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WO2023056719A1 - 端盖、电池单体、电池以及用电装置 - Google Patents

端盖、电池单体、电池以及用电装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023056719A1
WO2023056719A1 PCT/CN2022/070206 CN2022070206W WO2023056719A1 WO 2023056719 A1 WO2023056719 A1 WO 2023056719A1 CN 2022070206 W CN2022070206 W CN 2022070206W WO 2023056719 A1 WO2023056719 A1 WO 2023056719A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
recess
electrode assembly
pressure relief
battery cell
end cap
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2022/070206
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
周文林
李全坤
陈文伟
王鹏
Original Assignee
宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 filed Critical 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司
Priority to EP22877747.0A priority Critical patent/EP4243178A4/en
Priority to CN202280009308.5A priority patent/CN116762224A/zh
Publication of WO2023056719A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023056719A1/zh
Priority to US18/335,619 priority patent/US20230344068A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
    • H01M50/207—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape
    • H01M50/209—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape adapted for prismatic or rectangular cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/30—Arrangements for facilitating escape of gases
    • H01M50/342—Non-re-sealable arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
    • H01M10/0585—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only flat construction elements, i.e. flat positive electrodes, flat negative electrodes and flat separators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
    • H01M50/102—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure
    • H01M50/103—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure prismatic or rectangular
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
    • H01M50/147—Lids or covers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
    • H01M50/147—Lids or covers
    • H01M50/148—Lids or covers characterised by their shape
    • H01M50/15—Lids or covers characterised by their shape for prismatic or rectangular cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/30—Batteries in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the battery field, in particular to an end cover, a battery cell, a battery and an electrical device.
  • Battery cells are widely used in electronic equipment, such as mobile phones, laptop computers, battery cars, electric cars, electric airplanes, electric ships, electric toy cars, electric toy ships, electric toy airplanes and electric tools, etc.
  • the battery cells may include nickel-cadmium battery cells, nickel-hydrogen battery cells, lithium-ion battery cells, secondary alkaline zinc-manganese battery cells, and the like.
  • the present application provides an end cover, a battery cell, a battery and an electrical device, which can improve the safety of the battery cell.
  • an embodiment of the present application provides an end cover of a battery cell, which includes:
  • the first recess is recessed from the side of the end cap facing the electrode assembly in a direction away from the electrode assembly;
  • the second recess is recessed from the side of the end cap away from the electrode assembly of the battery cell along the direction facing the electrode assembly, the bottom wall of the second recess includes a first part and a second part surrounding the outside of the first part, the first part and the first The bottom walls of the concave portion are disposed opposite to each other along the thickness direction of the end cap; and
  • a pressure relief part is formed between the first part and the bottom wall of the first concave part, the pressure relief part is used to actuate to release the internal pressure when the internal pressure of the battery cell reaches a threshold value, and a part of the second part away from the electrode assembly An escape space is formed on the side to avoid the pressure relief part when the pressure relief part is actuated.
  • the bottom wall and/or the first portion of the first recess is provided with a third recess, and the pressure relief portion is configured to rupture at the third recess to release the internal pressure when the internal pressure of the battery cell reaches a threshold value.
  • the pressure relief portion when the internal pressure of the battery cell reaches a threshold value, the pressure relief portion can be broken and folded along a predetermined position.
  • At least a portion of the pressure relief portion folds over into the second recess upon actuation of the pressure relief portion.
  • the projection of the third concave portion along the thickness direction is linear, cross, U-shaped or circular.
  • the third recess is annular and includes a first sub-recess and a second sub-recess arranged continuously along its circumference, the depth of the first sub-recess is greater than the depth of the second sub-recess, so that the battery cell When the internal pressure reaches a threshold value, the pressure relief part is ruptured at the first sub-recess and folded along the bottom of the second sub-recess.
  • the pressure relief part is broken at a set position, and the folding direction of the pressure relief part is limited.
  • a second sub-recess is provided at the folded position, which can reduce the difficulty of folding the pressure relief part and improve the internal pressure release efficiency.
  • the end cap includes: a body part, including an inner surface and an outer surface oppositely disposed along the thickness direction, the inner surface facing the electrode assembly; a first protrusion protruding from the inner surface, and a first concave part extending from the first protrusion The top end surface of the part is recessed along the direction away from the electrode assembly; and the second convex part is protruded on the outer surface, and the second concave part is recessed from the top end surface of the second convex part along the direction facing the electrode assembly.
  • the strength of the end cover around the pressure relief part is increased by setting the first convex part and the second convex part, so as to reduce the deformation of the pressure relief part during the reciprocating turning of the end cover and reduce the transmission to the pressure relief part.
  • the force of the internal part slows down the fatigue aging of the pressure relief part, reduces the risk of early rupture and pressure release of the end cover under the normal use of the battery cell, and is conducive to improving the safety and stability of the battery cell.
  • the depth of the second concave portion in the thickness direction is greater than the dimension of the second convex portion in the thickness direction, so that the bottom wall of the second concave portion is closer to the electrode assembly than the outer surface.
  • the above solution can ensure the depth of the second concave portion to increase the distance between the bottom wall of the second concave portion and the top surface of the second convex portion along the thickness direction, reduce the risk of the pressure relief portion being damaged by external components, and improve safety.
  • the depth of the first recess in the thickness direction is smaller than the dimension of the first protrusion in the thickness direction, so that the bottom wall of the first recess is closer to the electrode assembly than the inner surface.
  • the end cap When the battery cell is used upside down, the end cap is located on the lower side of the electrode assembly.
  • the bottom wall of the first recess is closer to the electrode assembly than the inner surface, so in the late cycle of the battery cell, the electrolyte is more likely to accumulate on the inner surface than the bottom wall of the first recess, that is to say , this solution can reduce the liquid storage volume in the first concave portion, and reduce the risk of corrosion and aging of the pressure relief portion.
  • the size of the first protrusion is larger than the size of the second protrusion in the thickness direction.
  • the size of the second convex part is relatively small, which can reduce the maximum size of the battery cell and increase the energy density.
  • the end cap further includes: a connection portion surrounding the outer side of the body portion and extending in a direction facing the electrode assembly, so as to form a fourth concave portion on the side of the body portion facing the electrode assembly; a plate body portion surrounding the electrode assembly On the outer side of the connection part, the fourth concave part is recessed relative to the surface of the plate body facing the electrode assembly; wherein the first convex part is accommodated in the fourth concave part.
  • the fourth concave portion can also provide a space for the first convex portion, so that the first convex portion protrudes to a sufficient size, and prevents the first convex portion from being pressed against the electrode assembly.
  • the end cap is a unitary structure.
  • the pressure relief part with pressure relief function is integrated on the end cover to simplify the structure of the battery cell.
  • an embodiment of the present application provides a battery cell, which includes: a casing with an opening; an electrode assembly accommodated in the casing; and an end cap according to any embodiment of the first aspect, used for covering opening in the housing.
  • the embodiment of the present application provides a battery, which includes a box body and the battery cell of the second aspect, and the battery cell is accommodated in the box body.
  • an embodiment of the present application provides an electrical device, which is characterized in that it includes the battery in the third aspect, and the battery is used to provide electrical energy.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a vehicle provided by some embodiments of the present application.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic explosion diagram of a battery provided by some embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG. 3 is an explosion schematic diagram of the battery module shown in FIG. 2;
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic explosion diagram of a battery cell provided by some embodiments of the present application.
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of an end cap of a battery cell provided in some embodiments of the present application.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic top view of the end cap shown in Fig. 5;
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the end cap shown in Fig. 6 along the line A-A;
  • Figure 8 is an enlarged schematic view of the end cap shown in Figure 7 at the circle B
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic top view of end caps provided by other embodiments of the present application.
  • Fig. 10 is a schematic top view of end caps provided in some other embodiments of the present application.
  • Fig. 11 is a schematic top view of end caps provided in some other embodiments of the present application.
  • connection In the description of this application, it should be noted that, unless otherwise clearly stipulated and limited, the terms “installation”, “connection”, “connection” and “attachment” should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it may be a fixed connection, It can also be detachably connected or integrally connected; it can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediary, and it can be internal communication between two components. Those of ordinary skill in the art can understand the specific meanings of the above terms in this application according to specific situations.
