WO2023002996A1 - 検体中のウイルスを検出する方法およびウイルス検出装置 - Google Patents
検体中のウイルスを検出する方法およびウイルス検出装置 Download PDFInfo
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- nucleocapsid protein
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and a virus detection device for detecting viruses in specimens.
- the immunochromatography method can easily construct a system that can be easily tested, but there is a technical barrier in terms of improving the sensitivity. Therefore, for example, as disclosed in Non-Patent Document 2, an attempt has been made to improve the sensitivity by replacing the method of labeling the antibody in the mobile phase with a fluorescent substance or an enzyme that causes luminescence in the immunochromatographic method. ing.
- influenza viruses as disclosed in Non-Patent Document 3, if the sensitivity is improved 100 to 1000 times, it will be possible to test the specimen with saliva instead of nasal discharge, so medical professionals and It is expected that the burden on the patient will be reduced.
- Equation 1 the reaction between an antibody and an antigen is a reversible reaction, and a dissociation constant (Kd) specific to monoclonal antibodies is defined as shown in Equation 1 below.
- Formula 1 (In Formula 1, [Ab], [Ag], and [AbAg] indicate the concentration of free antibody, antigen, and antibody-antigen conjugate, respectively.)
- Equation 2 Solving the equation in Equation 2 and plotting [AbAg] against [Ag] 0 yields a sigmoidal graph as in FIG. In FIG.
- the y-axis corresponds to the output against the concentration of the antigen-antibody complex
- the x-axis corresponds to the concentration of the object in the sample (the scale is logarithmic).
- the Kd is unique to an antibody, and although it is theoretically possible to prepare a monoclonal antibody with an arbitrarily small Kd, the Kd values of available monoclonal antibodies are not usually specified. Among commercially available products, it is the one with the highest performance, and is labeled as being able to be detected by ELISA at a concentration of 1 mg/mL and diluted 3,000 times, for example.
- the Kd of the monoclonal antibody should be around 10 ⁇ 9 at best (even if the value is small). is inferred.
- y changes greatly with increasing or decreasing x, so the measurement exhibits good sensitivity. Regardless of the value, it is infinitely close to 0. In this region, even if the output is amplified electrically, chemically, and optically, the value of [AbAg] is infinitely close to 0, so the background noise that depends on nonspecific adsorption is amplified at the same time. .
- Patent Document 1 suggests a method of separating a specific substance from a mixture in a sample and labeling the specific substance with an antibody or the like.
- the problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a new measurement system that enables highly sensitive measurement without requiring dedicated equipment, environment, knowledge and technology.
- the present inventors through extensive studies, have found that influenza viruses and novel coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2) are known to frequently mutate spike proteins on their surfaces, so the virus is detected. In order to do so, the present inventors have come up with the idea of detecting a nucleocapsid protein (hereinafter also referred to as "NP" in this specification) that is not affected by mutation, and have completed the present invention.
- SARS-CoV-2 novel coronaviruses
- the present invention is as follows. [1] A test solution containing a specimen, a surfactant, and a fluorescently-labeled anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody is brought into contact with a microelectrode and an alternating voltage is applied to generate a fluorescence-labeled fluorescently labeled viral nucleocapsid protein bound to the viral nucleocapsid protein in the specimen in the vicinity of the microelectrode. concentrating anti-nucleocapsid protein antibodies; a step of detecting the presence of the virus in the sample by fluorescence observation; including The nucleocapsid protein forms a complex with a nucleic acid, A method for detecting viruses in a specimen.
- [2] The method of [1], wherein the anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody is concentrated in the vicinity of the microelectrode by dielectrophoresis. [3] The method of [1] or [2], wherein the viral envelope in the specimen is chemically destroyed by a surfactant. [4] The method according to any one of [1] to [3], further comprising the step of electronically comparing fluorescence image changes in the aggregate state of fluorescence before and after voltage application, and converting the difference image into a quantitative value or a qualitative judgment result. the method of.
- a method for simultaneously detecting a plurality of viruses by simultaneously concentrating a plurality of anti-nucleocapsid protein antibodies fluorescently labeled in different wavelength regions good too.
- a virus detection device that observes the fluorescence of the anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody by concentrating the fluorescence-labeled anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody bound to the nucleocapsid protein of the virus in the specimen near the microelectrode.
- the nucleocapsid protein forms a complex with the nucleic acid.
- a fluorescently-labeled anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody bound to the viral nucleocapsid protein is used to chemically detergent the viral envelope in a test solution containing the analyte, detergent, and fluorescently-labeled anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody.
- the virus detection device according to [5] obtained by destruction.
- the virus detection device according to [5] or [6] wherein the fluorescence-labeled anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody bound to the nucleocapsid protein of the virus in the specimen is concentrated near the microelectrode by applying a voltage to the test solution.
- the virus detection device according to any one of [5] to [7], wherein the test solution is stirred by electroosmotic flow.
- a power source for generating electroosmotic flow may be provided separately, and a power source for applying AC voltage may also serve as a power source for generating electroosmotic flow.
- the virus detection device according to any one of [5] to [7], wherein the cell is provided with projections that generate turbulence in the test solution.
- a voltage is applied that simultaneously induces electroosmotic flow and concentrates fluorescently-labeled anti-nucleocapsid protein antibodies bound to viral nucleocapsid proteins in the specimen. virus detection device.
- the virus detection device according to any one of [5] to [10], wherein the image sensor is a color sensor with a built-in color filter.
- the virus detection device which is for detecting a plurality of viruses simultaneously, and which simultaneously concentrates a plurality of anti-nucleocapsid protein antibodies fluorescently labeled in different wavelength regions.
- the present invention may be the following embodiments.
- At least one of the combination of voltage and frequency of the microelectrode and the applied voltage causes electroosmotic flow to agitate the test solution, and at least one uses dielectrophoresis to generate a complex of diffusion, NP, and labeled anti-P antibody. capable of being locally concentrated, Locally concentrating the complex of diffusion, NP, and labeled anti-P antibody by dielectrophoresis and alternation of voltage and frequency suitable for causing electroosmotic flow and stirring the test solution on one microelectrode.
- the image sensor being used is a color filter It is a color sensor with a built-in anti-virus NP antibody, and each antibody has an emission wavelength range that is independent to the extent that it can be evaluated independently by a combination of an image sensor and software. It is possible to detect viruses simultaneously, A method for detecting a virus in a specimen or a virus detection device.
- the present invention makes it possible to perform highly sensitive measurements without requiring dedicated equipment, environment, knowledge and technology.
- FIG. 2 shows the equilibrium curve of the antigen-antibody reaction, solving the equation of Eq. 2 and plotting [AbAg] against [Ag] 0 . 1 shows a conceptual diagram of the inventive principle related to the NANOTIS method. Fluorescence spectrum (excitation: 350 nm) of Qd585-labeled anti-InflA-NP antibody is shown.
- Fig. 3 shows microelectrode geometries for performing maskless photolithography; The gap between microelectrodes is 5 ⁇ m. 5 shows the distribution of graphite in deionized water when voltages are applied to the microelectrodes of FIG. 4, respectively. 3 shows still images cut out from moving images of microscopic images in Example 1 for each number of seconds.
- FIG. 3 shows still images cut out from moving images of microscopic images in Example 1 for each number of seconds. 3 shows still images cut out from moving images of microscopic images in Example 1 for each number of seconds.
- FIG. 6 shows a diagram obtained by digitizing the dielectrophoresis image.
- 11 shows a still image cut out immediately after voltage application in Example 2.
- FIG. 15 shows a still image cut out after 15 seconds of voltage application in Example 2.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a cell according to Embodiment 1; 1 shows an example of a cell provided with projections that generate turbulent flow according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a second embodiment.
- FIG. Fluorescence spectra of three types of quantum dots (Qd525, Qd585, Qd655) are shown. Fluorescence intensity was normalized to a maximum of 100 for each.
- One embodiment of the present invention is a method of detecting a virus in a specimen, comprising: A test solution containing a specimen, a surfactant, and a fluorescently-labeled anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody is brought into contact with a microelectrode and an alternating voltage is applied to generate a fluorescence-labeled fluorescently labeled viral nucleocapsid protein bound to the viral nucleocapsid protein in the specimen in the vicinity of the microelectrode.
