WO2020087883A1 - 一种梯级抽水蓄能电站及其形成方法 - Google Patents
一种梯级抽水蓄能电站及其形成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020087883A1 WO2020087883A1 PCT/CN2019/083222 CN2019083222W WO2020087883A1 WO 2020087883 A1 WO2020087883 A1 WO 2020087883A1 CN 2019083222 W CN2019083222 W CN 2019083222W WO 2020087883 A1 WO2020087883 A1 WO 2020087883A1
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B9/00—Water-power plants; Layout, construction or equipment, methods of, or apparatus for, making same
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B9/00—Water-power plants; Layout, construction or equipment, methods of, or apparatus for, making same
- E02B9/02—Water-ways
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/20—Hydro energy
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to the fields of mining engineering and water conservancy engineering, and in particular to a cascade pumped storage power station and its formation method.
- Stable operation and can form a new energy micro-grid system according to the energy development situation of the mining area, so that the mining area can be transformed from a large industrial water and electricity consumer to a new energy power output; at the same time, the use of energy storage in the mine can reduce the amount of dam construction and land acquisition Expenses, alleviate the problem of water source evaporation, and effectively save project investment; in addition, it can promote the restoration of the natural ecological environment of the mining area, drive the development of related industries in the surrounding area, and realize the transformation of waste into treasure.
- Environmental and social benefits are examples of energy storage in the mine can reduce the amount of dam construction and land acquisition Expenses, alleviate the problem of water source evaporation, and effectively save project investment; in addition, it can promote the restoration of the natural ecological environment of the mining area, drive the development of related industries in the surrounding area, and realize the transformation of waste into treasure.
- a cascade pumped storage power station is provided.
- the water conveyance channel communicates between the high water storage area and the middle water storage area, and between the middle water storage area and the low water storage area.
- the two-way generator set is arranged between the high-level water storage area and the middle-level water storage area, and is arranged between the middle-level water storage area and the low-level water storage area, and the two-way generator set is used to pump water through the water transmission channel for storage Can generate electricity.
- at least the middle water storage area and the low water storage area serve as underground water storage areas, and the underground water storage area is located in the underground space of the abandoned mine.
- a method for forming the above-mentioned cascade pumped storage power station including the following steps:
- the two-way generator set is used to carry out cascade pumping and storage by stepping pumping or drainage between the high water storage area and the middle water storage area, and the middle water storage area and the low water storage area through the water transmission channel.
- FIG. 1 is a process diagram of a method for forming a cascade pumped storage power station according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the space of a cascade pumped storage power station according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. 3 is a plan layout diagram of a central storage area and a low storage area, equipment layout, and anti-blocking measures of a cascade pumped storage power station according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the layout of a cascade pumped storage power station according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
- An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a cascade pumped-storage power station, including: a high-level water storage area, a medium-level water storage area, and a low-level water storage area; a water delivery channel that connects the high-level water storage area and the middle-level water storage area Between the middle water storage area and the low water storage area; and the two-way generator set, which is arranged between the high water storage area and the middle water storage area, and between the middle water storage area and the low water storage area Between the zones, the two-way generator set is used to pump water for energy storage or power generation; wherein at least the middle water storage area and the low water storage area are used as underground water storage areas, and the underground water storage area is located in an abandoned mine Underground space.
- the “abandoned mine” mentioned in the present disclosure refers to a mine that has ceased operation after mining or an abandoned underground working surface in the mine that is being mined.
- the abandoned mine generally includes stable roadways, goafs, shafts, unstable spaces, recovery roadways, etc. What can build underground storage areas of cascade pumped storage power stations are stable roadways that are not affected by mining and have good surrounding rock conditions.
- the beneficial effect of the above technical solution is that, by designing a water storage area with different height differences, the formed step height difference is used to convert potential energy and electrical energy, thereby improving the reliability and stability of pumped storage energy;
- the disclosed cascade pumped storage power station effectively widens the range of energy storage selection points, so that the site can be closer to the load center, new energy base, UHV line intersection, etc. Promote the safe and stable operation of the power grid, and form a new energy micro-grid system according to the energy development situation of the mining area, and transform the mining area from a large industrial water and electricity consumer to a new energy power output place, which has outstanding environmental and social benefits.
- the high-level water storage area may adopt a ground subsidence area of an abandoned mine.
- the ground subsidence area refers to the upper subsidence area formed on the ground after mining, and the ground subsidence area can be further strengthened by measuring the scope of the ground subsidence area, the volume of water source, etc., so that the ground subsidence area can be used as the high position of the cascade pumped storage power station
- the water storage area is the upper reservoir.
- the original shaft of the abandoned mine can be used as a pedestrian and power transmission well and water pipeline well of a cascade pumped storage power station, used to install water transmission channels, transmission lines or as a pedestrian channel, etc., to make full use of the underground space of the abandoned mine .
