Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H05B45/20—Controlling the colour of the light
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H05B45/10—Controlling the intensity of the light

Definitions

• the subject matter disclosed herein relates to color tuning of one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or LED arrays that comprise a lamp operating substantially in the visible portion of the electromagneti c spectrum. More specifically, the disclosed subject matter relates to a technique to enable, for example, a user- control design method and apparatus to create a perceptually uniform color-tuning experience of the one or more LEDs or LED arrays.
• LEDs light-emitting diodes
• LED arrays that comprise a lamp operating substantially in the visible portion of the electromagneti c spectrum. More specifically, the disclosed subject matter relates to a technique to enable, for example, a user- control design method and apparatus to create a perceptually uniform color-tuning experience of the one or more LEDs or LED arrays.
• LEDs Light-emitting diodes
• SPD spectral power density
• the SPD is the relative intensity for various wavelengths within the visible light spectrum.
• CCT correlated color temperature
• BBL black-body line
• a first technology is based on white LEDs of two or more CCTs.
• the second technology is based on a combination of
• the first technology simply does not have a capability to tune LEDs in the D uv direction.
• the color tuning capability is seldom offered as an available function.
• FIG. 1 shows a portion of an International Commission on
• CIE Illumination
• BBL black body line
• FIG. 2A shows a chromaticity diagram with approximate chromaticity coordinates of colors for typical red (R), green (G), and blue (B) LEDs, on the diagram, and including a BBL;
• FIG. 2B shows a revised version of the chromaticity diagram of FIG. 2 A, with approximate chromaticity coordinates for desaturated R, G, and B LEDs in proximity to the BBL, the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs having a color-rendering index (CRI) of approximately 90+ and within a defined color temperature range, in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter;
• CRI color-rendering index
• FIG. 2C shows a revised version of the chromaticity diagram of FIG. 2 A, with approximate chromaticity coordinates for desaturated R, G, and B LEDs in proximity to the BBL, the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs having a color-rendering index (CRI) of approximately 80+ and within a defined color temperature range that is broader than the desaturated R,
• CRI color-rendering index
• FIG. 3 shows a color-tuning device of the prior art requiring a hard- wired flux control-device and a separate, hard-wired CCT control- device;
• FIG. 4 is an exemplary embodiment of a graph that shows a CCT value as a function of a control input value and illustrates the difference between two user-control designs in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter;
• FIG. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of a series of selected control-points along the BBL in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter
• FIG. 6 shows an exemplary method process-flow diagram for making a determination of control- device points for a CCT tuning-curve
• FIG. 7 shows a simplified block diagram of a machine in an example form of a computing system within which a set of instructions for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies and operations (e.g., CCT next-step determinations) discussed herein may be executed.
• Relative terms such as“below,”“above,”“upper,”‘lower,” “horizontal,” or“vertical” may be used herein to describe a relationship of one element, zone, or region relative to another element, zone, or region as illustrated in the figures. A person of ordinary skill in the art will understand that these terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to an orientation depicted in the figures. Further, whether the LEDs, LED arrays, electrical components and/or electronic components are housed on one, two, or more electronics boards, or in one or multiple physical locations may also depend on design constraints and/or a specific application.
• LEDs Semiconductor-based light-emitting devices or optical power- emitting-devices, such as devices that emit ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR) optical power, are among the most efficient light sources currently available. These devices may include light-emitting diodes, resonant- cavity light emitting diodes, vertical-cavity laser diodes, edge-emitting lasers, or the like (simply referred to herein as LEDs). Due to their compact size and low power requirements, LEDs may be attractive candidates for many different applications. For example, they may be used as light sources (e.g., flash hghts and camera flashes) for hand-held battery-powered devices, such as cameras and cellular phones.
• LEDs may be used as light sources (e.g., flash hghts and camera flashes) for hand-held battery-powered devices, such as cameras and cellular phones.
