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WO2020108990A1 - Turbo compressor - Google Patents

Turbo compressor Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020108990A1
WO2020108990A1 PCT/EP2019/081123 EP2019081123W WO2020108990A1 WO 2020108990 A1 WO2020108990 A1 WO 2020108990A1 EP 2019081123 W EP2019081123 W EP 2019081123W WO 2020108990 A1 WO2020108990 A1 WO 2020108990A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
bearing
turbocompressor
shaft
compressor
bearings
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2019/081123
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Thomas Esche
Matthias Faust
Mirko Göpfert
Jörg Auerswald
Ralf Werner
Original Assignee
Voith Patent Gmbh
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Voith Patent Gmbh filed Critical Voith Patent Gmbh
Publication of WO2020108990A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020108990A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D17/00—Radial-flow pumps, e.g. centrifugal pumps; Helico-centrifugal pumps
    • F04D17/08—Centrifugal pumps
    • F04D17/10—Centrifugal pumps for compressing or evacuating
    • F04D17/12—Multi-stage pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D25/00—Pumping installations or systems
    • F04D25/02—Units comprising pumps and their driving means
    • F04D25/06—Units comprising pumps and their driving means the pump being electrically driven
    • F04D25/0606—Units comprising pumps and their driving means the pump being electrically driven the electric motor being specially adapted for integration in the pump
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/05—Shafts or bearings, or assemblies thereof, specially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/056—Bearings
    • F04D29/058—Bearings magnetic; electromagnetic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K16/00—Machines with more than one rotor or stator
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/08—Structural association with bearings
    • H02K7/09—Structural association with bearings with magnetic bearings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/05—Shafts or bearings, or assemblies thereof, specially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/051—Axial thrust balancing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K2205/00—Specific aspects not provided for in the other groups of this subclass relating to casings, enclosures, supports
    • H02K2205/03—Machines characterised by thrust bearings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/08—Structural association with bearings
    • H02K7/083—Structural association with bearings radially supporting the rotary shaft at both ends of the rotor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a turbocompressor which is particularly suitable for ensuring the air supply to a fuel cell.
  • turbocompressors have been known for a long time.
  • a turbocompressor has a compressor wheel in a compressor housing, which is arranged in a rotationally fixed manner on a rotatably mounted shaft.
  • an electric motor and / or a turbine are provided for driving the compressor wheel.
  • the turbine is driven by the exhaust gas from the fuel cell, as is known, for example, from DE 10 201 087 601 A1.
  • the high speeds at which they have to be operated in order to achieve good efficiencies or pressure ratios are characteristic of turbocompressors.
  • exhaust gas turbochargers reach comparable speeds. With increasing speed, however, the requirements for the bearing of the shaft also increase. Furthermore, it is necessary that the air that reaches the fuel cell is free of foreign substances. For example, no oil should get into the fuel cells.
  • the object of the invention is to propose a turbocompressor by means of which the air supply to a fuel cell, in particular in a motor vehicle, is improved.
  • the object is achieved according to the invention by designing the turbocompressor in accordance with claim 1. Further advantageous features of the embodiment according to the invention can be found in the subclaims.
  • the embodiment according to the invention is a turbocompressor which is suitable for supplying air to a fuel cell, comprising a housing, a shaft with first and second ends which is rotatably mounted relative to the housing, and an electrical machine arranged in the housing, wherein the shaft can be driven by the electrical machine.
  • a first and a second bearing concept be provided for mounting the shaft, at least the first bearing concept comprising a magnetic bearing, the magnetic field of the electrical machine being used for the bearing.
  • the use of two bearing concepts enables the shaft to be safely stored, even when it is switched off, i.e. when the power supply for the first bearing concept, the magnetic bearing, is interrupted.
  • the use of the magnetic field of the electrical machine corresponds to the principle of a bearingless motor.
  • turbocompressor can be a two-stage turbocompressor, a compressor wheel being arranged at each of the first and second ends of the shaft.
  • Two electrical machines can preferably be arranged on the shaft between the compressor wheels, so that a stable radial mounting of the shaft is ensured.
  • a very wide electric machine is also conceivable, which enables a very wide magnetic bearing.
  • an axial bearing can be provided between the electrical machines, wherein the axial bearing can be a magnetic bearing.
  • the second storage concept can include storage that is designed to only function as a catch storage.
  • the catch bearing does not have to be a wear-free bearing, but can be, for example, a sliding or rolling bearing.
  • the catch bearing comprises two catch bearings, the catch bearings having a bearing gap.