- each of the lower water storage areas that is, the high water storage area, the middle water storage area, and the low water storage area may be provided with a blocking wall on at least one side thereof, the blocking wall separating each storage area from the same plane
- the unstable space and / or goaf are used to block the connection between the underground water storage space of the abandoned mine and the unstable space.
- the plugging wall material can be plugged with reinforced concrete, and the plugging measures and techniques are well known in the art technology.
- the present disclosure can also establish an adjustable channel for the underground water storage space and the upper water-bearing rock layer; further, a control valve is installed on the plugging wall, and a central water storage area, a low water storage area, and goaf are established through the control valve
- a control valve is installed on the plugging wall, and a central water storage area, a low water storage area, and goaf are established through the control valve
- the connection of the area when the aquifer makes the water flow into the goaf under the influence of mining, the control valve can ensure the controllable connection between the underground water storage space and the goaf (water content) to ensure the energy storage process Water supply in the.
- the control valve may be a one-way valve, so that the water in the water storage area does not flow to the goaf area.
- the height difference between the high water storage area and the middle water storage area, and between the middle water storage area and the low water storage area is smaller than the highest lift of the bidirectional generator set. Furthermore, the height difference between the high water storage area and the middle water storage area, and between the middle water storage area and the low water storage area is 200-400 m.
- the present disclosure can output current through an external power supply for pumping and storing energy of a bidirectional generator set, or provide solar and / or wind energy devices, and form a complementary system of wind and solar power generation with a cascade pumping and storing power station.
- the complementary system of wind and solar power generation can make full use of the complementarity of wind and light resources in time distribution, and can output stable and highly reliable electrical energy, reducing the impact on the grid during grid connection.
- Another embodiment of the present disclosure also provides a method for forming a cascade pumped storage power plant as described above, including the following steps:
- the two-way generator set is used to carry out cascade pumping and storage by stepping pumping or drainage between the high water storage area and the middle water storage area, and the middle water storage area and the low water storage area through the water transmission channel.
- the method for determining the properties of the surrounding rock includes: measuring the water-bearing rock layer, the water-bearing rock layer, and the distribution of the water flow field of the abandoned mine by drilling, sonic detection, and isotope measurement to obtain the water-bearing rock layer and the water-bearing rock layer Distribution, according to on-site observation and theoretical analysis of the influence of aquifers, the risk factors and management measures for the middle and low water storage areas are obtained. Based on the data obtained, the surrounding rock properties of the mine were further determined, and the abandoned mine roadway with stable surrounding rock characteristics was selected as the central and low-level water storage area for the cascade development of the abandoned mine cascade pumped storage power station.
- ground subsidence area water source volume and water supply replenishment time nodes are measured, and the ground subsidence area of the mine is strengthened as a high water storage area according to the obtained data.
- the detection methods include: detecting the range of ground subsidence area and water source volume caused by mining through earth remote sensing technology; establishing a long-term ground and satellite joint observation system, analyzing and analyzing the evolution of the water level of the upper reservoir formed in the subsidence area, and determining the water supply time node.
- the ground subsidence area is reinforced as the high-level water storage area of the cascade pumped storage power station, that is, the upper reservoir;
- the ground subsidence area reinforcement mainly includes slope reinforcement and anti-seepage design to ensure the safety and water source of the upper reservoir formed by the ground subsidence area Stable volume.
- the mined-out area of the abandoned mine as a backup water storage area.
- water can be established by establishing a connection between the goaf and the stable roadway of the abandoned mine, so as to ensure the supply of water to the underground water storage area during energy storage.
- FIG. 1 is a process diagram of a method for forming a cascade pumped storage power plant according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the cascade pumped storage power plant uses an abandoned mine as an underground space and a ground collapsed area of the abandoned mine as a high-level water storage area, specifically including the following steps :
- D. Arrange water storage tank, pump room and two-way generator set in the middle water storage area and the low water storage area respectively, and install the two-way generator set near the water storage in the middle water storage area and the low water storage area, using the original Pedestrian, power generation, and water transmission lines are divided between two or more depots.
- the current generated by the new energy from the wind-solar complementary system is transmitted to the generator unit in the low-level water storage area through the cable arranged on the transmission line.
- the water source flows from the water storage space in the low-level water storage area (that is, the lower reservoir) into the low-level water tank.
- the generator set Under the action of the generator set, it is pumped out to the middle storage area through the water delivery channel, and then flows into the middle storage tank from the water storage space (ie, the middle reservoir) of the middle storage area, and is drawn out through the water transmission pipeline under the action of the middle bidirectional generator set To the ground collapse area.