• LEDs may also be used, for example, for automotive lighting, heads-up display (HUD) lighting, horticultural lighting, street lighting, a torch for video, general illumination (e.g., home, shop, office and studio lighting, theater/stage lighting, and architectural lighting), augmented reality (AR) lighting, virtual reality (VR) lighting, as back lights for displays, and IR
• HUD heads-up display
• horticultural lighting street lighting
• a torch for video for video
• general illumination e.g., home, shop, office and studio lighting, theater/stage lighting, and architectural lighting
• AR augmented reality
• VR virtual reality
• a single LED may provide light that is less bright than an incandescent light source, and, therefore, multi-junction devices or arrays of LEDs (such as monolithic LED arrays, micro LED arrays, etc.) may be used for applications where enhanced brightness is desired or required.
• CRI color-rendering index
• D uv Another quantitative lamp metric is D uv .
• the D uv is a metric defined in, for example, CIE 1960, to represent the distance of a color point to the BBL. It is a positive value if the color point is above the BBL and a negative value if the color point is below the BBL. Color points above the BBL appear greenish in color and those below the BBL appear pinkish in color.
• the disclosed subject matter provides an apparatus to control a color temperature (CCT and D uv ) in a smooth and visually pleasant, tuning experience. As described herein, the color temperature is related to both CCT and D uv in color-tuning applications.
• the forward voltage of direct color LEDs decreases with increasing dominant wavelength. These LEDS can be driven with, for example, multichannel DC-to-DC converters.
• Advanced phosphor-converted color LEDs targeting high efficacy and CRI, have been created providing for new possibilities for correlated color temperature (CCT) tuning applications.
• Some of the advanced color LEDs have desaturated color points and can be mixed to achieve white colors with 90+ CRI over a wide CCT range.
• Other LEDs having 80+ CRI implementations, or even 70+ CRI implementations (or even lower CRI values), may also be used with the disclosed subject matter. These possibilities use LED circuits that realize, and increase or maximize, this potential.
• the control devices described herein are compatible with single-channel constant-current drivers to facilitate market adoption.
• An advantage of the disclosed subject matter over the prior art is that a desaturated Red-Green-Blue (RGB) LED approach, described in detail, below, can create tunable light on and off the BBL, as well as on the BBL, for example, on an isothermal CCT line (as described below) while maintaining a high CRI.
• RGB Red-Green-Blue
• Various other prior art systems in comparison, utilize a CCT approach where tunable color-points fall on a straight line between two primary colors of LEDs (e.g., R-G, R-B, or G-B).
• color tuning is an integral part of human-centric lighting.
• Advanced LED -based systems such as the desaturated RGB LED approach and related control technologies, offer lighting specifiers and end-users new possibilities in lighting control.
• CCT tuning over a wide range, the user will be able to change the tint of the white light along an iso-CCT line as the end user finds pleasing.
• the Lumileds® proprietary Luxeon ® Fusion system with its wide tuning range on a single platform, is an ideal candidate for various types of color-tunable applications (the Lumileds® Luxeon ® Fusion system is manufactured by Lumileds LLC, 370 West Trimble Road, San Jose, California 95131, USA).
• One aspect of human-centric lighting is an ability to change the correlated color temperature and light intensity at the same time.
• the disclosed subject matter is directed to a user-control design paradigm that creates a perceptually uniform, color-tuning experience.
• CIE International Commission on Illumination
• BBL black body line
• CCT correlated color temperature
• D uv value is an indication of the degree to which a lamp’s chromaticity coordinate lies above the BBL 101 (a positive D uv value) or below the BBL 101 (a negative D uv value).
• the portion of the color chart is shown to include a number of isothermal lines 117. Even though each of these lines is not on the BBL 101, any color point on the isothermal line 117 has a constant CCT. For example, a first isothermal line 117A has a CCT of 10,000 K, a second isothermal line 117B has a CCT of 5,000 K, a third isothermal line 117C has a CCT of 3,000 K, and a fourth isothermal line 117D has a CCT of 2,200 K.
• the CIE color chart 100 also shows a number of ellipses that represent a Macadam Ellipse (MAE) 103, which is centered on the BBL 101 and extends one step 105, three steps 107, five steps 109, or seven steps 111 in distance from the BBL 101.
