WO2022163595A1 - 二次電池用負極活物質および二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池用負極活物質および二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022163595A1 WO2022163595A1 PCT/JP2022/002484 JP2022002484W WO2022163595A1 WO 2022163595 A1 WO2022163595 A1 WO 2022163595A1 JP 2022002484 W JP2022002484 W JP 2022002484W WO 2022163595 A1 WO2022163595 A1 WO 2022163595A1
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- negative electrode
- activated carbon
- electrode active
- active material
- carbon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a negative electrode active material for secondary batteries and secondary batteries.
- Si-based materials are alloying materials that are alloyed with lithium, and are known to be able to absorb more lithium ions per unit volume than carbon-based active materials such as graphite. is expected to be used for
- Patent Document 1 discloses a negative electrode active material comprising a Si-based material, a porous carbon aerogel, a binder material, and a carbon active material.
- an object of the present disclosure is to provide a negative electrode active material for a secondary battery that can suppress the swelling of the negative electrode and the deterioration of the charge-discharge cycle characteristics of the battery.
- a negative electrode active material for a secondary battery which is one aspect of the present disclosure, includes a Si-based material, activated carbon, and a conductive material, and the Si-based material and the conductive material are supported in pores of the activated carbon. It is characterized by
- a secondary battery according to one aspect of the present disclosure includes a negative electrode containing the negative electrode active material for a secondary battery.
- a negative electrode active material for a secondary battery that can suppress the swelling of the negative electrode and the deterioration of the charge-discharge cycle characteristics of the battery.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a secondary battery that is an example of an embodiment
- a negative electrode active material for a secondary battery which is one aspect of the present disclosure, includes a Si-based material, activated carbon, and a conductive material, and the Si-based material and the conductive material are supported in pores of the activated carbon.
- the volume change of the Si-based material due to charging and discharging occurs within the pores of the activated carbon, so even if the Si-based material expands, it is unlikely to lead to swelling of the negative electrode.
- the conductive material supported in the pores of the activated carbon together with the Si-based material secures a conductive path for the Si-based material, deterioration in charge-discharge cycle characteristics of the battery is suppressed.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a secondary battery that is an example of an embodiment.
- a secondary battery 10 shown in FIG. It includes insulating plates 18 and 19 and a battery case 15 that accommodates the above members.
- the battery case 15 is composed of a bottomed cylindrical case body 16 and a sealing member 17 that closes the opening of the case body 16 .
- the wound electrode body 14 another form of electrode body such as a stacked electrode body in which positive and negative electrodes are alternately stacked via a separator may be applied.
- Examples of the battery case 15 include cylindrical, rectangular, coin-shaped, button-shaped metal cases, and resin cases formed by laminating resin sheets (laminated batteries).
- the case body 16 is, for example, a bottomed cylindrical metal container.
- a gasket 28 is provided between the case body 16 and the sealing member 17 to ensure hermeticity inside the battery.
- the case main body 16 has an overhanging portion 22 that supports the sealing member 17, for example, a portion of the side surface overhanging inward.
- the projecting portion 22 is preferably annularly formed along the circumferential direction of the case body 16 and supports the sealing member 17 on the upper surface thereof.
- the sealing body 17 has a structure in which a filter 23, a lower valve body 24, an insulating member 25, an upper valve body 26, and a cap 27 are layered in order from the electrode body 14 side.
- Each member constituting the sealing member 17 has, for example, a disk shape or a ring shape, and each member other than the insulating member 25 is electrically connected to each other.
- the lower valve body 24 and the upper valve body 26 are connected to each other at their central portions, and an insulating member 25 is interposed between their peripheral edge portions.
- the lower valve body 24 deforms and breaks so as to push the upper valve body 26 upward toward the cap 27 side, breaking the lower valve body 24 and the upper valve body 26 .
- the current path between is interrupted.
- the upper valve body 26 is broken and the gas is discharged from the opening of the cap 27 .
