priority (e.g.. highest in the list of cell ranking). The WTRU may consider the (other) cells that are not in accordance with the determined and/or configured priority level to be the cells with the low er priority (e.g., lower and/or low est in the list of cell ranking).

[0188] In an example, the WTRU may determine to use a determined and/or (pre)configured (e.g., via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE. RRC, etc.) prioritization parameter (e.g., AI/ML_priority) for estimating, computing, calculating, and/or evaluating the absolute priority of the corresponding detected cell. The prioritization parameter may have different values for the different priority’ levels. As examples, the WTRU may use the corresponding priority for the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML_priority), the detected cell's (pre)configured and/or determined priority’ (e.g., cellReselectPriority), the detected cell's (pre)configured and/or determined sub-priority’ (e.g., cellReselectSubPriority), etc., to evaluate the cell's absolute priority, e.g.;

Absolute priority = cellReselectPriority’ + CellReselectSubPriority’ + AI/ML_priority

[0189] The WTRU may use the evaluated priority’ in the initial access and/or cell ranking and select the cell with the highest ranking. In an example, the WTRU may use the determined priority levels, prioritization parameters (e.g., AI/ML_priority). evaluated absolute priority (e.g., Absolute priority), and so forth to determine the relative priority to be used in cell ranking. For example, the UE may determine the cells with evaluated absolute priority’ higher than a first value to be considered prioritized (e.g., on top of the list of cell ranking, e.g., based on the evaluated RSRP, RSRQ, etc.). In another example, the WTRU may determine the cells with evaluated absolute priority lower than a second value to be considered as low priority’ (e.g., at the bottom of the list of cell ranking, e.g., based on the evaluated RSRP, RSRQ, etc ).

[0190] Second type of prioritization. In another embodiment, a WTRU may determine or be configured to use one or more (e.g., Al/ML-specific. SetB-type-specific, SetB-size- specific, etc.) compensation values, offset values, or scaling rules (e g., q offsets or thresholds) for prioritizing the cells with a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation) and/or with specific properties (e.g., Set B type, Set B size, Set B ratio, etc.). [0191] In an example, the WTRU may determine or be configured to (re)evaluate a quality’ parameter based on one or more measured quality parameters (e.g., RSRP) for a detected cell (e.g., based on detected SSB). The WTRU may receive the scaling parameters based on (pre)configured parameters and/or via signaling (e.g., from gNB, via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC- CE, RRC, etc.). The WTRU may (re)evaluate the quality parameter based on one or more offset values, compensation values, and/or scaling parameters (e.g., (pre)configured and/or indicated parameters). The WTRU may calculate the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and/or division of one or more measured values with one or more compensation and/or scaling parameters to determine the corresponding (re)evaluated parameter.

[0192] In an example, the WTRU may determine to use a scaling parameter that is specific to the first mode of operation (e g., AI/ML-specific scaling parameter, e.g., Qoffset-AI/ML) for estimating, computing, calculating, and/or evaluating a parameter (e.g., receive power, signal strength, etc.) (e.g., for the cell-ranking during cell (re)selection, initial access, etc.). As an example, the WTRU may use the corresponding offset (e.g., Qoffset-AI/ML) along with the measured cell received level value (e.g., Qrxlevmeas), the minimum required measured Rx level (e.g., Qrxlevmin and/or Qrxlevminoffset), the compensation parameters (e.g., Pcompensation), one or more temporary offset values (e.g., Qoffsettemp), etc. (e.g., Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - ( Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset ) - Pcompensation - Qoffsettemp+ Qoffset- AI/ML)

[0193] In an embodiment, the WTRU may determine or be (pre)configured to use different scaling parameters (e.g., Qoffset-AI/ML) for different priority levels. That is, for example, in case the WTRU determines or is configured with a first priority level (e.g., priority level A), the WTRU may use a first scaling parameter (e.g., Qoffset-AI/ML-A) for a cell that satisfies the required criteria (e.g., with fixed Set B type).

[0194] Alternately, in case the WTRU determines or is configured with a second priority level (e.g., priority level B), the WTRU may use a second scaling parameter (e.g., Qoffset- AI/ML-B) for a cell that satisfies the required criteria (e.g.. Set B size).

[0195] Alternately, if the WTRU determines or is configured with a third priority level (e.g., priority⁷ level C), the WTRU may use a third scaling parameter (e.g., Qoffset-AI/ML-C) for a cell that satisfies the required criteria (e.g., Set A to Set B ratio).

|0196| The WTRU may use the (re)evaluated parameter in the cell ranking and/or initial access and select the cell with the highest ranking.

Prioritization of candidate cells during cell (re)selection

[0197] In an example embodiment, a WTRU may perform one or more of the following: [0198] A WTRU may perform cell reselection procedure (e.g., periodic cell search) and detect one or more candidate neighbor cells with acceptable RSRP/RSRQ values (i.e., valid cells). The WTRU may measure RSRP, RSRQ, probability of Line of Sight (LOS), etc. based on received SSB.

[0199] The WTRU may receive the information on the AI/ML beam management systems supported by the detected candidate cells. For example, the WTRU may receive the Set B ty pe or the number of beams in the Set B, e.g., via SIB2, SIB3, etc. from the cell that the WTRU is currently camped on.

[0200] The AI/ML-enabled WTRU may receive priority' level for using the cells with AI/ML operation, e.g.. based on Set B, trained data sets, latency, coverage, probability of LOS, or mobility criteria. [0201] The WTRU may perform cell ranking (e.g., based on RSRP, RSRQ, number of the beams, etc.) for the detected cells.

[0202] The WTRU may perform cell ranking separately for prioritizing AI/ML cells: (e.g., for priority levels 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3, described herein) (for a first type of priority). The WTRU may perform cell-ranking in separate lists for cells with different priority levels, such as: 1^st list: prioritized AI/ML cells; 2^nd list: non-prioritized AI/ML cells (the cells that do not satisly the conditions for priority levels 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3) (for a first type of priority); 3^rd list: legacy cells (cells not supporting AI/ML). The WTRU may perform cell ranking and cell selection based on the order of the cells in the 1^st list, 2^nd list, and 3^rd list, successively.