  • “Plurality” in this application refers to two or more (including two).
  • the battery cells may include lithium-ion secondary battery cells, lithium-ion primary battery cells, lithium-sulfur battery cells, sodium-lithium-ion battery cells, sodium-ion battery cells, or magnesium-ion battery cells, etc.
  • the embodiment of the present application does not limit this.
  • the battery cell can be in the form of a cylinder, a flat body, a cuboid or other shapes, which is not limited in this embodiment of the present application.
  • the battery mentioned in the embodiments of the present application refers to a single physical module including one or more battery cells to provide higher voltage and capacity.
  • the battery mentioned in this application may include a battery module or a battery pack, and the like.
  • Batteries generally include a case for enclosing one or more battery cells. The box can prevent liquid or other foreign objects from affecting the charging or discharging of the battery cells.
  • the battery cell includes an electrode assembly and an electrolyte, and the electrode assembly includes a positive pole piece, a negative pole piece and a separator.
  • a battery cell works primarily by moving metal ions between the positive and negative pole pieces.
  • the positive electrode sheet includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer, and the positive electrode active material layer is coated on the surface of the positive electrode current collector; the positive electrode current collector includes a positive electrode coating area and a positive electrode tab connected to the positive electrode coating area, and the positive electrode coating area It is coated with a positive electrode active material layer, and the positive electrode tab is not coated with a positive electrode active material layer.
  • the material of the positive electrode current collector can be aluminum
  • the positive electrode active material layer includes the positive electrode active material
  • the positive electrode active material can be lithium cobaltate, lithium iron phosphate, ternary lithium or lithium manganate.
  • the negative electrode sheet includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer, and the negative electrode active material layer is coated on the surface of the negative electrode current collector;
  • the negative electrode current collector includes a negative electrode coating area and a negative electrode tab connected to the negative electrode coating area, and the negative electrode coating area The negative electrode active material layer is coated, and the negative electrode tab is not coated with the negative electrode active material layer.
  • the material of the negative electrode current collector may be copper, the negative electrode active material layer includes the negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material may be carbon or silicon.
  • the material of the spacer can be PP (polypropylene, polypropylene) or PE (polyethylene, polyethylene).
  • the battery cell also includes a case and an end cover.
  • the case has an opening for accommodating the electrode assembly.
  • the electrode assembly can be assembled into the case through the opening of the case.
  • the end cap is used to cover the opening of the casing.
  • the pressure relief mechanism on the battery cell has an important impact on the safety of the battery cell. For example, when a short circuit, overcharge, etc. occur, it may cause thermal runaway inside the battery cell and a sudden increase in pressure. In this case, the internal pressure can be released outwards by actuating the pressure relief mechanism, so as to prevent the battery cells from exploding and igniting.
  • the pressure relief mechanism refers to an element or part that is activated to release the internal pressure when the internal pressure of the battery cell reaches a predetermined threshold.
  • the threshold design varies according to design requirements. The threshold may depend on the materials of one or more of the positive pole piece, the negative pole piece, the electrolyte and the separator in the battery cell.
  • the pressure relief mechanism can take the form of an explosion-proof valve, gas valve, pressure relief valve or safety valve, etc., and can specifically adopt a pressure sensitive element or structure, that is, when the internal pressure of the battery cell reaches a predetermined threshold, the pressure relief mechanism executes A weak structure in the action or pressure relief mechanism ruptures, thereby creating an opening or channel through which internal pressure can escape.
  • the "activation" mentioned in this application means that the pressure relief mechanism is activated or activated to a certain state, so that the internal pressure of the battery cell can be released. Actions by the pressure relief mechanism may include, but are not limited to, at least a portion of the pressure relief mechanism rupture, shatter, be torn, or open, among others.
  • the pressure relief mechanism When the pressure relief mechanism is actuated, the high-temperature and high-pressure material inside the battery cell will be discharged from the actuated part as discharge. In this manner, the battery cells can be depressurized under controllable pressure, thereby avoiding potential more serious accidents.
  • the emissions from battery cells mentioned in this application include, but are not limited to: electrolyte, dissolved or split positive and negative electrodes, fragments of separators, high-temperature and high-pressure gases generated by reactions, flames, etc.
  • the inventors tried to integrate the pressure relief mechanism into the end cap.
  • the inventors created a recess in the end cap to form a pressure relief portion, which is activated to release the internal pressure when the internal pressure of the battery cell reaches a threshold value.
  • a short circuit, overcharge, etc. it may cause thermal runaway inside the battery cell and a sudden increase in pressure.
  • the pressure relief part is partially ruptured and folded outward to form a channel for releasing the internal pressure. Reduce the risk of battery cell explosion and fire, thereby improving safety.
  • the inventors analyzed and studied the structure of the battery cell after discovering the problem that the internal pressure release rate of the battery cell is low when the battery cell is in thermal runaway.
  • the inventors found that the position of the pressure relief part corresponds to the position of the recess.
  • the pressure relief part is folded outward under the action of internal pressure, the pressure relief part is easily blocked by the side wall of the recess, making the pressure relief part outward The degree of folding is limited, resulting in a low rate of pressure relief.
  • the embodiment of the present application provides a technical solution.
  • the end cover of the battery cell includes: a first recess, which is recessed from the side of the end cover facing the electrode assembly in a direction away from the electrode assembly; Two recesses, which are recessed from the side of the end cap away from the electrode assembly of the battery cell along the direction facing the electrode assembly, the bottom wall of the second recess includes a first part and a second part surrounding the outside of the first part, the first part and the first recess The bottom wall of the end cap is oppositely disposed along the thickness direction of the end cap; and a pressure relief part is formed between the first part and the bottom wall of the first recess, and the pressure relief part is used to actuate to release the pressure when the internal pressure of the battery cell reaches a threshold value.
  • the side of the second part facing away from the electrode assembly forms an escape space to avoid the pressure relief part when the pressure relief part is actuated.
  • the end cover with this structure can reduce the risk of the pressure relief part being blocked, thereby ensuring the internal pressure relief efficiency and improving the safety of the battery cell.
  • Electric devices can be vehicles, mobile phones, portable devices, notebook computers, ships, spacecraft, electric toys and electric tools, and so on.
  • Vehicles can be fuel vehicles, gas vehicles or new energy vehicles, and new energy vehicles can be pure electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles or extended-range vehicles;
  • spacecraft include airplanes, rockets, space shuttles and spacecraft, etc.;
  • electric toys include fixed Type or mobile electric toys, such as game consoles, electric car toys, electric boat toys and electric airplane toys, etc.;
  • electric tools include metal cutting electric tools, grinding electric tools, assembly electric tools and railway electric tools, for example, Electric drills, electric grinders, electric wrenches, electric screwdrivers, electric hammers, impact drills, concrete vibrators, electric planers, and more.
  • the embodiments of the present application do not impose special limitations on the above-mentioned electrical devices.
  • the electric device is taken as an example for description.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a vehicle provided by some embodiments of the present application.
  • a battery 2 is arranged inside the vehicle 1 , and the battery 2 can be arranged at the bottom, head or tail of the vehicle 1 .
  • the battery 2 can be used for power supply of the vehicle 1 , for example, the battery 2 can be used as an operating power source of the vehicle 1 .
  • the vehicle 1 may also include a controller 3 and a motor 4 , the controller 3 is used to control the battery 2 to supply power to the motor 4 , for example, for the starting, navigation and working power requirements of the vehicle 1 during driving.
  • the battery 2 can not only be used as an operating power source for the vehicle 1 , but can also be used as a driving power source for the vehicle 1 to provide driving power for the vehicle 1 instead of or partially replacing fuel oil or natural gas.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic explosion diagram of a battery provided by some embodiments of the present application.
  • the battery 2 includes a box body 5 and a battery cell (not shown in FIG. 2 ), and the battery cell is accommodated in the box body 5 .
  • the box body 5 is used to accommodate the battery cells, and the box body 5 may have various structures.
  • the box body 5 may include a first box body part 5a and a second box body part 5b, the first box body part 5a and the second box body part 5b cover each other, the first box body part 5a and the second box body part 5a
  • the two box parts 5b jointly define an accommodating space 5c for accommodating the battery cells.