• the MAE is based on psychometric studies and defines a region on the CIE chromaticity diagram that contains all colors which are indistinguishable, to a typical observer, from a color at the center of the ellipse.
• each of the MAE steps 105 to 111 (one step to seven steps) are seen to a typical observer as being substantially the same color as a color at the center of a respective one of the MAEs 103.
• a series of curves, 115A, 115B, 115C, and 115D represent substantially equal distances from the BBL 101 and are related to D U v values of, for example, +0.006, +0.003, 0, - 0.003 and - 0.006, respectively.
• FIG. 2A shows a chromaticity diagram 200 with approximate
• FIG. 2A shows an example of the chromaticity diagram 200 for defining the wavelength spectrum of a visible light source, in accordance with some embodiments.
• the chromaticity diagram 200 of FIG. 2A is only one way of defining a wavelength spectrum of a visible light source; other suitable definitions are known in the art and can also be used with the various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter described herein.
• a convenient way to specify a portion of the chromaticity diagram 200 is through a collection of equations in the x-y plane, where each equation has a locus of solutions that defines a line on the
• the white light source can emit light that corresponds to light from a blackbody source operating at a given color temperature.
• the chromaticity diagram 200 also shows the BBL 101 as described above with reference to FIG. 1.
• coordinate locations 201, 203, 205 are the CCT coordinates for“fully- saturated” LEDs of the respective colors green, blue, and red. However, if a“white light” is created by combining certain proportions of the R, G, and B LEDs, the CRI of such a combination would be extremely low. Typically, in the environments described above, such as retail or hospitality settings, a CRI of about 90 or higher is desirable.
• FIG. 2B shows a revised version of the chromaticity diagram 200 of FIG. 2 A, with approximate chromaticity coordinates for desaturated R, G, and B LEDs in proximity to the BBL, the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs having a color-rendering index (CRI) of approximately 90+ and within a defined color temperature range, in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter.
• CRI color-rendering index
• the chromaticity diagram 250 of FIG. 2B shows approximate chromaticity coordinates for desaturated (pastel) R, G, and B LEDs in proximity to the BBL 101. Coordinate values (as noted on the x-y scale of the chromaticity diagram 250) are shown for a desaturated red (R) LED at coordinate 255, a desaturated green (G) LED at coordinate 253, and a desaturated blue (B) LED at coordinate 251.
• R desaturated red
• G desaturated green
• B desaturated blue
• a color temperature range of the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs may be in a range from about 1800 K to about 2500 K. In other embodiments, the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs may be in a color temperature range of, for example, about 2700 K to about 6500 K. In still other embodiments, the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs may be in a color temperature range of about 1800 K to about 7500 K. In still other embodiments, the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs may be selected to be in a wide range of color temperatures.
• the color rendering index (CRI) of a light source does not indicate the apparent color of the light source; that information is given by the correlated color temperature (CCT). The CRI is therefore a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reveal the colors of various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural-light source.
• a triangle 257 formed between each of the coordinate values for the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs is also shown.
• the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs are formed (e.g., by a mixture of phosphors and/or a mixture of materials to form the LEDs as is known in the art) to have coordinate values in proximity to the BBL 101. Consequently, the coordinate locations of the respective desaturated R, G, and B LEDs, and as outlined by the triangle 257, has a CRI have approximately 90 or greater and an approximate tunable color- temperature-range of, for example, about 2700 K to about 6500 K.
• a correlated color temperature may be selected in the color-tuning application described herein such that all combinations of CCT selected all result in the lamp having a CRI of 90 or greater.
• Each of the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs may comprise a single LED or an array (or group) of LEDs, with each LED within the array or group haring a desaturated color the same as or similar to the other LEDs within the array or group.
• a combination of the one or more desaturated R, G, and B LEDs comprises a lamp.
• FIG. 2C shows a revised version of the chromaticity diagram 200 of FIG. 2 A, with approximate chromaticity coordinates for desaturated R, G, and B LEDs in proximity to the BBL, the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs haring a color-rendering index (CRI) of approximately 80+ and within a defined color temperature range that is broader than the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs of FIG. 2B, in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter.