- the water source flows into the middle reservoir and the lower reservoir from the ground collapse area through the two-way generator set through the water transmission channel to generate current, and the current is connected to the power grid through the cable;
- the range prediction of the subsidence area caused by mining and the prediction of the water source are carried out by earth remote sensing technology.
- the prediction of the water source can be obtained through the calculation model of underground precipitation, surface water, groundwater and mine water underground relationship of the mining area and the movement law of coal mine mining groundwater.
- the distribution of aquifers, aquifers, and flow fields can be measured by drilling, acoustic detection, and isotope measurements to ensure that the location of the lower reservoir must be outside the area affected by the aquifer.
- a calculation model can be specifically established by field analysis, and the distribution characteristics of the seepage field under the influence of mining can be determined by an isotope experiment method.
- the reinforcement of the ground subsidence area may include at least the following methods: slope reinforcement and anti-seepage design, so as to ensure the safety of the upper reservoir formed by the upper subsidence area and the stability of the water source volume.
- the following improvement methods can be adopted for the reinforcement of the ground subsidence area: for the stability of the rock layer: spray anchor reinforcement, anti-slide piles, pressure grouting, concrete slope protection and shotcrete anti-seepage.
- the step B further includes determining the seepage flow under the influence of mining by the isotope experiment method for the rock layer characteristics, layer relationship, aquifer position, water content, aquifer water pressure size, aquifer thickness and water barrier characteristics Determination of field distribution characteristics, etc., to ensure that the location of the underground water storage area must be outside the area affected by the aquifer.
- the measurement of the surrounding rock properties of the mine in step B at least includes: rock hydraulic properties, rock failure characteristics under dynamic loading, and distribution of surrounding rock plastic zones.
- the method for improving the properties of the rock layer may include at least the following aspects:
- a vertical anti-seepage combination may be adopted for the leakage reservoir section Horizontal anti-seepage cover.
- the anti-seepage scheme of the entire asphalt basin, the anti-seepage body and the basin form a whole, and the curtain grouting treatment of the foundation consolidation grouting machine is carried out.
- the water storage volume of the middle reservoir and the lower reservoir is determined using the water storage space and the elevation of the water silo as standards.
- the stability characteristics of the water conveyance channel between the water storage areas are tested.
- the water storage space of the abandoned mine shaft is subjected to anti-seepage maintenance or an anti-seepage layer is constructed.
- connection between the lower water storage area and the goaf is established through the control valve.
- the control valve is used to replenish the water source of the storage power station.
- the generator set is installed near the water tank of the middle reservoir and the lower reservoir respectively, and the original two or more parking yards are used to divide the pedestrian, power generation, and water transmission lines. .
- FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 are schematic diagrams of the space of a cascade pumped storage power plant according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. 3 is a central and low-level water storage area, equipment arrangement and anti-blocking measures of a cascade pumped storage power plant according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
- 4 is a layout section of a cascade pumped storage power station according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the ground subsidence area 18 located at the surface 1 is reinforced as a cascade pumping
- the high-level water storage area of the storage power station, and through the distribution of the water-bearing rock layer 12 and the water-resistant rock layer 13 and other conditions, stable mine roadways with stable surrounding rocks of different heights are selected as the underground water storage area of the cascade pumped storage power station, namely Middle water storage area 19 and low water storage area 20.
- Abandoned mines generally include stable roadways, mined-out areas 17, shafts, unstable spaces, and recovery roadways 11, etc. What can be used as the underground water storage area for the construction of cascade pumped storage power stations is the stability that is not affected by mining and the surrounding rock conditions are better Alleyway.
- the upper reservoir of the pumped storage power station is a place for storing water and storing energy.
- the water volume of the upper and lower reservoirs must be recycled.
- the area is small, the storage capacity is small, and the water volume is limited.
- the remote sensing technology can be used to measure and control the volume and evapotranspiration of the water source within the collapsed area caused by mining, and to determine the time point of water source replenishment.
- the underground water storage area includes water storage space (i.e., middle reservoir 8, lower reservoir 16), water storage tank (not shown), pump room (not shown), water pipeline well 5 connecting each water storage area and pedestrians and power transmission Well 6, middle bidirectional generator set 7a and low bidirectional generator set 7b.
- the water transmission pipeline well 5 is provided with a water transmission channel 15, the pedestrian and the power transmission well 6 can be used as a pedestrian channel, and a power transmission line 14 is paved.
- the water transmission pipeline well 5 and pedestrian and power transmission well 6 can be constructed on the basis of the original shaft of the abandoned mine, or can be re-excavated.
- the guide tunnel can be excavated at an angle outside the affected area of the ground collapse area, on the one hand, it is convenient for the installation of the lower unit, and on the other hand, it also serves as a ventilation pedestrian passage and a transmission line.