  • the second box body part 5b can be a hollow structure with one end open, the first box body part 5a is a plate-shaped structure, and the first box body part 5a covers the opening side of the second box body part 5b to form an accommodating space 5c
  • the box body 5; the first box body portion 5a and the second box body portion 5b also can be a hollow structure with one side opening, and the opening side of the first box body portion 5a is covered on the opening side of the second box body portion 5b , to form a box body 5 with an accommodating space 5c.
  • the first box body part 5a and the second box body part 5b can be in various shapes, such as a cylinder, a cuboid, and the like.
  • a sealant such as sealant, sealing ring, etc., can also be provided between the first box body part 5a and the second box body part 5b. .
  • the first box part 5a covers the top of the second box part 5b
  • the first box part 5a can also be called an upper box cover
  • the second box part 5b can also be called a lower box.
  • the battery 2 there may be one or more battery cells. If there are multiple battery cells, the multiple battery cells can be connected in series, in parallel or in parallel.
  • the hybrid connection means that there are both series and parallel connections among the multiple battery cells.
  • a plurality of battery cells can be directly connected in series or in parallel or mixed together, and then the whole composed of a plurality of battery cells is accommodated in the box 5; of course, it is also possible to first connect a plurality of battery cells in series or parallel or
  • the battery modules 6 are formed by parallel connection, and multiple battery modules 6 are connected in series or in parallel or in series to form a whole, and are housed in the box body 5 .
  • FIG. 3 is an exploded schematic diagram of the battery module shown in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 3 there are multiple battery cells 7 , and the multiple battery cells 7 are connected in series, in parallel, or in parallel to form a battery module 6 .
  • a plurality of battery modules 6 are connected in series, in parallel or in parallel to form a whole, and accommodated in the box.
  • the plurality of battery cells 7 in the battery module 6 can be electrically connected through a confluence component, so as to realize parallel connection, series connection or mixed connection of the plurality of battery cells 7 in the battery module 6 .
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic exploded view of a battery cell provided by some embodiments of the present application.
  • the battery cell 7 of the embodiment of the present application includes: a casing 20 having an opening 21 ; an electrode assembly 10 housed in the casing 20 ; and an end cap 30 used to cover the casing 20 Opening 21.
  • the electrode assembly 10 includes a first pole piece, a second pole piece and a spacer, and the spacer is used to separate the first pole piece from the second pole piece.
  • the polarity of the first pole piece and the second pole piece is opposite, in other words, one of the first pole piece and the second pole piece is a positive pole piece, and the other of the first pole piece and the second pole piece is a negative pole piece pole piece.
  • the first pole piece, the second pole piece and the separator are all strip-shaped structures, and the first pole piece, the second pole piece and the separator are wound as a whole to form a winding structure.
  • the winding structure can be a cylindrical structure, a flat structure or other shapes.
  • the first pole piece and the second pole piece are plate-like structures, there are multiple first pole pieces and the second pole piece, and multiple first pole pieces and multiple second pole pieces are stacked alternately.
  • one or more electrode assemblies 10 can be provided according to actual usage requirements; in some examples, four independent electrode assemblies 10 are provided in the battery cell 7 .
  • the housing 20 can be a hollow structure with one side open, or a hollow structure with two sides open.
  • the end cap 30 covers the opening 21 of the casing 20 to form a sealed connection, so as to form an accommodating cavity for accommodating the electrode assembly 10 and the electrolyte.
  • the housing 20 can be in various shapes, such as cylinder, cuboid and so on.
  • the shape of the case 20 may be determined according to the specific shape of the electrode assembly 10 . For example, if the electrode assembly 10 has a cylindrical structure, a cylindrical shell can be selected; if the electrode assembly 10 has a rectangular parallelepiped structure, a rectangular parallelepiped shell can be selected.
  • the battery cell 7 further includes two electrode terminals 40 , and the two electrode terminals 40 may be disposed on the end cap 30 .
  • the two electrode terminals 40 are a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode terminal, respectively.
  • Each electrode terminal 40 is correspondingly provided with a connection member 50 , or also called a current collecting member, which is located between the end cap 30 and the electrode assembly 10 for electrically connecting the electrode assembly 10 and the electrode terminal 40 .
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic structural view of the end cap of the battery cell provided in some embodiments of the present application
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic top view of the end cap shown in Fig. 5
  • Fig. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the end cap shown in Fig. 6 along the line A-A Schematic diagram
  • FIG. 8 is an enlarged schematic diagram of the end cap shown in FIG. 7 at the circle B.
  • the end cap 30 of the battery cell includes: a first recess 31 , which is recessed from the side of the end cap 30 facing the electrode assembly in a direction away from the electrode assembly; a second recess 32 , the side of the electrode assembly of the battery cell away from the end cover 30 is recessed along the direction facing the electrode assembly, the bottom wall 321 of the second recess includes a first part 321a and a second part 321b surrounding the outside of the first part 321a, the first part 321a
  • the bottom wall 311 of the first recess is arranged opposite to the thickness direction Z of the end cover 30; and the pressure relief part 33 is formed between the first part 321a and the bottom wall 311 of the first recess, and the pressure relief part 33 is used for the battery cell
  • the internal pressure of the body reaches a threshold value, it is activated to release the internal pressure, and the side of the second part 321b facing away from the electrode assembly forms an escape space to
  • the first concave portion 31 is located on the side of the pressure relief portion 33 facing the electrode assembly, and the second concave portion 32 is located on the side of the pressure relief portion 33 facing away from the electrode assembly.
  • the projection of the first part 321a along the thickness direction Z completely overlaps the projection of the bottom wall 311 of the first recess along the thickness direction Z, and the projection of the second part 321b along the thickness direction Z overlaps with the projection of the bottom wall 311 of the first recess along the thickness direction Z. Projections do not overlap.
  • the second portion 321b is an annular surface surrounding the outer side of the first portion 321a. Correspondingly, the second portion 321b surrounds the outside of the pressure relief portion 33 .
  • the bottom wall 311 of the first recess and the bottom wall 321 of the second recess are both plane and parallel to each other.
  • the second recess 32 further includes a side wall 322 connected to the bottom wall 321 of the second recess.
  • the pressure relief part 33 When the pressure relief part 33 is actuated, at least a part of the pressure relief part 33 is ruptured, and the pressure relief part 33 is folded outward along the ruptured position under the action of the internal pressure to form a channel for releasing the internal pressure.
  • the inventor reduces the thickness of the pressure relief part by opening a concave part, thereby reducing the strength of the pressure relief part, so that the pressure relief part can be actuated to release the internal pressure when the internal pressure of the battery cell reaches a threshold value.
  • the thickness of the pressure relief part is constant, if the recess is only provided on one side of the pressure relief part, the depth of the recess is relatively large, and the forming of the recess is difficult.
  • the first concave portion 31 and the second concave portion 32 are provided to form the pressure relief portion 33 , which can reduce the requirement for the depth of the first concave portion 31 and the second concave portion 32 , and reduce the difficulty of forming.
  • the risk of the sidewall 322 of the second concave portion 32 blocking the pressure relief portion 33 can be reduced when the pressure relief portion 33 is folded outward.
  • the second concave portion 32 is located on a side of the pressure relief portion 33 away from the electrode assembly, that is, the second concave portion 32 is located outside the pressure relief portion 33 .
  • the distance between the pressure relief portion 33 and other components outside the battery cell can be increased by providing the second concave portion 32 , reducing the risk of the pressure relief portion 33 being damaged by other components.
  • a part of the pressure relief part 33 is broken and folded outward to form a channel for releasing the internal pressure, reducing the risk of explosion and fire of the battery cell. Thereby improving safety.
  • an avoidance space is formed on the side of the second part 321b away from the electrode assembly to reduce the risk of the pressure relief part 33 being blocked by other parts of the end cover 30, thereby ensuring the internal pressure release efficiency and improving the battery cell. security.
  • the bottom wall 311 and/or the first portion 321a of the first recess is provided with a third recess 331, and the pressure relief part 33 is configured to rupture at the third recess 331 when the internal pressure of the battery cell reaches a threshold value. to relieve internal pressure.
