WO2023060507A1 - 基于动态帧传输的大规模mimo无线能量传输方法 - Google Patents
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- H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
- H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
- H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
- H04B7/0617—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal for beam forming
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- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
- Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the technical field of communication, and more specifically, to a massive MIMO wireless energy transmission method based on dynamic frame transmission.
- Wireless Energy Transmission technology facilitates battery charging to extend the life of wireless networks such as sensor networks.
- the basic principle of wireless energy transfer technology is that the transmitter device transmits energy wirelessly through radio waves (electromagnetic fields or electromagnetic waves), while the receiver device uses energy harvesting technology to convert radio wave energy into electrical energy for storage and utilization.
- Wireless energy transmission also has propagation loss, including path loss, shadowing and fast fading. Therefore, transfer efficiency is a critical and challenging issue for wireless energy transfer.
- Massive MIMO refers to the vertical component on the basis of the horizontal dimension space to use the vertical dimension space, and the outward radiation shape of the signal is an electromagnetic wave, so 3D-MIMO is another another name for massive MIMO.
- Beamforming technology also known as spatial filtering technology, is a signal processing technology used in large-scale antenna arrays to make signals be transmitted or received in a specific direction.
- the principle is to continuously adjust the amplitude and phase of each antenna in the antenna array, or adjust the IQ (In-phase, Quadrature) signal through digital precoding technology, so that the signal at a specific angle experiences constructive interference, while other angles
- the signal at the location experiences destructive interference, and the main lobe of the transmitted signal of multiple antennas is directed to the target UE, thereby increasing the energy received by the UE; and because the signal transmission is directional, the signal received by the non-target UE
- the energy is small, so co-channel interference can be more effectively suppressed and unnecessary energy consumption can be reduced.
- channel estimation can usually be calculated using training sequences or transmitted pilots, but in massive MIMO systems, a large number of antennas lead to a surge in the calculation of channel estimation.
- the channel matrix can be estimated directly by using uplink pilots on the basis of channel reciprocity through time-division multiplexing communication.
- the user sends a pilot signal, and the base station obtains channel state information of all users in the system.
- the base station uses the estimated channel state information to detect uplink data and generate a downlink precoding equalization matrix.
- this method will lead to pilot pollution.
- the pilot sequences between different users in different base stations are different, so the pilots between them are not completely orthogonal, which will lead to interference, thereby degrading transmission performance.
- wireless energy-carrying communication technology is suitable for some short-distance wireless communication networks with small network coverage, large number of network nodes, and intelligent applications, such as wireless sensor networks, smart home networks, etc.
- Devices that consume low data volume transfers.
- the base station (Base Station) obtains and stores energy from natural environments such as wind energy and solar energy, and then transmits energy and information to various mobile devices through wireless signals; mobile The device receives electromagnetic waves to obtain energy, and transmits information back to the base station through wireless signals, so as to realize the coordinated transmission of energy and information in the entire system.
- MIMO can no longer meet the needs of data communication, but can also be used to transmit energy. Therefore, the research on the more urgent and complex massive MIMO wireless energy transmission has become a hot spot at home and abroad, and these researches are also called MIMO-WET.
- the purpose of the present invention is to overcome the defects of the above-mentioned prior art, and provide a massive MIMO wireless energy transmission method based on dynamic frame transmission, so as to solve the technical difficulties in wireless energy transmission under the Massive MIMO system.
- the technical solution of the present invention is to provide a large-scale MIMO wireless energy transmission method based on dynamic frame transmission, including:
- the base station uses the set time-division pilot frame to time-divisionally control each antenna to send pilot signals to the user end;
- the user end obtains the downlink channel state information from the base station antenna to the user end, and feeds back the downlink channel state information to the base station;
- the base station calculates a precoding matrix based on the downlink channel state information, uses the newly calculated precoding matrix to map data from the user layer to the antenna port, and performs beamforming calculations with the goal of maximizing the energy signal of the user terminal.
- the advantage of the present invention is that on the basis of realizing the normal communication between the base station and the mobile terminal, it creatively proposes to redesign the signal synchronization frame, and proposes to adapt the maximum A transmission strategy that optimizes energy reception efficiency.
- the invention conforms to the modern communication technology protocol and regulations, can be further expanded, and has high compatibility with the existing technology, and overcomes the limitation of the current unlimited energy-carrying communication technology.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of OFDM frame structure according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 2 is a flow chart of upper computer software implementation according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a hardware system architecture according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 4 is a massive MIMO connection diagram of 32 antennas according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of mapping data from transport blocks to layers according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a frequency domain signal after inserting a DC subcarrier according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a DC subcarrier inserted into the middle of a signal according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an OFDM time-domain signal added with a cyclic prefix according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 9 is a time-division pilot frame sequence diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 10 is a sequence diagram of energy transmission frames according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a physical diagram of a base station system and an antenna array according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 12 is a physical diagram of a client system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is an uplink constellation diagram at the base station side according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 14 is a frequency response diagram of a base station side channel according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 15 is an impulse response diagram of a base station side channel according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a user side downlink received power spectrum diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 17 is a user side downlink constellation diagram and a frequency response diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of an LTE frame generated by a transmitting end according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of a UE receiving a real-time LTE radio frame signal according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of a wireless sub-frame signal received by a user terminal according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 21 is a total energy diagram of energy symbols received by the user end for each frame according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 22 is a schematic diagram of the average energy of the user terminal according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 23 is a graph of client ratios according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the massive MIMO wireless energy transmission method based on dynamic frame transmission mainly includes: designing a time-sharing pilot frame to time-sharing control each antenna to send pilot signals to the user end; designing a precoding scheme; designing Synchronous capture method and dynamic transmission strategy, etc.
- the TDD radio frame structure is taken as an example to illustrate the design of the time-division pilot frame, and the communication process and main improvement points are introduced with the software and hardware experimental simulation platform.
- the ideas proposed in the present invention can also be applied to current commercial equipment, such as base stations, terminal UEs, and the like.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the TDD radio frame structure.
- each radio frame can be subdivided into 10 subframes (subframe), and the subframe can be subdivided into half frames, and each half frame has 7 OFDM symbols, wherein the subframe time is 1 ms, and the half frame time is 0.5ms.
- the TDD frame structure includes DwPTS (Downlink Pilot TimeSlot), DwDTS (Downlink Data TimeSlot), UpPTS (Uplink Pilot TimeSlot), UpDTS (Uplink Data TimeSlot) and Sync (synchronization TimeSlot).
- the sub-carrier spacing ⁇ f 15KHz
- the sampling points of each sub-carrier are 2048 (excluding the cyclic prefix)
- Figure 2 and Figure 3 are the software and hardware platforms used respectively, and the hardware system mainly includes: host module, Bit Processer module, MIMO Processer module, clock module, data processing module, etc.
- the Bit Processer module is used to code and modulate data.
- MIMO Processer is used to precode the IQ data (pilot and modulated source data), and RRH (Remote Radio Head) is used to baseband modulate the precoded data, using OFDM technology to modulate into a baseband signal, and finally in The antenna array transmits.
- the various modules handle similar tasks.
- the base station performs channel estimation after receiving the pilot, and sends the calculated equalization matrix to the MIMO Processer in the downlink, that is, using the uplink link state information, based on channel reciprocity to act on Precoded modulation for downlink.
- the massive MIMO communication platform equipment provided by Texas Instruments is used to build and test the actual communication environment. Based on the LTE protocol stack, the wireless energy transmission process of massive MIMO is realized, and for wireless energy The transmission is modified and optimized on the LTE protocol stack, which includes modification of precoding, dynamic adjustment of time strategy, and feedback of downlink channel state information, etc. The specific work is shown in Figure 2.
- the LTE protocol is customized for wireless energy transmission, and the downlink time-sharing antenna pilot is used instead of channel reciprocity.
- the base station sends pilot signals to the user terminal through time-sharing control of each antenna, and the user terminal obtains the downlink channel state information from the base station antenna to the user terminal, where the channel state includes the channel information from each antenna of the base station terminal to the user terminal,
- the downlink channel state information is fed back to the base station through, for example, a network cable.
- the base station After obtaining the channel state information, uses the pre-set precoding scheme to calculate the precoding matrix, and uses the newly calculated precoding matrix to convert the data into Map from the user layer to the antenna port, and then adjust the signal frame strategy according to the energy of the wireless electromagnetic signal received by the user end, so that the wireless electromagnetic signal energy received by the user end within a certain period of time is as large as possible, so that the channel in a unit time The utilization rate of wireless energy transmission is higher.
- the entire transceiver system mainly includes the main box, sub-box, clock synchronization module and USRP-RIO 2950 unit.
- the main box is used as the main data processing module of the base station and the general node where data traffic converges.
- the main box contains a high-performance Bit Processer FPGA processing module, which is used to add CRC checks to the data stream, scramble and descramble, and perform QAM modulation and demodulation on IQ signals; a high-performance FPGA MIMO processing module The module is used for the processing of pilot frequency addition, channel estimation and precoding algorithm; a clock module is used for synchronizing each sub-chassis, generating 10MHz clock signal and controlling the triggering of clock signal.