  • the bearing gap is preferably so large that the shaft can be positioned in the catch bearings by means of the magnetic bearing in such a way that a circumferential bearing air gap is created in the catch bearings.
  • the bearing concept according to the invention is the combination of bearing concepts in which, among other things, the advantages of a bearingless motor and a conventional radial magnetic bearing are used.
  • An inverter with a high-frequency pulse frequency and low latency is preferably used to control the magnetic bearing.
  • the angular position of the shaft will be recorded with sensors, which are arranged between the catch bearing and the electric machine.
  • FIG. 1 shows a sketch of the preferred embodiment.
  • a turbocompressor 1 is shown with two compressor stages 3a, b, a compressor wheel 6, 7 being arranged at each of the first and second ends 10a, b of the shaft 2.
  • the compressor wheels 6, 7 are arranged in mirror image to one another, so that the Axial forces that occur when air is compressed, act against each other and thus at least partially cancel each other out.
  • the axial bearing 8 is also arranged centrally between the compressor wheels 6, 7.
  • the shaft 2 is rotatably supported relative to the housing 5, a first and a second bearing concept being provided for mounting the shaft 2.
  • the first bearing concept is a magnetic bearing 9a, b, in which the magnetic fields of the two electrical machines 4a, b are used for the radial bearing of the shaft 2.
  • the electric machines or their rotors are arranged on the shaft 2 at a distance.
  • the axial bearing 8 is provided, which is also designed as a magnetic bearing, consisting of the coils 13 and the disk 14
  • the second bearing concept is provided for the de-energized state, in which storage via magnetism is not possible.
  • This consists of the catch bearings 12a, b, which are arranged in the vicinity of the shaft ends 10a, b.
  • the catch bearings 12a, b are bearings with a relatively large bearing gap 18 or bearing play.
  • the bearing gap 18 is chosen so large that the magnetic bearing enables the shaft 2 to be positioned, in which an annular gap is formed between the bearing parts, inner part and outer part, the catching bearings 12a, b.
  • the turbocompressor can be switched off completely when there is no load demand, that is to say it can be switched off, the bearing of the shaft 2 then being taken over by the backup bearings 12a, b.
  • the shaft can also be kept in a floating state when no load is required
  • the compressor wheels 6, 7 are arranged in compressor chambers 20a, b of the housing 5, with each compressor wheel 6, 7 being assigned an air inlet 16a, b and an air outlet 17a, b.
  • the air outlet 17a of the first compressor stage 3a is connected to the air inlet 16b of the second compressor stage 3b via a connecting duct 11.
  • a cooling device 19 is arranged between the two compressor stages 3a, b to cool the compressed air of the first compressor stage 3a heated by the compression. This cools the pre-compressed air of the first compressor stage 3a before it is introduced into the second compressor stage 3b, so that the efficiency of the second compressor stage 3b is improved.
  • the cooling device 19 can be used to cool the electric machines 4a, b and the axial bearing 8.
  • Humidification 21 of the pre-compressed air during or after cooling is also conceivable. This leads, in particular during the further compression in the second compressor stage 3b, to additional cooling of the compressor wheel 7 by the evaporation cold that arises.
  • a plurality of sensors 15a, b, c are provided, by means of which the position of the compressor shaft 2 in the magnetic field is determined and with the aid of which the magnetic field of the axial bearing and the magnetic fields for radial bearing and for generating the torque of the electric motor are regulated .
  • the regulation can take place, for example, by means of a high-frequency frequency converter for regulating the magnetic fields of the axial bearing 8 and the electric motors 4a, b.
  • the position of the compressor shaft 2 is regulated in the radial direction, so that the backup bearings 12a, b no longer have a bearing function when the turbocompressor is in operation.
  • the speed of the electric motors can also be regulated.
  • the magnetic bearing enables a black / white (ON / OFF) switching. This means that at zero load the compressor could be switched off, it could even be braked magnetically.
  • the regulation of the compressor is ideally coupled with the regulation of the fuel cell, in particular the hydrogen pressure or control valve, so that the performance of the turbocompressor can always be adapted to the fuel cell performance. In normal operation, the turbocompressor 1 generally does without a blow-off valve 22.
  • the compressed air volume to the fuel cell can be additionally regulated via an additional blow-off valve 22, in particular a quick exhaust valve, downstream of the second compressor stage.
  • an additional blow-off valve 22 to switch off the fuel cell, it is sufficient to open the blow-off valve 22 so that air can no longer be supplied to the fuel cell. This enables a quick reduction in power in the fuel cell, for example if the vehicle suddenly stops accelerating or brakes.
  • the vented fuel cell is pre-flooded with the stored compressed air.