- concentrating anti-nucleocapsid protein antibodies a step of detecting the presence of the virus in the sample by fluorescence observation; including The nucleocapsid protein forms a complex with a nucleic acid, It relates to a method for detecting viruses in specimens.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is a virus detection device, a cell with a microelectrode at the bottom; a power supply that applies an alternating voltage between the microelectrodes; image sensor and means for electronically recording an image; a means for electronically comparing fluorescence image changes in the collective state of fluorescence before and after voltage application, and converting the difference image into a quantitative value or a qualitative judgment result;
- the present invention relates to a virus detection device that observes the fluorescence of anti-nucleocapsid protein antibodies by concentrating fluorescence-labeled anti-nucleocapsid protein antibodies bound to viral nucleocapsid proteins in a sample near a microelectrode.
- the virus detection device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used to detect the presence of viruses in specimens contained in test solutions.
- the detection of the presence of a virus is to confirm the presence or absence of a virus in a sample for which the presence or absence of a virus is desired to be confirmed.
- Equation 3 The force (F DEP ) applied to a particle in dielectrophoresis is given by Equation 3 below.
- Equation 3 (In Equation 3, r is the radius of the particle and ⁇ E is the non-uniformity of the electric field on both sides of the particle.)
- the force applied to the particle is proportional to the cube of the radius of the particle.
- Bacteria have a particle size of several ⁇ m and dielectrophoresis easily occurs, whereas viruses such as influenza virus have a particle size of about 0.1 ⁇ m, so only 1/1000 acceleration can be obtained.
- the particle diameter of NP is estimated to be slightly less than 10 nm, which is 1/1000 or less than the F DEP of viruses. Therefore, it is difficult to concentrate NP directly by dielectrophoresis.
- the present inventors have already studied the use of particles such as graphite, which are highly prone to dielectrophoresis, as a carrier. The reaction system was complicated.
- an alternating voltage is applied to the microelectrodes used for applying the voltage so that the electric field between the electrodes is 0.1 to 50 MV/m. Since the electric field is obtained by (voltage between peaks of applied alternating current (V))/(distance between electrodes (m)), practically, the gap between electrodes is 0.2 to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 1 to 10 ⁇ m. , and if the AC voltage applied at this time is, for example, 1 to 50 V, the electric field intensity will be 0.1 to 50 MV/m.
- the virus to be detected is not particularly limited as long as it forms a complex with NP and a nucleic acid, but a virus having an envelope is preferred.
- enveloped viruses include, but are not limited to, coronaviruses (Covid-19 and conventional), influenza virus, herpes virus, rubella virus, and the like.
- the spike protein on the surface frequently mutates like influenza virus and novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), so instead of targeting the spike protein in the present invention, , targeted the nucleocapsid protein and used it for virus detection.
- the nucleic acid may be DNA or RNA, depending on the virus of interest, preferably RNA.
- a nucleocapsid protein is also known as a protein that binds to target virus DNA or RNA.
- a test solution containing a specimen, a surfactant, and a fluorescently-labeled anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody.
- a test solution comprising the analyte, detergent, and fluorescently labeled anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody may be included.
- Preparation of the test solution may be performed in a cell having a microelectrode at the bottom provided in the virus detection device, or may be performed in the sample from which the specimen is collected.
- a test solution may be prepared to contain a labeled anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody.
- the preparation of the test solution can be appropriately set according to the embodiment of the virus detection method.
- the cell provided in the virus detection device if the test solution can pass through the gap between the electrodes due to capillary action, and if the cell is transparent enough to observe the fluorescence, the material and shape of the cell can be selected. It is not particularly limited, and can be set as appropriate.
- the cell may have detergent and/or fluorescently labeled anti-nucleocapsid protein antibodies applied to its walls.
- the specimen is not particularly limited as long as the presence of the virus can be finally confirmed in the specimen, but examples thereof include biological samples. Samples collected from things existing in buildings such as foods, factories, schools, and hospitals may also be used as specimens.
- the living body of the biological sample is not particularly limited, but is preferably human saliva, nasal swab, or nasal discharge.
- the obtained biological sample may be used as a detection target as it is, or a sample diluted, suspended, or dissolved in a solvent such as water or alcohol may be used.
- a solvent such as water or alcohol may contain a surfactant.
- the surfactant is not particularly limited as long as it is a substance capable of destroying the viral envelope, and examples thereof include Triton X-100.
- test solution When the test solution is prepared, the case where the test solution contains the virus to be detected is hereinafter described, but the reactions and steps proceed similarly even when the test solution does not contain the virus.
- the virus in the specimen chemically destroys the envelope using a surfactant, and the nucleic acid/NP complex leaks out of the virus.
- a test solution containing a specimen, a surfactant, and a fluorescently-labeled anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody is prepared. It may be leaked out of the virus. After that, an anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody may be mixed with the solution. An anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody may be mixed with the solution in which the nucleic acid/NP complex is leaked out of the virus, once by performing an operation for concentrating the complex.
- nucleic acids are macromolecules equivalent to viruses, and it was originally difficult to concentrate molecules of several nanometers, such as NPs and NP-antibody complexes, by dielectrophoresis.
- the inventors came up with the idea of subjecting nucleic acids to dielectrophoresis, which led to the present invention.
- NP is eluted in the test solution as a nucleic acid/NP complex in which about 1000 molecules of NP are strongly adsorbed to one molecule of nucleic acid (single-stranded RNA in the case of influenza and novel coronavirus).
- direct dielectrophoresis of NPs is difficult, the present inventors have confirmed that dielectrophoresis concentration can be performed under practical conditions by using nucleic acid as a carrier, as shown in the following examples.
- Polyclonal antibodies may be used as anti-nucleocapsid protein antibodies, but monoclonal antibodies are preferred.
- affinity can be maintained by fluorescent labeling via the sugar chain of the Fc region using an antibody having a sugar chain.
- Monoclonal antibodies can be produced by conventionally known methods, antibodies produced by known methods, or commercially available antibodies can be used.
- examples include mammals, and experimental animals may be used. Specifically, antibodies derived from mice, rats, rabbits, camels, and the like can be used.
- the antibody may be a human antibody, or a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody, or the like may be used.
- Antibodies have classes such as IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE, and IgG or IgM may be preferably used, but is not particularly limited. For example, even when IgG is used, subclasses such as IgG1 to IgG4 are not particularly limited. . Instead of anti-nucleocapsid protein antibodies, fragments of these antibodies described above may be used.
- the anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody is fluorescently labeled, and as a fluorescent substance used for fluorescent labeling, a substance that satisfies some or all of the following requirements is preferably used.
- the excitation wavelength is long, preferably 350 nm or longer, more preferably 400 nm or longer.
- the fluorescence wavelength is short, preferably 1500 nm or less.
- a high extinction coefficient preferably a molar extinction coefficient of 10,000 or more.
- the quantum yield is high, preferably 0.1 or more.
- the peaks of the fluorescence spectrum of one fluorescent substance and the excitation spectrum of the other fluorescent substance are sufficiently close so that the fluorescence of one fluorescent substance can efficiently excite the other fluorescent substance.
- the fluorescence spectrum of one fluorescent substance is sufficiently narrow and the excitation spectrum of the other fluorescent substance is sufficiently broad, and that the difference (Stokes shift) between the positions of the peaks of the excitation spectrum and the peak of the fluorescence spectrum is sufficiently large. is more preferred.
- the fluorescent substance preferably satisfies some or all of the following requirements. • Do not interfere with the water solubility of the antibody to be labeled. • Do not interfere with the specific binding of NPs to antibodies after labeling.
- Quantum dots are preferable as the fluorescent substance.
- fluorescent labels semiconductor fluorescent particles with a diameter of several nanometers, generally called quantum dots, have absorption coefficients and quantum yields several tens of times higher than those of organic dyes, and have strong fluorescence and a narrow half-value width. Therefore, it is easy to obtain high performance as a system.
- Another great advantage is that by taking the method of linking the quantum dots to the sugar chains of the antibody, it is possible to completely avoid the reduction in affinity due to chemical manipulation of the Fv region, which may have occurred in some cases.
- the test solution may be agitated by electroosmotic flow, or may be agitated by providing a projection that generates turbulence in the test solution in the cell. Agitation of the test solution facilitates elution of the nucleic acid/NP complex into the test solution, and is also useful for dielectrophoretic concentration.