- Each sub-chassis contains 8 USRP-RIOs, which are used to aggregate and distribute the data transmitted by the USRP-RIOs.
- the main board (NI PXIe) of the main box is equipped with a Window10 64bit operating system, which is connected with interactive peripherals (display screen, keyboard and mouse). Run and debug the LabView program to complete the interaction between software and hardware; display the status of the current MIMO system for the user, and process the data that does not require high real-time performance, and compare the results calculated by the FPGA module with correctness and No; write, debug, and compile FPGA programs, and the compiled bit files of specified FPGA programs can be loaded during system initialization.
- a built-in high-performance 10MHz constant temperature crystal oscillator is used to generate the clock signal and trigger signal of the base station system, and it can also be routed between multiple devices in the same NI PXI chassis.
- the high-performance FPGA chip of Xilinx is used, and the communication between the FPGA module and the CPS sub-chassis is carried out through high-speed PXI Express, and the FPGA programming of the hardware circuit can be realized in the LabView FPGA environment.
- the sub-chassis is mainly used as the center for data distribution and aggregation of multiple USRP-RIOs.
- Figure 3 shows that there are two sub-chassis, namely CPS01 and CPS02.
- Each sub-chassis is responsible for gathering the data received by 8 USRP-RIO units and then transmitting them to the FPGA module for calculation. At the same time, it receives the data transmitted by the FPGA and distributes it to 8 USRPs. -RIO to send.
- the clock synchronization module is mainly used to control 16 USRPs in the system to do clock synchronization and trigger work, and is composed of 5 clock distributors and a clock trigger controller connected.
- USRP-RIO unit For the USRP-RIO unit, it consists of 16 USRP-RIO zero-IF general-purpose software radio units, which are responsible for the transceiver and processing of baseband signals. Each USRP-RIO has a configurable FPGA chip for high-speed data calculation.
- This MIMO platform can control up to two USRP subsystems.
- Each subsystem consists of eight USRP-RIO devices connected to CPS-8910 devices, referred to as CPS01 and CPS02.
- the clock and synchronization signals received by the USRP subsystem are distributed among the eight USRP-RIO devices in the subsystem through the CDA-2990 device.
- the CDA-2990 devices in the system are named OCLK01 to OCLK02.
- Figure 4 shows a detailed connection diagram of a Massive MIMO system, where the reference signal (marked as REF), the primary synchronization signal (marked as PPS) and the MXI signal are shown, respectively.
- the uplink and downlink payload data is transmitted through the physical shared channel, without the need for forward error correction coding to provide the physical layer with an uncoded transport block of exact length.
- the transmission data is a randomly generated sequence, each time a piece of fixed-length random data is generated by using uniform white noise, and the length is dynamically adjusted according to the modulation mode, and the length of the sequence is added to the head of the data, The CRC check code of the sequence is added at the end.
- the length calculation formula is expressed as:
- L t is the length of the transmission block
- N sub is the number of subcarriers
- B mod is the number of modulation symbols.
- Table 1 The number of bytes corresponding to different modulation methods
- This framework supports the transmission of up to 12 spatial layers, ie, 12 users, and each mobile station can be allocated a subset of these spatial layers for uplink transmission and downlink reception.
- the base station provides 12 data sources, that is, 12 random data generators. Each data source is uniquely coupled to a mobile station identified by MS-ID. Each of up to 12 data sources is assigned its own transport block processing, independent of all other data sources. The resulting transport blocks are mapped to spatial layers, as shown in Figure 5. It should be noted that a complete transport block is mapped to a certain layer before a new transport block is mapped to another layer, ie the transport block is not split between multiple spatial layers.
- RF transceiver structures include IF transmitters (one or multiple IF frequency conversions), zero-IF transmitters (zero IF frequency conversions), digital transmitters, and so on.
- the transceiver circuit used by USRP-RIO is designed as a zero-IF scheme, so the oscillating circuit inside the transceiver is likely to cause local oscillator leakage. This circuit is called a mixer.
- the ideal mixer is to up-convert the baseband signal to the carrier frequency. For some reasons, the mixer in the real world will cause the signal of the oscillator circuit of the mixer to leak to the input port or output port, which will cause the signal distortion at the midpoint of the transmitted signal bandwidth.
- the frequency domain signal with a length of 2048 after the DC subcarrier is inserted is subjected to inverse Fourier transform transformation, and a time domain signal with a number of sampling points of 2048 is obtained.
- the signal in the actual communication environment, the signal is not all point-to-point direct transmission in free space. When the signal reaches an object or plane, it will cause diffuse scattering of the signal, resulting in the signal from the transmitter to the receiver depending on the geographical environment. There are many different paths, which leads to inconsistencies in the arrival times of signals on different paths, causing the signals to superimpose each other and cause distortion or even destruction.
- ISI Inter-Symbol Interference
- a guard interval similar to inserting a DC subcarrier, and fill the guard interval with 0, so that when the multipath signal falls within the guard interval, it will not cause interference to the subsequent signal; the other is to insert a cyclic signal.
- the tail or head of the OFDM time-domain signal is copied to insert a section of the same signal into the head or tail, so as to realize the OFDM cyclic signal.
- the first method is to not send any signal during a period of time between two adjacent OFDM symbols. Although this method can reduce inter-symbol interference, it will still cause carriers to be generated between different subcarriers in the OFDM symbol. Interference Interference (ICI), thus destroying the independence between subcarriers.
- ICI Interference Interference
- the cyclic prefix is used as the guard interval method.
- T sub is the number of subcarriers in the data part
- the value of T cp should be larger than the value of multipath delay, so that the multipath signal will fall in the guard interval of the period of the cyclic prefix, so as to avoid two phase delays as much as possible.
- Adjacent OFDM symbols cause inter-symbol interference due to multipath effects.
- Figure 8 shows the OFDM time-domain signal with cyclic prefix added, and it can be seen that the head and tail of the signal are the same.
- the data After the data is encoded, it will carry out data scrambling.
- the function of scrambling is to reduce the interference to other wireless communication terminals; the second is to disrupt the encoded data stream and make it more discrete; the third is to Some communication technologies can be used to spread spectrum; Fourth, data can be encrypted to a certain extent to prevent information leakage caused by monitoring.
- the scrambled signal has randomization both in the time domain and the frequency domain.
- a pseudo-random PN sequence is used, and the transmitted transmission block is scrambled with a pseudo-random sequence on the basis of each OFDM symbol, which plays a role of secrecy and can resist eavesdropping.
- the scrambling sequence is defined by a Gold sequence of length 31, and the sequence c(n) of length M PN is defined as:
- N C 1600, 0 ⁇ n ⁇ M PN -1.
- the second m-sequence is initialized as
- n 1 represents the OFDM symbol code 0-139, and the length is 8 bits; n 2 represents 0, and the length is 16 bits; n 3 represents the space layer 0-11, and the length is 4 bits; n_4 represents the modulation type (1 is QPSK, 2 is 16 -QAM, 3 is 64-QAM, 4 is 256-QAM), the length is 3bit.
- channel estimation is calculated based on channel reciprocity.
- the uplink signal and the downlink signal are sent based on time division multiplexing, because there is a long enough channel coherence time between the two signals, it can be assumed that the uplink and downlink channels are the same, with transmission and reception
- the radio is perfectly calibrated, so the downlink precoding matrix is calculated using the channel state estimated from the uplink pilot.
- the method based on channel reciprocity is a compromise scheme made in order to reduce the overhead caused by downlink channel estimation and ensure the communication rate.
- the present invention adopts a time-sharing pilot strategy, and in a wireless electronic frame of LTE, 14 OFDM symbols are included, and the synchronization symbols are removed. There are still 13 OFDM symbols left, but one antenna of the base station needs one OFDM symbol to transmit the pilot, so one subframe is not enough, so in one embodiment, a time-division pilot frame is defined, as shown in Figure 9, Where N bs represents the number of base station antennas, and N f1 represents the number of energy symbols.
- the time-division pilot frame includes three subframes of the LTE radio, and contains a total of 42 OFDM symbols, which can be used for time-division pilot transmission of 32 antennas at the base station.
- the signal frames mentioned below refer to the newly defined Signal frames, not LTE radio sub-frames.
- the time-sharing pilot frame defines the 0th OFDM symbol as a synchronization frame, and then the 1st to 32nd OFDM symbols are used for the time-sharing pilot transmission of 32 antennas; the 33rd OFDM symbol is empty, in order to distinguish the transmission pilot and transmit energy, insert a blank gap; the 34th to 41st OFDM symbols are used for energy transmission, in order not to destroy the orthogonality between OFDM symbols, the OFDM symbol content of the transmitted energy uses PN pseudo-random sequence random data generate.
- the number of radio frames contained in the time-division pilot frame, as well as the symbol position and symbol position used for energy transmission can be limited according to actual needs, such as the number of antennas at the base station end, energy transmission efficiency, etc., the present invention No restrictions are imposed.
- N bs the number of base station antennas
- N ue the number of user end antennas
- N sub the number of OFDM symbol subcarriers
- time-division pilot transmission it is mentioned that the user end will receive the time-division pilot signals of N bs antennas at the base station, so the user end performs channel estimation on these N bs pilot signals, and will obtain an N bs * The three-dimensional channel state matrix of N ue * N sub , because the dimension of the state matrix is too large, the amount of data increases with the number of antennas at the base station and the user end. If the uplink transmission is used, it will cause a large amount of delay, which is not suitable for In the case of using the uplink for transmission, the channel information can be fed back to the base station through the network cable.