- the positive electrode lead 20 attached to the positive electrode 11 extends through the through hole of the insulating plate 18 toward the sealing member 17
- the negative electrode lead 21 attached to the negative electrode 12 extends through the insulating plate 19 . It extends to the bottom side of the case body 16 through the outside.
- the positive electrode lead 20 is connected to the lower surface of the filter 23, which is the bottom plate of the sealing member 17, by welding or the like, and the cap 27, which is the top plate of the sealing member 17 electrically connected to the filter 23, serves as a positive electrode terminal.
- the negative lead 21 is connected to the inner surface of the bottom of the case body 16 by welding or the like, and the case body 16 serves as a negative terminal.
- the positive electrode 11, the negative electrode 12, the separator 13, and the non-aqueous electrolyte that constitute the secondary battery 10 will be described in detail below.
- the positive electrode 11 includes, for example, a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer formed on the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode current collector foils of metals such as aluminum and aluminum alloys that are stable in the potential range of the positive electrode, films in which such metals are arranged on the surface layer, and the like can be used.
- the positive electrode mixture layer includes, for example, a positive electrode active material, a binder, a conductive material, and the like.
- the positive electrode mixture layer is preferably formed on both sides of the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode 11 is formed by, for example, coating a positive electrode mixture slurry containing a positive electrode active material, a binder, a conductive material, etc. on a positive electrode current collector, drying and rolling the coating film, and turning the positive electrode mixture layer into a positive electrode current collector. It can be manufactured by forming on both sides of the body.
- a lithium transition metal composite oxide is used as the positive electrode active material.
- Metal elements contained in the lithium-transition metal composite oxide include Ni, Co, Mn, Al, B, Mg, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Zr, Nb, In, Sn , Ta, W, and the like. Among them, it is preferable to contain at least one of Ni, Co, and Mn.
- Examples of conductive materials contained in the positive electrode mixture layer include carbon materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and graphite.
- Binders contained in the positive electrode mixture layer include fluororesins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimides, acrylic resins, polyolefins, and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Or its salt, polyethylene oxide (PEO), etc. are mentioned.
- the negative electrode 12 includes, for example, a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode mixture layer formed on the current collector.
- a negative electrode current collector for example, a foil of a metal such as copper or a copper alloy that is stable in the potential range of the negative electrode, a film in which the metal is arranged on the surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the negative electrode mixture layer includes a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode mixture layer may additionally contain a binder, a conductive material, and the like.
- the negative electrode 12 is formed, for example, by coating a negative electrode mixture slurry containing a negative electrode active material and the like on a negative electrode current collector, drying and rolling the coating film, and forming negative electrode mixture layers on both sides of the negative electrode current collector. can be manufactured.
- the negative electrode active material includes activated carbon, and a Si-based material and a conductive material supported within the pores of the activated carbon. Although it is desirable that all the Si-based material and the conductive material are supported within the pores of the activated carbon, part of the Si-based material and the conductive material may be supported on the surface of the activated carbon.
- the method for supporting the Si-based material and the conductive material in the pores of the activated carbon is not particularly limited, but examples include a method of immersing the activated carbon in a slurry in which the Si-based material and the conductive material are dispersed in an organic solvent. be done. As a result, the slurry penetrates into the pores of the activated carbon based on capillary action, and the Si-based material and the conductive material are carried in the pores. It is desirable to heat the slurry or deaerate it in order to facilitate the Si-based material and the conductive material to be carried in the pores. Alternatively, a cold isostatic pressing method (CIP method) can be used to support the Si material and the conductive material in the pores of the activated carbon.
- CIP method cold isostatic pressing method
- a mixture is prepared by adding activated carbon to a slurry in which a Si-based material and a conductive material are dispersed in an organic solvent, the mixture is put into a rubber bag, and pressurized using a pressure medium such as water. , the slurry is injected into the pores of the activated carbon.
- a pressure medium such as water.