- an AC voltage is applied that simultaneously induces the electroosmotic flow and concentrates the fluorescently labeled anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody bound to the viral nucleocapsid protein in the specimen. You may The shape and location of the protrusions that generate turbulent flow can be appropriately set in consideration of the balance between the effect of stirring the test solution and the flow rate.
- an anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody that specifically recognizes NP is fluorescently labeled for fluorescence observation to detect the presence of virus in a specimen. Since the anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody recognizes NP, it binds to NP in the complex of nucleic acid and NP, and the nucleic acid as a carrier is concentrated on the microelectrode by dielectrophoresis. In the present invention, the test solution is brought into contact with the microelectrode and an alternating voltage is applied to concentrate fluorescently labeled anti-nucleocapsid protein antibodies bound to the viral nucleocapsid protein in the specimen near the microelectrode.
- the virus detection device comprises a power source for applying an alternating voltage between the microelectrodes.
- the power source is not particularly limited, and a power source capable of applying an alternating voltage such that the electric field between the electrodes is 1 to 10 MV/m may be used.
- the power source is not particularly limited, and a power source that can secure a desired frequency and voltage may be used. As an example, MAX038 from Maxim Integrated may be used.
- fluorescence observation is used to detect the presence of virus in a sample. Fluorescence of the anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody concentrated near the microelectrode may be observed, or fluorescence of the anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody concentrated near the microelectrode may be observed.
- the virus can be detected because the monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to NP is labeled with a fluorescent substance (preferably quantum dots) and allowed to coexist. It was found that the complex of nucleic acid/NP/labeled antibody was concentrated and its movement could be captured as the movement of fluorescent light spots. That is, in addition to the fact that the NP-RNA complex is a larger particle than the NP, the NP-RNA complex forms a matrix via the antibody, which further accelerates the dielectric concentration. ing.
- the virus detection device image sensor and and means for electronically recording the image.
- the fluorescence-labeled anti-nucleocapsid protein antibodies bound to the nucleocapsid protein of the virus in the specimen near the microelectrode using a virus detection device, the fluorescence possessed by the anti-nucleocapsid protein antibodies is observed.
- Fluorescence observation may be performed by electronically comparing fluorescence image changes in the collective state of fluorescence before and after application, and converting the difference image into a quantitative value or a qualitative judgment result.
- the virus detection device further comprises means for electronically comparing fluorescence image changes in fluorescence aggregate state before and after voltage application, and converting the difference image into a quantitative value or a qualitative determination result.
- Fluorescence observation with an image sensor (1) providing a transparent insulating film on the image sensor and measuring the fluorescence; (2) An image sensor is placed in contact with the outside of the bottom of the detection cell to measure fluorescence; (3) The electrodes have anisotropy in the X and Y directions, and a slit having the same anisotropy as the electrodes is provided on the image sensor to measure fluorescence; (4) A method of irradiating excitation light from the bottom of the detection cell and measuring fluorescence by providing an image sensor on the side of the detection cell may be selected as appropriate.
- the image sensor may be a color sensor with a built-in color filter, for example, SWIFT microscope digital eyepiece electronic eyepiece biological microscope compatible 5 million pixels 5MP HD USB2.0 is already equipped with an electronic circuit and is suitable.
- the conditions for fluorescence observation can be set as appropriate, but the excitation light generally has a wavelength of 300 to 600 nm, preferably 350 nm or more, more preferably 400 nm or more.
- measurement is performed using a filter + light sensor (photodiode, phototransistor), and the state of light is captured as an image with an imaging device for smartphones, and compared with the electrode shape that is known in advance, and image recognition is performed.
- a hard disk (or SSD) or the like can be used as a means for electrically recording an image, and image data can also be stored on a recording disk, or an external storage device such as a USB memory.
- Algorithms and programs thereof are known as libraries as a means for electronically comparing fluorescence image changes in the aggregate state of fluorescence before and after voltage application and converting the difference image into a quantitative value or a qualitative judgment result. You can use things.
- ImageJ which is popular as open source software. By using ImageJ, automation becomes possible, and a series of operations and analyzes can all be automated.
- any calculation method such as exclusive OR (XOR) that makes the difference from the base image clear may be used in addition to the difference.
- FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing the inventive principle related to the NANOTIS method.
- 1 indicates a nucleic acid, which may be DNA or RNA depending on the virus to be detected.
- Nucleocapsid protein (NP) 2 binds to nucleic acid 1 to form a nucleic acid/NP complex.
- the nucleic acid/NP complex is eluted from the virus in the test solution by the surfactant, and the presence of the anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody (anti-NP antibody) 3 allows the presence of the nucleic acid/NP/anti-NP antibody.
- a complex is formed.
- the anti-NP antibody 3 is fluorescently labeled with a fluorescent substance 4 .
- an AC voltage By applying an AC voltage, a complex of nucleic acid/NP/anti-NP antibody is concentrated in the vicinity of the microelectrode 5, and by observing the fluorescence of the fluorescent substance labeled with the anti-NP antibody, the presence of the virus in the specimen is detected. Existence is confirmed.
- the NANOTIS method the following merits can be obtained at the same time.
- NPs are handled alone, there are detection noise factors such as aggregation, gelation, and adsorption to the solid phase surface. can be wiped out.
- detection noise factors such as aggregation, gelation, and adsorption to the solid phase surface. can be wiped out.
- viruses cannot be captured with an optical microscope at 0.1 ⁇ m, it is possible to capture the movement of nucleic acids, NPs, and labeled antibodies as fluorescent light spots.
- the nucleic acid only contributes to dielectrophoresis as a mere carrier, but the NP differs depending on the virus species, and the specificity of detection can be secured by the specificity of NP and anti-NP antibody (the antibody itself is B It has been confirmed that there is no cross-reactivity with NP of type influenza virus and other viruses) ⁇ Spike protein mutant virus can also be detected because the determination is based on the specificity of NP, which is unlikely to mutate.
- the reaction is one type of antigen and antibody at a time, high sensitivity can be achieved by adding a large excess of labeled antibody in advance.
- a sandwich system using two types of antibodies affects the detection range due to bias in the amounts (or concentrations) of the antibodies, so simple reaction components facilitate optimization of the entire reaction system.
- NANOTIS method of the present invention is to apply an alternating current with a non-uniform electric field density between the electrodes, and as a result accumulate and detect the target nucleic acid, NP, and labeled antibody in the vicinity of the electrodes. It is something to do.
- the present inventors have also confirmed that it is possible to efficiently use it for stirring in the Z direction by positively inducing the movement of the solvent itself.
- the optimum frequency for dielectrophoresis and the optimum frequency for AC conduction phenomenon may be applied at the same time.
- an electrode for dielectrophoresis and an electrode for stirring may be provided in the same space at the same time, and the optimum frequency for each purpose may be applied.
- the virus detection device of the present invention is a device for detecting a plurality of viruses simultaneously, wherein the virus detection device simultaneously concentrates a plurality of anti-nucleocapsid protein antibodies fluorescently labeled in different wavelength regions.
- the method for detecting viruses of the present invention may be a method for detecting a plurality of viruses simultaneously.
- the description of the virus detection device of the present invention and the description of the virus detection method of the present invention may complement each other. That is, the description of the virus detection device of the present invention in this specification also applies to the method of detecting a virus of the present invention, and the description of the method of detecting a virus of the present invention is the virus detection method of the present invention. It also applies to equipment.
- test solution materials and equipment used in the following examples are as follows.
- Substance to be detected (virus): A gamma ray-inactivated influenza A virus was obtained from Biorad. The product number is PIP021 and the antigenicity is H1N1.
- Antibody Anti-influenza A virus NP monoclonal antibody (FIA-2121) was obtained from Biomatrix Laboratories. It has been confirmed by the manufacturer that it binds equally to NPs of 15 different types of influenza A virus and that it does not cross-react with NPs of influenza B virus.
- Fluorescently labeled antibody (labeled antibody): Using the SiteClick “Qdot” 585 Antibody Labeling Kit (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific), the sugar chain of the Fc region of the antibody was labeled with quantum dots according to the protocol provided by the company. .
- FIG. 3 shows the fluorescence spectrum of the antibody.
- Detergent Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich) was used for viral envelope disruption.