• CRI color-rendering index
• FIG. 2C shows a revised version of the chromaticity diagram 200 of FIG. 2 A, with approximate chromaticity coordinates for desaturated R, G, and B LEDs in proximity to the BBL, the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs haring a color-rendering index (CRI) of approximately 80+ and within a defined color temperature range that is broader than the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs of FIG. 2B, in accordance with various
• FIG. 2C shows approximate chromaticity coordinates for desaturated R, G, and B LEDs that are arranged farther from the BBL 101 than the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs of FIG. 2B.
• Coordinate values are shown for a desaturated red (R) LED at coordinate 275, a desaturated green (G) LED at coordinate 273, and a desaturated blue (B) LED at coordinate 271.
• a color temperature range of the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs may be in a range from about 1800 K to about 2500 K.
• the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs may be in a color temperature range of about 2700 K to about 6500 K. In still other embodiments, the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs may be in a color temperature range of about 1800 K to about 7500 K.
• a triangle 277 formed between each of the coordinate values for the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs is also shown.
• the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs are formed (e.g., by a mixture of phosphors and/or a mixture of materials to form the LEDs as is known in the art) to have coordinate values in proximity to the BBL 101. Consequently, the coordinate locations of the respective desaturated R, G, and B LEDs, and as outlined by the triangle 277, has a CRI have approximately 80 or greater and an approximate tunable color- temperature-range of, for example, about 1800 K to about 7500 K. Since the color temperature range is greater than the range shown in FIG.
• the CRI is commensurately decreased to about 80 or greater.
• the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs may be produced to have individual color temperatures anywhere within the chromaticity diagram. Therefore, the selection of a correlated color temperature (CCT) may be selected in the color-tuning application described herein such that all combinations of CCT selected all result in the lamp having a CRI of 80 or greater.
• CCT correlated color temperature
• Each of the desaturated R, G, and B LEDs may comprise a single LED or an array (or group) of LEDs, with each LED within the array or group having a desaturated color the same as or similar to the other LEDs within the array or group.
• a combination of the one or more desaturated R, G, and B LEDs comprises a lamp.
• FIG. 3 shows a color-tuning device 300 of the prior art using a hard- wired flux-control device 301 and a separate, hard- wired CCT-control device 303.
• the flux-control device 301 is coupled to a single-channel driver circuit 305 and the CCT-control device is coupled to a combination LED-driving circuit/LED array 320.
• the combination LED-driving circuit/LED array 320 may be a current- driver circuit, a PWM driver circuit, or a hybrid current- driver/P WM- driver circuit.
• Each of the flux- control device 301, the CCT-control device 303, and the single-channel driver circuit 305 is located in a customer facility 310 and all devices generally must be installed with applicable national and local rules governing high-voltage circuits.
• the combination LED-driving circuit/LED array 320 is generally located remotely (e.g., a few meters to dozens of meters or more) from the customer facility 310. Consequently, both the initial purchase price and the installation price may be significant.
• control inputs are usually required, one for flux control (e.g., luminous flux or dimming) and the other for color tuning.
• the control inputs can be realized by, for example, electrical-mechanical devices, such as linear or rotary sliders, DIP switches, or a standard 0 V to 10V dimmer.
• FIG. 4 is an exemplary embodiment of a graph 400 that shows a CCT value as a function of a control input value and illustrates the difference between two user-control designs in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. Results of the two user- control designs are shown as two graphical curves.
• the user-control device used to adjust the CCT value may the same as or similar to the CCT- control device 303 of FIG. 3, with an appropriate modification for the second user-control design as described below.
• the CCT is often used to represent chromaticity of white light sources.
• chromaticity is a two-dimensional value, and another dimension, the distance from the BBL, is often missing.
• D uv has been defined in the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard. Therefore, the two numbers of chromaticity coordinates (x, y) or (u', v') do not carry color information intuitively.