  • the compressor is started, which means that the system start time is reduced to below t ⁇ 1. Furthermore, the blowing off of compressed air is reduced, the response time of the system and the dynamic demands on the compressor are reduced.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)

Abstract

The claimed embodiment relates to a turbo compressor suitable for supplying air to a fuel cell, said turbo compressor comprising a housing, a shaft which has a first and a second end and is rotatably mounted relative to the housing, and an electric machine arranged in the housing, wherein the shaft can be driven by means of the electric machine. In order to improve the turbo compressor, according to the invention a first and a second bearing concept are provided for bearing the shaft, at least the first bearing concept comprising a magnetic bearing, and the magnetic field of the electric machine being used for the bearing action.

Description

Turboverdichter Turbocompressor
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Turboverdichter der insbesondere geeignet ist die Luftversorgung einer Brennstoffzelle sicherzustellen. The invention relates to a turbocompressor which is particularly suitable for ensuring the air supply to a fuel cell.
Die Verwendung von Turboverdichtern in Brennstoffzellensystemen ist seit langem bekannt. Ein derartiger Turboverdichter weist ein Verdichterrad in einem Verdichtergehäuse auf, das drehfest auf einer drehbar gelagerten Welle angeordnet ist. Zum Antreiben des Verdichterrades, sind beispielsweise ein Elektromotor und/oder eine Turbine vorgesehen. Dabei wird die Turbine vom Abgas der Brennstoffzelle angetrieben, wie beispielsweise aus der DE 10 201 087 601 A1 bekannt. Charakteristisch für Turboverdichter sind die hohen Drehzahlen, mit denen sie betrieben werden müssen, um gute Wirkungsgrade beziehungsweise Druckverhältnisse zu erreichen. In heutigen Kraftfahrzeug-Verbrennungsmotoren erreichen Abgasturbolader vergleichbare Drehzahlen. Mit zunehmender Drehzahl steigen jedoch auch die Anforderungen an die Lagerung der Welle. Des Weiteren ist es erforderlich, dass die Luft die zur Brennstoffzelle gelangt frei von Fremdstoffen ist. So darf beispielsweise kein Öl in die Brennstoffzellen gelangen. The use of turbocompressors in fuel cell systems has been known for a long time. Such a turbocompressor has a compressor wheel in a compressor housing, which is arranged in a rotationally fixed manner on a rotatably mounted shaft. For example, an electric motor and / or a turbine are provided for driving the compressor wheel. The turbine is driven by the exhaust gas from the fuel cell, as is known, for example, from DE 10 201 087 601 A1. The high speeds at which they have to be operated in order to achieve good efficiencies or pressure ratios are characteristic of turbocompressors. In today's motor vehicle internal combustion engines, exhaust gas turbochargers reach comparable speeds. With increasing speed, however, the requirements for the bearing of the shaft also increase. Furthermore, it is necessary that the air that reaches the fuel cell is free of foreign substances. For example, no oil should get into the fuel cells.
Aus dem StdT sind unterschiedliche Lagerkonzepte für Turboverdichter bekannt. Die DE10 2011 087 601 A1 offenbart beispielsweise die Lagerung mittels Gleitlagern, die mit Wasser beaufschlagt werden, um die Reibung zu vermindern. Different bearing concepts for turbocompressors are known from the StdT. DE10 2011 087 601 A1, for example, discloses storage by means of plain bearings which are exposed to water in order to reduce the friction.
Bekannt ist aber auch den Rotor des Antriebsmotors im Magnetfeld berührungsfrei schweben zu lassen. Es ist weiterhin möglich, die radiale und tangentiale Komponente der Luftspaltkräfte derart zu regeln, dass eine schwebende Lagerung des Rotors im Magnetfeld des Motors ermöglicht wird. Dies führte zum Begriff des „Lagerlosen Motors“. Die Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, einen Turboverdichter vorzuschlagen mittels dem die Luftversorgung einer Brennstoffzelle, insbesondere in einem Kraftfahrzeug, verbessert wird. Die Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch eine Ausführung des Turboverdichters entsprechend Anspruch 1 gelöst. Weitere vorteilhafte Merkmale der erfindungsgemäßen Ausführung finden sich in den Unteransprüchen. However, it is also known to let the rotor of the drive motor hover in the magnetic field without contact. It is also possible to regulate the radial and tangential component of the air gap forces in such a way that the rotor is suspended in the magnetic field of the motor. This led to the term “bearingless motor”. The object of the invention is to propose a turbocompressor by means of which the air supply to a fuel cell, in particular in a motor vehicle, is improved. The object is achieved according to the invention by designing the turbocompressor in accordance with claim 1. Further advantageous features of the embodiment according to the invention can be found in the subclaims.