[0203] Alternately, the WTRU may perform cell ranking jointly by using scaling offsets and thresholds for AI/ML cells: (e.g., for priority levels 2-4. described herein) (for a second type of priority). For instance, the WTRU uses one or more offset values and thresholds (e.g., Qoffset-AI/ML) for measuring/ calculating the cell ranking (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.) for the AI/ML cells, e.g., Rn = Qmeas,n + Qoffset-AI/ML - Qoffset - Qoffsettemp. The WTRU may determine the offset values and thresholds based on different use-cases, AI/ML models, or system scenarios. For example, the offset values or thresholds may be more conservative (e.g., smaller offsets such that the gaps between the measured value and the compensated values are narrower for RSRP) for the cases where the cell (re)selection is based on predicted beams rather than legacy transmitted beams. The WTRU may make the final decision for cell (re)selection based on joint cell ranking between AI-ML cells and non- AI/ML cells and the calculated cell ranking values (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.)

[0204] The WTRU selects the cell with the highest ranking and starts initial access (e.g., sends PRACH preamble) to corresponding cell.

[0205] In case a WTRU that is configured to prioritize the AI/ML cells (e.g.. priority level 2, described herein) fails to connect to any of the AI/ML cells, the WTRU may determine to use a priority level (e.g., priority⁷ level 3, described herein) that prioritizes the cells without AI/ML systems/operation.

Representative Procedures

[0206] A WTRU may perform cell (re)selection procedure (e.g., periodic cell search), when the WTRU detects one or more SSBs from one or more candidate neighbor cells. The WTRU may measure one or more quality parameters (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.) based on the detected SSBs from the detected cells. The WTRU may determine that one or more of the detected cells can be considered valid candidate cells (e.g.. with acceptable RSRP, RSRQ, etc. values). The WTRU may determine to evaluate the priority level for the valid cells to be considered in cell-ranking and further cell (re)selection procedures.

[0207] In an embodiment, a WTRU may be configured or determine (e.g., based on requirements in latency, coverage, mobility, etc.) to perform the prioritization for valid cells with different priority levels separately, jointly, etc. One or more of the following may apply: Separate cell (re)selection for cells with different modes of operation (e.g., with or without AI/ML)

[0208] In an embodiment, a WTRU may separate and/or categorize the detected cells in different lists based on the determined and/or (pre)configured priority' levels. That is, the WTRU may consider a first list to include the set of detected cells that support and/or provide a configuration that is indicated by a first determined and/or configured priority level (e.g.. highest priority), a second list to include the set of detected cells that support and/or provide a configuration that is indicated by a second determined and/or configured priority' level (e.g., second highest priority), etc.

[0209] In an example, a WTRU that is configured with priority level A (e.g., to prioritize the cells with fixed Set B) may consider more than one list of detected cells. The WTRU may determine the first list to include the cells that support the prioritized configuration indicated via priority' level A (e.g., fixed Set B), and the second list to include the cells that support the lower priority configuration indicated via priority level A (e.g., random Set B), etc.

|0210| In an alternate embodiment, the WTRU may determine or receive configuration on the order of priorities for the different priority levels to be considered. That is, for example, priority' level A to be the highest priority', priority' level B to be the second highest priority', etc.

[0211] As such, the WTRU may perform separate cell prioritization procedures (e.g., during initial access and/or cell re-selection) on the determined separate lists of the detected cells. In an example, during cell (re)selection, upon performing separate cell-rankings, the WTRU may determine one or more highest-ranking cells in the first list (e.g., cells with determined and/or configured Set B type), one or more highest-ranking cells in the second list (e g., cells with determined and/or configured Set B size), etc.

[0212] In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive an (explicit or implicit) indication (e.g., configuration, e.g., via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc.) that the WTRU may and/or shall either consider and/or apply the first list (e.g., may select one highest-ranking cell only within the first list) or consider and/or apply the second list (e.g., may’ select one highest- ranking cell only within the second list) selectively, based on the indication. This may provide benefits in terms of flexibility and/or efficiency in that a network (e.g., gNB) may choose (e.g., dynamically) a cell-ranking procedure based on either the first list or the second list, e.g., depending on varying traffic conditions, WTRU congestion aspect per cell, load balancing purpose, etc.

[0213] Moreover, the WTRU may determine or receive an (explicit or implicit) indication (e.g., configuration, e.g., via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc.) that the WTRU may and/or shall consider and/or apply more than one list for cell ranking. That is, for example, the WTRU may consider both a first list and a second list in performing cell ranking and selecting the final highest one (or more) cells across the two lists, e.g., each with the preselected one or more highest-ranking cells.

[0214] In another example, the WTRU may perform the cell ranking in separate lists for cells with different priority levels. For example, the first list may include the cells that support a prioritized first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation), where the cells satisfy at least one of the priority levels (e g., priority level A, B, etc.). The second list may include the cells that support a prioritized first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation), where the cells do not satisfy any of the (pre)configured priority levels (e.g., priority level A, B, etc.). The third list may include the cells that do not support a prioritized first mode of operation (e.g., cells without AI/ML operation and/or legacy cells), etc. The WTRU may perform cell ranking and cell selection based on the order of the cells in the first list, second list, third list, etc. successively.

Joint cell (re)selection for cells with different modes of operation (e.g., with or without AI/ML)

[0215] In an embodiment, a WTRU may select the best cell (e.g., suitable and/or strongest cell) for the cell (re)selection based on joint optimization and/or selection among the cells with different modes of operation (e.g., with and without AI/ML operation), and/or different priority types and levels. For example, if multiple cells with similar priorities fulfill the cell (re)selection criteria, the WTRU may determine to use one or more offsets, compensations, and/or scaling rules and parameters for calculating, evaluating, and/or determining the cell ranking for one or more cells that support a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation).

[0216] In an embodiment, a WTRU may determine to use one or more compensation and/or scaling rules for enhancing the cell ranking for prioritizing cells with a first mode of operation (e.g.. with AI/ML operation). For example, if the WTRU is configured or determines to apply the second type of prioritization, the WTRU may determine to use one or more (pre)configured offset values, compensation parameters, and/or scaling rules based on one or more thresholds and/or configurations for the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation). The WTRU may (re)evaluate the received power and/or strength (e.g., RSRP, RSSI, SINR, etc.) and/or received signal quality (e.g., RSRQ) for the cells with the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation) based on modified rankings after application of the determined offset values, compensation parameters, and/or scaling rules.