- Activated carbon mainly functions as a carrier on which the Si-based material and the conductive material are supported. Activated carbon has a porous structure with a large number of pores. The pores of activated carbon are classified into micropores, mesopores, and macropores according to the pore size. Micropores refer to pores with a pore diameter of 2 nm or less, mesopores refer to pores with a pore diameter of more than 2 nm and 50 nm or less, and macropores refer to pores with a pore diameter of more than 50 nm.
- the raw material for activated carbon is not particularly limited, and known raw materials such as coconut shells, bamboo, wood and other carbonized materials (that is, coconut shell charcoal, bamboo charcoal, charcoal, etc.), and coal can be used. Among these raw materials, it is preferable to use charcoal having high hardness such as coconut husk charcoal and bamboo charcoal.
- the activation method of activated carbon is not particularly limited, and for example, known methods such as a gas activation method in which a gas such as steam or carbon dioxide is used to treat at a high temperature, and a chemical activation method in which zinc chloride, phosphoric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, etc. are used. can be adopted.
- the particle form of the activated carbon is not particularly limited, and may be in the form of particles such as powder, granules, or granules, or in the form of fibers.
- the total pore volume of activated carbon (the sum of micropore volume, mesopore volume, and macropore volume) is 0.5 mL/g because sufficient Si-based materials and conductive materials can be supported in the pores. Above, it is preferably 2.5 mL/g or less, more preferably 0.7 mL/g or more and 2.2 mL/g or less.
- the macropore volume of the activated carbon is preferably 1.0 mL/g or more and 2.1 mL/g or less in terms of facilitating the support of the Si-based material and the conductive material in the pores. It is more preferably 2 mL/g or more and 2.0 mL/g or less.
- the micropore distribution and mesopore distribution of activated carbon are calculated using the BJH method of the adsorption curve of the nitrogen adsorption isotherm. Macropore distribution is determined using mercury porosimetry.
- the activated carbon preferably has macropores with an average pore diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 2.5 ⁇ m or less, and preferably has macropores with an average pore diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more and 2 ⁇ m or less, so that the Si-based material and the conductive material can be easily supported in the pores. It is more preferable to have macropores.
- the specific surface area of the activated carbon may be, for example, 2000 m 2 /g or less, or less than 1700 m 2 /g, or 1000 m 2 /g or more, or 1100 m 2 /g or more.
- the specific surface area of activated carbon may be, for example, 1000 m 2 /g or more and 2000 m 2 /g or less.
- the specific surface area of activated carbon can be measured by the BET method.
- the average particle size of the activated carbon may be, for example, 10 ⁇ m or more, 30 ⁇ m or more, or 40 ⁇ m or more, and may be 100 ⁇ m or less, 70 ⁇ m or less, or 60 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle size of the activated carbon may be 10 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, 40 ⁇ m or more and 70 ⁇ m or less, or 30 ⁇ m or more and 60 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle size can be measured by a laser diffraction scattering method.
- the Si-based material is not particularly limited as long as it can reversibly occlude and release ions such as lithium ions. Examples thereof include Si particles, alloy particles containing Si, and composite particles containing Si. . These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- Si particles can be obtained by a vapor phase method or by pulverizing silicon shavings, but they can be produced by any method.
- Alloy particles containing Si include, for example, alloys containing Si and metals selected from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, rare earth metals, or combinations thereof.
- the composite particles containing Si include, for example, a lithium ion conductive phase and Si particles dispersed in the lithium ion conductive phase.
- the lithium ion conductive phase is, for example, at least one selected from silicon oxide phases, silicate phases and carbon phases.
- the silicate phase contains, for example, at least one element selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium in terms of high lithium ion conductivity. preferably included.
- the silicate phase is preferably a silicate phase containing lithium (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a lithium silicate phase) because of its high lithium ion conductivity.
- Composite particles in which Si particles are dispersed in a silicon oxide phase are represented, for example, by the general formula SiO x (preferably in the range of 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, more preferably in the range of 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6). be done.
- Composite particles in which Si particles are dispersed in a carbon phase are, for example, represented by the general formula SixC1y (preferably in the range of 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, 0.3 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.45 and 0.7 ⁇ The range of y ⁇ 0.55 is more preferable).