- the middle bidirectional genset 7a and the low bidirectional genset 7b are bidirectional gensets, which can play the dual functions of pumping and power generation in the process of pumping and storing energy.
- the two-way generator set is arranged near the middle reservoir 8 and the lower reservoir 16, respectively. Under normal circumstances, in the original mine design, the mine roadway and cavern contain water and have the characteristics of self-inflow water tank. Therefore, in the process of pumping and storing energy, the bidirectional generator set only needs to suck out the water source through the water inlet in the water tank.
- Each water storage area is also provided with a plugging wall 10 for blocking the connection between the water storage space and the unstable space and / or the goaf 17, etc.
- the plugging wall is provided with a control valve (not shown), It can ensure the controllable connection between the water storage space and the mined-out area, and when the mined-out area is affected by the mining, the water supply is guaranteed, and the water supply during the energy storage process is guaranteed.
- the control valve may be a one-way valve, so that the water in the water storage area does not flow to the goaf area.
- the process of specifically implementing cascade pumped storage is as follows:
- the current generated by wind energy 2 and solar energy 4 is transmitted to the low-level bidirectional generator set 7b through the transmission line 14 laid on the pedestrian and the transmission well 6, and the water source flows from the lower reservoir 16 into the water tank.
- the water channel 15 is drawn out to the middle reservoir 8; under the action of the central bidirectional generator set 7a, the water source flows into the water reservoir from the middle reservoir 8 and is further drawn out to the ground collapsed area through the water delivery channel 15.
- the water flow uses the water transmission channel 15 to flow into the middle reservoir 8 from the ground subsidence area 18 through the neutral bidirectional generator set 7a to generate current.
- the current is merged into the power grid 3 through the transmission line 14 laid on the pedestrian and the transmission well 6; the water flow uses the water transmission channel 15 Further, it flows into the lower reservoir 16 from the middle reservoir 8 via the low-level bidirectional generator set 7b, and generates a current.
- the current is merged into the power grid 3 through the transmission line 14 laid on the pedestrian and the transmission well 6.
- the high-level water storage area, the middle-level water storage area and the low-level water storage area described in the present disclosure are for the convenience of describing the relative height, and are not meant to be limited to three-layer water storage area.
- the number, depth and relative height difference of the water storage area can be set according to the actual conditions of the mine. For example: 2 to 3 layers of water storage areas are set in the middle storage area, 2 to 3 layers of water storage areas are set in the low storage area, and the water transfer between each storage area or between each storage area is based on actual operating conditions
- a two-way generator set is set near the water channel to realize cascade pumped storage.
- the bidirectional generator set of the present disclosure can play the dual functions of pumping and power generation during pumped storage. That is, by using the two-way generator set, the present disclosure only needs one water delivery channel to realize pumping and energy storage, without the need to provide two channels (such as an upward channel and a downward channel) for water pumping and drainage.
- the installation position of the two-way generator set should consider its own highest head.
- the “two-way generator set is set between the high water storage area and the middle water storage area, and between the middle water storage area and the low water storage area.
- Interval means: two-way generators can be installed in the high water storage area, the middle water storage area, and the low water storage area, or the two-way generators can be installed in the high water storage area and the middle water storage area respectively The area between the middle water storage area and the low water storage area is set on or near the water conveyance channel between the water storage areas.
- the present disclosure improves the stability and reliability of pumped storage by constructing a cascade pumped storage power station with a step height difference, and at the same time solves the problem of large generator set installation restrictions.
- it can effectively expand the range of energy storage selection points, promote the safe and stable operation of the power grid, save costs, and promote the restoration of the natural ecological environment of the mining area.
- Environmental and social benefits are possible.