  • the third recess 331 may be provided only on the bottom wall 311 of the first recess, or only on the first portion 321a, or may be provided on both the bottom wall 311 and the first portion 321a of the first recess.
  • the third recess 331 When the third recess 331 is disposed on the bottom wall 311 of the first recess, the third recess 331 is recessed from the bottom wall 311 of the first recess in a direction away from the electrode assembly; when the third recess 331 is disposed on the first part 321a, the third recess 331 The recess 331 is recessed from the first portion 321a in a direction facing the electrode assembly.
  • a weak structure is formed on the pressure relief portion 33 by providing the third concave portion 331 .
  • the strength of the weak structure is smaller than that of other parts of the pressure relief portion 33 .
  • material may be removed from the pressure relief portion 33 by machining to form the third concave portion 331 , which is beneficial to reduce processing cost and difficulty.
  • the weak structure and the third concave portion 331 are arranged correspondingly.
  • the third concave portion 331 may also be formed by squeezing the pressure relief portion 33 .
  • the pressure relief portion 33 can be broken and folded along a predetermined position.
  • At least a portion of the pressure relief portion 33 folds over into the second recess 32 upon actuation of the pressure relief portion 33 .
  • the pressure relief portion 33 is actuated, the pressure relief portion 33 is pushed outward by the internal pressure.
  • the pressure relief portion 33 when the pressure relief portion 33 is actuated, at least a portion of the pressure relief portion 33 folds over to avoid the space. In other words, when the pressure relief portion 33 is actuated, the pressure relief portion 33 and the second portion 321b at least partially overlap in the thickness direction Z. As shown in FIG.
  • the avoidance space in this embodiment can be used to accommodate at least part of the pressure relief part 33, which can increase the folding range of the pressure relief part 33, reduce the resistance of the pressure relief part 33 to the internal pressure, and improve the efficiency of internal pressure release .
  • the third recess 331 is annular and includes a first sub-recess 331a and a second sub-recess 331b continuously arranged along its circumference, the depth of the first sub-recess 331a is greater than the depth of the second sub-recess 331b, so that When the internal pressure of the battery cell reaches a threshold value, the pressure relief portion 33 is broken at the first sub-recess 331a and folded along the bottom of the second sub-recess 331b.
  • the strength of the first sub-recess 331a is smaller than that of the second sub-recess 331b.
  • the pressure relief portion 33 is broken at a set position, and the folding direction of the pressure relief portion 33 is limited.
  • the second sub-recess 331b is provided at the folded position, which can reduce the difficulty of folding the pressure relief part 33 and improve the release efficiency of the internal pressure.
  • the projection of the second sub-recess 331b along the thickness direction Z is linear.
  • the portion of the pressure relief portion 33 opposite to the second sub-recess 331b is linear.
  • the projection of the third recess 331 along the thickness direction Z is straight, cross, U-shaped or circular.
  • the end cap 30 includes: a body portion 34 including an inner surface 341 and an outer surface 342 oppositely disposed along the thickness direction Z, the inner surface 341 facing the electrode assembly; a first protrusion 35 protruding from the inner surface 341 , the first recess 31 is recessed from the top end surface 351 of the first protrusion along the direction away from the electrode assembly; The direction facing the electrode assembly is recessed.
  • the internal pressure of the battery cell alternately changes from high to low, resulting in the reciprocating flipping of the end cap.
  • the end cover When the end cover is flipped back and forth for a long time, it will cause fatigue and aging of the pressure relief part, thus causing the risk of actuation of the pressure relief part when the internal pressure of the battery cell does not reach the threshold.
  • the first convex portion 35 and the second convex portion 36 are provided to increase the strength of the end cap 30 around the pressure relief portion 33 and reduce the deformation of the pressure relief portion 33 during the reciprocating turning of the end cap 30 . Reduce the force transmitted to the pressure relief part 33, slow down the fatigue aging of the pressure relief part 33, reduce the risk of early rupture and pressure relief of the end cover 30 under the normal use of the battery cell, and help improve the safety and stability of the battery cell sex.
  • the depth of the second recess 32 in the thickness direction Z is larger than the dimension of the second protrusion 36 in the thickness direction Z, so that the bottom wall 321 of the second recess is closer to the electrode assembly than the outer surface 342 .
  • This embodiment can ensure the depth of the second concave portion 32, so as to increase the distance between the bottom wall 321 of the second concave portion and the top end surface 361 of the second convex portion along the thickness direction Z, and reduce the risk of the pressure relief portion 33 being damaged by external components. Improve security.
  • the depth of the first recess 31 in the thickness direction Z is smaller than the dimension of the first protrusion 35 in the thickness direction Z, so that the bottom wall 311 of the first recess is closer to the electrode assembly than the inner surface 341 .
  • the end cap 30 is located on the lower side of the electrode assembly.
  • the bottom wall 311 of the first recess is closer to the electrode assembly than the inner surface 341, so the electrolyte is more likely to accumulate on the inner surface 341 than the bottom wall 311 of the first recess at the later stage of the battery cell cycle.
  • this embodiment can reduce the liquid storage volume in the first concave portion 31 and reduce the risk of corrosion and aging of the pressure relief portion 33 .
  • the size of the first protrusion 35 is larger than the size of the second protrusion 36 .
  • the second convex portion 36 has a relatively small size, which can reduce the maximum size of the battery cell and increase the energy density.
  • the end cap 30 further includes: a connection portion 37 surrounding the outer side of the body portion 34 and extending in a direction facing the electrode assembly, so as to form a fourth concave portion 38 on the side of the body portion 34 facing the electrode assembly;
  • the plate body portion 39 surrounds the outside of the connection portion 37 , and the fourth concave portion 38 is recessed relative to the surface of the plate body portion 39 facing the electrode assembly; wherein the first convex portion 35 is accommodated in the fourth concave portion 38 .
  • the plate body portion 39 is for connection to the housing.
  • the fourth concave portion 38 by providing the fourth concave portion 38, the internal space of the battery cell can be increased, and the capacity of the battery cell can be increased.
  • the fourth concave portion 38 can also provide a space for the first convex portion 35 , so that the first convex portion 35 protrudes to a sufficient size, and prevents the first convex portion 35 from pressing against the electrode assembly.
  • end cap 30 is a monolithic structure.
  • the pressure relief part 33 with a pressure relief function is integrated on the end cover 30 to simplify the structure of the battery cell.
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic top view of end caps provided by other embodiments of the present application.
  • the projection of the third concave portion 331 along the thickness direction is linear.
  • the forming process of the linear third concave portion 331 is simple.
  • Fig. 10 is a schematic top view of end caps provided in some other embodiments of the present application.
  • the projection of the third concave portion 331 along the thickness direction is a cross shape.
  • the pressure relief portion 33 splits at the intersection point, and is divided into four pieces and folded outwards in four directions.
  • Fig. 11 is a schematic top view of end caps provided in some other embodiments of the present application.
  • the projection of the third concave portion 331 along the thickness direction is U-shaped.
  • the pressure relief portion 33 splits along the U-shaped third concave portion 331 , and the area surrounded by the U-shaped third concave portion 331 will be folded outward.