Bei der erfindungsgemäßen Ausführung handelt es sich um einen Turboverdichter, der zur Luftversorgung einer Brennstoffzelle geeignet ist, umfassend ein Gehäuse, eine Welle mit einem ersten und zweiten Ende, die gegenüber dem Gehäuse drehbar gelagert ist, und einer in dem Gehäuse angeordneten elektrischen Maschine, wobei die Welle mittels der elektrischen Maschine antreibbar ist. Zur Verbesserung des Turboverdichters wird vorgeschlagen, dass zur Lagerung der Welle ein erstes und ein zweites Lagerkonzept vorgesehen sind, wobei zumindest das erste Lagerkonzept eine Magnetlagerung umfasst, wobei zur Lagerung das Magnetfeld der elektrischen Maschine genutzt wird. Die Verwendung von zwei Lagerkonzepten ermöglicht es die Lagerung der Welle, auch im abgeschalteten Zustand, also wenn die Stromzufuhr für das erste Lagerkonzept, die Magnetlagerung, unterbrochen wird, sicher zu lagern. Die Nutzung des Magnetfelds der elektrischen Maschine entspricht dem Prinzip eines lagerlosen Motors. The embodiment according to the invention is a turbocompressor which is suitable for supplying air to a fuel cell, comprising a housing, a shaft with first and second ends which is rotatably mounted relative to the housing, and an electrical machine arranged in the housing, wherein the shaft can be driven by the electrical machine. To improve the turbocompressor, it is proposed that a first and a second bearing concept be provided for mounting the shaft, at least the first bearing concept comprising a magnetic bearing, the magnetic field of the electrical machine being used for the bearing. The use of two bearing concepts enables the shaft to be safely stored, even when it is switched off, i.e. when the power supply for the first bearing concept, the magnetic bearing, is interrupted. The use of the magnetic field of the electrical machine corresponds to the principle of a bearingless motor.
Weiterhin kann der Turboverdichter ein zweistufiger Turboverdichter sein, wobei am ersten und zweiten Ende der Welle jeweils ein Verdichterrad angeordnet ist. Furthermore, the turbocompressor can be a two-stage turbocompressor, a compressor wheel being arranged at each of the first and second ends of the shaft.
Bevorzugt können zwei elektrische Maschinen auf der Welle zwischen den Verdichterrädern angeordnet sein, so dass eine stabile radiale Lagerung der Welle gewährleistet ist. Wobei auch eine sehr breite E-Maschine denkbar ist, die eine sehr breite Magnetlagerung ermöglicht. Weiterhin kann zwischen den elektrischen Maschinen ein Axiallager vorgesehen sein, wobei das Axiallager ein Magnetlager sein kann. Two electrical machines can preferably be arranged on the shaft between the compressor wheels, so that a stable radial mounting of the shaft is ensured. A very wide electric machine is also conceivable, which enables a very wide magnetic bearing. Furthermore, an axial bearing can be provided between the electrical machines, wherein the axial bearing can be a magnetic bearing.
Weiterhin kann das zweite Lagerkonzept eine Lagerung umfassen, die darauf ausgerichtet ist, nur als Fanglagerung in Funktion zu treten. Die Fanglagerung muss keine verschleißfreies Lager sein, sondern kann beispielsweise ein Gleit oder Wälzlager sein. Furthermore, the second storage concept can include storage that is designed to only function as a catch storage. The catch bearing does not have to be a wear-free bearing, but can be, for example, a sliding or rolling bearing.
In der bevorzugten Ausführung umfasst die Fanglagerung zwei Fanglager, wobei die Fanglager ein Lagerspalt aufweisen. Der Lagerspalt ist vorzugsweise so groß, dass mittels der Magnetlagerung die Welle derart in den Fanglagern positionierbar ist, dass ein umlaufender Lagerluftspalt in den Fanglagern entsteht. In the preferred embodiment, the catch bearing comprises two catch bearings, the catch bearings having a bearing gap. The bearing gap is preferably so large that the shaft can be positioned in the catch bearings by means of the magnetic bearing in such a way that a circumferential bearing air gap is created in the catch bearings.
Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Lagerkonzept handelt es sich um die Kombination von Lagerkonzepten bei denen unter anderem die Vorteile eines lagerlosen Motors und eines konventionellen radialen Magnetlagers genutzt werden. The bearing concept according to the invention is the combination of bearing concepts in which, among other things, the advantages of a bearingless motor and a conventional radial magnetic bearing are used.