- Example 1 As microelectrodes, two types of electrodes were formed on a glass substrate by photolithography using chromium in the shape shown in FIG. A silicon sheet (thickness: 0.05 mm) with a hole of 2x3 mm was pasted around the electrode gap to form a reservoir (cell). In order to confirm the distribution of the electric field that gathers on the electrode, graphite with an average particle size of 2 ⁇ m was dispersed in non-ionized water (water collected from MerckMiillipore's MilliQ), and the liquid was placed in an alternating current of 20 V and 30 kHz for 30 seconds.
- Fig. 5 shows the graphene texture of graphite after application.
- each of the virus, surfactant, and labeled antibody solutions was replaced with non-ionized water three times by centrifugal filtration using Nanosep (Pall Inc., fractionation 300k).
- the concentrations of virus, surfactant and labeled antibody in the test solution were adjusted to the following concentrations.
- an alternating voltage was applied.
- the time from mixing to voltage application was set within 2 minutes.
- An electrode oscilloscope was connected in parallel to constantly check the frequency and voltage.
- Surfactant concentration 0.3%
- Labeled antibody concentration 75 nM
- the conductivity of the test solution was 240 ⁇ S/cm.
- a mixed solution (5 ⁇ L) of the prepared virus and labeled antibody was placed in a liquid reservoir of a microelectrode that had been placed on a fluorescence microscope in advance. Fluorescence microscopy recording was started and a solution of surfactant was added dropwise to the above final concentration. After about 15 seconds had passed, it was confirmed that the fluctuation of the solution had subsided, and saving of moving images of microscope images was started. 8 seconds after the start of storage, 20 V, 30 kHz AC voltage was applied, and immediately the entire liquid moved in a vortex, and light spots were observed to gather in the movement. Microscopic images were recorded up to 148 seconds. FIG. 6 shows still images cut out from the moving image for each number of seconds.
- a still image at 6 seconds is used as a reference image, and each still image is shown in the third column as a difference image created by using ImageJ to create a difference image from the reference image. Analyze/Measure was also performed on these difference images with ImageJ, and the average brightness of each pixel is shown in the fourth column as a quantitative value.
- FIG. 7 shows a plot of time versus quantitative values.
- the above-mentioned store can be observed by installing an excitation light on an upright microscope, assembling an upright fluorescence microscope, and observing the light spot on the top of the electrode.
- a threshold is applied to this quantitative value, and the concentration of influenza virus is preferably changed to a pseudo-quantitative value in 5 to 7 steps, and at the same time, it can be displayed as a qualitative judgment value of negative and positive. More preferably saliva is placed in a diluent to reduce the conductivity of the solvent.
- the diluent may be, for example, a mixture of a low-conductivity sugar alcohol such as D(-) mannitol and non-ionized water, and it is more convenient if they contain a labeled antibody and a surfactant in advance.
- This mixed material is sucked into the detection cell by capillary action, and when the detection cell is set on a simple fluorescence microscope, video recording is started, alternating current is applied, and after a specified time, the video is processed by the above method and judged. It would be more preferable to automate everything up to the point where the value changes.
- the time from setting the detection cell to detection is less than 120 seconds, which is significantly faster than the usual 5-10 minutes required for immunochromatographic results. transformation was confirmed.
- Example 2 It was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1. Only the electrodes were Au electrodes (comb-shaped, electrode width 10 ⁇ m, electrode spacing 5 ⁇ m) manufactured by BAS. After searching widely from 1 kHz to 20 MHz, good dielectrophoresis was observed at 2 MHz.
- FIG. 8 shows a still image immediately after voltage application
- FIG. 9 shows a still image 15 seconds after voltage application.
- Example 2 it was observed that dielectrophoresis gathered in a high-frequency region compared to the microelectrodes used in Example 1, and the accumulation speed was faster. It is inferred that the sharpness of the edge of the electrode, the conductivity of the electrode material, etc. also have an effect on this. In addition, although this is only an observation result under the conditions of this experiment, when comparing the experiments using both electrodes, the electroosmotic flow is more pronounced in the low frequency range (1-10 kHz) using the ITO electrode. rice field.
- Embodiment 1 Based on Examples 1 and 2, an embodiment of a detection cell with enhanced concentration effect is shown in FIG.
- a complex of RNA/NP/labeled antibody which is an object to be detected, was extracted from a test solution set in a reservoir (2 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 0.05 mm, volume of reservoir: 0.3 ⁇ L) provided above the microelectrode. Local concentration was performed near the electrode, but assuming that the sample is saliva or nasal swab (preferably saliva), dilute it 2 to 10 times with a low-conductivity solvent containing a labeled antibody or surfactant. In this case, 100 to 1000 ⁇ L of specimen can be easily collected.
- FIG. 10 shows an embodiment of a detection cell designed in consideration of this point.
- 111 is a transparent substrate, and a composite electrode 114 is provided on its surface. Depicting 114 in more detail, there are microelectrodes 115 for detection and electrodes 116 for generating electroosmotic flow. Multiple pairs of microelectrodes may be used to increase collection efficiency. In order to confirm the effect more clearly, one pair may be used.
- FIG. 10 shows an embodiment of a detection cell designed in consideration of this point.
- 111 is a transparent substrate, and a composite electrode 114 is provided on its surface. Depicting 114 in more detail, there are microelectrodes 115 for detection and electrodes 116 for generating electroosmotic flow. Multiple pairs of microelectrodes may be used to increase collection efficiency. In order to confirm the effect more clearly, one pair may be used.
- FIG. 10 shows an embodiment of a detection cell designed in consideration of this point.
- 111 is a transparent substrate, and a composite
- 10 shows the case of having a pair of microelectrodes.
- 115 is preferably made of highly conductive and corrosion-resistant Au, copper, or Pt
- 116 is preferably made of ITO in which an electroosmotic flow easily occurs in the example, but the same material should be used. is more convenient and less costly to manufacture.
- 112 is fixed to 111 with an appropriate interval (preferably 20 to 200 ⁇ m) to cause capillarity with the cover glass.
- 113 is a water-absorbing pad, which may be the same as that used at the end of immunochromatography.
- stirring in the depth direction (z direction) is performed by electroosmotic flow. Furthermore, concentration in the y-direction is carried out at 115 on the same principle as in Examples 1 and 2, i.e. concentration in the x-, y- and z-directions by flowing the test solution.
- concentration in the y-direction is carried out at 115 on the same principle as in Examples 1 and 2, i.e. concentration in the x-, y- and z-directions by flowing the test solution.
- concentration in the y-direction is carried out at 115 on the same principle as in Examples 1 and 2, i.e. concentration in the x-, y- and z-directions by flowing the test solution.
- concentration in the y-direction is carried out at 115 on the same principle as in Examples 1 and 2, i.e. concentration in the x-, y- and z-directions by flowing the test solution.
- the target virus appears as an accumulation of light spots on the microelectrode 115, and
- the agitation in the z-direction is not an electroosmotic flow, but is mechanically agitated by generating a turbulent flow by providing a projection 125 in the flow path, or mechanically agitating by bringing a vibrator into contact with the detection cell.
- similar effects can be expected (Fig. 11).
- Embodiment 2 will be described with reference to FIG.
- 131 is an AC generator 1 which generates a voltage and frequency (A) suitable for inducing electroosmotic flow.
- 132 is an AC generator 2 that generates a voltage and frequency (B) suitable for inducing dielectrophoresis.
- 133 is a mixer, which synthesizes alternating currents of A and B and generates alternating current of C. This alternating current of C is applied to microelectrodes 134 provided in the detection cell.
- Other operations and materials are the same as those of the first embodiment.
- Embodiment 3 When performing fluorescence observation, there are no restrictions on the method of labeling the antibody or the fluorescent substance to be labeled with the antibody, but it is preferable to perform fluorescence observation using the click reaction. Quantum dots that bind selectively are preferably used.
- a kit with a wide range of fluorescent wavelengths as quantum dots is available from Thermo Fisher.
- FIG. 13 shows fluorescence spectra of three types of quantum dots (Qd525, Qd585, Qd655). As is clear from FIG. 13, these fluorescence spectra have a narrow half-value width of about 30 nm, and, for example, these three species hardly intersect, so signals can be easily obtained independently using a color image sensor. .
- quantum dots have excitation wavelengths of 450 nm or less, and emit fluorescence with extremely high efficiency, especially with excitation light of 300 nm or shorter wavelengths.
- the demand for LEDs that emit so-called deep ultraviolet rays around 260 nm has recently increased rapidly for virus inactivation, and mass production has reduced costs and made them easier to obtain.
- anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus NP antibody is labeled with Qd525, anti-influenza A virus NP antibody is labeled with Qd585, and anti-influenza B virus NP antibody is labeled with Qd655. It is possible to test for three infections with a single measurement used.
- nucleic acid 1 nucleic acid 2 nucleocapsid protein (NP) 3 Anti-nucleocapsid protein antibody (anti-NP antibody) 4 fluorescent material 5 microelectrodes 111, 121 transparent substrates 112, 122 cover glasses 113, 123 water absorbing pads 114, 124 composite electrodes 115, 125, 134 microelectrodes 116 for detection 116 electrodes for generation of electroosmotic flow 125 disturbing the test solution Protrusion 131 for generating current AC generator 1 132 AC generator 2 133 Mixer
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Abstract
Description
非特許文献1に開示されているように、イムノクロマトグラフィー法により抗体を用いた測定方法は多種開発されてきている。イムノクロマトグラフィー法は使用するにあたり、知識、技術、装置、環境を選ばないため、例えば、A型およびB型インフルエンザウイルスに結合する抗体を用いたイムノクロマトグラフィー法は、臨床現場で迅速にインフルエンザの判定をすることに大きく寄与している。
また、インフルエンザウイルスにおいては、非特許文献3に開示されているように、100~1000倍の感度向上に成功すれば検体を鼻汁ではなく、唾液での検査が可能となるため、医療従事者および患者の負担が軽減されることが期待されている。
式1:
簡潔化のため、[AbAg]=xとし、抗体初期濃度、抗原初期濃度を[Ab]0、[Ag]0とすれば、以下の式2の方程式が得られる。
式2:
図1から明らかなように、[Ag]0=Kd付近ではyがxの増減により大きく変化するため測定は良い感度を示すが、xが小さい領域(左部のプラトー領域)ではyはxの値にかかわらず、限りなく0に近い。この領域で、出力を電気的、化学的、光学的に増幅しても[AbAg]の値は限りなく0に近いため、非特異吸着などに依存するバックグランドノイズが同時に増幅されることになる。
[1]
検体、界面活性剤、および蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を含む試験溶液をマイクロ電極に接触させ交流電圧を印加して、マイクロ電極近傍に検体中のウイルスのヌクレオカプシドプロテインに結合した蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を濃縮する工程、
蛍光観察して検体中のウイルスの存在を検出する工程、
を含み、
前記ヌクレオカプシドプロテインが、核酸と複合体を形成している、
検体中のウイルスを検出する方法。
[2]
誘電泳動により、抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体がマイクロ電極近傍に濃縮される、[1]に記載の方法。
[3]
検体中のウイルスのエンベロープが界面活性剤により化学的に破壊される、[1]または[2]に記載の方法。
[4]
電圧印加の前後での蛍光の集合状態の蛍光画像変化を電子的に比較し、差分画像を定量値または定性判定結果に変換する工程をさらに含む、[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の方法において、異なる波長領域で蛍光標識された複数の抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を同時に濃縮することにより、複数のウイルスを同時に検出するための方法であってもよい。
[5]
マイクロ電極を底部に備えるセルと、
マイクロ電極間に交流電圧を印加する電源と、
イメージセンサーと、
イメージを電気的に記録する手段と、
電圧印加の前後での蛍光の集合状態の蛍光画像変化を電子的に比較し、差分画像を定量値または定性判定結果に変換する手段と、を備え、
マイクロ電極近傍に検体中のウイルスのヌクレオカプシドプロテインに結合した蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を濃縮することで、抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体の有する蛍光を蛍光観察する、ウイルス検出装置。ここで、前記ヌクレオカプシドプロテインが、核酸と複合体を形成している。
[6]
ウイルスのヌクレオカプシドプロテインに結合した蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体は、検体、界面活性剤、および蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を含む試験溶液中で、ウイルスのエンベロープを界面活性剤により化学的に破壊して得る、[5]に記載のウイルス検出装置。
[7]
試験溶液に電圧を印加して、マイクロ電極近傍に検体中のウイルスのヌクレオカプシドプロテインに結合した蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体が濃縮される、[5]または[6]に記載のウイルス検出装置。
[8]
電気浸透流により試験溶液が攪拌される、[5]~[7]のいずれかに記載のウイルス検出装置。電気浸透流を発生させる電源を別途備えていてもよく、交流電圧を印加する電源が電気浸透流を発生する電源を兼ねていてもよい。
[9]
セル内に、試験溶液に乱流を発生させる突起が設けられている、[5]~[7]のいずれかに記載のウイルス検出装置。
[10]
電気浸透流の惹起と、検体中のウイルスのヌクレオカプシドプロテインに結合した蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体の濃縮を同時に実行可能な電圧が印加される、[5]~[9]のいずれかに記載のウイルス検出装置。
[11]
イメージセンサーがカラーフィルタを内蔵したカラーセンサーである、[5]~[10]のいずれかに記載のウイルス検出装置。
[12]
複数のウイルスを同時に検出するための装置であって、異なる波長領域で蛍光標識された複数の抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を同時に濃縮する、[5]~[11]のいずれかに記載のウイルス検出装置。
[13]
[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の方法において、あるいは[5]~[12]のいずれかに記載のウイルス検出装置において、
マイクロ電極と印加電圧の電圧・周波数の組み合わせがが、少なくとも一つは電気浸透流を惹起し検査液の攪拌を行い、少なくとも一つは誘電泳動によって拡散・NP・標識抗P抗体の複合物を局所的に濃縮させることが可能である、
一つのマイクロ電極に、電気浸透流を惹起し検査液の攪拌を行うのに適した電圧・周波数の交流と、誘電泳動によって拡散・NP・標識抗P抗体の複合物を局所的に濃縮させることに適した交流を合成した交流を印加することにより、マイクロ電極上で電気浸透流による攪拌と誘電泳動による濃縮を同時に起こさせることが可能である、および/または使用しているイメージセンサーがカラーフィルタを内蔵したカラーセンサーであり、抗ウイルスNP抗体が複数混在し、それぞれの抗体は発光の波長領域が、イメージセンサーとソフトウェアの組み合わせで独立して評価可能な程度に独立しており、複数の異なるウイルスを同時に検出することが可能である、
検体中のウイルスを検出する方法、あるいはウイルス検出装置。
検体、界面活性剤、および蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を含む試験溶液をマイクロ電極に接触させ交流電圧を印加して、マイクロ電極近傍に検体中のウイルスのヌクレオカプシドプロテインに結合した蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を濃縮する工程、
蛍光観察して検体中のウイルスの存在を検出する工程、
を含み、
前記ヌクレオカプシドプロテインが、核酸と複合体を形成している、
検体中のウイルスを検出する方法に関する。
また、本発明の別の一実施形態は、ウイルス検出装置であって、
マイクロ電極を底部に備えるセルと、
マイクロ電極間に交流電圧を印加する電源と、
イメージセンサーと、
イメージを電気的に記録する手段と、
電圧印加の前後での蛍光の集合状態の蛍光画像変化を電子的に比較し、差分画像を定量値または定性判定結果に変換する手段と、を備え、