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  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sealing Battery Cases Or Jackets (AREA)

Abstract

本申请公开了一种端盖、电池单体、电池以及用电装置。本申请实施例的端盖包括：第一凹部，从端盖面向电极组件的一侧沿背离电极组件的方向凹陷；第二凹部，从端盖背离电池单体的电极组件的一侧沿面向电极组件的方向凹陷，第二凹部的底壁包括第一部分和环绕在第一部分外侧的第二部分，第一部分和第一凹部的底壁沿端盖的厚度方向相对设置；以及泄压部，形成于第一部分和第一凹部的底壁之间，泄压部用于在电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时致动以泄放内部压力，第二部分的背离电极组件的一侧形成避让空间，以在泄压部致动时避让泄压部。本申请能够提高电池单体的安全性。

Description

端盖、电池单体、电池以及用电装置
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求享有于2021年10月09日提交的名称为“端盖、电池单体、电池以及用电装置”的中国专利申请202122434797.4的优先权，该申请的全部内容通过引用并入本文中。
技术领域
本申请涉及电池领域，特别是涉及一种端盖、电池单体、电池以及用电装置。
背景技术
电池单体广泛用于电子设备，例如手机、笔记本电脑、电瓶车、电动汽车、电动飞机、电动轮船、电动玩具汽车、电动玩具轮船、电动玩具飞机和电动工具等等。电池单体可以包括镉镍电池单体、氢镍电池单体、锂离子电池单体和二次碱性锌锰电池单体等。
在电池技术的发展中，除了提高电池单体的性能外，安全问题也是一个不可忽视的问题。如果电池单体的安全问题不能保证，那该电池单体就无法使用。因此，如何增强电池单体的安全性，是电池技术中一个亟待解决的技术问题。
发明内容
本申请提供一种端盖、电池单体、电池以及用电装置，其能提高电池单体的安全性。
第一方面，本申请实施例提供了一种电池单体的端盖，其包括：
第一凹部，从端盖面向电极组件的一侧沿背离电极组件的方向凹陷；
第二凹部，从端盖背离电池单体的电极组件的一侧沿面向电极组件 的方向凹陷，第二凹部的底壁包括第一部分和环绕在第一部分外侧的第二部分，第一部分和第一凹部的底壁沿端盖的厚度方向相对设置；以及
泄压部，形成于第一部分和第一凹部的底壁之间，泄压部用于在电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时致动以泄放内部压力，第二部分的背离电极组件的一侧形成避让空间，以在泄压部致动时避让泄压部。
上述方案中，当电池单体发生短路、过充等现象时，泄压部的局部破裂并向外翻折，以形成释放内部压力的通道，降低电池单体爆炸、起火的风险，从而提高安全性。本方案通过在第二部分的背离电极组件的一侧形成避让空间，以降低泄压部被端盖的其它部分阻挡的风险，从而保证内部压力的泄放效率，提高电池单体的安全性。
在一些实施例中，第一凹部的底壁和/或第一部分设有第三凹部，泄压部被配置为在电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时在第三凹部处破裂以泄放内部压力。
上述方案中，通过设置第三凹部，可以在电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时，使泄压部沿着预定的位置破裂、翻折。
在一些实施例中，在泄压部致动时，泄压部的至少部分翻折到第二凹部内。
在一些实施例中，第三凹部沿厚度方向的投影为直线形、十字形、U形或环形。
在一些实施例中，第三凹部为环形且包括沿自身周向连续设置的第一子凹部和第二子凹部，第一子凹部的深度大于第二子凹部的深度，以在电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时，使泄压部在第一子凹部处破裂并沿着第二子凹部的底部翻折。
上述方案中，通过设置深度不同的第一子凹部和第二子凹部，使泄压部在设定的位置破裂，并限定泄压部的翻折方向。本方案在翻折的位置设置第二子凹部，可以降低泄压部翻折的难度，提高内部压力的泄放效率。
在一些实施例中，端盖包括：本体部，包括沿厚度方向相对设置的内表面和外表面，内表面面向电极组件；第一凸部，凸设于内表面，第一凹部从第一凸部的顶端面沿背离电极组件的方向凹陷；以及第二凸部，凸 设于外表面，第二凹部从第二凸部的顶端面沿面向电极组件的方向凹陷。
上述方案中，通过设置第一凸部和第二凸部，以增大端盖在泄压部周围的强度，减小泄压部在端盖往复翻动的过程中的变形，降低传导到泄压部的作用力，减缓泄压部的疲劳老化，降低端盖在电池单体正常使用情况下提前破裂泄压的风险，有利于提高电池单体的安全性和稳定性。
在一些实施例中，第二凹部在厚度方向上的深度大于第二凸部在厚度方向上的尺寸，以使第二凹部的底壁比外表面更靠近电极组件。
上述方案能够保证第二凹部的深度，以增大第二凹部的底壁和第二凸部的顶端面沿厚度方向的间距，降低泄压部被外部构件损伤的风险，提高安全性。
在一些实施例中，第一凹部在厚度方向上的深度小于第一凸部在厚度方向上的尺寸，以使第一凹部的底壁比内表面更靠近电极组件。
在电池单体倒置使用时，端盖位于电极组件的下侧。在上述方案中，第一凹部的底壁比内表面更靠近电极组件，所以在电池单体的循环后期，相较于第一凹部的底壁，电解液更容易聚集在内表面上，也就是说，本方案能够减少第一凹部内的储液量，降低泄压部受腐蚀而老化的风险。
在一些实施例中，在厚度方向上，第一凸部的尺寸大于第二凸部的尺寸。
上述方案在保证端盖的靠近泄压部的部分的强度的前提下，使第二凸部具有相对较小的尺寸，这样可以减小电池单体的最大尺寸，提高能量密度。
在一些实施例中，端盖还包括：连接部，环绕在本体部的外侧并沿面向电极组件的方向延伸，以在本体部的面向电极组件的一侧形成第四凹部；板体部，环绕在连接部的外侧，第四凹部相对于板体部的面向电极组件的表面凹陷；其中，第一凸部容纳于第四凹部内。
上述方案中，通过设置第四凹部，可以增大电池单体的内部空间，提高电池单体的容量。同时，第四凹部还能够为第一凸部提供空间，使第一凸部凸出足够的尺寸，并避免第一凸部抵压到电极组件上。
在一些实施例中，端盖为一体形成结构。
上述方案将具有泄压功能的泄压部集成在端盖上，以简化电池单体的结构。
第二方面，本申请实施例提供了一种电池单体，其包括：壳体，具有开口；电极组件，容纳于壳体内；以及如第一方面任一实施例的端盖，用于盖合于壳体的开口。
第三方面，本申请实施例提供了一种电池，其包括箱体和第二方面的电池单体，电池单体收容于箱体内。
第四方面，本申请实施例提供了一种用电装置，其特征在于，包括第三方面的电池，电池用于提供电能。
附图说明
下面将参考附图来描述本申请示例性实施例的特征、优点和技术效果。
图1为本申请一些实施例提供的车辆的结构示意图；
图2为本申请一些实施例提供的电池的爆炸示意图；
图3为图2所示的电池模块的爆炸示意图；
图4为本申请一些实施例提供的电池单体的爆炸示意图；
图5为本申请一些实施例提供的电池单体的端盖的结构示意图；
图6为图5所示的端盖的俯视示意图；
图7为图6所示的端盖沿线A-A作出的剖视示意图；
图8为图7所示的端盖在圆框B处的放大示意图
图9为本申请另一些实施例提供的端盖的俯视示意图；
图10为本申请又一些实施例提供的端盖的俯视示意图；
图11为本申请再一些实施例提供的端盖的俯视示意图。
在附图中，附图未必按照实际的比例绘制。
具体实施方式
为使本申请实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本申请实施例中的附图，对本申请实施例中的技术方案进行清楚地描述， 显然，所描述的实施例是本申请一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本申请中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本申请保护的范围。
除非另有定义，本申请所使用的所有的技术和科学术语与属于本申请的技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同；本申请中在申请的说明书中所使用的术语只是为了描述具体的实施例的目的，不是旨在于限制本申请；本申请的说明书和权利要求书及上述附图说明中的术语“包括”和“具有”以及它们的任何变形，意图在于覆盖不排他的包含。本申请的说明书和权利要求书或上述附图中的术语“第一”、“第二”等是用于区别不同对象，而不是用于描述特定顺序或主次关系。