- the content of the Si-based material is, for example, the volume ratio of the Si-based material to the total pore volume of the activated carbon is 20% or more and 40% or less in terms of increasing the capacity of the battery and suppressing the swelling of the negative electrode. and more preferably 25% or more and 35% or less.
- the average particle diameter of the Si-based material is, for example, preferably 10 nm or more and 500 nm or less, more preferably 20 nm or more and 200 nm or less, in terms of being easily supported in the pores of the activated carbon. More preferably, it is 50 nm or more and 100 nm or less.
- a conductive film composed of a highly conductive material is formed on the surface of the particles of the Si-based material.
- conductive coatings include carbon coatings, metal coatings, and metal compound coatings. Carbon coatings are preferred from the viewpoint of electrochemical stability and the like.
- the carbon film can be formed by, for example, a CVD method using acetylene, methane, etc., a method of mixing coal pitch, petroleum pitch, phenol resin, etc. with a silicon-based active material and performing a heat treatment.
- a conductive film may be formed by adhering a conductive filler such as carbon black to the particle surface of the Si-based material using a binder.
- a conductive film is similarly formed on the surface of the activated carbon on which the Si-based material and the conductive material are supported in the pores.
- conductive coatings include carbon coatings, metal coatings, and metal compound coatings. Carbon coatings are preferred from the viewpoint of electrochemical stability and the like.
- conductive materials include carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, graphite, and carbon nanotubes.
- carbon nanotubes are preferable because deterioration of the charge-discharge cycle characteristics of the battery can be suppressed while suppressing the addition amount.
- Carbon nanotubes include single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Among these, for example, single-walled carbon nanotubes are preferable in that they can further suppress the deterioration of the charge-discharge cycle characteristics of the battery.
- a single-walled carbon nanotube is a carbon nanostructure in which one layer of graphene sheets constitutes a cylindrical shape, and a double-walled carbon nanotube is a concentric stack of two graphene sheets.
- a multi-walled carbon nanotube is a carbon nanostructure in which three or more layers of graphene sheets are concentrically laminated to form a single cylindrical shape.
- the graphene sheet refers to a layer in which carbon atoms of sp2 hybridized orbitals constituting a crystal of graphite (graphite) are positioned at vertices of a regular hexagon.
- the shape of the carbon nanotube is not limited. Such shapes include a variety of forms including needles, cylindrical tubes, fish bones (fish bones or cup stacks), tramp (platelets) and coils.
- the content of the conductive material may be, for example, 0.01% by mass or more and 1.0% by mass or less with respect to the mass of the Si-based material.
- the negative electrode active material may contain known negative electrode active materials such as carbon materials that electrochemically occlude and release lithium ions, in addition to activated carbon in which a Si-based material and a conductive material are supported in pores. .
- the content of the negative electrode active material may be, for example, 85% by mass or more, 90% by mass or more, or 95% by mass or more with respect to the total amount of the negative electrode mixture layer.
- binder examples include the binders exemplified for the positive electrode 11 and the like.
- the content of the binder is, for example, preferably 0.5% by mass to 10% by mass, more preferably 1% by mass to 5% by mass, relative to the total amount of the negative electrode mixture layer.
- a porous sheet having ion permeability and insulation is used for the separator 13 .
- porous sheets include microporous thin films, woven fabrics, and non-woven fabrics.
- Suitable materials for the separator 13 include olefin resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, copolymers containing at least one of ethylene and propylene, and cellulose.
- the separator 13 may have either a single layer structure or a laminated structure. A heat-resistant layer or the like may be formed on the surface of the separator 13 .
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte is not limited to a liquid electrolyte, and may be a solid electrolyte using a gel polymer or the like.
- Lithium salts such as LiFSI, LiTFSI, LiBF 4 , and LiPF 6 are used as electrolyte salts, for example.
- Solvents include, for example, ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), methyl acetate (MA), methyl propionate (MP), etc.