- the base station In order to maximize the energy signal of the user end, the base station needs to perform beamforming calculations through the channel state matrix fed back by the user end, and the calculated precoding scheme can be maximized based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) proposed in the existing literature. Energy Algorithms. The specific precoding calculation scheme will be described below.
- the channel state H j is a matrix of N bs *N ue .
- Singular value decomposition is performed on each H j to obtain the right singular matrix V j , and the first column of each V j is taken to obtain a column vector of dimension N bs
- the column vector corresponding to all subcarriers A precoding matrix W with a dimension of N bs *N sub can be obtained through combination, and the base station end applies the precoding matrix W to the signal to be transmitted to complete the precoding process.
- the host computer Due to the large amount of calculations required for massive MIMO communications and the need for real-time performance, using the host computer to calculate the data that should be calculated by the FPGA will test the hardware configuration of the host computer and the optimization of the software algorithm.
- the traditional synchronous frame The synchronization method is the maximum likelihood algorithm, and it will be very time-consuming to use the host computer under a large amount of synchronization signal calculations. Therefore, the synchronization symbol of the LTE radio frame is redesigned. The operand performs symbol synchronization.
- the synchronization symbol in the original radio frame is designed, and the DC square wave is used in the design, so that the receiving end can accurately detect the starting point of the frame.
- the sliding window algorithm can be designed in the receiving end so that the upper The computer program can find the starting point of a frame more accurately.
- the design of the sliding window algorithm is elaborated as follows.
- the continuously received signals will be stored in a buffer, and the buffer can store a maximum number N t of sampling points of the signal.
- N s the sampling point size of the DC synchronous signal
- the sliding window slides from the end of the buffer to the head. The purpose of this is to process the newer signal first. data frame, so that newer channel state information can be obtained.
- the sliding window slides backwards, calculate the average value V k of the signal amplitude in the window, 0 ⁇ k ⁇ N t -N s , where k is the starting position in the buffer where the sliding window is located.
- the formula for calculating the average amplitude V k of the sampling points in the sliding window is expressed as:
- the size of the sliding window needs to satisfy the constraint condition 0 ⁇ S ⁇ N s .
- the average amplitude V k can only measure the average amplitude of the sampling points in the window, the average amplitude V k is not enough to measure whether the position of the current sliding window is the designed DC synchronous symbol, if it is necessary to determine whether it is a DC signal , it is also necessary to set a floating threshold ⁇ .
- the difference between the sampling point in the window and the average amplitude in the window does not exceed the floating threshold ⁇ , the synchronization symbol can be located.
- g k is defined as whether the current window is a synchronous symbol, and the calculation formula is expressed as:
- a threshold ⁇ of the lowest average amplitude will be set for pruning when the sliding window slides to reduce the amount of computation.
- the calculation of g k is not performed, because the position of the current window is not the position of the synchronization signal.
- the average amplitude V k ⁇ ⁇ in the window it is considered that the position of the sliding window may be a synchronous signal, and then the calculation of g k is performed.
- ⁇ optimizes the calculation of data that is unlikely to be a synchronous signal when the sliding window slides.
- Channel estimation is implemented in the frequency domain, which relies on frequency-orthogonal pilots transmitted in the uplink and downlink, respectively, but the uplink pilots are designed to be frequency-orthogonal for each antenna, while the downlink The pilots are designed to be orthogonal in frequency for each spatial layer.
- the downlink pilot is transmitted by precoding, similar to the actual data sent. Therefore, obtaining channel state information is a huge amount of calculation.
- it is necessary to calculate channel state information through pilots in real time, especially for massive MIMO communication. Due to the existence of a large number of antenna arrays, large-scale MIMO obtains channel state information. The amount of calculation is very large and complex.
- the OFDM protocol stack there will be 140 OFDM symbols transmitted per second, and the pilot will occupy about 20% of the symbols in a frame, which means that when the communication terminal uses the LTE protocol stack to communicate, it needs to About 40 pilots are used for channel estimation calculation, plus a large number of antenna arrays, the amount of data is huge, so channel estimation requires a simple algorithm with low time complexity and low space complexity, which can be calculated quickly
- the channel state information can be obtained, and the quasi-channel state information can be estimated as much as possible to achieve fast and low-error channel calculation.
- the widely used method is the least square estimation (Least square, LS), and its formula is as follows:
- Y is the received signal
- n is the noise
- X is the pilot signal
- Least squares estimation is widely used in channel estimation. Because of its low computational complexity, only one multiplication operation is needed to estimate the corresponding channel coefficients, so it is very suitable for large-scale MIMO channel state calculation.
- the transmission time of the time-division pilot occupies 76.2% of the primary signal frame time, while the energy transmission time is only 19% of the signal frame time.
- using this method will cause most of the signal transmission time to be spent on the transmission of time-division pilots rather than energy transmission, so that the energy transmission takes up the time of the signal frame as the large-scale
- the increase of the number of MIMO antennas decreases, which makes the situation worse when the efficiency of wireless long-distance energy transmission is not high, resulting in low energy utilization of the base station and long channel occupation time. Therefore, the present invention preferably proposes an improved signal frame structure to improve the energy transmission efficiency of the signal frame.
- a dynamic transmission strategy is proposed.
- the time-sharing pilot frame contains pilot symbols and energy symbols, and the energy The transmission frame is only composed of energy symbols.
- the time-sharing pilot frame is named as frame 1 and the energy transmission frame is named as frame 2.
- the frame window is used to monitor the change of the average energy of the signal frame energy symbols in the window, when f ⁇ Q, the average energy P of the signal frame energy symbols in the window at the fth frame f is expressed as:
- p f,i represents the energy of the i-th OFDM energy symbol in the f-th frame.
- a dynamic transmission strategy can be used to switch from frame 1 to frame 2.
- the absolute value of the difference between the energy of each energy symbol of the sliding window of the user terminal and P f is greater than ⁇
- the current channel state is considered unstable, which may be caused by the movement of the user terminal or the change of the surrounding environment.
- the frame 2Switch to frame 1 and switch to frame 2 when the energy value per OFDM symbol becomes stable again.
- the expression of the decision A f+1 (f ⁇ Q) of the above dynamic transmission strategy frame f+1 is as follows:
- the ratio is the ratio of energy transmission time to signal frame transmission time, where T energy represents the total transmission time of energy symbols, and T frame represents the total transmission time of signal frames.
- the system test uses 32 directional array antennas for base station transmission, and 32 omnidirectional rod antennas for base station reception. Because the array antenna is an active directional antenna, the internal circuit of the antenna has a power amplifier, so it can only transmit signals but not receive signals.
- the user end adopts two omnidirectional rod antennas, and the user end transmits and receives antennas together. Both base station and user radio frequencies are set at 1.2GHz.
- the physical picture of the base station system is shown in Figure 11.
- the physical diagram of the client system is shown in Figure 12.
- Figure 13 is the front panel under the LabVIEW Communication program. It can be seen from the figure that there is currently a user sending uplink data, and the data modulation method is 16QAM. Since there is no interference from other users, whether it is from the base station to observe the uplink constellation As shown in the figure, the downlink constellation diagram observed from the user side is more in line with the normal transmission state. The constellation points in the constellation diagram are relatively thin, and the system performance is good, but not in an excellent state. This is because the transceiver antenna at the base station is not integrated. Reciprocity estimates the channel from the antenna at the user end to the receiving antenna at the base station. It can be seen from Fig.
- the channel frequency response on the BS side is relatively flat and the power distribution is uniform in the 20M bandwidth range, and it can also be seen from the frequency impulse response in Fig. 15 . Since the transceiver antennas at the base station are not integrated, and the locations of the transceiver antennas are far apart, under the constraints of the system hardware, the massive MIMO application framework cannot use the channel reciprocity-based method for wireless energy communication. Channel state estimation.
- the bandwidth of the OFDM subcarrier transmitted by the base station is 20MHz.
- the constellation diagram in Figure 17 reflects the superiority of the massive MIMO multi-antenna array, making the constellation points very concentrated and the bit error rate low , and the frequency response curve under the 20M bandwidth is also in a good range.
- the constellation point of the user terminal is better than that of the base station, because the user terminal is integrated with the transceiver antenna, and there is no problem of inaccurate channel estimation at the base station.
- the carrier frequency is set to 1.2 GHz
- 32 directional array antennas are used at the base station, and 2 antennas are configured at the user end.
- Fig. 18 shows a wireless electronic frame time-domain signal generated by the transmitting end, the signal has a DC synchronous frame, a pilot frequency and an energy signal designed in the present invention.
- Figure 19 is a diagram of the signal amplitude sampled to the buffer by the user end. There is only one complete LTE subframe symbol in the buffer. This is because the signal is collected continuously, and the host computer can only process a certain number of sampling points each time. To ensure the signal processing speed, the signal sampling rate is set moderately.