マイクロ電極近傍に検体中のウイルスのヌクレオカプシドプロテインに結合した蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を濃縮することで、抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体の有する蛍光を蛍光観察する、ウイルス検出装置に関する。
本発明においては、本発明の一実施形態のウイルス検出装置を用いて試験溶液に含まれる検体中のウイルスの存在を検出することができる。
ここで、ウイルスの存在の検出とは、ウイルスの存在の有無を確認したい検体中に、ウイルスの存在の有無を確認することである。
誘電泳動で粒子に加わる力(FDEP)は、以下の式3で与えられる。
式3:
式3から明らかなように、粒子の半径の3乗に比例して粒子に力が加わる。
細菌類は粒子径が数μmあり、誘電泳動が容易に起きるのに対し、ウイルスとして、例えば、インフルエンザウイルスはその粒子径が約0.1μmであるため、1/1000の加速度しか得られない。
ここで、NPは粒子径が約10nm弱と見積もられることから、ウイルスの場合のFDEPよりも、さらに1/1000以下となるため、NPを直接誘電泳動で濃縮することは難易度が高い。本発明者らは黒鉛に代表される非常に誘電泳動が著しく起こりやすい粒子を担体として使用することをすでに検討してきたが、NPを選択的に担体上に固定化する過程を必要とするため、反応系が複雑になっていた。
エンベロープを有するウイルスとしては、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、コロナウイルス(Covid-19および従来型)、インフルエンザウイルス、ヘルペスウイルス、風疹ウイルス等が挙げられる。
エンベロープを有するウイルスに対して、インフルエンザウイルスや新型コロナウイルス(SARS-CoV-2)のように、表面のスパイクタンパク質が頻繁に変異することから、スパイクタンパク質を標的とするのではなく、本発明では、ヌクレオカプシドプロテインを標的として、ウイルスの検出に利用している。
核酸は、対象となるウイルスによって、DNAであってもRNAであってもよいが、RNAであることが好適である。
また、ヌクレオカプシドプロテインは、対象となるウイルスのDNAやRNAに結合しているタンパク質として知られている。
本発明の一実施形態における、検体中のウイルスを検出する方法において、
検体、界面活性剤、および蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を含む試験溶液を準備する工程を含んでいてもよい。
試験溶液の準備は、ウイルス検出装置に備えられるマイクロ電極を底部に備えるセル中で行ってもよく、検体を採取するサンプル中で行ってもよく、検体を採取した後、界面活性剤、および蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を含むように試験溶液を準備してもよい。
試験溶液の準備は、ウイルスの検出方法の実施形態に応じて、適宜設定可能である。
ウイルス検出装置に備えるセルとしては、毛細管現象によって試験溶液が電極のギャップを通過していくことが可能であり、なおかつ、蛍光を観察できる透明性があるセルであれば、その材質や形状等は特に限定されるものではなく、適宜設定可能である。
セルには、界面活性剤および/または蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体が、その壁面に塗布されていてもよい。
生体由来試料の生体としては、特に限定されないが、望ましくはヒトの唾液もしくは鼻腔ぬぐい液、鼻汁を対象とする。得られた生体由来試料をそのまま検出対象としてもよく、水やアルコールなどの溶媒で試料を希釈、懸濁または溶解したものを用いてもよい。水やアルコールなどの溶媒には、界面活性剤が含まれていてもよい。
検体中のウイルスは界面活性剤を用いて化学的にエンベロープを破壊し、核酸・NPの複合体をウイルスの郭外に漏出させる。なお、準備する工程において、検体、界面活性剤、および蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を含む試験溶液を準備するが、先に検体と界面活性剤を混合して、核酸・NPの複合体をウイルスの郭外に漏出させてもよい。その後、当該溶液に対して、抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を混合してもよい。核酸・NPの複合体をウイルスの郭外に漏出させた溶液を、一度、当該複合体を濃縮するための操作を行ってから、抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を混合してもよい。
インフルエンザの場合にはRNA1分子あたりNPは約1000分子が吸着している(Biochem.J. (1983) 211, 281)。これによって核酸(インフルエンザ、新型コロナウイルスの時は単鎖のRNA)1分子に約1000分子のNPが強固に吸着した核酸・NP複合体として、NPが試験溶液内に溶出する。
NPは直接誘電泳動することは困難であるが、核酸を担体とすることで、実用的な条件で誘電泳動濃縮ができることを、以下の実施例に示すとおり本発明者らは確認した。
モノクローナル抗体の製造は従来公知の方法により実施可能であり、公知の方法により製造される抗体であってもよく、市販の抗体を用いることも可能である。
また、抗体の由来は特に問わないため、哺乳動物が挙げられ、実験動物であってもよく、具体的には、マウス、ラット、ウサギ、ラクダなどに由来する抗体を利用可能である。抗体としては、ヒト抗体であってもよく、また、キメラ抗体や、ヒト化抗体などを用いてもよい。
抗体は、IgG、IgA、IgM、IgDおよびIgEといったクラスがあり、IgGまたはIgMを好適に用いればよいが特に限定されず、例えば、IgGを用いる場合にもIgG1~IgG4などのサブクラスは特に限定されない。
抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体に代えて、上記で説明したこれらの抗体の断片を用いてもよい。
・励起波長が長いこと、好ましくは350nm以上、より好ましくは400nm以上。
・蛍光波長が短いこと、好ましくは1500nm以下。
・吸光係数が高いこと、好ましくはモル吸光係数が10000以上。
・量子収率が高いこと、好ましくは0.1以上。
・複数の蛍光物質を用いる場合、一方の蛍光物質を励起する波長では他方の蛍光物質は励起されず、他方の蛍光物質の蛍光を測定する際には一方の蛍光物質が発する蛍光が重ならないこと。この場合、一方の蛍光物質の蛍光により他方の蛍光物質の励起が効率よく行えるよう、一方の蛍光物質の蛍光スペクトルと他方の蛍光物質の励起スペクトルのピークが十分近いことが好ましい。さらに、一方の蛍光物質の蛍光スペクトルは十分狭く、他方の蛍光物質の励起スペクトルは十分広いことが好ましく、励起スペクトルのピークと蛍光スペクトルのピークの位置の間の差(ストークスシフト)が十分大きいことがより好ましい。
また、蛍光物質としては、以下の一部またはすべての要件を満たすことが好適である。
・標識する抗体の水溶性を阻害しないこと。
・標識した後で、NPと抗体の特異的結合を阻害しないこと。
・標識により、非標識の物質を凝集させない、および/または光散乱を増強させないこと。
蛍光物質としては、量子ドットであることが好ましい。
蛍光標識として、量子ドットと一般に呼ばれている、半導体からなる粒径数nmの蛍光粒子が有機色素の数十倍の吸光係数と量子収率を持っていて、蛍光が強くかつ半値幅が狭いので系としては高い性能を得やすい。量子ドットを抗体の糖鎖に結合する方法を取ることにより、場合によっては生じていたFv領域の化学操作によるアフィニティーの低減を完全に回避することができる点も大きな利点である。
試験溶液の撹拌により、核酸・NP複合体を試験溶液内に溶出しやすくできると共に、誘電泳動濃縮にも有用である。
電気浸透流により試験溶液の攪拌を行う場合には、電気浸透流の惹起と、検体中のウイルスのヌクレオカプシドプロテインに結合した蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体の濃縮を同時に実行可能な交流電圧を印加してもよい。
乱流を発生さえる突起の形状や場所は、試験溶液の撹拌の効果と流速の兼ね合いを考慮して、適宜設定可能である。
抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体は、NPを認識するため、核酸とNPとの複合体のNPに結合し、担体としての核酸が、マイクロ電極に誘電泳動により濃縮される。
本発明においては、試験溶液をマイクロ電極に接触させ交流電圧を印加して、マイクロ電極近傍に検体中のウイルスのヌクレオカプシドプロテインに結合した蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を濃縮する。
ウイルス検出装置は、マイクロ電極間に交流電圧を印加するための電源を備える。電源としては、特に限定されるものではなく、電極間の電界が1~10MV/mであるように交流電圧を印加可能な電源を用いればよい。
電源としては、特に限定されるものではなく、所望の周波数と電圧が確保できれる電源を用いればよい。一例を挙げると、マキシムインテグレイテッド社のMAX038を用いてもよい。
マイクロ電極近傍に濃縮された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体の蛍光を観察してもよく、マイクロ電極近傍に濃縮されていく抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体の蛍光を観察してもよい。