- the non-aqueous solvent may contain a halogen-substituted product obtained by substituting at least part of the hydrogen atoms of these solvents with halogen atoms such as fluorine.
- halogen-substituted compounds include fluorinated cyclic carbonates such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), fluorinated chain carbonates, and fluorinated chain carboxylates such as methyl fluoropropionate (FMP).
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- FMP fluorinated chain carboxylates
- Silicon shavings were used as a raw material and pulverized to produce Si particles having a particle size of 50 nm to 100 nm. These Si particles and acetylene black (AB) as a conductive material were mixed at a mass ratio of 100:0.5. A slurry was prepared by dispersing this mixture in a propylene carbonate solvent (PC solvent). Then, after adding the slurry to activated carbon (macropores: pore size 1 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m, total pore volume: 1.5 mL/g) so that the volume ratio of Si to the total pore volume of the activated carbon is 33%. , pressure molding was performed by the CIP method to prepare a negative electrode active material in which the Si-based material and the conductive material were supported in the pores of the activated carbon.
- activated carbon macropores: pore size 1 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m, total pore volume: 1.5 mL/g
- the negative electrode active material, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and styrene-butadiene rubber were mixed at a mass ratio of 100:1.3:1.0, and an appropriate amount of water was added to prepare a negative electrode slurry.
- the negative electrode slurry is applied to both sides of a negative electrode current collector made of copper foil, the coating film is dried, and then the coating film is rolled with rolling rollers to form negative electrode mixture layers on both sides of the negative electrode current collector.
- a negative electrode was fabricated.
- a lithium transition metal composite oxide having a composition of LiNi 0.88 Co 0.09 Al 0.03 O 2 , acetylene black, and polyvinylidene fluoride were mixed at a mass ratio of 100:0.75:0.6.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- Non-aqueous electrolyte LiPF 6 was dissolved at a ratio of 1.2 mol/L in a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and methyl acetate (MA) were mixed at a volume ratio of 20:40:40. to prepare a non-aqueous electrolytic solution.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- MA methyl acetate
- a positive electrode and a negative electrode were laminated so as to face each other with a separator interposed therebetween, and wound to produce an electrode assembly.
- the electrode body and the non-aqueous electrolyte are housed in a bottomed cylindrical battery case body, the non-aqueous electrolyte is injected, and then the opening of the battery case body is sealed with a gasket and a sealing body. A cell was produced.
- Example 2 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that Si particles having carbon coatings formed on the particle surfaces were used.
- Example 3 In the same manner as in Example 2, except that single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were used as the conductive material, and Si particles and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were mixed at a mass ratio of 100:0.01. A test cell was constructed.
- SWCNTs single-walled carbon nanotubes
- Si particles and single-walled carbon nanotubes SWCNTs
- Example 4 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3, except that a carbon film was formed on the surface of the activated carbon supporting the Si-based material and the conductive material in the pores.
- Example 1 A test cell was produced in the same manner as in Example except that Si particles were used as the negative electrode active material.
- Example 2 Example 1 except that a slurry was prepared by dispersing only Si particles in a PC solvent, and the slurry was added to the activated carbon so that the volume ratio of Si to the total pore volume of the activated carbon was 50%.
- a test cell was prepared in the same manner.
- Example 3 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a slurry was prepared by dispersing only Si particles in a PC solvent.
- Table 1 summarizes the results of the negative electrode swelling rate and the capacity retention rate in each example and each comparative example.
- the example using the negative electrode active material in which the Si-based material and the conductive material are supported in the pores of the activated carbon has a lower negative electrode swelling rate than the comparative example 1 in which only the Si-based material is used as the negative electrode active material.
- the capacity retention rate was high. Therefore, it can be said that the use of the negative electrode active material in which the Si-based material and the conductive material are supported in the pores of the activated carbon can suppress the swelling of the negative electrode and the deterioration of the charge-discharge cycle characteristics.