在本申请中提及“实施例”意味着，结合实施例描述的特定特征、结构或特性可以包含在本申请的至少一个实施例中。在说明书中的各个位置出现该短语并不一定均是指相同的实施例，也不是与其它实施例互斥的独立的或备选的实施例。
在本申请的描述中，需要说明的是，除非另有明确的规定和限定，术语“安装”、“相连”、“连接”、“附接”应做广义理解，例如，可以是固定连接，也可以是可拆卸连接，或一体地连接；可以是直接相连，也可以通过中间媒介间接相连，可以是两个元件内部的连通。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可以根据具体情况理解上述术语在本申请中的具体含义。
本申请中术语“和/或”，仅仅是一种描述关联对象的关联关系，表示可以存在三种关系，例如，A和/或B，可以表示：单独存在A，同时存在A和B，单独存在B这三种情况。另外，本申请中字符“/”，一般表示前后关联对象是一种“或”的关系。
在本申请的实施例中，相同的附图标记表示相同的部件，并且为了简洁，在不同实施例中，省略对相同部件的详细说明。应理解，附图示出的本申请实施例中的各种部件的厚度、长宽等尺寸，以及集成装置的整体厚度、长宽等尺寸仅为示例性说明，而不应对本申请构成任何限定。
本申请中出现的“多个”指的是两个以上(包括两个)。
本申请中，电池单体可以包括锂离子二次电池单体、锂离子一次电池单体、锂硫电池单体、钠锂离子电池单体、钠离子电池单体或镁离子电池单体等，本申请实施例对此并不限定。电池单体可呈圆柱体、扁平体、长方体或其它形状等，本申请实施例对此也不限定。
本申请的实施例所提到的电池是指包括一个或多个电池单体以提供更高的电压和容量的单一的物理模块。例如，本申请中所提到的电池可以包括电池模块或电池包等。电池一般包括用于封装一个或多个电池单体的箱体。箱体可以避免液体或其他异物影响电池单体的充电或放电。
电池单体包括电极组件和电解液，电极组件包括正极极片、负极极片和隔离件。电池单体主要依靠金属离子在正极极片和负极极片之间移动来工作。正极极片包括正极集流体和正极活性物质层，正极活性物质层涂覆于正极集流体的表面；正极集流体包括正极涂覆区和连接于正极涂覆区的正极极耳，正极涂覆区涂覆有正极活性物质层，正极极耳未涂覆正极活性物质层。以锂离子电池为例，正极集流体的材料可以为铝，正极活性物质层包括正极活性物质，正极活性物质可以为钴酸锂、磷酸铁锂、三元锂或锰酸锂等。负极极片包括负极集流体和负极活性物质层，负极活性物质层涂覆于负极集流体的表面；负极集流体包括负极涂覆区和连接于负极涂覆区的负极极耳，负极涂覆区涂覆有负极活性物质层，负极极耳未涂覆负极活性物质层。负极集流体的材料可以为铜，负极活性物质层包括负极活性物质，负极活性物质可以为碳或硅等。隔离件的材质可以为PP(polypropylene，聚丙烯)或PE(polyethylene，聚乙烯)等。
电池单体还包括壳体和端盖，壳体具有开口且用于容纳电极组件，电极组件可以经由壳体的开口装配到壳体内。端盖用于盖合于壳体的开口。
电池技术的发展要同时考虑多方面的设计因素，例如，能量密度、循环寿命、放电容量、充放电倍率等性能参数，另外，还需要考虑电池的安全性。
电池单体上的泄压机构对电池单体的安全性有着重要影响。例如，当发生短路、过充等现象时，可能会导致电池单体内部发生热失控从而压力骤升。这种情况下通过泄压机构致动可以将内部压力向外释放，以防止 电池单体爆炸、起火。
泄压机构是指在电池单体的内部压力达到预定阈值时致动以泄放内部压力的元件或部件。该阈值设计根据设计需求不同而不同。该阈值可能取决于电池单体中的正极极片、负极极片、电解液和隔离件中一种或几种的材料。
泄压机构可以采用诸如防爆阀、气阀、泄压阀或安全阀等的形式，并可以具体采用压敏元件或构造，即，当电池单体的内部压力达到预定阈值时，泄压机构执行动作或者泄压机构中设有的薄弱结构破裂，从而形成可供内部压力泄放的开口或通道。
本申请中所提到的“致动”是指泄压机构产生动作或被激活至一定的状态，从而使得电池单体的内部压力得以被泄放。泄压机构产生的动作可以包括但不限于：泄压机构中的至少一部分破裂、破碎、被撕裂或者打开，等等。泄压机构在致动时，电池单体的内部的高温高压物质作为排放物会从致动的部位向外排出。以此方式能够在可控压力的情况下使电池单体发生泄压，从而避免潜在的更严重的事故发生。
本申请中所提到的来自电池单体的排放物包括但不限于：电解液、被溶解或分裂的正负极极片、隔离件的碎片、反应产生的高温高压气体、火焰，等等。
为了简化电池单体的结构，发明人尝试将泄压机构集成到端盖上。例如，发明人在端盖开设凹部来形成泄压部，泄压部用于在电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时致动以泄放内部压力。当发生短路、过充等现象时，可能会导致电池单体内部发生热失控从而压力骤升，这种情况下通过泄压部的局部破裂并向外翻折，以形成释放内部压力的通道，降低电池单体爆炸、起火的风险，从而提高安全性。
然而，发明人在发现电池单体在热失控时内部压力泄放的速率偏低的问题之后，对电池单体的结构进行了分析和研究。发明人发现，泄压部的位置与凹部的位置相对应，当泄压部在内部压力的作用下向外翻折时，泄压部容易受到凹部的侧壁的阻挡，使泄压部向外翻折的程度受限，从而造成泄压的速率偏低。
鉴于此，本申请实施例提供了一种技术方案，在该技术方案中，电池单体的端盖包括：第一凹部，从端盖面向电极组件的一侧沿背离电极组件的方向凹陷；第二凹部，从端盖背离电池单体的电极组件的一侧沿面向电极组件的方向凹陷，第二凹部的底壁包括第一部分和环绕在第一部分外侧的第二部分，第一部分和第一凹部的底壁沿端盖的厚度方向相对设置；以及泄压部，形成于第一部分和第一凹部的底壁之间，泄压部用于在电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时致动以泄放内部压力，第二部分的背离电极组件的一侧形成避让空间，以在泄压部致动时避让泄压部。具有这种结构的端盖能够降低泄压部被阻挡的风险，从而保证内部压力的泄放效率，提高电池单体的安全性。
本申请实施例描述的技术方案适用于电池以及使用电池的用电装置。
用电装置可以是车辆、手机、便携式设备、笔记本电脑、轮船、航天器、电动玩具和电动工具等等。车辆可以是燃油汽车、燃气汽车或新能源汽车，新能源汽车可以是纯电动汽车、混合动力汽车或增程式汽车等；航天器包括飞机、火箭、航天飞机和宇宙飞船等等；电动玩具包括固定式或移动式的电动玩具，例如，游戏机、电动汽车玩具、电动轮船玩具和电动飞机玩具等等；电动工具包括金属切削电动工具、研磨电动工具、装配电动工具和铁道用电动工具，例如，电钻、电动砂轮机、电动扳手、电动螺丝刀、电锤、冲击电钻、混凝土振动器和电刨等等。本申请实施例对上述用电装置不做特殊限制。
以下实施例为了方便说明，以用电装置为车辆为例进行说明。
图1为本申请一些实施例提供的车辆的结构示意图。如图1所示，车辆1的内部设置有电池2，电池2可以设置在车辆1的底部或头部或尾部。电池2可以用于车辆1的供电，例如，电池2可以作为车辆1的操作电源。
车辆1还可以包括控制器3和马达4，控制器3用来控制电池2为马达4供电，例如，用于车辆1的启动、导航和行驶时的工作用电需求。
在本申请一些实施例中，电池2不仅仅可以作为车辆1的操作电源，还可以作为车辆1的驱动电源，代替或部分地代替燃油或天然气为车辆1 提供驱动动力。
图2为本申请一些实施例提供的电池的爆炸示意图。如图2所示，电池2包括箱体5和电池单体(图2未示出)，电池单体容纳于箱体5内。
箱体5用于容纳电池单体，箱体5可以是多种结构。在一些实施例中，箱体5可以包括第一箱体部5a和第二箱体部5b，第一箱体部5a与第二箱体部5b相互盖合，第一箱体部5a和第二箱体部5b共同限定出用于容纳电池单体的容纳空间5c。第二箱体部5b可以是一端开口的空心结构，第一箱体部5a为板状结构，第一箱体部5a盖合于第二箱体部5b的开口侧，以形成具有容纳空间5c的箱体5；第一箱体部5a和第二箱体部5b也均可以是一侧开口的空心结构，第一箱体部5a的开口侧盖合于第二箱体部5b的开口侧，以形成具有容纳空间5c的箱体5。当然，第一箱体部5a和第二箱体部5b可以是多种形状，比如，圆柱体、长方体等。
为提高第一箱体部5a与第二箱体部5b连接后的密封性，第一箱体部5a与第二箱体部5b之间也可以设置密封件，比如，密封胶、密封圈等。