[0217] A WTRU may perform cell (re)selection for one or more detected cells, where one or more preferred SSBs are based on one or more predicted beams (e g., based on predicted RSRP, RSRQ, etc. via AI/ML systems). In one embodiment, the WTRU may determine to use different sets of scaling rules, compensation parameters, and/or offset values if the WTRU has selected a cell based on predicted SSBs (e.g., instead of legacy transmitted SSBs). In an example, one or more scaling rules for one or more parameters (e.g., RSRP) may have a lower gap and/or offset (e.g., more conservative) for the cell (re)selection based on predicted SSBs, compared to the scaling rules used for cell (re)selections based on measured detected SSBs.

[0218] The WTRU makes the final decision for cell (re)selection based on joint cell ranking between cells with the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation), second mode of operation (e.g., without AI/ML operation), and the calculated and/or (re)evaluated cell ranking values (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.).

Cell (Re)Selection

[0219] In an example, a WTRU may determine to (re)evaluate the received signal power, strength, and/or quality' (e.g., RSRP, RSSI, SINR, RSRQ, etc.) of a first cell with a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation) based on the measured parameters and respective configured and/or determined compensation and/or scaling values.

[0220] The WTRU may perform the cell-ranking based on the (re)evaluated parameters. The WTRU may determine that the cell ranking based on the (re)evaluated parameters has resulted in a first cell having the highest and/or strongest cell-ranking. As such, the WTRU may select the first cell as the serving cell.

[0221] Upon selection of the first cell, the WTRU may initiate an initial access procedure to the selected first cell (e.g., PRACH preamble transmission) to connect to the selected first cell.

[0222] In an example, a WTRU that is configured with a first priority level to prioritize the cells that support a first mode of operation (e.g.. with AI/ML operation) may fail to connect to any of cells with the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation). As such, the WTRU may determine to use a second priority level that prioritizes the cells with a second mode of operation (e.g.. without AI/ML operation).

Inter-freauencv cell re-selection

[0223] The WTRU may perform cell re-selection across multiple NR inter-frequencies and/or inter-radio access technologies (RAT) frequencies. The WTRU may determine and apply a priority for each of at least one of the inter-frequencies and perform cell re-selection based on the priority and measurement results (e.g.. Srxiev, Squai) applicable to the at least one interfrequency.

Priority of frequency with first mode of operation

[0224] In some embodiments, a WTRU may determine the priority of a frequency based on whether a configuration for a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation) is provided for that frequency. The WTRU can obtain such configuration from system information or from RRC connection release, for example. In an example, the WTRU may determine that if a configuration for the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation) is provided for a frequency, this frequency is the highest priority frequency. The WTRU may make this determination only under a condition that the WTRU supports the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation). In another embodiment, the WTRU may determine that, if a configuration for the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation) is provided for a frequency and the WTRU does not support first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation), this frequency is the lowest priority frequency.

Prioritization of candidate cells during initial access

[0225] A WTRU may detect one or more SSBs from one or more detected cells (e.g., during the initial access). In an example, the WTRU may decode one or more parameters from the detected SSBs (e.g., PSS, SSS, PBCH, and MIB). For example, the (e.g., AI/ML-enabled) WTRU may determine whether the detected cells support a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation) (e.g., via MIB).

[0226] In an embodiment, the WTRU may prioritize one or more cells of the detected cells, e.g., for the detected cells that support the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation). In an example, the WTRU may determine the multiplicity of prioritized candidate cells for which the prioritized candidate cells satisfy a level of performance relative to the selected best prioritized cell. For example, the WTRU may determine that the difference between the measured RSRP of the candidate cell and the measured RSRP of the best cell should be less than a (pre)configured threshold. [0227] In an embodiment, the WTRU may attempt to find and decode one or more information configurations (e.g.. SIB1) for more detailed information of one or more of the prioritized cells (e.g., information on AI/ML properties, models, or priorities). In an example, the WTRU may attempt to detect more information (e.g., SIB1) for the cells that support the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation). In another example, the WTRU may determine to detect more information (e g., SIB1) based on the WTRU's determined and/or (pre)configured priority levels for the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation). The WTRU may determine the priority levels based on the preferences of the WTRU, the WTRU's configuration, and/ or the WTRU's state of operation (e.g., required latency, coverage, mobility, etc.).

[0228] If the WTRU determines to detect more information on one or more of the detected cells, the WTRU may receive (e.g., via SIB1) one or more configuration information for the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI/ML operation) (e.g., Set B type, size, and/or pattern from SIB1). Alternatively, the WTRU may select a first cell as the best cell, for example, based on measured quality parameters (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.), based on (re)evaluated parameters (e.g., as described herein, see Section 4.3.1), based on supporting the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation), based on WTRU's preferences, etc.

[0229] In an example, the WTRU may select a particular cell for the first mode of operation, if at least one of the following exemplary properties are supported in the selected cell: the WTRU may select a cell for which one or more operation parameters match with preferred cell selection criteria; the WTRU may select a cell whose AI/ML-model-location-support match with the WTRU's preferred AI/ML-model-location-support; the WTRU may select a cell whose AI/ML-BeamResourceSet-size is equal to, smaller, or greater than the WTRU's preferred AI/ML-BeamResourceSet-size; the WTRU may select a cell whose AI/ML- BeamResourceSet-type matches, is a superset of the WTRU's preferred AI/ML- BeamResourceSet-type (w here random type is superset of both fixed and random types) or is a subset of the WTRU's preferred AI/ML-BeamResourceSet-type (where fixed type is subset of both random and fixed types).

[0230] The WTRU may initiate an initial access to the selected cell (e.g.. by sending a PRACH preamble). The WTRU may receive more detailed information on the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation) (e.g., Set B type or size) as part of messages received during the initial access (e.g., via Random Access Response (RAR) PDSCH, Msg4, and/or MsgB). [0231] In an example, the WTRU may determine that the selected cell satisfies the requirements for operation in the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation) (e.g., based on the received information and priority levels from the selected cell). The WTRU continues to connect to the cell, that is, for example, the WTRU starts initial access (e.g., sends a PRACH preamble) to the corresponding cell and/or the WTRU continues with Msg3 transmission.

[0232] Otherwise, in another example, the WTRU may determine that the selected cell satisfies fewer than all (e.g., none) of the properties desired to operate in a first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation). In such a case, the WTRU may reject the cell and attempt to find another cell.