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Abstract
一种梯级抽水蓄能电站，包括：高位储水区、中位储水区(19)和低位储水区(20)；输水通道(15)，连通于高位储水区与中位储水区(19)之间，及连通于中位储水区(19)和低位储水区(20)之间；双向发电机组，设置于高位储水区与中位储水区(19)之间、及设置于中位储水区(19)与低位储水区(20)之间，利用双向发电机组经输水通道(15)抽水蓄能或发电。梯级抽水蓄能电站的形成方法，选择废弃矿井巷道构建地下储水区，并构建具有高差的至少中位储水区和低位储水区作为地下储水区。
Description
交叉引用
本申请要求于2018年10月30日递交的中国发明申请第201811278949.2号的优先权，在此全文引用上述中国专利申请公开的内容以作为本公开的一部分。
本公开涉及矿业工程及水利工程领域，具体涉及一种梯级抽水蓄能电站及其形成方法。
随着煤炭资源的枯竭以及能源结构调整等因素影响，大量矿井报废关闭或进入报废过渡阶段，据统计，截止2015年底，中国煤矿的报废量就达到2888座。煤矿报废后留下的矿洞一般均具有空间大、深度不一、不同高差、水源充足等特点，这些条件恰恰是建设抽水蓄能电站的有利条件。
利用废弃矿井建设蓄能电站是一种很有前景的储能方式，不仅有利于拓宽蓄能选点范围，使站址向负荷中心、新能源基地、特高压线路交集处等靠近，促进电网安全稳定运行，并可根据矿区能源开发情况，构成新能源微电网系统，使矿区从工业耗水耗电大户转变为新能源电源输出地；同时利用矿洞建设蓄能可以减少筑坝工程量和征地费用，缓解水源蒸发问题，有效节约项目投资；此外还可促进矿区自然生态环境的恢复，带动周边相关产业发展，实现变废为宝，且不需要山谷条件、耕地、移民问题较小，具有突出环境和社会效益。
然而，利用废弃矿井建设抽水蓄能电站与传统抽水蓄能电站有所不同，受地质、环境、设备影响，水库的选址以及电站的布局方式影响着整个电站的稳定性和经济效益，此外，由于抽水蓄能电站通常需设置在地下500-1000米左右，对于大型机组在地下的布置也带来了很多限制。
因此，亟需一种新的抽水蓄能电站及其形成方法，以优化其运行方式。
发明内容
根据本公开的一个方面，提供一种梯级抽水蓄能电站。其中，包括高位储水区、中位储水区和低位储水区、输水通道以及双向发电机组。所述输水通道连通于高位储水区与中位储水区之间，及连通于中位储水区和低位储水区之间。所述双向发电机组设置于高位储水区与中位储水区之间、及设置于中位储水区与低位储水区之间，利用所述双向发电机组经所述输水通道抽水蓄能或发电。其中，至少中位储水区和低位储水区作为地下储水区，所述地下储水区位于废弃矿井的地下空间。
根据本公开的另一个方面，提供一种上述梯级抽水蓄能电站的形成方法，包括如下步骤：
测定围岩性质，选择围岩特性稳定的废弃矿井巷道构建地下储水区，并构建具有高差的至少中位储水区和低位储水区作为地下储水区；
在废弃矿井井筒内构建连通高位储水区与中位储水区、及中位储水区与低位储水区的输水通道，并在高位储水区与中位储水区之间、及中位储水区与低位储水区之间分别设置双向发电机组；
利用所述双向发电机组经输水通道在高位储水区与中位储水区、及中位储水区与低位储水区之间分梯次的扬水或排水，以进行梯级抽水蓄能。
图1为本公开一实施方式的梯级抽水蓄能电站形成方法的过程图；
图2为本公开一实施方式的梯级抽水蓄能电站的空间示意图；
图3为本公开一实施方式的梯级抽水蓄能电站的中位储水区和低位储水区、设备布置及防堵措施的平面布置图；
图4为本公开一实施方式的梯级抽水蓄能电站的布置图剖面；
其中，附图标记说明如下：
1：地表
2：风能；
3：电网；
4：太阳能；
5：输水管路井；
6：行人及输电井；
7a：中位双向发电机组；
7b：低位双向发电机组；
8：中水库；
9：岩层；
10：封堵墙；
11：回采巷道；
12：含水岩层；
13：隔水岩层；
14：输电线路；
15：输水通道；
16：下水库；
17：采空区；
18：地面塌陷区
19：中位储水区；
20：低位储水区。
下面根据具体实施例对本公开的技术方案做进一步说明。本公开的保护范围不限于以下实施例，列举这些实例仅出于示例性目的而不以任何方式限制本公开。