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Abstract
Description
正極11は、例えば、正極集電体と、正極集電体上に形成された正極合材層とを備える。正極集電体には、アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金などの正極の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。正極合材層は、例えば、正極活物質、結着材、導電材等を含んで構成される。正極合材層は、正極集電体の両面に形成されることが好ましい。正極11は、例えば、正極活物質、結着材、導電材等を含む正極合材スラリーを正極集電体上に塗布し、塗膜を乾燥、圧延して、正極合材層を正極集電体の両面に形成することにより製造できる。
負極12は、例えば、負極集電体と、集電体上に形成された負極合材層とを備える。負極集電体には、例えば、銅、銅合金などの負極の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。負極合材層は、負極活物質を含んで構成される。負極合材層は、その他に、結着材、導電材等を含んでいてもよい。負極12は、例えば、負極活物質等を含む負極合材スラリーを負極集電体に塗布し、塗膜を乾燥、圧延して、負極合材層を負極集電体の両面に形成することにより製造できる。
活性炭は、主にSi系材料及び導電材が担持される担体として機能する。活性炭は、多数の細孔を備えた多孔質構造を有する。なお、活性炭の細孔は、孔径によって、ミクロ孔、メソ孔、マクロ孔に分類される。ミクロ孔とは孔径が2nm以下である孔をいい、メソ孔とは孔径が2nm超50nm以下である孔をいい、マクロ孔とは孔径が50nm超である孔をいう。
Si系材料としては、リチウムイオン等のイオンを可逆的に吸蔵、放出できるものであれば特に限定されず、例えば、Si粒子、Siを含む合金粒子、及びSiを含む複合化物粒子等が挙げられる。これらは、単独でもよく、2種類以上を組み合わせてもよい。
導電材としては、例えば、カーボンブラック、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、黒鉛、カーボンナノチューブ等が挙げられる。これらの中では、例えば、添加量を抑えながら電池の充放電サイクル特性の低下を抑制できる点で、カーボンナノチューブが好ましい。カーボンナノチューブは、単層カーボンナノチューブ、2層カーボンナノチューブ、多層カーボンナノチューブが挙げられる。これらの中では、例えば、電池の充放電サイクル特性の低下をより抑制できる点で、単層カーボンナノチューブが好ましい。なお、単層カーボンナノチューブ(SWCNT)は、グラフェンシートが1層で1本の円筒形状を構成する炭素ナノ構造体であり、2層カーボンナノチューブは、グラフェンシートが2層、同心円状に積層して1本の円筒形状を構成する炭素ナノ構造体であり、多層カーボンナノチューブは、グラフェンシートが3層以上、同心円状に積層して1本の円筒形状を構成する炭素ナノ構造体である。また、グラフェンシートとは、グラファイト(黒鉛)の結晶を構成するsp2混成軌道の炭素原子が正六角形の頂点に位置する層のことを指す。カーボンナノチューブの形状は限定されない。かかる形状としては、針状、円筒チューブ状、魚骨状(フィッシュボーン又はカップ積層型)、トランプ状(プレートレット)及びコイル状を含む様々な形態が挙げられる。
セパレータ13は、イオン透過性および絶縁性を有する多孔性シートが用いられる。多孔性シートの具体例としては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布等が挙げられる。セパレータ13の材質としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、エチレンおよびプロピレンの少なくとも一方を含む共重合体等のオレフィン系樹脂、セルロースなどが好適である。セパレータ13は、単層構造、積層構造のいずれであってもよい。セパレータ13の表面には、耐熱層などが形成されていてもよい。
非水電解質は、非水溶媒と、電解質塩とを含む。非水電解質は、液体電解質に限定されず、ゲル状ポリマー等を用いた固体電解質であってもよい。電解質塩には、例えば、LiFSI、LiTFSI、LiBF4、LiPF6等のリチウム塩が用いられる。溶媒には、例えば、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、酢酸メチル(MA)、プロピオン酸メチル(MP)等のエステル類、エーテル類、二トリル類、アミド類、およびこれらの2種以上の混合溶媒などが用いられる。非水溶媒は、上記これらの溶媒の水素の少なくとも一部をフッ素等のハロゲン原子で置換したハロゲン置換体を含有していてもよい。