Zur Regelung der Magnetlagerung wird vorzugsweise ein Wechselrichter mit hochfrequenter Pulsfrequenz und geringer Latenzzeit eingesetzt. Die Winkellage der Welle wird mit Sensoren erfasst werden, die jeweils zwischen Fanglager und E- Maschinen angeordnet sind. An inverter with a high-frequency pulse frequency and low latency is preferably used to control the magnetic bearing. The angular position of the shaft will be recorded with sensors, which are arranged between the catch bearing and the electric machine.
Anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen werden weitere vorteilhafte Ausprägungen der Erfindung unter Bezugnahme auf die Zeichnungen erläutert. Die genannten Merkmale können nicht nur in der dargestellten Kombination vorteilhaft umgesetzt werden, sondern auch einzeln untereinander kombiniert werden. On the basis of exemplary embodiments, further advantageous features of the invention are explained with reference to the drawings. The features mentioned can not only be advantageously implemented in the combination shown, but can also be combined individually with one another.
Die Figur 1 zeigt eine Skizze der bevorzugten Ausführungsform. Dargestellt ist ein Turboverdichter 1 mit zwei Verdichterstufen 3a, b wobei am ersten und zweiten Ende 10a, b der Welle 2 jeweils ein Verdichterrad 6, 7 angeordnet ist. Die Verdichterräder 6, 7 sind spiegelbildlich zueinander angeordnet, so dass die Axialkräfte, die bei der Verdichtung von Luft entstehen, gegeneinander wirken und sich so zumindest teilweise gegenseitig aufheben. Zur Lagesicherung in Axialrichtung ist weiterhin das Axiallager 8 mittig zwischen den Verdichterrädern 6, 7 angeordnet. Die Welle 2 ist gegenüber dem Gehäuse 5 drehbar gelagert, wobei zur Lagerung der Welle 2 ein erstes und ein zweites Lagerkonzept vorgesehen sind. Das erste Lagerkonzept ist eine Magnetlagerung 9a, b, bei der zur radialen Lagerung der Welle 2 die Magnetfelder der beiden elektrischen Maschinen 4a, b genutzt werden. Die E-Maschinen bzw. deren Rotoren sind auf der Welle 2 beabstandet angeordnet. Zwischen den E-Motoren 4a, b ist die Axiallagerung 8 vorgesehen, die ebenfalls als Magnetlagerung ausgeführt ist, bestehend aus den Spulen 13 und der Scheibe 14 Figure 1 shows a sketch of the preferred embodiment. A turbocompressor 1 is shown with two compressor stages 3a, b, a compressor wheel 6, 7 being arranged at each of the first and second ends 10a, b of the shaft 2. The compressor wheels 6, 7 are arranged in mirror image to one another, so that the Axial forces that occur when air is compressed, act against each other and thus at least partially cancel each other out. To secure the position in the axial direction, the axial bearing 8 is also arranged centrally between the compressor wheels 6, 7. The shaft 2 is rotatably supported relative to the housing 5, a first and a second bearing concept being provided for mounting the shaft 2. The first bearing concept is a magnetic bearing 9a, b, in which the magnetic fields of the two electrical machines 4a, b are used for the radial bearing of the shaft 2. The electric machines or their rotors are arranged on the shaft 2 at a distance. Between the electric motors 4a, b, the axial bearing 8 is provided, which is also designed as a magnetic bearing, consisting of the coils 13 and the disk 14
Für den stromlosen Zustand, bei dem eine Lagerung über den Magnetismus nicht möglich ist, ist das zweite Lagerkonzept vorgesehen. Dieses besteht aus den Fanglagern 12a, b, die in der Nähe der Wellenenden 10a, b angeordnet sind. Die Fanglager 12a, b sind Lager mit einem relativ großen Lagerspalt 18, bzw. Lagerspiel. Der Lagerspalt 18 ist dabei so groß gewählt, dass mittels der Magnetlagerung eine Positionierung der Welle 2 ermöglicht wird, bei der ein Ringspalt zwischen den Lagerteilen, Innenteil und Außenteil, der Fanglager 12a,b gebildet wird. The second bearing concept is provided for the de-energized state, in which storage via magnetism is not possible. This consists of the catch bearings 12a, b, which are arranged in the vicinity of the shaft ends 10a, b. The catch bearings 12a, b are bearings with a relatively large bearing gap 18 or bearing play. The bearing gap 18 is chosen so large that the magnetic bearing enables the shaft 2 to be positioned, in which an annular gap is formed between the bearing parts, inner part and outer part, the catching bearings 12a, b.