- Figure 20 shows the time-domain signal diagram of a wireless sub-frame captured from the buffer after the client uses the new synchronization signal algorithm. It can be seen from the figure that the algorithm can accurately and quickly find The starting point of a radio frame.
- the DC synchronization signal, downlink pilot signal and energy signal can be seen in the figure.
- the user After obtaining a wireless sub-frame, the user can obtain 14 OFDM symbols in a sub-frame by removing the cyclic prefix, FFT transformation, and removing the DC sub-carrier, and then obtain the channel by performing channel estimation on the pilot. status information.
- the communication carrier frequency of the base station and the user terminal is set to 1.2GHz when the maximum gain of the active array antenna is 21.71dB, so that the beamforming can be performed better and the signal energy radiated to the receiving terminal is more concentrated.
- the height of the base station array antenna is 1.6 meters, the height of the user terminal antenna is 0.4 meters, and the horizontal distance between the two terminal antennas is 15 cm. Both the base station and the user terminal are in fixed positions during the communication process.
- Figure 21, Figure 22, and Figure 23 are three experimental results of transmitting 600 signal frames when there is no moving object in the test environment.
- the first 20 frames are the initialization period of the sliding window Q, so the signal frame uses time-sharing pilots frame, after 20 frames of initialization, since the change in the average energy P f does not exceed the floating threshold ⁇ , the base station considers that the current downlink channel with the user terminal is relatively stable, and switches to the energy transmission frame.
- energy transmission frames are always used for subsequent transmissions, and there is no switch to time-sharing pilot frames.
- the ratio R begins to increase and approaches 97.6%. This is because the proportion of energy symbols in the signal frame increases after switching the energy transmission frame.
- the present invention is aimed at the design and demonstration of the wireless energy transmission scheme based on the massive MIMO system, and realizes the construction of the experimental software platform.
- the signal modulation and scrambling are realized by using the labview language on the host computer, and the channel estimation is realized.
- the present invention can be a system, method and/or computer program product.
- a computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to implement various aspects of the present invention.
- a computer readable storage medium may be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device.
- a computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electrical storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
- Computer-readable storage media include: portable computer diskettes, hard disks, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), or flash memory), static random access memory (SRAM), compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disc (DVD), memory stick, floppy disk, mechanically encoded device, such as a printer with instructions stored thereon A hole card or a raised structure in a groove, and any suitable combination of the above.
- RAM random access memory
- ROM read-only memory
- EPROM erasable programmable read-only memory
- flash memory static random access memory
- SRAM static random access memory
- CD-ROM compact disc read only memory
- DVD digital versatile disc
- memory stick floppy disk
- mechanically encoded device such as a printer with instructions stored thereon
- a hole card or a raised structure in a groove and any suitable combination of the above.
- computer-readable storage media are not to be construed as transient signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through waveguides or other transmission media (e.g., pulses of light through fiber optic cables), or transmitted electrical signals.
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种基于动态帧传输的大规模MIMO无线能量传输方法。该方法包括:基站端利用设置的分时导频帧来分时控制每根天线发送导频信号至用户端;用户端获取基站端天线到本用户端的下行信道状态信息,并将该下行信道状态信息反馈回基站端;基站端基于所述下行信道状态信息计算预编码矩阵,使用新计算的预编码矩阵将数据从用户层映射至天线端口上,并以最大化用户端的能量信号为目标进行波束成形计算。本发明提出了同步帧的重设计以及自适应调整帧结构的最大化能量传输策略,有效提高了通信网络性能。
Description