• the CCT and D uv do carry complete color information.
• a non-uniform-mapping curve 403 maps CCT values that are spaced uniformly based on a given user- control input.
• the user-control input relates to a desired CCT value.
• two equal intervals on the user control is not equivalent to an approximately equal difference in CCT space. That is, the non-uniform- mapping curve 403 is based on equal steps (e.g., from a first level of 16 units, to a second level of 32 units, to a third level of 48 units, to a fourth level of 64 units, etc., where the units are arbitrary but equal intervals) between adjacent points on the CCT-control device.
• the equal steps result in non-uniform increases in perceptual CCT values.
• a uniform-mapping curve 401 maps selected CCT values to equally-spaced intervals on the user control. That is, the uniform-mapping curve 401 has non-equal steps (e.g., from a first level of 3 units, to a second level of 6 units, to a third level of 10 units, to a fourth level of 13 units, etc., where the units are arbitrary but unequal intervals) between adjacent points on the CCT-control device. However, the non-equal steps result in approximately uniform increases in perceptual CCT values.
• a large majority of the points of the uniform-mapping curve 401 is concentrated within approximately the first quarter of the curve (e.g., a control-input value of about 0 to about 340 units of the control- input value).
• a distance between subsequent points on the uniform-mapping curve 401 increases (a greater distance between subsequent points on the curve). Consequently, when an end-user changes the input control device (e.g., the CCT-control device of FIG. 3), the color temperature of an LED or LED array coupled to the input control changes rapidly at the lower portions of the control device and then the color temperature of the LED or LED array changes very slowly thereafter. This non-linear situation creates a jumpy experience for the end user where higher color temperatures especially become increasingly difficult to control accurately.
• the end user is enabled with a smooth and visually pleasant, tuning experience. For example, as the end user moves a small distance at the beginning of, for example, a linear motion of, for example, a slider comprising a modified version of the CCT-control device 303, the color temperature of the LED increases a given amount. As the end user moves approximately the same small distance toward the end of the linear motion of the slider, the perceptual color difference in the color temperature of the LED increases about the same given amount as at the beginning of the slider range.
• FIG. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of a series of selected control-points 500 substantially along a BBL 501 in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter.
• the selected control- points on the BBL 501 represent points of the CCT tuning-curve described above.
• a portion 503 of the selected control-points shown are within a range of approximately 6500 K to about 3000 K.
• the selected control-points do not need to lie on the BBL 501.
• the selected control-points may lie close to the BBL, such as within a selected Macadam Ellipse ( see FIG. 1) or over a selected range of Macadam Ellipses.
• An end-user control interface for example, a control device comprising, for example, a slider or a dial, then has a movement range linearly mapped to the calculated N points.
• the linearly mapped movement-range is then stored (e.g., into a storage area, such as memory and/or programmed in software, hardware, or firmware) in a CCT-control device.
• the linearly mapped movement-range may alternatively be stored (e.g., into a storage area, such as memory and/or programmed in software, hardware, or firmware) in, for example, a remote controller box or within an LED array.
• the storage device is electrically coupled, either internally or externally, to the CCT-control device to correlate a mechanical movement of the CCT-control device to provide substantially uniform increases in perceptual CCT values from one or more LEDs or an LED array.
• the calculated N CCT-points can be generated, for example, in the CIE 1976 space.
• the CIE 1976 color space is considered a perceptually uniform color space.
• the same Euclidean distance in this space is considered perceptually uniform.
• FIG. 6 an exemplary method process-flow diagram 600 for making a determination of control- device points for a CCT tuning-curve is shown.
• the calculation begins at operation 601 by choosing a starting point (e.g., a color
• the exemplary method moves to the last-determined point and another subsequent point is determined that is again approximately equal to a desirable distance, d, in the u'v' space.
• the exemplary method is repeated until either N points are obtained, or the tuning range is exhausted.
• an interception point may be calculated analytically between the CCT tuning-curve and a circle of a radius, d, in the u'v' color space (see, e.g., FIG. 5).