Der Turboverdichter kann bei Null-Lastanforderung komplett abgeschaltet also Stromlos geschaltet werden, wobei die Lagerung der Welle 2 dann von den Fanglagern 12a, b übernommen wird. The turbocompressor can be switched off completely when there is no load demand, that is to say it can be switched off, the bearing of the shaft 2 then being taken over by the backup bearings 12a, b.
Die Lagerung mittels Magnetfeldern hat mehrere Vorteile: Storage using magnetic fields has several advantages:
- Kostengünstig herstellbar - Cost effective to manufacture
- Die Magnetfelder können zum Abbremsen der Welle verwendet werden - The magnetic fields can be used to brake the shaft
- schnelle Drehzahländerungen sind realisierbar - Fast changes in speed can be implemented
- Welle kann auch bei Nulllastanforderung in einem Schwebezustand gehalten werden - The shaft can also be kept in a floating state when no load is required
- verschleißfrei Die Verdichterräder 6, 7 sind wie in der Figur 1 angedeutet in Verdichterkammern 20a, b des Gehäuses 5 angeordnet, wobei jedem Verdichterrad 6, 7 jeweils ein Lufteinlass 16a, b und ein Luftauslass 17a, b zugeordnet ist. Der Luftauslass 17a der ersten Verdichterstufe 3a ist mit dem Lufteinlass 16b der zweiten Verdichterstufe 3b über einen Verbindungskanal 11 luftleitend verbunden. Zur Kühlung der durch die Kompression erhitzten komprimierten Luft der ersten Verdichterstufe 3a ist zwischen den zwei Verdichterstufen 3a, b eine Kühlvorrichtung 19 angeordnet. Diese kühlt die vorverdichtete Luft der ersten Verdichterstufe 3a bevor diese in die zweite Verdichterstufe 3b eingeleitet wird, so dass der Wirkungsgrad der zweiten Verdichterstufe 3b verbessert wird. Weiterhin kann die Kühlvorrichtung 19 zur Kühlung der E-Maschinen 4a, b sowie der Axiallagerung 8 eingesetzt werden. - wear-free As indicated in FIG. 1, the compressor wheels 6, 7 are arranged in compressor chambers 20a, b of the housing 5, with each compressor wheel 6, 7 being assigned an air inlet 16a, b and an air outlet 17a, b. The air outlet 17a of the first compressor stage 3a is connected to the air inlet 16b of the second compressor stage 3b via a connecting duct 11. A cooling device 19 is arranged between the two compressor stages 3a, b to cool the compressed air of the first compressor stage 3a heated by the compression. This cools the pre-compressed air of the first compressor stage 3a before it is introduced into the second compressor stage 3b, so that the efficiency of the second compressor stage 3b is improved. Furthermore, the cooling device 19 can be used to cool the electric machines 4a, b and the axial bearing 8.
Denkbar ist auch eine Befeuchtung 21 der vorkomprimierten Luft während oder nach der Kühlung. Dies führt insbesondere während der weiteren Verdichtung in der zweiten Verdichterstufe 3b zu einer zusätzlichen Kühlung des Verdichterrades 7 durch die entstehende Verdunstungskälte. Humidification 21 of the pre-compressed air during or after cooling is also conceivable. This leads, in particular during the further compression in the second compressor stage 3b, to additional cooling of the compressor wheel 7 by the evaporation cold that arises.
Zur Regelung des Turboverdichters sind mehrere Sensoren 15a, b, c vorgesehen, mittels denen die Lage der Verdichterwelle 2 im Magnetfeld ermittelt wird und mit deren Hilfe die Regelung des Magnetfelds der Axiallagerung und der Magnetfelder zur Radiallagerung, sowie zur Drehmomenterzeugung des E-Motors, erfolgt. To control the turbocompressor, a plurality of sensors 15a, b, c are provided, by means of which the position of the compressor shaft 2 in the magnetic field is determined and with the aid of which the magnetic field of the axial bearing and the magnetic fields for radial bearing and for generating the torque of the electric motor are regulated .