[0233] In another example, the WTRU may determine that none of the detected cells with the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation) satisfy the configured and/or determined properties for the first mode of operation. As such, in an example, the WTRU may switch to fallback mode to prioritize the cells without the first mode of operation (i.e., with a second mode of operation, e g., without AI/ML operation).

Data collection between cells supporting AI/ML systems

[0234] In an exemplary embodiment, a WTRU may perform one or more of the following actions.

[0235] The WTRU may receive a request from gNB to perform automatic network relation (ANR) acquisition from one or more neighbor cells.

[0236] The WTRU may receive configuration information for one or more AI/ML parameters to acquire from the neighbor cells, e.g., AI/ML support, Set B type. Set B size, Set B pattern, etc.

[0237] The WTRU may receive one or more preferred criteria for detecting and reporting the cells (e.g., only report the cells with (or without) AI/ML operation).

[0238] The WTRU may search and attempt to find the neighbor cells' SSB bursts.

[0239] Upon detection of a neighbor cell's SSB, the WTRU may decode MIB and SIB1 and determine the configured AI/ML parameters. For example, the WTRU may determine if a cell support AI/ML based on MIB. In another example, the WTRU may determine to decode the SIB1 only if the AI/ML support determined from the MIB satisfies a preference indicated by the gNB.

[0240] The WTRU may report the determined AI/ML parameters as part of an ANR report.

Overview [0241] A WTRU may receive a configuration and/or an indication to perform an automatic neighbor cell relation (ANR) acquisition procedure (e.g., via RRC message, MAC-CE and or DCI). The WTRU may receive one or more configuration information (e.g., from a serving cell and/or a camped-on cell, e.g., via RRC, MAC-CE, and/or DCI) to measure and/or acquire one or more neighbor cells' signal and/or beam quality measurements (e.g., RSRP, SINR, RSSI, CQI, etc.). The WTRU may receive one or more thresholds for one or more of the configured parameters.

[0242] The WTRU may detect SSBs associated with one or more neighbor cells. The WTRU may perform measurements on one or more configured parameters (e.g., RSRP) of the detected SSBs of one or more detected neighbor cells. Based on the measurements, the WTRU may determine signal qualities of one or more detected neighbor cells. In an example, the WTRU may decode the MIB associated with the detected SSBs of the detected neighbor cells. In another example, the WTRU may determine Physical cell IDs (PCIDs) of one or more of the detected neighbor cells based on the decoded MIB. The WTRU may determine or be configured to report one or more of the measured parameters (e.g., RSRP) and/or acquired information (e.g., PCID) from one or more of the detected neighbor cells.

Exemplary Embodiments

Acquiring the information

[0243] In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive configuration information to acquire one or more settings, parameters, and/or capabilities from the detected neighbor cells. The WTRU may be configured to report the acquired information from the detected neighbor cells (e.g., to the gNB, serving cell, etc.). For example, the WTRU may receive one or more thresholds to determine the information to be acquired and/or reported from the detected neighbor cells. In another example, the WTRU may be configured to decode the information that is provided in the MIB and/or SIB. That is, the WTRU may be configured to detect and decode additional information from the detected neighbor cells that is in corresponding SIB. In an example, the WTRU may be configured to acquire one or more (e.g., AI/ML) parameters.

[0244] For instance, the WTRU may be configured to acquire modes of operation. For example, the WTRU may determine whether the neighbor cells support or do not support one or more modes of operation (e g., operation with or without AI/ML systems) (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.). In another example, the WTRU may acquire the information on the AI/ML models used in the detected neighbor cells.

[0245] For instance, the WTRU may be configured to acquire Set B type. For example, for the detected neighbor cells that support operation with AI/ML, the WTRU may determine the Set B type supported in the detected neighbor cells. That is, the WTRU may determine and report if the Set B type supported in the detected neighbor cells is a fixed type, random type, etc.

[0246] For instance, the WTRU may be configured to acquire Set B size. For example, for the detected neighbor cells that support operation with AI/ML, the WTRU may determine the Set B size supported in the detected neighbor cells. For instance, the WTRU may determine and report the number of the transmitted reference signals included in corresponding Set B (e.g., 8, 16, 32, or 64 beams).

[0247] For instance, the WTRU may be configured to acquire Set B pattern. For example, for the detected neighbor cells that support operation with AI/ML, the WTRU may determine the Set B pattern supported in the detected neighbor cells. In an example, the WTRU may determine and report if the Set B pattern supported in the detected neighbor cells is a first pattern, a second pattern, etc.

Reporting the information

[0248] In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive one or more thresholds, maximum and/or minimum limits, and/or ranges for one or more parameters to determine whether to report the detected neighbor cell as part of the ANR report, and/or the parameters to be reported for the detected neighbor cells as part of the ANR report. The WTRU may be configured with time and frequency resources to report the ANR report (e.g., ANR PUCCH and/or PUSCH resources).

[0249] For example, one or more of the following may apply.

[0250] The WTRU may report only the PCID for the detected neighbor cells.

[0251] The WTRU may report PCID in addition to one or more measured quality' parameters (e.g., RSRP) for the detected SSBs of the detected neighbor cells.

[0252] The WTRU may determine or be configured to report the mode of operation (e.g., operation with or without AI/ML model) only for the detected neighbor cells for which one or more of the measured quality parameters (e.g., RSRP) are higher than a corresponding threshold. The WTRU may indicate mode of operation via a flag indication, where a first value (e.g.. one) may indicate a first mode of operation (e.g., operation with AI/ML). and a second value (e.g., zero) may indicated a second mode of operation (e g., operation without AI/ML).

[0253] The WTRU may determine or be configured to report the parameters (e.g., PCID) of one or more detected neighbor cells which support a first mode of operation (e.g., operation with AI/ML capabilities); the WTRU may be configured to only report the parameters (e.g., PCID) of one or more detected neighbor cells which support a second mode of operation (e.g., operation without AI/ML, e.g.. legacy operation); the WTRU may be configured to only report the parameters (e.g., PCID) of one or more detected neighbor cells which support a first and a second mode of operation (e.g., operation with and without AI/ML), etc.

[0254] The WTRU may determine or be configured to report the parameters (e.g., PCID) for one or more detected neighbor cells for which the measured RSRPs is higher than a corresponding threshold and that the detected neighbor cells support a first mode of operation (e.g., operation with AI/ML).