本发明涉及通信技术领域,更具体地,涉及一种基于动态帧传输的大规模MIMO无线能量传输方法。
目前,5G基站的大规模部署,加速了物联网时代的发展,对物联网传感器节点能量可持续性提出了挑战,然而由于大多数无线设备是电池功能,不能满足可持续性要求。无线能量传输(Wireless Energy Transmission,WET)技术有利于电池充电,以延长无线网络(如传感器网络)的寿命。无线能量传输技术的基本原理是发射端设备通过无线电波(电磁场或者电磁波)进行能量的无线传输,而接收端设备则通过能量收集技术将无线电波能量转换为电能进行存储和利用。无线能量传输也存在传播损耗,包括路径损耗、阴影和快速衰落等。因此,传输效率是无线能量传输的一个关键和具有挑战性的问题。
大规模天线技术是第五代移动通信中提升频谱利用率和提高系统容量的主要技术手段。传统的MIMO基本上都是小于8根天线,而大规模(massive)MIMO与传统MIMO最特别的地方就在于成倍的天线数量,大规模MIMO中的天线数至少达到32根。大规模MIMO在水平维数空间的基础上引用垂直方向上的分量来使用垂直维数空域,信号的向外辐射的形状是电磁波,因此3D-MIMO是大规模MIMO的另一个别称。
波束赋形技术也称为空间滤波技术,是在大规模天线阵列中用于使信号按照特定方向发射或接收的一种信号处理技术。其原理是通过不断调节天线阵列中的各个天线幅度和相位,或者通过数字预编码技术调整IQ(In-phase,Quadrature)信号,使其在特定角度处的信号经历建设性的干扰,而其他角度处的信号经历破坏性的干扰,多个天线的发射信号形成波束主 瓣指向目标UE端,从而提高UE端接收的能量大小;并且因为信号传输具有指向性,非目标UE端所接收到的信号能量较小,因此可以较为有效地抑制共信道干扰,减少不必要的能量消耗。
目前,研究学者已提出了多种无线携能通信网络的时间分配方案以及信道反馈的方案,然而这些方案基本都是基于理论上的考虑,运用在实际通信系统中存在许多问题。例如如何提高接收端的信干噪比(SINR)从而改善信号质量、如何增加信道容量从而提高数据传输速率等,并且没有考虑到接收端能量供应来源的相关问题。此外,基于大规模MIMO的无线能量传输技术仍处于研究的起初阶段,在理论和实际应用上存在着很多问题,如信道估计准确性和实时性的问题、多天线系统下的波束设计问题、不同用户场景下预编码算法问题等。
例如,在移动通信系统中,信道状态信息的准确性很大程度上影响信号传输的有效性,而获取信道状态信息的过程称为信道估计。信道估计通常可以用训练序列或者发送导频来计算,但是在大规模MIMO系统中,大量的天线导致信道估计的计算量激增。为了避免大规模MIMO大量反馈信道状态信息,通过时分复用方式通信可以在信道互易性基础上直接利用上行导频估计出信道矩阵。首先,用户发送导频信号,基站取得系统中所有的用户信道状态信息,接着,基站在发送下行数据信号的同时,利用估计的信道状态信息检测上行链路数据,并生成下行预编码均衡矩阵。但是这种方法会导致导频污染,对于多用户的大规模MIMO系统,不同基站间不同用户之间的导频序列是不同的,所以它们之间的导频不完全正交,会导致用户间干扰,从而降低传输性能。
通过对现有技术分析可知,无线携能通信技术适合一些网络覆盖范围较小、网络节点数目较多、应用智能化的短距离无线通信网络,如适用于无线传感器网络、智能家居网络等低功耗低数据量传输的设备。例如,在一种基本的无线携能通信系统中,基站(Base Station)从风能、太阳能等自然环境中获取能量并存储起来,然后通过无线信号的方式将能量和信息传输给各个移动设备;移动设备接收电磁波获取能量,进行无线信号将信息传输回至基站,从而实现整个系统能量和信息的协同传输。随着物联网的 发展与变革,目前MIMO已经不能仅仅满足于对数据通信的需求,还可以用来传输能量。于是,对更为迫切和复杂的大规模MIMO无线能量传输的研究成为了国内外的热点,这些研究也被称为MIMO-WET。
发明内容
本发明的目的是克服上述现有技术的缺陷,提供一种基于动态帧传输的大规模MIMO无线能量传输方法,以解决Massive MIMO系统下无线能量传输方面的技术难点。
本发明的技术方案是提供一种基于动态帧传输的大规模MIMO无线能量传输方法,包括:
基站端利用设置的分时导频帧来分时控制每根天线发送导频信号至用户端;
用户端获取基站端天线到本用户端的下行信道状态信息,并将该下行信道状态信息反馈回基站端;
基站端基于所述下行信道状态信息计算预编码矩阵,使用新计算的预编码矩阵将数据从用户层映射至天线端口上,并以最大化用户端的能量信号为目标进行波束成形计算。
与现有技术相比,本发明的优点在于,在实现基站端与移动端正常通信的基础上,创造性地提出了对信号同步帧进行重新设计,并提出在信道慢衰落的条件下自适应最大化能量接收效率的传输策略。本发明符合现代通信技术协议与章程,可以进一步拓展,并且与现有技术具有高度兼容性,克服了目前无限携能通信技术的局限性。
通过以下参照附图对本发明的示例性实施例的详细描述,本发明的其它特征及其优点将会变得清楚。
被结合在说明书中并构成说明书的一部分的附图示出了本发明的实施例,并且连同其说明一起用于解释本发明的原理。
图1是根据本发明一个实施例OFDM帧结构示意图;
图2是根据本发明一个实施例上位机软件实现流程图;
图3是根据本发明一个实施例硬件系统架构示意图;
图4是根据本发明一个实施例的32天线大规模MIMO连接图;
图5是根据本发明一个实施例数据从传输块到层映射示意图;
图6是根据本发明一个实施例插入DC子载波后的频域信号示意图
图7是根据本发明一个实施例DC子载波插入信号中间处示意图;
图8是根据本发明一个实施例加入循环前缀的OFDM时域信号示意图;
图9是根据本发明一个实施例分时导频帧序列图;
图10是根据本发明一个实施例能量传输帧序列图;
图11是根据本发明一个实施例基站端系统与天线阵列实物图;
图12是根据本发明一个实施例用户端系统实物图;
图13是根据本发明一个实施例基站侧上行星座图;
图14是根据本发明一个实施例基站侧信道频率响应图;
图15是根据本发明一个实施例基站侧信道脉冲响应图;
图16是根据本发明一个实施例用户侧下行接收功率谱图;
图17是根据本发明一个实施例用户侧下行星座图与频率响应图;
图18是根据本发明一个实施例发射端生成的LTE帧示意图;
图19是根据本发明一个实施例用户端接收实时LTE无线电帧信号示意图;
图20是根据本发明一个实施例用户端接收无线电子帧信号示意图;
图21是根据本发明一个实施例用户端接收每帧能量符号总能量图;
图22是根据本发明一个实施例用户端平均能量示意图;
图23是根据本发明一个实施例用户端比值图。
现在将参照附图来详细描述本发明的各种示例性实施例。应注意到:除非另外具体说明,否则在这些实施例中阐述的部件和步骤的相对布置、数字表达式和数值不限制本发明的范围。
以下对至少一个示例性实施例的描述实际上仅仅是说明性的,决不作为对本发明及其应用或使用的任何限制。
对于相关领域普通技术人员已知的技术、方法和设备可能不作详细讨论,但在适当情况下,所述技术、方法和设备应当被视为说明书的一部分。
在这里示出和讨论的所有例子中,任何具体值应被解释为仅仅是示例性的,而不是作为限制。因此,示例性实施例的其它例子可以具有不同的值。
应注意到:相似的标号和字母在下面的附图中表示类似项,因此,一旦某一项在一个附图中被定义,则在随后的附图中不需要对其进行进一步讨论。
简言之,本发明提供的基于动态帧传输的大规模MIMO无线能量传输方法主要包括:设计分时导频帧来分时控制每根天线发送导频信号至用户端;设计预编码方案;设计同步捕获方式以及动态传输策略等。
在下文的描述中,以TDD无线电帧结构为例说明分时导频帧的设计,并以软硬件实验仿真平台介绍通信过程和主要改进点。但应理解的是,本发明提出的思想同样也可应用于目前的商用设备,如基站、终端UE等。
图1是TDD无线电帧结构示意。每秒有100个无线电帧(Radio Frame),一个无线电帧占据时间10ms。进一步地,每个无线电帧可再细分为10个子帧(subframe),子帧可再细分为半帧,每个半帧拥有7个OFDM符号,其中子帧时间为1ms,半帧时间为0.5ms。在标准规定中,TDD帧结构包含DwPTS(Downlink Pilot TimeSlot)、DwDTS(Downlink Data TimeSlot)、UpPTS(Uplink Pilot TimeSlot)、UpDTS(Uplink Data TimeSlot)以及Sync(synchronization TimeSlot)。根据长期演进标准上的规定,子载波间隔△f=15KHz,每个子载波的采样点为2048(不包含循环前缀),一个采样点的时间为Ts=0.033微秒。
图2和图3分别是使用的软硬件平台,其中硬件系统主要包括:主机模块、Bit Processer模块、MIMO Processer模块、时钟模块、数据处理模块等。
在下行链路(基站发射),Bit Processer模块用于对数据进行编码调 制。MIMO Processer用于对IQ数据(导频和调制后的源数据)进行预编码操作,RRH(Remote Radio Head)用于对预编码后的数据进行基带调制,使用OFDM技术调制成基带信号,最后在天线阵列发射。
在上行链路(基站接收),各个模块处理着相似的任务。其中在MIMO Processer模块中,基站接收到导频后进行信道估计,并将计算好的均衡矩阵发给下行链路中的MIMO Processer,即使用上行的链路状态信息,基于信道互易性作用于下行链路的预编码调制。
在一个实施例中,使用美国德州仪器提供的大规模MIMO通讯平台设备进行实际通信环境的搭建与测试,在基于LTE协议栈的基础上,实现大规模MIMO的无线能量传输过程,并且针对无线能量传输在LTE协议栈上进行修改和优化,其中包含预编码的修改、时间策略的动态调整、以及下行链路信道状态信息的反馈等。具体工作参见图2所示。