Die Regelung kann beispielsweise mittels eines Hochfrequenz FU-Reglers, zur Regelung der Magnetfelder von Axiallagerung 8 und E-Motoren 4a, b, erfolgen. Einmal wird so die Lage der Verdichterwelle 2 in Radialrichtung geregelt, so dass die Fanglager 12a, b im Betrieb des Turboverdichters keine Lagerfunktion mehr haben. Weiterhin kann die Drehzahl der E-Motoren geregelt werden. Durch die Magnetlagerung ist eine Schwarz/Weiß (AN/AUS) Schaltung möglich. Das heißt bei Null-Last könnte der Verdichter stromlos geschaltet werden, er könnte sogar magnetisch abgebremst werden. Die Regelung des Verdichters ist idealerweise mit der Regelung der Brennstoffzelle, insbesondere des Wasserstoff-Druck- bzw. Stellventils, gekoppelt, so dass die Leistung des Turboverdichters immer an die Brennstoffzellenleistung anpassbar ist. Im Normalbetrieb kommt der Turboverdichter 1 so in der Regel ohne Abblasventil 22 aus. The regulation can take place, for example, by means of a high-frequency frequency converter for regulating the magnetic fields of the axial bearing 8 and the electric motors 4a, b. First, the position of the compressor shaft 2 is regulated in the radial direction, so that the backup bearings 12a, b no longer have a bearing function when the turbocompressor is in operation. The speed of the electric motors can also be regulated. The magnetic bearing enables a black / white (ON / OFF) switching. This means that at zero load the compressor could be switched off, it could even be braked magnetically. The regulation of the compressor is ideally coupled with the regulation of the fuel cell, in particular the hydrogen pressure or control valve, so that the performance of the turbocompressor can always be adapted to the fuel cell performance. In normal operation, the turbocompressor 1 generally does without a blow-off valve 22.
Über ein zusätzliches Abblasventil 22 insbesondere Schnellentlüftungsventil, hinter der zweiten Verdichterstufe kann das Druckluftvolumen zur Brennstoffzelle zusätzlich geregelt werden. Zum Abschalten der Brennstoffzelle genügt es Abblasventil 22 ins Freie zu öffnen, sodass der Brennstoffzelle keine Luft mehr zugeführt werden kann. So wird eine schnelle Leistungsreduzierung in der Brennstoffzelle ermöglicht, beispielsweise wenn das Fahrzeug abrupt nicht mehr beschleunigt wird oder bremst. The compressed air volume to the fuel cell can be additionally regulated via an additional blow-off valve 22, in particular a quick exhaust valve, downstream of the second compressor stage. To switch off the fuel cell, it is sufficient to open the blow-off valve 22 so that air can no longer be supplied to the fuel cell. This enables a quick reduction in power in the fuel cell, for example if the vehicle suddenly stops accelerating or brakes.
Alternativ kann vorgesehen werden, die abgeblasene Druckluft in einem Druckluftspeicher zwischen zu speichern, vorzugsweise mit einem geringeren Druck der gespeichert werden kann. Diese gespeicherte Druckluft kann dann beim nächsten Start der Brennstoffzelle dazu genutzt werden einmal den Turboverdichter zu starten, indem der ersten Druckstufe Druckluft zugeführt wird, oder man nutzt die gespeicherte Luft zur Beschleunigung der Startphase des Brennstoffzellen-System. Alternatively, provision can be made to temporarily store the blown off compressed air in a compressed air store, preferably with a lower pressure that can be stored. This stored compressed air can then be used the next time the fuel cell is started to start the turbocompressor by supplying compressed air to the first pressure stage, or the stored air is used to accelerate the start phase of the fuel cell system.
Dabei wird die entlüftete Brennstoffzelle mit der gespeicherten Druckluft vorgeflutet. Während der Vorflutung wird der Kompressor gestartet, was dazu führt, dass die Startzeit des Systems auf unter t<1 verringert wird. Weiterhin wird das Abblasen von Druckluft verringert, die Ansprechzeit des Systems sowie die dynamischen Anforderungen an den Kompressor absenken. Bezugszeichenliste The vented fuel cell is pre-flooded with the stored compressed air. During the flooding, the compressor is started, which means that the system start time is reduced to below t <1. Furthermore, the blowing off of compressed air is reduced, the response time of the system and the dynamic demands on the compressor are reduced. Reference symbol list
1 Turboverdichter 1 turbo compressor
2 Welle 2 wave
3a, b Verdichterstufe 3a, b compressor stage
4a, b E-Maschine 4a, b electric machine
5 Gehäuse 5 housing
6 erstes Verdichterrad 6 first compressor wheel
7 zweites Verdichterrad7 second compressor wheel
8 Axiallager 8 thrust bearings