[0255] In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive a configuration (e.g., based on the reported PCIDs of the detected neighbor cells and/or AI/ML capabilities of the reported cells) (e.g., via RRC. MAC-CE, DCI, etc.) indicating one or more PCIDs and an indication indicating that the WTRU is to report one or more of the parameters regarding the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation, e.g., AI/ML-operation-status, AI/ML-BeamResourceSet- type, AI/ML-BeamResourceSet-size and/or AI/ML-model-location-support) of the cells associated with the indicated PCIDs (e.g., for cells that have AI/ML-operation-capability). Additionally, the WTRU may receive a configuration of preferred criteria for cell selection (e.g., preferred AI/ML-BeamResourceSet-type, AI/ML-BeamResourceSet-size and/or AI/ML-model-location-support).

[0256] In an example, the WTRU may detect SSBs and decode the MIB and/or SIB of the cells associated with indicated PCIDs. Based on the decoded information from MIB and/or SIB, the WTRU may determine the status regarding the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation) and/or one or more of other operation parameters from detected neighboring cells. [0257] For example, the WTRU may determine the status for the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation) that may be enabled or disabled at a detected cell based on decoded information from the MIB associated with that cell. Based on the determined operation status, the WTRU may decode SIB1. For example, the WTRU may decode SIB of a cell if the first mode of operation is enabled in the cell.

[0258] For example, the WTRU may determine the Set B type (e.g., AI/ML- BeamResourceSet-type) for the detected cells (e.g., fixed or random beam resource set) based on decoded information from SIB.

[0259] For example, the WTRU may determine Set B size (e.g., AI/ML-BeamResourceSet- size) for the detected cell to be, for example, N beam RS resources, or a maximum number of K max beam RS resources in a beam resource set, based on decoded information from the SIB. [0260] For example, the WTRU may determine AI/ML-model-location-support (e.g., gNB- side AI/ML model or WTRU-side AI/ML model or both) based on decoded information from the SIB.

[0261] In an embodiment, the WTRU may report (e.g., via PUCCH and/or PUSCH, e.g., via ANR report on PUCCH and or PUSCH) the operation status of the first mode of operation for the cells associated with indicated PCIDs based on the received configuration (i.e., AI/ML report parameters, and indicated PCIDs.) and decoded information of MIB of the cells associated with indicated PCIDs. Additionally, the WTRU may report one or more of cell operation parameters for the first mode of operation based on decoded information from the SIB and/or detected operation status (e.g., when enabled) of the cells associated with indicated PCIDs.

[0262] For example, the WTRU may report operation status indication via a flag indication with a first value (e.g., zero) indicating enabled and a second value (e.g., one) indicating disabled.

[0263] For example, the WTRU may report an indication indicating SIB (e.g., SIB1) decode status (e.g., SIBl_status) via a flag indication, where a first value (e.g., zero) may indicate successfully decoded and a second value (e.g., one) may indicate unable to decode.

[0264] For example, the WTRU may report (e.g., based on SIB status being successfully decoded) the AI/ML-model-location-support indication via an indication (e.g., 2-bit indication) that is a first value (e.g., zero) that indicates at WTRU side, a second value (e.g., one) that indicates at gNB and/or network side, a third values (e.g., two) that indicates at both WTRU and gNB side.

[0265] For example, the WTRU may report (e.g., based on SIB status being successfully decoded) AI/ML-BeamResourceSet-type indication, via an indication, where a first value (e.g., zero) may indicate a first Set B type (e.g., fixed), a second value (e.g., one) may indicate a second Set B type (e.g., random), a third value (e.g., two) may indicate a third Set B ty pe (e.g., all types supported), etc.

[0266] For example, the WTRU may report (e.g., based on SIB status being successfully decoded) AI/ML-BeamResourceSet-size as N RS resources and/or a maximum number of max_K RS resources supported.

[0267] In an embodiment, the WTRU may report (e.g., via PUCCH and/or PUSCH, e.g., via an ANR report on PUCCH and or PUSCH), PCIDs of the detected neighboring cells based on the received configuration, preferred cell selection criteria received from the serving cell, decoded information from SIB, priority levels, operation status for the first mode of operation (e.g., AI/ML operation) (e.g., enabled), etc. for the detected neighbor cells.

[0268] In an embodiment, the WTRU may report PCIDs of cells whose one or more operation parameters match with preferred cell selection criteria.

[0269] For example, the WTRU may report PCIDs of the cells whose AI/ML-model- location-support match with gNB preferred AI/ML-model-location-support.

[0270] For example, the WTRU may report PCIDs of cells whose AI/ML-BeamResourceSet- size is equal to, smaller, or greater than the gNB preferred AI/ML-BeamResourceSet-size.

[0271] For example, the WTRU may report PCIDs of cells whose AI/ML-BeamResourceSet- type matches, is a superset of (where random type is superset of both fixed and random types) gNB preferred AI/ML-BeamResourceSet-type, or is a subset of (where fixed type is subset of both random and fixed types) gNB preferred AI/ML-BeamResourceSet-type.

[0272] FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary process for a WTRU to prioritize neighbor cells for purposes of cell (re)selection according to AI/ML parameters in accordance with embodiments.

[0273] In step 301, the WTRU initiates a cell (re)selection procedure and detects one or more candidate neighbor cells. The cell (re)selection procedure may, for instance, be initiated periodically or due to an impending handover. The WTRU may select appropriate candidate neighbor cells based on parameters such as RSRP, RSRQ, probability of LOS, etc.

|0274| In step 303, the WTRU receives information on the AI/ML beam management systems that are supported by the detected candidate cells. This information may be received via the cell that the WTRU currently is camped on and may be received via SIB, e.g., SIB2, SIB 3. The information may comprise Set B t pe of number of beams in Set B.

[0275] In step 305, the WTRU receives a priority regime to use in ranking the candidate neighbor cells for purposes of (re)selection.

[0276] In step 307, the WTRU ranks the candidate neighbor cells in accordance with at least the assigned priority regime. The ranking may further be based on other parameters such as RSRP, RSRQ, etc.

[0277] In step 309, the WTRU selecting the candidate neighbor cell having the highest ranking for cell (re)selection and commences initial access (and may commence initial access with the highest ranked candidate neighbor cell).

[0278] In an embodiment, the information on the AI/ML beam management systems supported by the detected candidate cells comprises at least one of Set B type, Set B size, Set B pattern, and AI/ML model. [0279] In an embodiment, the priority regime is based on any one or more of Set B parameters of the candidate neighbor cell, trained data sets, latency, coverage, probability of LOS, and mobility conditions.