1)对实验平台进行硬件连线和软件环境的安装,使用NI的大规模MIMO应用范例对系统搭建环节进行可靠验证,将会从星座图、OFDM符号功率、信道脉冲响应、符号延迟、接收子载波幅度、信号延迟等方面进行验证。所涉及的通信算法可采用FPGA实现,例如将FPGA层面上的通信流程移到上位机里计算,在上位机里实现基于LTE协议栈的OFDM调制的大规模MIMO基础通信,将网络层数据下传的字节流在数据链路层进行编码(Coding)、交织(Interleaving)、加扰(Scrambling)、调制(Modulation)、层映射(Layer mapping)、预编码(Precoding)等处理,OFDM符号产生后,再通过插入直流(Direct Current,DC)子载波、经过逆傅里叶变换(IFFT)以及插入循环前缀(Cyclic Prefix,CP)后才从天线端口发送出去,最后还设计了一个同步符号替换LTE原始的同步符号,使接收端上位机更容易的同步一个信号帧。
2)在基于LTE协议栈的OFDM调制的大规模MIMO基础通信的基础下,针对无线能量传输对LTE协议进行了自定义化的修改,不使用信道互易性而使用下行分时天线导频发送,即基站端通过分时控制每根天线发送导频信号至用户端,用户端获取基站端天线到本用户端的下行信道状态信息,其中信道状态中包含基站端每个天线到用户端的信道信息,将此下 行链路的信道状态信息通过例如网线的形式反馈回基站,基站端获取到信道状态信息后利用设定好的预编码方案计算出预编码矩阵,并使用新计算的预编码矩阵将数据从用户层映射至天线端口上,随后,根据用户端接收的无线电磁信号能量大小来调整信号帧策略,从而使用户端在一定时间内无线电磁信号能量接收尽可能的大,使得单位时间内信道的无线能量传输利用率更高。
3)对传统的基于SVD分解的预编码算法进行改进,最大化经过接收端能量收集(EH)模块后的功率值。因为接收端的不同射频链路的能量收集阻抗是不同的,需求对该阻抗进行计算才能匹配出合适的预编码矩阵,从而使接收端真正获取到的能量最大化。
以下具体说明应用的硬件环境和软件流程。
一、硬件环境
根据NI所搭建的多天线基站-单/双天线移动端系统,整套收发系统主要包括主机箱、子机箱、时钟同步模块和USRP-RIO 2950单元。
具体地,主机箱作为基站端主要的数据处理模块和数据流量汇聚的总节点。参见图3所示,主机箱含有一块高性能Bit Processer FPGA处理模块,用于对数据流做一些添加CRC校验、加扰解扰、对IQ信号作QAM调制解调;一块高性能FPGA MIMO处理模块用于导频添加、信道估计和预编码算法的处理;一个时钟模块用于同步各个子机箱、产生10MHz的时钟信号以及控制时钟信号的触发。每个子机箱包含8个USRP-RIO,用于对USRP-RIO传输的数据进行汇聚和分发。其中,主机箱的主机板块(NI PXIe)搭载了一个Window10 64bit操作系统,与交互外设(显示屏、键鼠)连接,其目的是:作为上位机,设置系统参数的初始化,实时显示运行过程中的各种参数和数据图表,运行调试LabView程序,完成软件和硬件的交互;为用户显示当前MIMO系统的状态,并且对实时性要求不高的数据进行处理,对比FPGA模块计算的结果正确与否;编写、调试以及编译FPGA程序,系统初始化时可加载指定FPGA程序经过编译后的bit文件。
对于时钟触发控制器,内置高性能10MHz的恒温晶体振荡器,用来产生基站系统的时钟信号和触发信号,并且还可以在同一个NI PXI机箱中 的多个设备之间实现路由。
对于FPGA数据处理单元,采用Xilinx的高性能FPGA芯片,FPGA模块和CPS子机箱之间通过高速的PXI Express进行通信,可在LabView FPGA环境下对硬件电路实现FPGA编程。
子机箱主要是用作多个USRP-RIO数据分发和汇聚的中心。图3示意为含有两个子机箱,分别是CPS01和CPS02,每个子机箱负责8个USRP-RIO单元接收到的数据汇聚后传输给FPGA模块进行计算,同时接收FPGA传过来的数据分发给8个USRP-RIO进行发送。
时钟同步模块主要是用来控制系统中16个USRP做时钟同步和触发工作,由5时钟分配器和一块时钟触发控制器相连接组成。
对于USRP-RIO单元,由16块USRP-RIO零中频的通用软件无线电单元组成,负责基带信号的收发和处理工作,每个USRP-RIO都有一个可配置的FPGA芯片用于高速的数据计算。
该MIMO平台最多可以控制两个USRP子系统。每个子系统由八个USRP-RIO设备组成,这些设备连接到CPS-8910设备,分别称为CPS01和CPS02。USRP子系统接收的时钟和同步信号通过CDA-2990设备在子系统中的八个USRP-RIO设备之间分配。系统中的CDA-2990器件名为OCLK01至OCLK02。图4显示了Massive MIMO系统的详细连接图,其中,分别示出了参考信号(标记为REF),主同步信号(标记为PPS)和MXI信号。
二、软件流程
1)、上下行数据生成
上下行链路有效负载数据通过物理共享信道传输,无需前向纠错编码向物理层提供精确长度的未编码传输块。在一个实施例中,传输数据为随机生成序列,每次通过使用均匀白噪声生成一段固定长度随机的数据,此长度根据调制方式动态的调整,并在此数据的头部加上序列的长度,最后尾部加上序列的CRC校验码。长度计算公式表示为:
其中L
t为传输块长度,N
sub为子载波数量,B
mod为调制符号 位数。
由于协议采用1200子载波进行传输,所以不同的调制方案所得长度表参见表1。
表1:不同调制方式对应的字节数
调制方式 | 符号大小(位) | 长度(字节) |
QPSK | 2 | 300 |
16-QAM | 4 | 600 |
64-QAM | 6 | 900 |
256-QAM | 8 | 1200 |
此框架支持最多12个空间层的传输,即支持12个用户,可以为每个移动站分配这些空间层的子集以用于上行链路传输和下行链路接收。同样地,基站提供12个数据源,即12个随机数据发生器。每个数据源都唯一地耦合到一个由MS-ID标识的移动站。最多12个数据源中的每一个都分配有自己的传输块处理,独立于所有其他数据源。产生的传输块映射到空间层,如图5所示。应注意的是,在新传输块映射到另一层之前,完整的传输块映射到某一层,即传输块不在多个空间层之间分割。
2)、DC子载波
传统的射频收发机结构有中频发射机(一次或多次的中频变频)、零中频发射机(零次中频变频)、数字发射机等。USRP-RIO所采用的收发机电路设计为零中频方案,所以在收发机内部的震荡电路容易造成本振泄露,这个电路叫做混频器,理想的混频器是将基带信号上变频到载频信号,而真实中的混频器因为某些原因会导致混频器振荡电路的信号泄露到输入口或输出口,从而造成发射的信号带宽中点处信号失真。为了避免这种干扰噪声,不管在发射机和接收机上,通常在预处理信号的时候会在这个频点处不加数据调制,即让子载波信号跳过这个频点,因此在LTE协议中是规定这个直流分量子载波(Direct Current Subcarrier,DC)上是不发射任何数据符号的。除了载频带宽的中点以外,还需要在子载波的两边各设置保护频段。经过DC子载波插入后的频域信号如图6,插入DC子载波后频域信号长度从1200延伸至2048,其中424至1624处为调制上子载波的数据(除 去1024处的中点)。此时的2048即为逆快速傅里叶变换的采样点数。图7为图6的中点处放大,可看出在1024处的频点幅度为0。
3)、循环前缀
将插入DC子载波后长度为2048的频域信号进行逆傅里叶变化转换,将得到采样点个数为2048的时域信号。但在实际通信环境中,信号在自由空间中并不是全是点对点的直接传输,信号到达一个物体或平面的时候会造成信号的漫散射,导致信号从发射端到接收端根据不同的地理坏境有许多条不同的路径,这就导致了不同路径的信号到达时间不一致,导致信号互相叠加造成失真甚至破坏。OFDM符号在信道传播过程中,由于上述的多径效应会导致接邻发送的OFDM符号被上一个符号的多径信号干扰,称为符号间干扰(ISI)。通常,采用两种方法解决这种干扰带来的负面影响。一种是类似插入DC子载波一样加入保护间隔,在保护间隔处填充0,这样当多径信号落在保护间隔内,就不会对后面的信号造成干扰;另一种是插入循环信号,在OFDM时域信号的尾部或头部复制一段相同的信号插入到头部或尾部,从而实现OFDM的循环信号。第一种方法为在两个相邻OFDM符号之间的一段时间间隔内不发送任何的信号,这种方法虽然可以降低符号间干扰,但仍然会导致OFDM符号内的不同的子载波间产生载波间干扰(ICI),从而破坏了子载波之间的独立性。
在LTE规范中采用了循环前缀作为保护间隔的方法,循环前缀是将OFDM符号时域信号尾部的一段采样点复制到头部,长度记为T
cp,故每个符号的长度更新为T
sym=T
sub+T
cp。其中T
sub为数据部分子载波数,T
cp的值应比多径时延的值要大,这样多径信号才会落在循环前缀这段时间的保护间隔中,这样能够尽量避免两个相邻OFDM符号因为多径效而造成符号间干扰。如图8为加入循环前缀OFDM时域信号,可以看出信号头部和尾部是相同的。
4)、数据加扰
数据经过编码之后,将进行数据加扰的环节,加扰的作用一是为了减小对其它无线通信终端的干扰;二是为了打乱编码后的数据流,使其更加 离散化;三是在某些通信技术中可用来扩频;四是可以在一定程度上对数据进行加密防止被监听导致信息泄露。打乱顺序后的信号不管在时域还是频域上都具有随机化。在一个实施例中,采用的是伪随机PN序列,发送的传输块在每个OFDM符号的基础上用伪随机序列加扰,起到了保密的作用,可以对抗窃听。
例如,扰码序列由长度为31的Gold序列定义,长度M
PN的序列c(n)定义为:
其中N
C=1600,0≤n≤M
PN-1。
第一个m序列初始化为x
1(0)=1,x
1(n)=0,1≤n≤30。第二个m序列初始化为
扰码序列会在每个OFDM符号的开始时进行初始化,初始化值表示为c
init=n
1·2
23+n
2·2
7+n
3·2
3+n
4。
其中,n
1表示OFDM符号码0-139,长度为8bit;n
2表示0,长度为16bit;n
3表示空间层0-11,长度为4bit;n_4表示调制类型(1为QPSK,2为16-QAM,3为64-QAM,4为256-QAM),长度为3bit。
5)、分时导频设计