本公开的一个实施方式提供一种梯级抽水蓄能电站，包括：高位储水区、中位储水区和低位储水区；输水通道，连通于高位储水区与中位储水区之间，及连通于中位储水区和低位储水区之间；以及双向发电机组，设置于高位储水区与中位储水区之间、及设置于中位储水区与低位储水区之间，利用所述双向发电机组经所述输水通道抽水蓄能或发电；其中，至少中位储水区和低位储水区作为地下储水区，所述地下储水区位于废弃矿井的地下空间。
具体地，本公开所述的“废弃矿井”是指开采后停止作业的矿井或正在开采的矿井中已废弃的地下作业面。该废弃矿井一般包括稳定巷道、采空区、井筒、不稳定空间、回采巷道等，能构建梯级抽水蓄能电站地下储水区的是不受采动影响及围岩条件较好的稳定巷道。
上述技术方案的有益效果在于，通过设计具有不同高差的储水区，利用形成的梯级高差进行势能与电能转换，从而实现了抽水蓄能可靠性和稳定性的提高；
通过在各储水区之间的输水通道上分别设置双向发电机组，有效解决了传统储水蓄能电站地下空间太深，对大型机组布置产生限制的问题。
通过充分利用废弃矿井的地下空间，促进了矿区自然生态环境的恢复，带动周边相关产业发展，实现变废为宝；利用开采后形成的地面塌陷区作为高位储水区，还可以减少筑坝工程量和征地费用，有效节约项目投资；总之，本公开的梯级抽水蓄能电站有效的扩宽了蓄能选点范围，使站址可向负荷中心、新能源基地、特高压线路交集处等靠近，促进电网的安全稳定运行，并可根据矿区能源开发情况，构成新能源微电网系统，使矿区从工业耗水耗电大户转变为新能源电源输出地，具有突出环境和社会效益。
进一步地，所述高位储水区可采用废弃矿井的地面塌陷区。所述地面塌陷区是指矿井开采后在地面形成的上部塌陷区，通过测定地面塌陷区的范围、水源体量等可进一步对其加固，使该地面塌陷区可作为梯级抽水蓄能电站的高位储水区，即上水库。
进一步地，可以利用废弃矿井的原有井筒作为梯级抽水蓄能电站的行人及输电井、输水管路井，用于安装输水通道、输电线路或作为行人通道等，充分利用废弃矿井的地下空间。
进一步地，各地下储水区，即高位储水区、中位储水区和低位储水区可分别在其至少一侧设置封堵墙，所述封堵墙分离各储水区与其同一平面的不稳定空间和/或采空区，以用于封堵废弃矿井地下储水空间与不稳定空间的联系，封堵墙材料可采用钢筋混凝土进行封堵，封堵措施与技术采用本领域公知技术。此外，本公开还可建立地下储水空间与其上部含水岩层的可调节通道；进一步在所述封堵墙上安装控制阀门，通过该控制阀门建立中位储水区和低位储水区与采空区的联系，含水层在采动影响下使水流进入采空区时，通过所述控制阀门，可保证地下储水空间与采空区(含水)之间的可控联系，保障在蓄能过程中的水源补给。较佳地，该控制阀门可为单向阀门，以使储水区的水不至流向采空区。
进一步地，高位储水区与中位储水区之间、及中位储水区与低位储水区之间的高差小于所述双向发电机组的最高扬程。更进一步地，所述的高位储水区与中位储水区之间、及中位储水区与低位储水区之间的高差为200～400m。本公开通过设计这种具有梯级高差分布的地下储水区，使得位于各储水区的发电机组的布置不受限于梯级抽水蓄能电站的深度，降低了发电机组的布置难度。
进一步地，本公开可通过外接电源输出电流供双向发电机组抽水蓄能，或设置太阳能和/或风能装置，与梯级抽水蓄能电站构成风光发电互补系统。风光发电互补系统可充分利用风、光资源在时间分布上的互补性，能够输出稳定、可靠性高的电能，减少并网时对 电网的冲击。
本公开的另一个实施方式还提供一种如上所述的梯级抽水蓄能电站的形成方法，包括如下步骤：
测定围岩性质，选择围岩特性稳定的废弃矿井巷道构建地下储水区，并构建具有高差的至少中位储水区和低位储水区作为地下储水区；
在废弃矿井井筒内构建连通高位储水区与中位储水区、及中位储水区与低位储水区的输水通道，并在高位储水区与中位储水区之间、及中位储水区与低位储水区之间分别设置双向发电机组；
利用所述双向发电机组经输水通道在高位储水区与中位储水区、及中位储水区与低位储水区之间分梯次的扬水或排水，以进行梯级抽水蓄能。
具体地，所述测定围岩性质的方法包括：通过钻孔、声波探测以及同位素测定等方式对废弃矿井的含水岩层、隔水岩层、水流场分布等进行测定，获得含水岩层及隔水岩层分布情况，根据现场观测及理论分析对含水岩层影响下，得到中位储水区、低位储水区的风险因素与管控措施。进一步根据所得数据进一步测定矿洞围岩性质，选择围岩特性稳定的废弃矿井巷道作为梯级开发废弃矿井梯级抽水蓄能电站的中位储水区和低位储水区。