假设第一箱体部5a盖合于第二箱体部5b的顶部，第一箱体部5a亦可称之为上箱盖，第二箱体部5b亦可称之为下箱体。
在电池2中，电池单体可以是一个，也可以是多个。若电池单体为多个，多个电池单体之间可串联或并联或混联，混联是指多个电池单体中既有串联又有并联。多个电池单体之间可直接串联或并联或混联在一起，再将多个电池单体构成的整体容纳于箱体5内；当然，也可以是多个电池单体先串联或并联或混联组成电池模块6，多个电池模块6再串联或并联或混联形成一个整体，并容纳于箱体5内。
图3为图2所示的电池模块的爆炸示意图。
在一些实施例中，如图3所示，电池单体7为多个，多个电池单体7先串联或并联或混联组成电池模块6。多个电池模块6再串联或并联或混联形成一个整体，并容纳于箱体内。
电池模块6中的多个电池单体7之间可通过汇流部件实现电连接，以实现电池模块6中的多个电池单体7的并联或串联或混联。
图4为本申请一些实施例提供的电池单体的爆炸示意图。
如图4所示，本申请实施例的电池单体7包括：壳体20，具有开口21；电极组件10，容纳于壳体20内；以及端盖30，用于盖合于壳体20的开口21。
电极组件10包括第一极片、第二极片和隔离件，隔离件用于将第一极片和第二极片隔开。第一极片和第二极片的极性相反，换言之，第一极片和第二极片中的一者为正极极片，第一极片和第二极片中的另一者为负极极片。
可选地，第一极片、第二极片和隔离件均为带状结构，第一极片、第二极片和隔离件卷绕为一体并形成卷绕结构。卷绕结构可以为圆柱状结构、扁平状结构或其它形状的结构。可替代地，第一极片和第二极片为板状结构，第一极片和第二极片均为多个，且多个第一极片和多个第二极片交替层叠。
在电池单体7中，根据实际使用需求，电极组件10可设置为单个或多个；在一些示例中，电池单体7内设置有四个独立的电极组件10。
壳体20可以为一侧开口的空心结构，也可以是两侧开口的空心结构。端盖30盖合于壳体20的开口21处并形成密封连接，以形成用于容纳电极组件10和电解液的容纳腔。
壳体20可以是多种形状，比如，圆柱体、长方体等。壳体20的形状可根据电极组件10的具体形状来确定。比如，若电极组件10为圆柱体结构，则可选用为圆柱体壳体；若电极组件10为长方体结构，则可选用长方体壳体。
在一些实施例中，电池单体7还包括两个电极端子40，两个电极端子40可以设置在端盖30上。两个电极端子40分别为正电极端子和负电极端子。每个电极端子40各对应设置一个连接构件50，或者也可以称为集流构件，其位于端盖30与电极组件10之间，用于将电极组件10和电极端子40实现电连接。
图5为本申请一些实施例提供的电池单体的端盖的结构示意图；图6为图5所示的端盖的俯视示意图；图7为图6所示的端盖沿线A-A作出的剖视示意图；图8为图7所示的端盖在圆框B处的放大示意图。
如图5至图8所示，本申请实施例的电池单体的端盖30包括：第一凹部31，从端盖30面向电极组件的一侧沿背离电极组件的方向凹陷；第二凹部32，从端盖30背离电池单体的电极组件的一侧沿面向电极组件的方向凹陷，第二凹部的底壁321包括第一部分321a和环绕在第一部分321a外侧的第二部分321b，第一部分321a和第一凹部的底壁311沿端盖30的厚度方向Z相对设置；以及泄压部33，形成于第一部分321a和第一凹部的底壁311之间，泄压部33用于在电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时致动以泄放内部压力，第二部分321b的背离电极组件的一侧形成避让空间，以在泄压部33致动时避让泄压部33。
第一凹部31位于泄压部33的面向电极组件的一侧，而第二凹部32位于泄压部33的背离电极组件的一侧。
第一部分321a沿厚度方向Z的投影与第一凹部的底壁311沿厚度方向Z的投影完全重叠，而第二部分321b沿厚度方向Z的投影与第一凹部的底壁311沿厚度方向Z的投影不重叠。
第二部分321b为环绕在第一部分321a的外侧的环形面。对应地，第二部分321b环绕在泄压部33的外侧。
可选地，第一凹部的底壁311和第二凹部的底壁321均为平面且彼此平行。
可选地，第二凹部32还包括侧壁322，侧壁322连接于第二凹部的底壁321。
泄压部33致动时，泄压部33的至少一部分破裂，且泄压部33在内部压力的作用下沿着破裂的位置向外翻折，以形成用于泄放内部压力的通道。
发明人通过开设凹部来减小泄压部的厚度，进而减小泄压部的强度，使泄压部能够在电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时致动以泄放内部压力。在泄压部的厚度一定时，如果仅在泄压部的一侧设置凹部，那么凹部的深度较大，凹部的成型难度较大。
本实施例通过设置第一凹部31和第二凹部32来形成泄压部33，这样可以减小第一凹部31和第二凹部32对深度的要求，降低成型难度。另 外，本实施例通过减小第二凹部32的深度，能够在泄压部33向外翻折时降低第二凹部32的侧壁322阻挡泄压部33的风险。
第二凹部32位于泄压部33的背离电极组件的一侧，即第二凹部32位于泄压部33的外侧。本实施例通过设置第二凹部32可以增大泄压部33与电池单体外部的其它构件的距离，降低泄压部33被其它构件损伤的风险。
在本实施例中，当电池单体发生短路、过充等现象时，泄压部33的局部破裂并向外翻折，以形成释放内部压力的通道，降低电池单体爆炸、起火的风险，从而提高安全性。本实施例通过在第二部分321b的背离电极组件的一侧形成避让空间，以降低泄压部33被端盖30的其它部分阻挡的风险，从而保证内部压力的泄放效率，提高电池单体的安全性。
在一些实施例中，第一凹部的底壁311和/或第一部分321a设有第三凹部331，泄压部33被配置为在电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时在第三凹部331处破裂以泄放内部压力。
在本实施例中，第三凹部331可以仅设置在第一凹部的底壁311，也可以仅设置在第一部分321a，还可以同时设置第一凹部的底壁311和第一部分321a。
当第三凹部331设置于第一凹部的底壁311时，第三凹部331从第一凹部的底壁311沿背离电极组件的方向凹陷；当第三凹部331设置于第一部分321a时，第三凹部331从第一部分321a沿面向电极组件的方向凹陷。
本实施例通过设置第三凹部331，在泄压部33上形成薄弱结构。薄弱结构的强度小于泄压部33的其它部分的强度。
示例性地，可以采用机加工方式在泄压部33上去除材料以形成第三凹部331，有利于降低加工成本和加工难度。沿端盖30的厚度方向Z，薄弱结构和第三凹部331对应设置。可替代地，第三凹部331也可通过挤压泄压部33的方式形成。
本实施例通过设置第三凹部331，可以在电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时，使泄压部33沿着预定的位置破裂、翻折。
在一些实施例中，在泄压部33致动时，泄压部33的至少部分翻 折到第二凹部32内。在泄压部33致动时，泄压部33在内部压力的推动下向外翻折。
在一些实施例中，在泄压部33致动时，泄压部33的至少部分翻折避让空间。换言之，在泄压部33致动时，泄压部33与第二部分321b在厚度方向Z上至少部分地重叠。
在本实施例的避让空间可用于容纳泄压部33的至少部分，这样可以增大泄压部33的翻折幅度，以降低泄压部33对内部压力的阻挡，提高内部压力泄放的效率。
在一些实施例中，第三凹部331为环形且包括沿自身周向连续设置的第一子凹部331a和第二子凹部331b，第一子凹部331a的深度大于第二子凹部331b的深度，以在电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时，使泄压部33在第一子凹部331a处破裂并沿着第二子凹部331b的底部翻折。
第一子凹部331a的强度小于第二子凹部331b的强度。
本实施例通过设置深度不同的第一子凹部331a和第二子凹部331b，使泄压部33在设定的位置破裂，并限定泄压部33的翻折方向。本实施例在翻折的位置设置第二子凹部331b，可以降低泄压部33翻折的难度，提高内部压力的泄放效率。
在一些实施例中，第二子凹部331b沿厚度方向Z的投影为直线形。换言之，泄压部33的与第二子凹部331b相对的部分为直线形。
在一些实施例中，第三凹部331沿厚度方向Z的投影为直线形、十字形、U形或环形。