シリコン切粉を原料として、粉砕して、粒径50nm~100nmのSi粒子を作製した。このSi粒子と、導電材としてのアセチレンブラック(AB)とを、100:0.5の質量比で混合した。この混合物をプロピレンカーボネート溶媒(PC溶媒)に分散させたスラリーを調製した。次いで、活性炭(マクロ孔:孔径1μm~2μm、全細孔容積:1.5mL/g)に、活性炭の全細孔容積に対するSiの体積比率が33%となるように、上記スラリーを添加した後、CIP法による加圧成形を行い、活性炭の細孔内にSi系材料及び導電材を担持した負極活物質を作製した。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)と、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)と、酢酸メチル(MA)とを、20:40:40の体積比で混合した混合溶媒に、LiPF6を1.2モル/Lの割合で溶解させて、非水電解液を調製した。
正極と、負極とを、セパレータを介して互いに対向するように積層し、これを巻回して、電極体を作製した。次いで、電極体及び上記非水電解液を有底円筒形状の電池ケース本体に収容し、上記非水電解液を注入した後、ガスケット及び封口体により電池ケース本体の開口部を封口して、試験セルを作製した。
粒子表面に炭素被膜を形成したSi粒子を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
導電材として単層カーボンナノチューブ(SWCNT)を用いたこと、Si粒子と、単層カーボンナノチューブ(SWCNT)とを、100:0.01の質量比で混合したこと以外は実施例2と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
細孔内にSi系材料及び導電材を担持した活性炭の表面に炭素被膜を形成したこと以外は実施例3と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
負極活物質としてSi粒子を用いたこと以外は実施例と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
Si粒子のみをPC溶媒に分散させたスラリーを調製したこと、活性炭に、活性炭の全細孔容積に対するSiの体積比率が50%となるように、上記スラリーを添加したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
Si粒子のみをPC溶媒に分散させたスラリーを調製したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして試験セルを作製した。
各実施例及び各比較例の試験セルを、25℃の温度環境下、0.3Cの定電流で電池電圧が4.2Vになるまで定電流で充電した後、4.2Vで電流値が0.05Cになるまで定電圧で充電した。その後、0.5Cの定電流で電池電圧が2.5Vになるまで定電流放電を行った。これを300サイクル繰り返し、以下の式により300サイクル後の容量維持率を算出した。容量維持率が高いほど、充放電サイクル特性の低下が抑制されていることを示している。
容量維持率(%)=(300サイクル目の放電容量/1サイクル目の放電容量)×100
各実施例及び各比較例の試験セルを、25℃の温度環境下、0.3Cの定電流で電池電圧が4.2Vになるまで定電流で充電した後、4.2Vで電流値が0.05Cになるまで定電圧で充電した。充電後の試験セルを分解して、負極を取り出し、負極厚みを測定した(充電後の負極厚みを測定)。そして、負極作製時の負極厚みと充電後の負極厚みを以下の式に当てはめて、負極膨化率を算出した。
負極膨化率(%)=(充電後の負極厚み/負極作製時の負極厚み)×100
Claims (7)
- Si系材料と、活性炭と、導電材とを含み、
前記Si系材料及び前記導電材が、前記活性炭の細孔内に担持されている、二次電池用負極活物質。 - 前記活性炭は、平均孔径1μm以上、2μm以下のマクロ孔を有し、水銀圧入法で測定したマクロ孔容積は、1.0mL/g以上、2.1mL/g以下である、請求項1に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記活性炭の全細孔容積に対する前記Si系材料の体積比率は、20%以上、40%以下である、請求項1又は2に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記Si系材料の表面には、炭素被膜が形成されている、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記導電材は、単層カーボンナノチューブを含む、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。
- 活性炭の表面には、炭素被膜が形成されている、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用負極活物質を含む負極を備える、二次電池。
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