进一步地，测定地面塌陷区的范围、水源体量及水源补给时间节点，根据所得数据加固矿井的地面塌陷区作为高位储水区。
进一步地，当采用地面塌陷区作为高位储水区时，需测定地面塌陷区的范围、水源体量及水源补给时间节点，根据所得数据加固地面塌陷区作为高位储水区。检测方式包括：通过地球遥感技术检测采矿引起的地面塌陷区范围、水源体量等；建立长期地面与卫星联合观测体系，对塌陷区形成上水库水平面演化整理分析，确定水源补给时间节点。根据所得数据加固地面塌陷区作为梯级抽水蓄能电站的高位储水区，即上水库；地面塌陷区加固主要包括边坡加固、防渗设计，保证地面塌陷区所形成的上水库的安全及水源体量稳定。
进一步地，还包括采用所述废弃矿井的采空区作为备用储水区。当废弃矿井的采空区受采动影响进水时，可通过建立采空区与废弃矿井稳定巷道的联系，从而保障在蓄能过程中对地下储水区的水源补给。
下面通过具体实施例说明：
图1为本公开一实施方式的梯级抽水蓄能电站形成方法的过程图，该梯级抽水蓄能电站采用废弃矿井作为地下空间，采用废弃矿井的地面塌陷区作为高位储水区，具体包括如下步骤：
A.通过地球遥感技术测定采矿引起的地面塌陷区范围、水源体量等，建立长期地面与卫星联合观测体系，对地面塌陷区形成上水库水平面演化整理分析，确定水源补给时间节点，根据所得数据加固地面塌陷区作为梯级抽水蓄能电站的高位储水区；
B.通过钻孔、声波探测以及同位素测定等方式对含水岩层、隔水岩层、水流场分布进行测定，根据所得数据进一步测定矿洞围岩性质，选择围岩特性稳定储水空间作为梯级抽水蓄能电站的中位储水区和低位储水区；
C.封堵废弃矿井各储水区与其同一平面的不稳定空间及采空区的联系；建立各储水区与上部含水岩层的可调节通道；
D.在中位储水区和低位储水区分别布置水仓、泵房和双向发电机组，将双向发电机组分别安装至中位储水区和低位储水区的水仓附近，利用原有两个或多个车场进行行人、发电、输水线路的划分。
E.来自风光互补系统的新能源产生的电流，通过布置在输电线路的电缆传至低位储水区发电机组，水源从低位储水区的储水空间(即下水库)流入低位水仓，在发电机组作用下经输水通道抽出至中位储水区，再从中位储水区的储水空间(即中水库)流入中位水仓，在中位双向发电机组作用下经输水管道抽出至地面塌陷区。
F.水源利用输水通道从地面塌陷区经过双向发电机组分别流入中水库和下水库，产生电流，电流通过电缆并入电网；
较佳地，所述步骤A中，是通过地球遥感技术对采矿引起的塌陷区范围预测和水源的预测。其中，对水源的预测可以通过矿区大气降水、地表水、地下水和矿井水地下关系计算模型和煤矿开采地下水的运移规律得出。再者，可以通过钻孔、声波探测和同位素测定法对含水层、隔水层、水流场分布进行测定，确保下水库选址必须在含水岩层影响区域外。
较佳地，所述步骤A中，对于地面塌陷区的选定，具体可以通过对现场分析建立计算模型，通过同位素实验方法确定采动影响下渗流场分布特性。
较佳地，所述步骤A中，对于地面塌陷区的加固，至少可以包括以下方式：边坡加固、防渗设计，以此保证上部塌陷区所形成上水库的安全及水源体量稳定。再者，地面塌陷区的加固还可以采用以下改善方法：针对岩层的稳定性可以采用：喷锚加固、抗滑桩、压力灌浆、混凝土护坡和喷浆防渗。
较佳地，所述步骤B还包括对岩层特性、层位关系、含水层位置、含水量、含水层水压大小，隔水层厚度及隔水特性、通过同位素实验方法确定采动影响下渗流场分布特性等的测定，从而确保地下储水区的选址必须在含水岩层影响区域外。
较佳地，所述步骤B的矿洞围岩性质测定至少包括：岩石水理性质、动载作用下岩石破坏特性、围岩塑性区分布。
较佳地，在所述步骤B中，对于岩层性质(影响密闭性和稳定性)问题的改善方法至少可以包括以下方面：针对岩层的密闭性可以采用：对渗漏库段采用垂直防渗结合水平防渗铺盖。沥青混凝土全库盆防渗方案，防渗体与库盆形成一个整体，并进行基础固结灌浆机帷幕灌浆处理。较佳地，进行矿井地质参数测定过程中，以储水空间与水仓标高为标准确定中水库和下水库的储水体量。
较佳地，根据各储水区之间的高差，对各储水区之间的输水通道的稳定性特性进行测试。
较佳地，根据地质与岩石力学特性分析，对废弃矿井的储水空间进行防渗维护或构建防渗层。
较佳地，通过控制阀门建立各地下储水区与采空区之间联系，含水岩层在采动影响下使水流进入采空区时，通过所述控制阀门，进行蓄能电站水源补给。