• the CCT tuning-curve can be converted to u'v' coordinates with a sufficiently high resolution and then traverse all the points on the CCT tuning-curve.
• All points matching or approximately matching the criteria, including the first one, are then put into a list as an output to be used in the user control (e.g., the CCT-control device). Consequently, after the N points are obtained, the movement range of the user control is linearly mapped to the N points at operation 609. For example, if the movement range of the user control is 256 discrete steps and the number of points, N, is 64, then each interval of 4 is assigned to a CCT value from the determined values of the N points.
• an algorithm used to make the CCT transitions linear or substantially linear includes, for example, starting from an initial point, determining the next point at the specified distance. When the next point at the specified distance is found, the algorithm advances to the point just found and then determining the next point at the specified distance. All points matching the criteria, including the first one, are then put into a list as the output.
• an algorithm used to make the CCT transitions linear may be represented as follows: def getCCTbyUVprimeDist(start_CCT, end_CCT, uv_dist):
• cctjist np.arange(start_CCT, end_CCT + 1) # get all the CCT values between the given range at a step size of 1
• cct_uvprime getColorPomtOnPlanckian(cct_list,
• first_cct 0 # index of the first CCT
• Results from the algorithm may then be added into the control device (e.g., added into a CCT-control device as saved as software within the control device to correlate a movement of the device to the desired CCT value, hard-coded into the control device to correlate a movement of the device to the desired CCT value, implemented into an ASIC within the control device to correlate a movement of the device to the desired CCT value, implemented into a processor or other type of hardware (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) within the control device) to correlate a movement of the device to the desired CCT value, or by other means known in the art and described in more detail with reference to FIG. 7, below.
• FPGA field-programmable gate array
• FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating components of a machine 700, according to some embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable medium e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable medium, a machine-readable storage medium, a computer-readable storage medium, or any suitable combination thereof) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.
• FIG. 7 shows a diagrammatic representation of the machine 700 in the example form of a computer system and within which instructions 724 (e.g., software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code) for causing the machine 700 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein (e.g., a process recipe) may be executed.
• instructions 724 e.g., software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code
• the machine 700 operates as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines.
• the machine 700 may operate in the capacity of a server machine or a client machine in a server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or
• the machine 700 may be a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a netbook, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a web appliance, a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, or any machine capable of executing the instructions 724, sequentially or otherwise, that specify actions to be taken by that machine.
• the term“machine” shall also be taken to include a collection of machines that individually or jointly execute the instructions 724 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.
• the machine 700 includes a processor 702 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a radio- frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), or any suitable combination thereof), a main memory 704, and a static memory 706, which are configured to communicate with each other via a bus 708.
• the processor 702 may contain microcircuits that are configurable, temporarily or permanently, by some or all of the instructions 724 such that the processor 702 is configurable to perform any one or more of the methodologies described herein, in whole or in part.
• a set of one or more microcircuits of the processor 702 may be configurable to execute one or more modules (e.g., software modules) described herein.
• the machine 700 may further include a graphics display 710 (e.g., a plasma display panel (PDF), a light emitting diode (LED) display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a projector, or a cathode ray tube (CRT)).
• the machine 700 may also include an alpha-numeric input device 712 (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device 714 (e.g., a mouse, a touchpad, a trackball, a joystick, a motion sensor, or other pointing instrument), a storage unit 716, a signal generation device 718 (e.g., a speaker), and a network interface device 720.
• a graphics display 710 e.g., a plasma display panel (PDF), a light emitting diode (LED) display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a projector, or a cathode ray tube (CRT)
• the machine 700 may also include an alpha-numeric input device
• the storage unit 716 includes a machine-readable medium 722 (e.g., a tangible and/or non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) on which is stored the instructions 724 embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein.
• the instructions 724 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 704, within the processor 702 (e.g., within the processor’s cache memory), or both, during execution thereof by the machine 700. Accordingly, the main memory 704 and the processor 702 may be considered as machine- readable media (e.g., tangible and/or non-transitory machine-readable media).
• the instructions 724 may be transmitted or received over a network 726 via the network interface device 720.