本発明において、ウイルスを検出可能となっているのは、NPに特異的に結合するモノクローナル抗体には、蛍光物質(望ましくは量子ドット)で標識して共存させておくことで、マイクロ電極付近に核酸・NP・標識抗体の複合体が濃縮され、なおかつその動きを蛍光の光点の動きとして捉えることが可能であることを見出したものである。すなわちNPよりNP・RNA複合体が大きな粒子であることに加えて、NP・RNA複合体がさらに抗体を介してマトリックスを形成することにより、さらに誘電濃縮が加速されることも一因として寄与している。
イメージセンサーと、
イメージを電気的に記録する手段と、を備える。
ウイルス検出装置により、マイクロ電極近傍に検体中のウイルスのヌクレオカプシドプロテインに結合した蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を濃縮することで、抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体の有する蛍光を蛍光観察するが、その場合、電圧印加の前後での蛍光の集合状態の蛍光画像変化を電子的に比較し、差分画像を定量値または定性判定結果に変換して蛍光観察を行ってよい。
したがって、ウイルス検出装置は、電圧印加の前後での蛍光の集合状態の蛍光画像変化を電子的に比較し、差分画像を定量値または定性判定結果に変換する手段をさらに備える。
イメージセンサーによる蛍光観察は、
(1)イメージセンサー上に透明な絶縁膜を設けて蛍光を測定する;
(2)検出セルの底部の外側に接するようにイメージセンサーを設けて蛍光を測定する;
(3)電極はX方向とY方向で異方性を有し、イメージセンサー上に電極と同様の異方性を有するスリットを設けて蛍光を測定する;
(4)検出セルの底部から励起光を照射し、検出セルの側面部にイメージセンサーを設けて蛍光を測定する
といった手法を適宜選択してよい。
イメージセンサーは、カラーフィルタを内蔵したカラーセンサーであってよく、一例として、SWIFT社の 顕微鏡デジタル接眼レンズ 電子アイピース 生物顕微鏡対応 500万画素 5MP HD USB2.0は電子回路がすでに装備されていて、好適に用いることができる。
蛍光観察する場合の条件も適宜設定可能であるが、励起光が一般的には300~600nmの波長を有するが、350nm以上の波長を有することが好ましく、400nm以上の波長を有することがより好ましい。
蛍光観察においては、フィルター+光センサー(フォトダイオード、フォトトランジスタ)による測定や、光っている状態を画像としてスマホ用の撮像素子で撮影し、あらかじめわかっている電極形状と照合して、画像認識させることにより、光っている部分のみを切り出すことが可能で、これによりコントラストを強調し、より精度の高い検出を行うことも可能である。
また、イメージを電気的に記録する手段としては、ハードディスク(またはSSD)等が挙げられ、イメージデータも同様に記録用ディスクに保存可能であり、USBメモリなどの外部記憶装置であってもよい。
電圧印加の前後での蛍光の集合状態の蛍光画像変化を電子的に比較し、差分画像を定量値または定性判定結果に変換する手段としては、アルゴリズムおよびこれをプログラム化したものがライブラリとして公知のものを用いてよい。一例として、オープンソースのソフトウェアとして普及しているImageJが挙げられる。ImageJを利用することで、自動化が可能となり、一連の動作、解析を全て自動化することも可能となる。イメージ間の演算は差分以外にも、排他的OR(XOR)など、基本とする画像との差異が明確になる演算方法であればよい。
図2において、1は核酸を示し、検出対象となるウイルスによって、DNAであっても、RNAであってもよい。核酸1には、ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン(NP)2が結合して、核酸・NP複合体を形成している。核酸・NP複合体は、界面活性剤により試験溶液中でウイルスから溶出して存在しており、抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体(抗NP抗体)3が、存在することで、核酸・NP・抗NP抗体の複合体が形成される。なお、抗NP抗体3は、蛍光物質4により蛍光標識されている。交流電圧の印加により、マイクロ電極5の近傍に、核酸・NP・抗NP抗体の複合体が濃縮され、抗NP抗体に標識されている蛍光物質の蛍光を観察することで、検体中のウイルスの存在が確認される。
NANOTIS法を用いれば、以下のメリットを同時に得ることができる。
・誘電泳動法で濃縮が困難な、NPを濃縮することが可能となる。
・外部から担体を加える複雑な系にすることなく、ウイルスが内在している核酸を担体とすることで、不均一系に伴いがちなばらつきを抑制できる。
・担体を加える必要がないので、試料の前処理が簡略化される。
・サンドイッチ反応のようにエピトープの異なる抗体ペアを探索する必要がないため、検出に必要な抗体は一種の抗NP抗体のみであり、系を単純化できるうえに、より短時間で新たな検出対象に対応できる。
・サンドイッチ反応をする抗体のペアはないが、突出して解離定数が低い抗体があればそれを使用して高感度化をはかることができる。
・NPは単独で扱うと、凝集、ゲル化、固相表面への吸着などの検出ノイズ要因があるが、核酸・NP複合体状態ではNPは核酸により安定化されているため、これらのノイズ要因を払拭できる。
・核酸1分子(インフルエンザでは8本の分節した単鎖RNAからなる)に対し、NPが約1000分子結合しているので、感度を得やすい。
・ウイルスは0.1μmで光学顕微鏡では捉えられないが、核酸・NP・標識抗体の動きを蛍光の光点として動きを捉えることが可能となる。
・本検出において、核酸は単なる担体として誘電泳動に寄与するのみであるが、NPはウイルス種により異なり、またNPと抗NP抗体の特異性により検出の特異性は担保できる(抗体自体が、B型インフルエンザウイルスおよびその他のウイルスのNPとの交差反応がないことを確かめられている)
・変異が起こりにくいNPの特異性により判定するため、スパイクタンパク質変異種ウイルスも検出できる。
・反応が抗原抗体1種ずつであるため、標識抗体をあらかじめ大過剰入れておくことにより高感度化をはかることができる。抗体を2種類用いるサンドイッチ系は、抗体同士の量(あるいは濃度)の偏りにより、検出範囲に影響を与えるので反応成分がシンプルなことは反応系全体の最適化を容易にする。
また、本発明のウイルス検出装置についての説明と、本発明のウイルスを検出する方法についての説明とは、相互に補完してよい。すなわち、本明細書における本発明のウイルス検出装置に関する説明は、本発明のウイルスを検出する方法についても適用され、本明細書における本発明のウイルスを検出する方法に関する説明は、本発明のウイルス検出装置についても適用される。
以下の実施例で用いた試験溶液の材料および装置は以下のとおりである。
検出物質(ウイルス):ガンマ線によって不活化したA型インフルエンザウイルスをBiorad社より入手した。商品番号はPIP021、抗原性はH1N1である。
抗体:バイオマトリックス研究所より抗A型インフルエンザウイルスNPモノクローナル抗体(FIA-2121)を入手した。メーカーにおいて15種類の変異型のA型インフルエンザウイルスのNPについて同等に結合することと、B型インフルエンザウイルスのNPには交差反応しないことが確認されている。
蛍光標識された抗体(標識抗体):SiteClick“ Qdot” 585 Antibody Labeling Kit(Thermo Fisher Scientific製)を用いて、同社が提供しているプロトコルに従って抗体のFc領域の糖鎖に量子ドット標識をおこなった。抗体の蛍光スペクトルを図3に示す。
界面活性剤:ウイルスのエンベロープ破壊用にTriton X-100(Sigma-Aldrich)を使用した。
導電率計:堀場アドバンスドテクノ(EC-33B)
蛍光顕微鏡:ライカDFC360FX
交流発生器:KKmoon FY6800 デジタルファンクションジェネレータオシロスコープ:ヒューレットパッカード 54602B
マイクロ電極として、図4に示す形状で、ガラス基板上にクロムをフォトリソグラフィーで2種の電極を形成した。電極のギャップを中心として、2x3mmの穴を開けたシリコンシート(0.05mm厚)を貼り付け、液だめ(セル)を形成した。
電極に集まる電界の分布を確認するために、非イオン水(MerckMiilliporeのMilliQから採水した)に粒径平均2μmのグラファイトを分散させたものを液だめに入れ、20V、30kHzの交流を30秒印加した後のグラファイトの・BR>ェ布状態を図5に示す。
試験溶液中のウイルス、界面活性剤および標識抗体の各濃度が、以下の濃度となるように調整した。蛍光顕微鏡で観察しつつ、試験溶液が静止したのを確認したのち、交流電圧を印加した。混合から電圧印加までは2分以内とした。電極オシロスコープを並列に接続して周波数、電圧を常時確認した。
ウイルス濃度:0.56mg/mL
界面活性剤濃度: 0.3%
標識抗体濃度: 75 nM
試験溶液の導電率は240μS/cmであった。
あらかじめ蛍光顕微鏡上に設置したマイクロ電極の液だめに、調製したウイルスと標識抗体の混合液(5μL)をセットした。蛍光顕微鏡の録画を開始し、界面活性剤の溶液を最終濃度が上記になるよう滴下した。15秒ほど経過して溶液の揺らぎが治まったことを確認し、顕微鏡画像の動画の保存を開始した。保存開始時を0秒として、8秒後に20V、30kHzの交流電圧を印加したところ、直ちに液全体が渦巻き状に動きつつ、その動きの中で光点が集まってくる様子が確認できた。顕微鏡画像を148秒まで録画した。図6に各秒数において動画から静止画を切り出したものを示す。6秒時の静止画を参照画像とし、それぞれの静止画をImageJを用いて参照画像との差分画像を作成したものを差分として第3列に示す。これら、差分画像に対して、同じくImageJでAnalyze/Measureを実施して、各ピクセルの平均輝度を定量値として第4列に示す。時間と定量値をプロットしたものを図7に示す。