在LTE协议通信系统中,信道估计是基于信道互易性计算的。在无线电帧设计中,上行信号和下行信号是在基于时分复用的方式发送的,因为两个信号之间有足够长的信道相干时间,可以假设上行和下行信道是相同的,具有发射和接收无线电的完美校准的特性,所以下行预编码矩阵使用了上行导频估计出来的信道状态来计算。基于信道互易性的方法,是为了减轻下行信道估计带来的开销,为了保证通信速率而做出的折中方案。
在本文平台中,由于关注的是下行的信道状态和下行的能量传输,故需要通过发送下行的导频来进行估计信道状态,在用户端获取的信道状态,将通过网线的方式反馈到基站端,通过这种方式,基站端可获取到完整的下行信道,因此可以准确获得下行信道状态。
为了在用户端可以准确的获得基站端每根天线到用户端的全部天线的信道状态,本发明采用分时导频策略,而在LTE一个无线电子帧里,包含14个OFDM符号,除去同步符号,还剩13个OFDM符号,但基站一个天线发送导频需要一个OFDM符号,所以一个子帧是不够用的,故在一个实施例中,定义了一个分时导频帧,如图9所示,其中N
bs表示基站端天线数量,N
f1表示能量符号数量。例如,分时导频帧包含LTE无线电三个子帧,一共包含42个OFDM符号,能够用于基站端32根天线的分时导频发送,在下文所涉及的信号帧,皆指本文新定义的信号帧,而非LTE无线电子帧。
分时导频帧定义第0个OFDM符号为同步帧,接着第1至第32个OFDM符号分别用于32根天线的分时导频发送;第33个OFDM符号为空,为了区分传输导频和传输能量,插入一个空白的间隙;第34至第41个OFDM符号用于能量的发送,为了不破坏OFDM符号之间的正交性,发送的能量的OFDM符号内容采用PN伪随机序列随机数据生成。
应理解的是,分时导频帧包含的无线电帧数量,以及用于能量发送的符号位置、符号位置等可根据实际需要进行限定,例如基站端的天线数目、能量传输效率等,本发明对此不进行限制。
6)、预编码设计
设基站端天线数量为N
bs,用户端天线数量为N
ue,OFDM符号子载波数量为N
sub。在一个实施例中,它们的值分别设置为N
bs=32,N
ue=2,N
sub=1200。在分时导频发送设计中提到,用户端将接收到基站端N
bs根天线的分时导频信号,因此用户端对这N
bs个导频信号进行信道估计,将得到一个N
bs*N
ue*N
sub的三维信道状态矩阵,由于此状态矩阵维度太大,数据量随着基站端和用户端的天线数量增加而增加,若使用上行链路传输将会导致大量的延迟,在不适合使用上行链路进行传输的情况下,可通过网线将信道信息反馈至基站端。
为了最大化用户端的能量信号,基站端需要通过用户端反馈的信道状态矩阵进行波束成形计算,计算的预编码方案可采用现有文献中提出的基于奇异值分解(Singular Value Decomposition,SVD)最大化能量的算法。 具体的预编码计算方案将在下文阐述。
对于每个子载波j,1≤j≤N
sub,信道状态H
j皆为一个N
bs*N
ue的矩阵。对每个H
j进行奇异值分解,可获得右奇异矩阵V
j,对每个V
j取其第一列,即可得到维度为N
bs列向量
将所有子载波对应的列向量
组合即可得到维度为N
bs*N
sub的预编码矩阵W,基站端将此预编码矩阵W应用到要发送的信号上即完成预编码过程。
7)、同步捕获
由于大规模MIMO通信的计算量大,且要求实时性的特点,用上位机来计算本该由FPGA来计算的数据,将会非常考验上位机的硬件配置且软件算法的优化,传统同步帧的同步方法为最大似然算法,在大量的同步信号计算量下采用上位机将非常耗时,因此将LTE无线电帧的同步符号进行了重新设计,设计的目的是为了上位机可以以低复杂度的运算量执行符号同步。
具体地,将原来的无线电帧中的同步符号进行了设计,设计使用了直流方波,以便于接收端准确地检测到帧的起始点,其次,在接收端中通过设计滑动窗口算法可以让上位机程序更精准的找到一个帧的起始点。滑动窗口算法的设计阐述如下。
在接收端,连续接收的信号将被保存在一个缓冲区中,缓冲区可最多保存信号的采样点个数N
t。对于缓冲区里接收到的一段信号a,设直流同步信号采样点大小N
s、滑动窗口大小为S,滑动窗口从缓冲区的尾部开始向头部滑动,这样做的目的是为了先处理较新的数据帧,从而可以获得较新的信道状态信息。滑动窗口逆向滑动的同时,计算窗口内的信号幅值的平均值V
k,0≤k≤N
t-N
s,k为滑动窗口所在缓冲区里的起始位置。滑动窗口采样点平均幅值V
k计算公式表示为:
其中滑动窗口大小需满足约束条件0<S≤N
s。
由于平均幅值V
k仅能够衡量窗口内的采样点的平均幅度,所以平均幅值V
k是不足以衡量当前滑动窗口所在的位置是否为所设计的直流同步符号,如果需要确定是否为直流信号,还需设置一个浮动阈值ρ,当窗口内的采样点与窗口内的平均幅值差值不超过浮动阈值ρ时,才可定位出同步符号。例如,将g
k定义为当前窗口是否为同步符号,计算公式表示为:
s.t.i∈{0,S-1}
当g
k=1时,则认为当前滑动窗口所在的位置为一个帧的同步信号位置,则滑动窗口的起始点k即落在同步直流信号的某个点上,此时基于这个点k往前进行一维逆向搜索,当|a
s|<θ,0≤s≤k-1时,此时s点即落在同步符号的起始点上。相反,当g
k=0时,说明窗口所在位置不是同步符号,则滑动窗口继续往前移动。
此外,还将设置一个最低平均幅值的阈值θ,用于滑动窗口滑动时的剪枝,以减少运算量。对于平均幅值V
k<θ的窗口,不进行g
k的计算,因为当前窗口所在位置不是同步信号的位置。当窗口内的平均幅值V
k≥θ时,才认为此滑动窗口所在的位置可能为同步信号,再进行g
k的计算。具体来说,θ优化了滑动窗口滑动时计算的不可能是同步信号的数据。
8)、信道估计
信道估计是在频域实现,它分别依赖于在上行链路和下行链路中传输的频率正交导频,但上行链路导频被设计成每个天线的频率正交,而下行链路导频被设计成每个空间层的频率正交。下行链路导频是通过预编码来传输,类似于实际发送的数据。所以获取信道状态信息是一个庞大的计算量,在通信过程中需要实时的通过导频计算信道状态信息,特别是对于大规模MIMO通信,由于大量的天线阵列的存在,大规模MIMO获取信道状态信息的计算量非常大且复杂。
以LTE协议栈为例,每秒将会有140个OFDM符号传输,且导频将占据1个帧里20%左右的符号,这表示了通信终端采用LTE协议栈通信时, 每秒钟需要对40个左右的导频进行信道估计计算,加上大量的天线阵列,这个数据量是庞大的,所以信道估计需要一个简单的、低时间复杂度、低空间复杂度的算法,既可以快速的计算出信道状态信息,又可以尽可能的估计准信道状态信息,达到既快速又低误差的计算信道。在OFDM系统中,广泛使用的方法是最小二乘估计(Least square,LS),其公式如下:
其中Y为接收信号,n为噪声,X为导频信号。
最小二乘估计在信道估计中的受到广泛的使用,因为其运算复杂度低,只需要一次乘法运算即可估算出相应的信道系数,所以十分适合运用在大规模MIMO信道状态计算。
9)、动态传输设计
虽然通过分时导频帧可传输能量,但分时导频的发送时间占据了一次信号帧时间的76.2%,而能量传输的时间只有信号帧时间的19%。随着大规模MIMO的天线阵列数量的增加,使用此方法会导致信号发送的时间大部分用在分时导频的发送上而非能量传输上,使得能量传输占用信号帧的时间随着大规模MIMO天线数量的增加而减小,在无线远距离能量传输效率本来就不高的情况下雪上加霜,导致基站能量利用率不高且占用信道时间长,因此本发明优选地提出了一个改进的信号帧结构,以提升信号帧能量传输效率。
具体地,提出动态传输策略,在分时导频帧结构的基础上,新添加了一个能量传输帧结构,如图10所示,其中分时导频帧包含导频符号和能量符号,而能量传输帧只有能量符号组成,为了便于描述,下文将分时导频帧命名为帧①、能量传输帧命名为帧②。假设N
f表示在第f(f>0)信号帧里能量符号的数量,当传输信号帧①时,N
f=N
f1,N
f1为帧①中能量传输符号的数量;当传输信号帧②时,N
f=N
f2,N
f2为帧②中能量传输符号的数量。此外,定义一个滑动帧窗口大小Q,帧窗口用于监控窗口内的信号帧能量符号的平均能量的变化,当f≥Q时,在第f帧时窗口内的信号帧能量符号的平均能量P
f表示为:
其中p
f,i表示在第f帧中第i个OFDM能量符号的能量。
获得了第f帧时刻的滑动窗口平均能量P
f后,我们定义了一个变化阈值σ,当用户端的滑动窗口各个能量符号的能量与P
f之差的绝对值小于σ时,我们可以认为当前信道处于慢衰落状态,周边的干扰和噪声相对稳定,信道状态变化速度不是很大,此时可以认为信道状态的估计是多余的,因为估计信道状态是为了计算波束赋形以尽可能的提高能量传输,而并非传统通信中的使用信道状态解调数据,前者相比后者来说对信道的准确估计要求没那么严格,故这种情况下分时导频的发送是没有多大用处的,此时可以使用动态传输策略,从帧①切换至帧②。相反,当用户端的滑动窗口各个能量符号的能量与P
f之差的绝对值大于σ时,则认为当前信道状态不稳定,这可能是用户端移动或周边环境变化导致的,此时将从帧②切换至帧①,当单位OFDM符号能量值再次趋于稳定时,再切换至帧②。上述动态传输策略第f+1帧的决策A
f+1(f≥Q)表达式如下:
s.t.i∈{1,N
f}
当A
f+1=0时,第f帧的滑动窗口内的单位OFDM能量符号能量值变化不大,表示当前信道状态处于慢衰落,可以切换至帧②信号帧;当A
f+1=1时,第f帧的滑动窗口内的单位OFDM能量符号能量值变化幅度明显,表示当前信道状态出现变化,需重新评估信道状态,切换至帧①信号帧。
为进一步验证本发明的效果,进行了以下实验。
一、对搭建平台的验证
系统测试基站端发射使用32根定向阵列天线,基站接收使用32根全向棒状天线,因为该阵列天线为有源定向天线,天线内部电路带有功放,故只能够发射信号而不能接收信号。用户端采用2根全向棒状天线,用户端收发天线一体。基站和用户的射频频率都设置在1.2GHz。基站端系统实物图如图11所示。用户端系统实物图如图12所示。
图13是在LabVIEW Communication程序下的前面板,从图中可以看出,当前有一个用户在发送上行数据,数据调制方式为16QAM,由于没有其它用户干扰,不管是从基站侧去观察上行的星座图,还是从用户侧观察下行的星座图都是比较符合正常的传输状态,星座图的星座点较细,系统性能良好,并非优秀的状态,这是因为基站端收发天线不为一体,基于信道互易性估计出来的是用户端的天线至基站端的接收天线的信道。从图14可以看出BS侧的信道频率响应在20M这个带宽区间相对平坦且功率分布均匀,并且从图15的频率脉冲响应也可看出如此。由于基站端收发天线不为一体,且收发天线所处的位置相差甚远,故在此系统硬件的限制条件下,大规模MIMO应用程序框架无法使用基于信道互易性的方式进行无线能量通信的信道状态估计。