• the network interface device 720 may communicate the instructions 724 using any one or more transfer protocols (e.g., hypertext transfer protocol
• the machine 700 may be a portable computing device, such as a smart phone or tablet computer, and have one or more additional input components (e.g., sensors or gauges).
• additional input components include an image input component (e.g., one or more cameras), an audio input component (e.g., a microphone), a direction input component (e.g., a compass), a location input component (e.g., a global positioning system (GPS) receiver), an orientation
• a gas detection component e.g., a gas sensor.
• Inputs harvested by any one or more of these input components may be accessible and available for use by any of the modules described herein.
• the term“memory” refers to a machine-readable medium able to store data temporarily or permanently and may be taken to include, but not be limited to, random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), buffer memory, flash memory, and cache memory. While the machine-readable medium 722 is shown in an embodiment to be a single medium, the term“machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or
• machine-readable medium shall also be taken to include any medium, or combination of multiple media, that is capable of storing instructions for execution by a machine (e.g., the machine 700), such that the instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the machine (e.g., the processor 702), cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies described herein. Accordingly, a“machine- readable medium” refers to a single storage apparatus or device, as well as “cloud-based” storage systems or storage networks that include multiple storage apparatus or devices.
• machine-readable medium shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be bmited to, one or more tangible (e.g., non-transitory) data repositories in the form of a solid-state memory, an optical medium, a magnetic medium, or any suitable combination thereof.
• the machine-readable medium is non-transitory in that it does not embody a propagating signal.
• labeling the tangible machine-readable medium as“non-transitory” should not be construed to mean that the medium is incapable of movement - the medium should be considered as being transportable from one physical location to another.
• the machine-readable medium since the machine-readable medium is tangible, the medium may be considered to be a machine-readable device.
• the instructions 724 may further be transmitted or received over a network 726 (e.g., a communications network) using a transmission medium via the network interface device 720 and utilizing any one of a number of well-known transfer protocols (e.g., HTTP).
• Examples of communication networks include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), the Internet, mobile telephone networks, POTS networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., WiFi and WiMAX networks).
• LAN local area network
• WAN wide area network
• the term “transmission medium” shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible medium to facilitate communication of such software.
• a hardware module may be implemented, for example, mechanically or electronically, or by any suitable combination thereof.
• a hardware module may include dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured to perform certain operations.
• a hardware module may be or include a special-purpose processor, such as a field-programmable gate array
• a hardware module may also include programmable logic or circuitry that is
• a hardware module may include software encompassed within a central processing unit (CPU) or other programmable processor. It will be appreciated that a decision to implement a hardware module
• mechanically, electrically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry may be driven by cost and time considerations.
• many of the components described may comprise one or more modules configured to implement the functions disclosed herein.
• the modules may constitute software modules (e.g., code stored on or otherwise embodied in a machine-readable medium or in a transmission medium), hardware modules, or any suitable combination thereof.
• A“hardware module” is a tangible (e.g., non-transitory) physical component (e.g., a set of one or more microprocessors or other hardware-based devices) capable of performing certain operations and interpreting certain signals.
• the one or more modules may be configured or arranged in a certain physical manner.
• one or more microprocessors or one or more hardware modules thereof may be configured by software (e.g., an application or portion thereof) as a hardware module that operates to perform operations described herein for that module.
• a hardware module may be implemented, for example, mechanically or electronically, or by any suitable combination thereof.
• a hardware module may include dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured to perform certain operations.
• a hardware module may comprise or include a special-purpose processor, such as an FPGA or an ASIC.
• a hardware module may also include programmable logic or circuitry that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations, such as the movement range that is linearly mapped to the calculated N points on the color-tuning device (e.g., see FIGS. 5 and 6).
• the term“or” may be construed in an inclusive or exclusive sense. Further, other embodiments will be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art upon reading and understanding the disclosure provided. Further, upon reading and understanding the disclosure provided herein, the person of ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that various combinations of the techniques and examples provided herein may all be applied in various combinations.

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• 2020
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