実施例1と同様にして実施した。
電極のみBAS社のAu電極(くし形、電極幅10μm、電極間隔5μm)を用いた。1kHz~20MHzまで広く探索してみたところ、2MHzで良好に誘電泳動されることが観察された。
図8は電圧印加直後の静止画を示し、図9は電圧印加15秒後の静止画を示す。
実施例1及び2を踏まえて、濃縮効果を増強した検出セルの実施の形態を図10に示す。実施例1及び2はマイクロ電極の上部に設けた液だめ(2x3x0.05mm、液だめの体積は0.3μL)にセットした試験液から検出対象物である、RNA・NP・標識抗体の複合体を電極近傍に局所的な濃縮を行なったが、検体を唾液や鼻腔ぬぐい液(望ましくは唾液)であることを想定し、標識抗体や界面活性剤含む低伝導性溶媒で2~10倍に希釈する場合、検体としては100~1000μLは容易に集めることができる。本発明によれば、低い濃度の検体からいかに濃縮して抗体の乖離乗数近辺に抗体濃度を持ってくるかを主眼ともしているので、面積の限られた微小な検出部分に、より多くの検体を接触させることにより、本発明の好適な目的を実行可能となる。そこで、図10には、この点を考慮して設計した検出セルの実施の形態を示す。図10において、111は透明な基板であり、その表面には複合電極114が設けられている。114をより詳細に描写すると、検出用のマイクロ電極115と電気浸透流発生用の電極116が設けられている。捕集効率を上げるためにはマイクロ電極は複数対であってもよい。より明確に効果を確認するためには1対であってよい。図10には1対のマイクロ電極を有する場合を示す。ここで、115は高導電性でかつ腐食しにくいAu、銅、Ptが好適で、116は実施例で電気浸透流が容易に発生したITOを材料とすることが好ましいが、同じ材料にすることが製造上のより簡便性かつ低コストである。112はカバーガラスで毛細管現象を起こすのに適切な間隔(望ましくは20~200μm)をあけて111に固定されている。113は吸水バッドで、イムノクロマトグラフィーの終端に用いられるものと同じもので良い。
試験溶液はAの場所にセットすることにより、毛細管現象でCに向かって流れ(x方向)、その際Bの領域で複合電極114に接触する。Bでは電気浸透流によって深さ方向(z方向)の攪拌が行われる。さらに、実施例1及び2と同じ原理で115においてy方向の濃縮が行われ、すなわち試験溶液を流すことにより、x、y及びz方向の濃縮が行われる。検体内に対象とするウイルスが存在すると、マイクロ電極115に光点の集積として現れ、実施例で説明したものと同じ方法でウイルスの量を計測することが可能である。実施の形態1では電気浸透流と誘電泳動を異なる電極で実施したが、これは一つの電極に集約してもよい。またz方向の攪拌は電気浸透流ではなく、流路に突起125を設けることにより乱流を発生させて機械的に攪拌することや、検出セルに振動子を接触させて機械的に攪拌することでも同様の効果が期待できる(図11)。
図12を用いて実施の形態2の説明を行う。図12において131は交流発生器1であり電気浸透流を惹起するのに適した電圧および周波数(A)を発生する。132は交流発生器2であり、誘電泳動を惹起するのに適した電圧および周波数(B)を発生する。133はミキサーであり、AとBの交流を合成してCの交流を発生する。このCの交流が検出セルに設けられたマイクロ電極134に印加される。それ以外の操作や材料は実施の形態1と同等である。この形態をとることにより、一つの電極に2種類の交流を印加することが可能となり、電気浸透流で攪拌しつつ、誘電泳動を同時に行って標識抗体・NP・RNA複合体を電極に集めて、観察することが可能となる。
蛍光観察を行う上で、抗体を標識する方法、抗体に標識される蛍光物質にはなんら限定はないが、クリック反応を利用して蛍光観察を行うことが好ましく、抗体のFc領域の糖鎖に選択的に結合する量子ドットが好適に用いられる。量子ドットとして広範な蛍光波長のキットがThermo Fisherより入手することができる。一例として、3種の量子ドット(Qd525, Qd585, Qd655)の蛍光スペクトルを図13に示す。図13から明らかなように、これらの蛍光スペクトルは半値幅が約30nmと狭く、例えばこれら3種はほとんど交わらないので、カラーイメージセンサーを用いて容易に信号を独立して得ることが可能である。しかも量子ドットは励起波長は450nm以下のすべての波長領域に渡っており、特に300nmあるいはそれより短波長の励起光で非常に高い効率で蛍光を発する。また、260nm付近のいわゆる深紫外線を発生するLEDは最近になってウイルスの不活化の需要が急速に上がり、量産によってコストが下がり、入手も容易になった。これらを組み合わせることにより、例えば抗SARS-CoV-2ウイルスNP抗体をQd525で標識し、抗A型インフルエンザウイルスNP抗体をQd585で、抗B型インフルエンザウイルスNP抗体をQd655で標識すると、一つの検体を使用した一回の測定で3種の感染を検査することが可能となる。
2 ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン(NP)
3 抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体(抗NP抗体)
4 蛍光物質
5 マイクロ電極
111、121 透明な基板
112、122 カバーガラス
113、123 吸水バッド
114、124 複合電極
115、125、134 検出用のマイクロ電極
116 電気浸透流発生用の電極
125 試験溶液に乱流を発生させる突起
131 交流発生器1
132 交流発生器2
133 ミキサー
Claims (12)
- 検体、界面活性剤、および蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を含む試験溶液をマイクロ電極に接触させ交流電圧を印加して、マイクロ電極近傍に検体中のウイルスのヌクレオカプシドプロテインに結合した蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を濃縮する工程、
蛍光観察して検体中のウイルスの存在を検出する工程、
を含み、
前記ヌクレオカプシドプロテインが、核酸と複合体を形成している、
検体中のウイルスを検出する方法。 - 誘電泳動により、抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体がマイクロ電極近傍に濃縮される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 検体中のウイルスのエンベロープが界面活性剤により化学的に破壊される、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 電圧印加の前後での蛍光の集合状態の蛍光画像変化を電子的に比較し、差分画像を定量値または定性判定結果に変換する工程をさらに含む、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- マイクロ電極を底部に備えるセルと、
マイクロ電極間に交流電圧を印加する電源と、
イメージセンサーと、
イメージを電気的に記録する手段と、
電圧印加の前後での蛍光の集合状態の蛍光画像変化を電子的に比較し、差分画像を定量値または定性判定結果に変換する手段と、を備え、
マイクロ電極近傍に検体中のウイルスのヌクレオカプシドプロテインに結合した蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を濃縮することで、抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体の有する蛍光を蛍光観察する、ウイルス検出装置。 - ウイルスのヌクレオカプシドプロテインに結合した蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体は、検体、界面活性剤、および蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を含む試験溶液中で、ウイルスのエンベロープを界面活性剤により化学的に破壊して得る、請求項5に記載のウイルス検出装置。
- 試験溶液に電圧を印加して、マイクロ電極近傍に検体中のウイルスのヌクレオカプシドプロテインに結合した蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体が濃縮される、請求項5または6に記載のウイルス検出装置。
- 電気浸透流により試験溶液が攪拌される、請求項5~7のいずれか1項に記載のウイルス検出装置。
- セル内に、試験溶液に乱流を発生させる突起が設けられている、請求項5~7のいずれか1項に記載のウイルス検出装置。
- 電気浸透流の惹起と、検体中のウイルスのヌクレオカプシドプロテインに結合した蛍光標識された抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体の濃縮を同時に実行可能な電圧が印加される、請求項5~9のいずれか1項に記載のウイルス検出装置。
- イメージセンサーがカラーフィルタを内蔵したカラーセンサーである、請求項5~10のいずれか1項に記載のウイルス検出装置。
- 複数のウイルスを同時に検出するための装置であって、異なる波長領域で蛍光標識された複数の抗ヌクレオカプシドプロテイン抗体を同時に濃縮する、請求項5~11のいずれか1項に記載のウイルス検出装置。
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