相对于用户端,图16可以观察出基站端发射的OFDM子载波的带宽为20MHz,图17的星座图反映了大规模MIMO多天线阵列发挥了优越性,使得星座点非常集中且误码率低,同时在20M带宽下的频率响应曲线也属于良好的范围。用户端的星座点比基站端好,因为用户端是收发天线一体,不存在基站端的信道估计不准确的问题。
二、对创新型同步帧的验证
在一个实施例中,将载波频率设置为1.2GHz,基站端采用32定向阵列天线,用户端配置2天线。设缓冲区大小N
t=64000,同步信号采样点N
s=2048,滑动窗口大小S=100,浮动阈值ρ=0.0005,θ=0.015。
图18表示的是发送端生成的一个无线电子帧时域信号,该信号有本发明设计的直流同步帧、导频以及能量信号。图19为用户端采样到缓冲区的信号幅度图,缓冲区中只有一个完整的LTE子帧符号,这是因为信号是 连续采集的,上位机每次只能处理一定数量的采样点,而且为了保证信号处理速度,信号采样率设置比较适中。图20表示了用户端使用了新的同步信号算法后,从缓冲区捕捉到的一个无线电子帧的时域信号图,从图中可以看出,该算法可以准确的从缓冲区中快速的找到一个无线电帧的起始点。此外,图中可以看出直流同步信号、下行导频信号以及能量信号。获取到一个无线电子帧后,用户端便可以经过去除循环前缀、FFT变换、去除DC子载波即可得到一个子帧里的14个OFDM符号,接着通过对导频进行信道估计,即可获得信道状态信息。
三、对自适应切换帧的验证
此实验在NI的大规模MIMO平台上进行,其中基站端天线数量N
bs为32根有源定向阵列天线,用户端天线数量N
ue为2根全向棒状天线。基站端和用户端的通信载波频率设置为有源阵列天线的最大增益21.71dB时的频率1.2GHz,从而可以更好的进行波束成形,使得辐射至接收端的信号能量更加集中。分时导频帧能量符号数量N
f1=8,能量传输帧能量符号数量N
f2=41,滑动窗口大小Q=20。基站端阵列天线高度为1.6米,用户端天线高度为0.4米,两个终端天线之间的水平间距为15厘米,基站端和用户端在通信过程中皆为固定位置。
图21、图22、图23为测试环境无移动物体时,传输600个信号帧的三个实验结果图,刚开始的20帧为滑动窗口Q初始化时期,故信号帧使用的是分时导频帧,经过20帧的初始化后,由于平均能量P
f的变化没有超过浮动阈值σ,故基站端认为当前与用户端之间的下行信道比较稳定,切换至能量传输帧。在后续的几百帧里,由于环境中没移动物体且环境状态比较稳定,故后续传输一直使用了能量传输帧,没有切换至分时导频帧。从图21可看出,经过20帧后,由于信号帧才分时导频帧切换至能量传输帧,可以看出能量接收提升了将近4倍。图22中看到在测试过程中,由于信道处于慢衰弱状态,故平均能量P
f一直波动,但范围一直控制在阈值内,所以后半部分没有触发信号的动态切换策略。图23表示了动态传输策略算法的对信号帧能量传输效率的影响,刚开始在窗口初始化时,R=19.2%,这是因为能量符号在分时导频帧中占比不高的原因,而当窗口初始化完成 后且满足切换能量传输帧条件,比值R开始增进并趋近于97.6%,这是因为切换能量传输帧后,能量符号在信号帧中的占比提高的原因。
综上所述,本发明针对基于大规模MIMO系统下无线能量传输方案的设计和论证,实现了实验软件平台的搭建如在上位机上用labview语言实现了信号的调制以及加扰,实现了信道估计算法和预编码算法,并且创造性的提出了同步帧的重设计以及自适应调整帧结构的最大化能量传输策略。
本发明可以是系统、方法和/或计算机程序产品。计算机程序产品可以包括计算机可读存储介质,其上载有用于使处理器实现本发明的各个方面的计算机可读程序指令。
计算机可读存储介质可以是可以保持和存储由指令执行设备使用的指令的有形设备。计算机可读存储介质例如可以是但不限于电存储设备、磁存储设备、光存储设备、电磁存储设备、半导体存储设备或者上述的任意合适的组合。计算机可读存储介质的更具体的例子(非穷举的列表)包括:便携式计算机盘、硬盘、随机存取存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)、可擦式可编程只读存储器(EPROM或闪存)、静态随机存取存储器(SRAM)、便携式压缩盘只读存储器(CD-ROM)、数字多功能盘(DVD)、记忆棒、软盘、机械编码设备、例如其上存储有指令的打孔卡或凹槽内凸起结构、以及上述的任意合适的组合。这里所使用的计算机可读存储介质不被解释为瞬时信号本身,诸如无线电波或者其他自由传播的电磁波、通过波导或其他传输媒介传播的电磁波(例如,通过光纤电缆的光脉冲)、或者通过电线传输的电信号。
以上已经描述了本发明的各实施例,上述说明是示例性的,并非穷尽性的,并且也不限于所披露的各实施例。在不偏离所说明的各实施例的范围和精神的情况下,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说许多修改和变更都是显而易见的。本文中所用术语的选择,旨在最好地解释各实施例的原理、实际应用或对市场中的技术改进,或者使本技术领域的其它普通技术人员能理解本文披露的各实施例。本发明的范围由所附权利要求来限定。
Claims (10)
- 一种基于动态帧传输的大规模MIMO无线能量传输方法,包括以下步骤:基站端利用设置的分时导频帧来分时控制每根天线发送导频信号至用户端;用户端获取基站端天线到本用户端的下行信道状态信息,并将该下行信道状态信息反馈回基站端;基站端基于所述下行信道状态信息计算预编码矩阵,使用新计算的预编码矩阵将数据从用户层映射至天线端口上,并以最大化用户端的能量信号为目标进行波束成形计算。
- 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述分时导频帧设置为包含N个LTE无线电子帧,每个无线电子帧包含14个OFDM符号,其中第0个OFDM符号设置为同步帧,供接收端检测该分时导频帧的起始点;第1至第N bs个OFDM符号分别用于N bs根天线的分时导频发送;第N bs+1个OFDM符号为空,用于区分传输导频和传输能量;剩余的OFDM符号用于能量发送,且所发送的能量的OFDM符号内容采用PN伪随机序列随机数据生成。
- 根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述同步帧中的同步符号采用直流方波。
- 根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,接收端采用滑动窗口法检测分时导频帧的起始点,包括以下步骤:在接收端,连续接收的信号被保存在一个缓冲区中,其中缓冲区最多保存信号的采样点个数标记为N t;对于缓冲区中接收到的一段信号a,设直流同步信号采样点大小N s、滑动窗口大小为S,并将滑动窗口从缓冲区的尾部开始向头部逆向滑动,其中滑动窗口大小满足约束条件0<S≤N s;在滑动窗口逆向滑动的同时,计算窗口内的信号幅值的平均值V k,表示为:其中,0≤k≤N t-N s,k为滑动窗口所在缓冲区里的起始位置;设置浮动阈值ρ,当窗口内的采样点与窗口内的平均幅值差值不超过浮动阈值ρ时,确认定位出同步符号,表示为:s.t.i∈{0,S-1}其中g k表示当前窗口是否为同步符号,当g k=1时,认为当前滑动窗口所在的位置为一个帧的同步信号位置,当g k=0时,认为窗口所在位置不是同步符号,则滑动窗口继续移动。
- 根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,还设置最低平均幅值的阈值θ用于滑动窗口滑动时的剪枝,包括:当窗口内的信号幅值的平均值V k<θ时,不进行g k的计算;当窗口内的信号幅值的平均值V k≥θ时,认为此滑动窗口所在的位置为同步信号,并进行g k的计算。
- 根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,基站端还设置能量传输帧,该能量传输帧仅有能量符号组成。
- 根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,对于所述分时导频帧和所述能量传输帧两种类型的信号帧,根据以下步骤进行动态切换:设N f表示在第f(f>0)信号帧中能量符号的数量,当传输分时导频 帧时,N f=N f1,N f1为分时导频帧中的能量传输符号的数量,当传输能量传输帧时,N f=N f1,N f2为能量传输帧中能量传输符号的数量;定义滑动帧窗口大小Q,帧窗口用于监控窗口内的信号帧能量符号的平均能量的变化,当f≥Q时,在第f信号帧时窗口内的信号帧能量符号的平均能量P f表示为:其中p f,i表示在第f信号帧中第i个OFDM能量符号的能量;在获得第f信号帧时刻的滑动窗口平均能量P f后,定义一个变化阈值σ,当接收端的滑动窗口各个能量符号的能量与P f之差的绝对值小于σ时,认为当前信道处于慢衰落状态,此时使用动态传输策略,从分时导频帧切换至能量传输帧;当接收端的滑动窗口各个能量符号的能量与P f之差的绝对值大于σ时,则认为当前信道状态不稳定,此时将从能量传输帧切换至分时导频帧;当单位OFDM符号能量值再次趋于稳定时,再切换至能量传输帧。
- 一种计算机可读存储介质,其上存储有计算机程序,其中,该程序被处理器执行时实现根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述方法的步骤。
- 一种计算机设备,包括存储器和处理器,在所述存储器上存储有能够在处理器上运行的计算机程序,其特征在于,所述处理器执行所述程序时实现权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法的步骤。
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