9a, b Magnetlager radial 10a, b Wellenende 9a, b magnetic bearing radial 10a, b shaft end
1 1 Verbindungskanal1 1 connecting channel
12a, b Fanglager 12a, b catch camp
13 Spulen 13 coils
14 Scheibe 14 disc
15 a, b, c Sensor 15 a, b, c sensor
16a, b Lufteinlass 16a, b air intake
17a, b Auslass komprimierte Luft 18 Lagerluft 17a, b compressed air outlet 18 storage air
19 Kühler 19 cooler
20a, b Verdichterkammer 20a, b compressor chamber
21 Befeuchtung 21 humidification
22 Abblasventil 22 blow-off valve

Claims

Patentansprüche Claims
1. Turboverdichter (1 ), geeignet zur Luftversorgung einer Brennstoffzelle, umfassend ein Gehäuse (5), eine Welle (2) mit einem ersten und zweiten Ende (10a, b), die gegenüber dem Gehäuse (5) drehbar gelagert ist, und einer in dem Gehäuse (5) angeordneten elektrischen Maschine (4a, b), wobei die Welle (2) mittels der elektrischen Maschine (4a, b) antreibbar ist, 1. turbocompressor (1), suitable for supplying air to a fuel cell, comprising a housing (5), a shaft (2) with a first and second end (10a, b) which is rotatably mounted relative to the housing (5), and one Electrical machine (4a, b) arranged in the housing (5), the shaft (2) being drivable by means of the electrical machine (4a, b),
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass characterized in that
zur Lagerung der Welle (2) ein erstes und ein zweites Lagerkonzept vorgesehen sind, wobei zumindest das erste Lagerkonzept eine Magnetlagerung (9a, b) umfasst, wobei zur Lagerung das Magnetfeld der elektrischen Maschine (4a, b) genutzt wird. A first and a second bearing concept are provided for mounting the shaft (2), at least the first bearing concept comprising a magnetic bearing (9a, b), the magnetic field of the electrical machine (4a, b) being used for the bearing.
2. Turboverdichter (1 ) nach Anspruch 1 , 2. turbocompressor (1) according to claim 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass characterized in that
der Turboverdichter (1 ) ein zweistufiger Turboverdichter ist, wobei am ersten und zweiten Ende (10a, b) der Welle (2) jeweils ein Verdichterrad (6, 7) angeordnet ist. the turbocompressor (1) is a two-stage turbocompressor, a compressor wheel (6, 7) being arranged at each of the first and second ends (10a, b) of the shaft (2).
3. Turboverdichter (1 ) nach Anspruch 1 , 3. turbocompressor (1) according to claim 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass characterized in that
zwei elektrische Maschinen (4a, b) auf der Welle (2) zwischen den Verdichterrädern (6, 7) angeordnet sind. two electrical machines (4a, b) are arranged on the shaft (2) between the compressor wheels (6, 7).
4. Turboverdichter (1 ) nach Anspruch 1 , 4. turbocompressor (1) according to claim 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass characterized in that
zwischen den elektrischen Maschinen (4a, b) ein Axiallager (8) vorgesehen ist. an axial bearing (8) is provided between the electrical machines (4a, b).
5. Turboverdichter (1 ) nach Anspruch 4, 5. turbocompressor (1) according to claim 4,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass characterized in that
das Axiallager (8) ein Magnetlager ist. the thrust bearing (8) is a magnetic bearing.
6. Turboverdichter (1 ) nach Anspruch 1 , 6. turbocompressor (1) according to claim 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass characterized in that
das zweite Lagerkonzept eine Lagerung ist, die darauf ausgerichtet ist nur als Fanglagerung in Funktion zu treten. the second storage concept is storage that is designed to only function as a catch storage.
7. Turboverdichter (1 ) nach Anspruch 6, 7. turbocompressor (1) according to claim 6,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass characterized in that
die Fanglagerung zwei Fanglager (12a, b) umfasst, wobei die Fanglager (12a, b) ein Lagerspalt (18) aufweisen. the catch bearing comprises two catch bearings (12a, b), the catch bearings (12a, b) having a bearing gap (18).
8. Turboverdichter (1 ) nach Anspruch 7, 8. turbocompressor (1) according to claim 7,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass characterized in that
der Lagerspalt (18) so groß ist, dass mittels der Magnetlagerung (9a, b) die Welle (2) derart in den Fanglagern (12a, b) positionierbar ist, das ein umlaufender Lagerluftspalt (18) in den Fanglagern (12a, b) entsteht. the bearing gap (18) is so large that the shaft (2) can be positioned in the catching bearings (12a, b) by means of the magnetic bearing (9a, b) in such a way that a circumferential bearing air gap (18) in the catching bearings (12a, b) arises.
PCT/EP2019/081123 2018-11-27 2019-11-13 Turbo compressor WO2020108990A1 (en)

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