[0280] In an embodiment, the ranking of the candidate neighbor cells is performed separately for candidate neighbor cells that are AI/ML capable in a first ranked list and candidate neighbor cells that are not AI/ML capable in a second ranked list.

[0281] In an embodiment, the candidate neighbor cells in the first list are prioritized over the candidate neighbor cells in the second list.

[0282] In an alternate embodiment, the candidate neighbor cells with AI/ML capabilities and candidate neighbor cells without AI/ML capabilities are ranked in a single list, but compensation values, offset values, and/or scaling rules are applied as a function of AI/ML capabilities of the candidate neighbor cells are applied in the ranking.

Representative Procedures for Prioritizing of neighbor cell(s) during cell selection or cell reselection according to a set of AI/ML parameters

[0283] In one embodiment, a method (implemented by a WTRU) for wireless communications includes detecting one or more candidate neighbor cells for cell selection, receiving information related to AI/ML beam management associated with the one or more candidate neighbor cells, and receiving a priority regime to use in ranking the one or more candidate neighbor cells with AI/ML capabilities for cell selection. The method also includes ranking the one or more candidate neighbor cells based at least on the priority regime, and selecting, from the one or more candidate neighbor cells, a neighbor cell based on the rank of the selected neighbor cell. In an example, the selected neighbor cell has the highest ranking for cell selection. In some cases, the neighbor cell is reselected from the one or more candidate neighbor cells. In some examples, the received information (e.g., configuration information) indicates one or more of: a set B ty pe, a set B size, a set B pattern, or an AI/ML model that are associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beam-pairs for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

[0284] In some examples, the received information indicates a type associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beam-pairs for measurement.

[0285] In some examples, the received information indicates a size or the number of beams associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beam-pairs for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells. [0286] In some examples, the received information indicates a pattern associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beam-pairs for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

[0287] In some examples, the received information indicates an AI/ML model associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beam-pairs for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

[0288] In some examples, the received information indicates time and/or frequency resources for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

[0289] In an example, the method may also include determining, based on the received information related to AI/ML beam management and for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells, at least a subset of reference signal resources associated with one or more beams or beam-pairs.

[0290] In some examples, the priority⁷ regime is based on any of: a set of parameters of the one or more candidate neighbor cells, trained data sets, a latency, a coverage, a probability of line of sight (LOS), and/or mobility conditions.

[0291] In some examples, the method may also include ranking candidate neighbor cells that are AI/ML capable in a first list, and ranking candidate neighbor cells that are not AI/ML capable in a second list. In an example, the candidate neighbor cells in the first list are prioritized over the candidate neighbor cells in the second list.

|0292| In some examples, the method may also include ranking candidate neighbor cells with AI/ML capabilities and candidate neighbor cells without AI/ML capabilities in a third list. [0293] In some examples, the method may also include applying, when ranking the one or more candidate neighbor cells, at least one of compensation values, offset values, or scaling rules as a function of AI/ML capabilities of the one or more candidate neighbor cells in the first list, the second list, or the third list.

[0294] In one embodiment, a WTRU for wireless communications comprising circuity, including a processor, a transmitter, a receiver, and memory is provided. The WTRU is configured to detect one or more candidate neighbor cells for cell selection, to receive information related to AI/ML beam management associated with the one or more candidate neighbor cells, and to receive a priority regime to use in ranking the one or more candidate neighbor cells with AI/ML capabilities for cell selection. The WTRU is further configured to rank the one or more candidate neighbor cells based at least on the priority regime, and to select, from the one or more candidate neighbor cells, a neighbor cell based on the rank of the selected neighbor cell. In an example, the selected neighbor cell has the highest ranking for cell selection. In some cases, the neighbor cell is reselected from the one or more candidate neighbor cells. In some examples, the received information (e.g.. configuration information) indicates one or more of: a set B type, a set B size, a set B pattern, or an AI/ML model that are associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beam-pairs for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

[0295] In one embodiment, a method (implemented in a WTRU) includes initiating a cell (re)selection procedure and detecting candidate neighbor cells; receiving information on AI/ML beam management systems supported by the detected candidate cells; receiving a priority regime to use in ranking the candidate neighbor cells with AI/ML capabilities for (re)selection; ranking the candidate neighbor cells based at least on the received priority regime; and selecting the candidate neighbor cell having the highest ranking for cell (re)selection.

[0296] In some examples, the information on the AI/ML beam management systems supported by the detected candidate cells comprises at least one on set B type, set B size, set B pattern, and AI/ML model. The priority regime is based on at least one of set B parameters of the candidate neighbor cell, trained data sets, latency, coverage, probability of LOS, and mobility conditions. The ranking of the candidate neighbor cells comprises separately ranking candidate neighbor cells that are AI/ML capable in a first ranked list and candidate neighbor cells that are not AI/ML capable in a second ranked list. The candidate neighbor cells in the first list are prioritized over the candidate neighbor cells in the second list.

[0297] In some examples, candidate neighbor cells with AI/ML capabilities and candidate neighbor cells without AI/ML capabilities are ranked in a single list, and at least one of compensation values, offset values, and scaling rules are applied as a function of AI/ML capabilities of the candidate neighbor cells in the ranking.

[0298] In one embodiment, referring to FIG. 4, a flow chart illustrating an example procedure for a WTRU to collect and share data from neighboring cells that support AI/ML systems is provided.

[0299] In step 401, the WTRU receives a request from its serving gNB to perform ANR acquisition from one or more neighbor cells to acquire one or more settings, parameters, and/or capabilities from detected neighbor cells, such as the AI/ML capabilities of the cells. [0300] In step 403, the WTRU further receives from the gNB a configuration for one or more AI/ML parameters that are to be acquired from the neighbor cells.

[0301] In step 405, the WTRU further receives from the gNB preferred criteria for which neighbor cells to acquire such information from. For instance, the WTRU may receive indication that only AI/ML capable cells are to be considered or only cells without AI/ML capabilities are to be considered.

[0302] In response, at step 407, the WTRU attempts to detect the SSB bursts of the indicated neighbor cells.

[0303] In step 409, the WTRU decodes the MIB and SSB of each indicated neighbor cell to determine the indicated settings, parameters, and/or capabilities, e.g., AI/ML indicated settings, parameters, and/or capabilities.

[0304] In step 411, the WTRU reports the determined settings, parameters, and/or capabilities to its serving gNB.