在一些实施例中，端盖30包括：本体部34，包括沿厚度方向Z相对设置的内表面341和外表面342，内表面341面向电极组件；第一凸部35，凸设于内表面341，第一凹部31从第一凸部的顶端面351沿背离电极组件的方向凹陷；以及第二凸部36，凸设于外表面342，第二凹部32从第二凸部的顶端面361沿面向电极组件的方向凹陷。
电池单体在运输、温度变化或充放电的过程中，电池单体的内部压力存在高低交替变化的情况，从而导致端盖存在往复翻动的情况。端盖长期往复翻动时，会导致泄压部出现疲劳老化，从而引发泄压部在电池单 体的内部压力未达到阈值时致动的风险。
本实施例通过设置第一凸部35和第二凸部36，以增大端盖30在泄压部33周围的强度，减小泄压部33在端盖30往复翻动的过程中的变形，降低传导到泄压部33的作用力，减缓泄压部33的疲劳老化，降低端盖30在电池单体正常使用情况下提前破裂泄压的风险，有利于提高电池单体的安全性和稳定性。
在一些实施例中，第二凹部32在厚度方向Z上的深度大于第二凸部36在厚度方向Z上的尺寸，以使第二凹部的底壁321比外表面342更靠近电极组件。
本实施例能够保证第二凹部32的深度，以增大第二凹部的底壁321和第二凸部的顶端面361沿厚度方向Z的间距，降低泄压部33被外部构件损伤的风险，提高安全性。
在一些实施例中，第一凹部31在厚度方向Z上的深度小于第一凸部35在厚度方向Z上的尺寸，以使第一凹部的底壁311比内表面341更靠近电极组件。
在电池单体倒置使用时，端盖30位于电极组件的下侧。在本实施例中，第一凹部的底壁311比内表面341更靠近电极组件，所以在电池单体的循环后期，相较于第一凹部的底壁311，电解液更容易聚集在内表面341上，也就是说，本实施例能够减少第一凹部31内的储液量，降低泄压部33受腐蚀而老化的风险。
在一些实施例中，在厚度方向Z上，第一凸部35的尺寸大于第二凸部36的尺寸。
本实施例在保证端盖30的靠近泄压部33的部分的强度的前提下，使第二凸部36具有相对较小的尺寸，这样可以减小电池单体的最大尺寸，提高能量密度。
在一些实施例中，端盖30还包括：连接部37，环绕在本体部34的外侧并沿面向电极组件的方向延伸，以在本体部34的面向电极组件的一侧形成第四凹部38；板体部39，环绕在连接部37的外侧，第四凹部38相对于板体部39的面向电极组件的表面凹陷；其中，第一凸部35容纳于第 四凹部38内。
板体部39用于连接到壳体。
本实施例通过设置第四凹部38，可以增大电池单体的内部空间，提高电池单体的容量。同时，第四凹部38还能够为第一凸部35提供空间，使第一凸部35凸出足够的尺寸，并避免第一凸部35抵压到电极组件上。
在一些实施例中，端盖30为一体形成结构。本实施例将具有泄压功能的泄压部33集成在端盖30上，以简化电池单体的结构。
图9为本申请另一些实施例提供的端盖的俯视示意图。
如图9所示，在一些实施例中，第三凹部331沿厚度方向的投影为直线形。直线形的第三凹部331的成型工艺简单。
图10为本申请又一些实施例提供的端盖的俯视示意图。
如图10所示，第三凹部331沿厚度方向的投影为十字形。当电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时，泄压部33在十字交叉点裂开，并分成四片沿四个方向向外翻折。
图11为本申请再一些实施例提供的端盖的俯视示意图。如图11所示，第三凹部331沿厚度方向的投影为U形。当电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时，泄压部33沿着U形的第三凹部331裂开，而U形的第三凹部331围成的区域均会向外翻折。
需要说明的是，在不冲突的情况下，本申请中的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。
最后应说明的是：以上实施例仅用以说明本申请的技术方案，而非对其限制；尽管参照前述实施例对本申请进行了详细的说明，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解：其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换，但这些修改或者替换，并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本申请各实施例技术方案的精神和范围。

Claims (14)

  1. 一种电池单体的端盖，包括：
    第一凹部，从所述端盖面向电极组件的一侧沿背离所述电极组件的方向凹陷；
    第二凹部，从所述端盖背离所述电池单体的电极组件的一侧沿面向所述电极组件的方向凹陷，所述第二凹部的底壁包括第一部分和环绕在所述第一部分外侧的第二部分，所述第一部分和所述第一凹部的底壁沿所述端盖的厚度方向相对设置；以及
    泄压部，形成于所述第一部分和所述第一凹部的底壁之间，所述泄压部用于在所述电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时致动以泄放所述内部压力，所述第二部分的背离所述电极组件的一侧形成避让空间，以在所述泄压部致动时避让所述泄压部。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的端盖，其中，所述第一凹部的底壁和/或所述第一部分设有第三凹部，所述泄压部被配置为在所述电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时在所述第三凹部处破裂以泄放所述内部压力。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的端盖，其中，在所述泄压部致动时，所述泄压部的至少部分翻折到所述第二凹部内。
  4. 根据权利要求2或3所述的端盖，其中，所述第三凹部沿所述厚度方向的投影为直线形、十字形、U形或环形。
  5. 根据权利要求2或3所述的端盖，其中，所述第三凹部为环形且包括沿自身周向连续设置的第一子凹部和第二子凹部，所述第一子凹部的深度大于所述第二子凹部的深度，以在所述电池单体的内部压力达到阈值时，使所述泄压部在所述第一子凹部处破裂并沿着所述第二子凹部的底部翻折。
  6. 根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的端盖，包括：
    本体部，包括沿所述厚度方向相对设置的内表面和外表面，所述内表面面向所述电极组件；
    第一凸部，凸设于所述内表面，所述第一凹部从所述第一凸部的顶端面沿背离所述电极组件的方向凹陷；以及
    第二凸部，凸设于所述外表面，所述第二凹部从所述第二凸部的顶端面沿面向所述电极组件的方向凹陷。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的端盖，其中，所述第二凹部在所述厚度方向上的深度大于所述第二凸部在所述厚度方向上的尺寸，以使所述第二凹部的底壁比所述外表面更靠近所述电极组件。
  8. 根据权利要求6或7所述的端盖，其中，所述第一凹部在所述厚度方向上的深度小于所述第一凸部在所述厚度方向上的尺寸，以使所述第一凹部的底壁比所述内表面更靠近所述电极组件。
  9. 根据权利要求6-8任一项所述的端盖，其中，在所述厚度方向上，所述第一凸部的尺寸大于所述第二凸部的尺寸。
  10. 根据权利要求6-9任一项所述的端盖，还包括：
    连接部，环绕在所述本体部的外侧并沿面向所述电极组件的方向延伸，以在所述本体部的面向所述电极组件的一侧形成第四凹部；
    板体部，环绕在所述连接部的外侧，所述第四凹部相对于所述板体部的面向所述电极组件的表面凹陷；
    其中，所述第一凸部容纳于所述第四凹部内。
  11. 根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的端盖，其中，所述端盖为一体形成结构。
  12. 一种电池单体，包括：
    壳体，具有开口；
    电极组件，容纳于所述壳体内；以及
    如权利要求1-11中任一项所述的端盖，用于盖合于所述壳体的开口。
  13. 一种电池，包括箱体和如权利要求12所述的电池单体，所述电池单体收容于所述箱体内。
  14. 一种用电装置，包括根据权利要求13所述的电池，所述电池用于提供电能。
PCT/CN2022/070206 2021-10-09 2022-01-05 端盖、电池单体、电池以及用电装置 WO2023056719A1 (zh)

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