[0305] In an embodiment, the settings, parameters, and/or capabilities of the neighbor cells comprise AI/ML capabilities, Set B type, Set B size, Set B pattern, etc.

[0306] In an embodiment, the preferred criteria for which neighbor cells to acquire such information from may be an indication that only AI/ML capable cells are to be considered. [0307] In an embodiment, the preferred criteria for which neighbor cells to acquire such information from may be an indication that only cells without AI/ML capabilities are to be considered.

[0308] In an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to or may determine to decode the SIB 1 only if the AI/ML support determined from decoding the MIB satisfies the preference indicated by the gNB (e.g., only if the neighbor cell is AI/ML-capable).

CONCLUSION

[0309] Although features and elements are provided above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations may be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. No element, act, or instruction used in the description of the present application should be construed as critical or essential to the invention unless explicitly provided as such. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods or systems. [0310] The foregoing embodiments are discussed, for simplicity, with regard to the terminology and structure of infrared capable devices, i.e., infrared emitters and receivers. However, the embodiments discussed are not limited to these systems but may be applied to other systems that use other forms of electromagnetic waves or non-electromagnetic waves such as acoustic waves.

[0311] It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the term "video" or the term "imagery" may mean any of a snapshot, single image and/or multiple images displayed over a time basis. As another example, when referred to herein, the terms "user equipment" and its abbreviation "UE", the term "remote" and/or the terms "head mounted display" or its abbreviation "HMD" may mean or include (i) a wireless transmit and/or receive unit (WTRU); (ii) any of a number of embodiments of a WTRU; (iii) a wireless-capable and/or wired-capable (e.g., tetherable) device configured with, inter alia, some or all structures and functionality' of a WTRU; (iii) a wireless-capable and/or wired- capable device configured with less than all structures and functionality of a WTRU; or (iv) the like. Details of an example WTRU, which may be representative of any WTRU recited herein, are provided herein with respect to FIGs. 1 A-1D. As another example, various disclosed embodiments herein supra and infra are described as utilizing a head mounted display. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a device other than the head mounted display may be utilized and some or all of the disclosure and various disclosed embodiments can be modified accordingly without undue experimentation. Examples of such other device may include a drone or other device configured to stream information for providing the adapted reality experience.

[0312] In addition, the methods provided herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only- memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magnetooptical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequencytransceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, MME, EPC, AMF. or any host computer. [0313] Variations of the method, apparatus and system provided above are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. In view of the wide variety of embodiments that can be applied, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiments are examples only, and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the following claims. For instance, the embodiments provided herein include handheld devices, which may include or be utilized with any appropriate voltage source, such as a battery and the like, providing any appropriate voltage.

[0314] Moreover, in the embodiments provided above, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices that include processors are noted. These devices may include at least one Central Processing Unit ("CPU") and memory'. In accordance with the practices of persons skilled in the art of computer programming, reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations or instructions may be performed by the various CPUs and memories. Such acts and operations or instructions may be referred to as being "executed", "computer executed" or "CPU executed".

[0315] One of ordinary’ skill in the art will appreciate that the acts and symbolically- represented operations or instructions include the manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. An electrical system represents data bits that can cause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signals and the maintenance of data bits at memory- locations in a memory system to thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the CPU's operation, as w ell as other processing of signals. The memory locations where data bits are maintained are physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to or representative of the data bits. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned platforms or CPUs and that other platforms and CPUs may support the provided methods.

[0316] The data bits may also be maintained on a computer readable medium including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM)) or non-volatile (e.g., Read-Only Memory- (ROM)) mass storage system readable by the CPU. The computer readable medium may include cooperating or interconnected computer readable medium, which exist exclusively on the processing system or are distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local or remote to the processing system. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned memories and that other platforms and memories may support the provided methods.

[0317] In an illustrative embodiment, any of the operations, processes, etc. described herein may be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable instructions may be executed by a processor of a mobile unit, a network element, and/or any other computing device.

[0318] There is little distinction left between hardware and software implementations of aspects of systems. The use of hardware or software is generally (but not always, in that in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software may become significant) a design choice representing cost versus efficiency tradeoffs. There may be various vehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologies described herein may be effected (e.g.. hardware, software, and/or firmware), and the preferred vehicle may vary with the context in which the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle. If flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation. Alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware.

[0319] The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples include one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples may be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In an embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, may be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein may be distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, a computer memory, etc., and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).

[0320] Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common within the art to describe devices and/or processes in the fashion set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering practices to integrate such described devices and/or processes into data processing systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and/or processes described herein may be integrated into a data processing system via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a typical data processing system may generally include one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatile and nonvolatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices, such as a touch pad or screen, and/or control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and/or velocity, control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/or quantities). A typical data processing system may be implemented utilizing any suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing/communication and/or network computing/ communi cation systems.

[0321] The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components included within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures may be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality may be achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality may be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated may also be viewed as being "operably connected", or "operably coupled", to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated may also be viewed as being "operably couplable" to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.

[0322] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

[0323] It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.) and/or "permissive" terms (e.g., the term "is" and/or the term "are" may be interpreted as "may" and/or "might", the terms ""refer(s)" may be interpreted as "may refer" and/or "might refer", the terms "receive(s)" may be interpreted as "may receive" and/or "might receive", the terms "support(s)" may be interpreted as "may support" and/or "might support", the terms "interface(s)" may be interpreted as "may interface" and/or "might interface", the terms "transmit(s)" may be interpreted as "may interface" and/or "might interface", "may transmit" and/or "might transmit", the terms "send(s)" may be interpreted as "may send" and/or "might send", the terms "does not refer" (and/or the like) may be interpreted as "may not refer" and/or "might not refer", the terms "does not receive" (and/or the like) may be interpreted as "may not receive" and/or "might not receive", the terms "does not support" (and/or the like) may be interpreted as "may not support" and/or "might not support", the terms "does not interface" (and/or the like) may be interpreted as "may not interface" and/or "might not interface", the terms "does not transmit" (and/or the like) may be interpreted as "may not transmit" and/or "might not transmit", the terms "does not send" (and/or the like) may be interpreted as "may not send" and/or "might not send", etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, where only one item is intended, the term "single" or similar language may be used. As an aid to understanding, the following appended claims and/or the descriptions herein may include usage of the introductory' phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim including such introduced claim recitation to embodiments including only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or "an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"). The same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A. B, and C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone. B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A. B, or C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B." Further, the terms "any of' followed by a listing of a plurality⁷ of items and/or a plurality of categories of items, as used herein, are intended to include "any of," "any combination of," "any multiple of." and/or "any combination of multiples of the items and/or the categories of items, individually or in conjunction with other items and/or other categories of items. Moreover, as used herein, the term "set" is intended to include any number of items, including zero. Additionally, as used herein, the term "number" is intended to include any number, including zero. And the term "multiple", as used herein, is intended to be synonymous with "a plurality".

[0324] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group. [0325] As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As anon-limiting example, each range discussed herein may be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as "up to," "at least," "greater than," "less than," and the like includes the number recited and refers to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, etc.

[0326] Moreover, the claims should not be read as limited to the provided order or elements unless stated to that effect. In addition, use of the terms "means for" in any claim is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112, U 6 or means-plus-function claim format, and any claim without the terms "means for" is not so intended.

[0327] Suitable processors include, by way of example, a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Application Specific Standard Products (ASSPs); Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), and/or a state machine.

[0328] The WTRU may be used in conjunction with modules, implemented in hardware and/or software including a Software Defined Radio (SDR), and other components such as a camera, a video camera module, a videophone, a speakerphone, a vibration device, a speaker, a microphone, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a keyboard, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a Near Field Communication (NFC) Module, a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, and/or any Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) or Ultra Wide Band (UWB) module.

[0329] Although the various embodiments have been described in terms of communication systems, it is contemplated that the systems may be implemented in software on microprocessors/general purpose computers (not shown). In certain embodiments, one or more of the functions of the various components may be implemented in software that controls a general-purpose computer. [0330] In addition, although the invention is illustrated and described herein with reference to specific embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the details shown. Rather, various modifications may be made in the details within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims and without departing from the invention.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A method implemented in a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) for wireless communications, the method comprising: detecting one or more candidate neighbor cells for cell selection; receiving information related to artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) beam management associated with the one or more candidate neighbor cells; receiving a priority regime to use in ranking the one or more candidate neighbor cells with AI/ML capabilities for cell selection; ranking the one or more candidate neighbor cells based at least on the priority regime; and selecting, from the one or more candidate neighbor cells, a neighbor cell based on the rank of the selected neighbor cell.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the selecting the neighbor cell from the one or more candidate neighbor cells comprises reselecting the neighbor cell from the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

3. The method of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the information indicates a type associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beam-pairs for measurement.

4. The method of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the information indicates a size or the number of beams associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beam-pairs for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

5. The method of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the information indicates a pattern associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beam-pairs for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

6. The method of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the information indicates an AI/ML model associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beampairs for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

7. The method of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the information indicates time and/or frequency resources for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

8. The method of any one of claims 1-2, further comprising: determining, based on the received information related to AI/ML beam management and for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells, at least a subset of reference signal resources associated with one or more beams or beam-pairs.

9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the priority regime is based on any of: a set of parameters of the one or more candidate neighbor cells, trained data sets, a latency, a coverage, a probability of line of sight (LOS), and/or mobility conditions.

10. The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the ranking of the one or more candidate neighbor cells comprises: ranking candidate neighbor cells that are AI/ML capable in a first list, and ranking candidate neighbor cells that are not AI/ML capable in a second list.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the candidate neighbor cells in the first list are prioritized over the candidate neighbor cells in the second list.

12. The method of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the ranking of the one or more candidate neighbor cells comprises: ranking candidate neighbor cells with AI/ML capabilities and candidate neighbor cells without AI/ML capabilities in a third list.

13. The method of any one of claims 10-12, further comprising: applying, when ranking the one or more candidate neighbor cells, at least one of compensation values, offset values, or scaling rules as a function of AI/ML capabilities of the one or more candidate neighbor cells in the first list, the second list, or the third list.

14. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) for wireless communications, comprising circuitry, including a transmitter, a receiver, a processor, and memory’, the WTRU configured to: detect one or more candidate neighbor cells for cell selection; receive information related to artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) beam management associated with the one or more candidate neighbor cells; receive a priority regime to use in ranking the one or more candidate neighbor cells with AI/ML capabilities for cell selection; rank the one or more candidate neighbor cells based at least on the priority’ regime; and select, from the one or more candidate neighbor cells, a neighbor cell based on the rank of the selected neighbor cell.

15. The WTRU of claim 14, wherein, when selecting the neighbor cell from the one or more candidate neighbor cells, the WTRU is further configured to reselect the neighbor cell from the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

16. The WTRU of any one of claims 14-15, wherein the information indicates a type associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beam-pairs for measurement.

17. The WTRU of any one of claims 14-15, wherein the information indicates a size or the number of beams associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beam-pairs for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

18. The WTRU of any one of claims 14-15, wherein the information indicates a pattern associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beam-pairs for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

19. The WTRU of any one of claims 14-15, wherein the information indicates an AI/ML model associated w ith a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beampairs for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

20. The WTRU of any one of claims 14-15, wherein the information indicates time and/or frequency resources for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells.

21. The WTRU of any one of claims 14-15, wherein the WTRU is further configured to: determine, based on the received information related to AI/ML beam management and for measuring the one or more candidate neighbor cells, at least a subset of reference signal resources associated with one or more beams or beam-pairs.

22. The WTRU of any one of claims 14-21, wherein the priority regime is based on any of: a set of parameters of the one or more candidate neighbor cells, trained data sets, a latency, a coverage, a probability of line of sight (LOS), and/or mobility conditions.

23. The WTRU of any one of claims 14-22, wherein the WTRU is further configured to: rank candidate neighbor cells that are AI/ML capable in a first list, and rank candidate neighbor cells that are not AI/ML capable in a second list.

24. The WTRU of claim 23, wherein the candidate neighbor cells in the first list are prioritized over the candidate neighbor cells in the second list.

25. The WTRU of any one of claims 14-24, wherein the WTRU is further configured to rank candidate neighbor cells with AI/ML capabilities and candidate neighbor cells without AI/ML capabilities in a third list.

26. The WTRU of any one of claims 23-25, wherein the WTRU is further configured to: apply, when ranking the one or more candidate neighbor cells, at least one of compensation values, offset values, or scaling rules as a function of AI/ML capabilities of the one or more candidate neighbor cells in the first list, the second list, or the third list.