较佳地，利用矿井设计中矿井水自流水仓的特点，将发电机组分别安装至中水库和下水库的水仓附近，利用原有两个或多个车场进行行人、发电、输水线路划分。
结合图2、图3和图4对所述梯级抽水蓄能电站进一步说明。图2为本公开一实施方式的梯级抽水蓄能电站的空间示意图；图3为本公开一实施方式的梯级抽水蓄能电站的中位储水区和低位储水区、设备布置及防堵措施的平面布置图；图4为本公开一实施方式的梯级抽水蓄能电站的布置图剖面。
通过所述步骤A和B对高位储水区、中位储水区和低位储水区选址，如图2、图3、图4所示，加固位于地表1的地面塌陷区18作为梯级抽水蓄能电站的高位储水区，并通过对含水岩层12及隔水岩层13分布等情况选择不同高度的围岩性质稳定的废弃矿井稳定巷道分别作为梯级抽水蓄能电站的地下储水区，即中位储水区19和低位储水区20。废弃矿井一般包括稳定巷道、采空区17、井筒、不稳定空间、回采巷道11等，能作为构建梯级抽水蓄能电站地下储水区的是不受采动影响及围岩条件较好的稳定巷道。
此外，抽水蓄能电站上水库是一个储水蓄能的场所，上水库和下水库的水量要循环使用，面积不大、库容小，其水量有限。日常运行中除需考虑少量渗漏外，还需要考虑上水库蒸发导致的水量减少。对此，可以通过地球遥感技术对采矿引起的塌陷区范围内水源体量、蒸发量、进行测控，确定水源补给时间节点及时进行水源补给。
地下储水区包括储水空间(即中水库8，下水库16)、水仓(未图示)、泵房(未图 示)、连通各储水区的输水管路井5和行人及输电井6、中位双向发电机组7a及低位双向发电机组7b。输水管路井5中设有输水通道15，行人及输电井6中可作为行人通道，并铺设有输电线路14。该输水管路井5和行人及输电井6可在废弃矿井原有井筒的基础上构建，也可以重新开挖。较佳的，可在地面塌陷区影响区之外，倾斜开挖导洞，一方面方便下部机组安装，另一方面兼做通风行人通道及输电线路。
所述中位双向发电机组7a及低位双向发电机组7b为双向发电机组，可在抽水蓄能过程中发挥泵送、发电的双重功能。所述的双向发电机组分别布置在中水库8和下水库16的附近，一般情况下原矿井设计中矿井巷道及洞室所含水，有自流入水仓特性。因此，抽水蓄能过程中双向发电机组仅通过水仓内的入水口吸出水源即可。
各储水区还设有封堵墙10，用于封堵储水空间与不稳定空间及/或采空区17等的联系，所述封堵墙上设有控制阀门(未图示)，可保证储水空间与采空区之间的可控联系，当采空区受到采动影响进水时，保障在蓄能过程中的水源补给。较佳地，该控制阀门可为单向阀门，以使储水区的水不至流向采空区。
根据本公开的一个实施方式，具体实现梯级抽水蓄能的过程如下：
风能2、太阳能4产生的电流，通过铺设在行人及输电井6的输电线路14传至低位双向发电机组7b，水源从下水库16流入水仓，在低位双向发电机组7b的作用下，经输水通道15抽出至中水库8；在中位双向发电机组7a的作用下，水源从中水库8流入水仓，再经输水通道15进一步抽出至地面塌陷区。
水流利用输水通道15从地面塌陷区18经过中位双向发电机组7a流入中水库8，产生电流，电流通过铺设在行人及输电井6的输电线路14并入电网3；水流利用输水通道15进一步从中水库8经过低位双向发电机组7b流入下水库16，产生电流，电流通过铺设在行人及输电井6的输电线路14并入电网3。
需要说明的是，本公开所述的高位储水区、中位储水区及低位储水区是为了便于对相对高度的描述，并不意味着仅限于设置三层储水区。储水区的数量、深度、相对高差等的设置可根据矿井的实际情况而定。例如：在中位储水区设置2～3层储水区，在低位储水区设置2～3层储水区，并根据实际作业情况在各储水区或各储水区之间的输水通道附近设置双向发电机组，实现梯级抽水蓄能。
此外，还应理解的是，本公开的双向发电机组可在抽水蓄能过程中发挥泵送、发电的双重功能。即通过利用该双向发电机组，使得本公开仅需要一条输水通道即可实现抽水和蓄能，而无需设置两条通道(如上行通道和下行通道)进行扬水和排水。双向发电机组的 设置位置应考虑其自身的最高扬程，所述的“双向发电机组设置于高位储水区与中位储水区之间、及设置于中位储水区与低位储水区之间”是指：可在高位储水区、中位储水区、低位储水区上分别设置双向发电机组，或也可将双向发电机组分别设置于高位储水区与中位储水区之间、及中位储水区与低位储水区之间的区域，如在各储水区之间的输水通道上或其附近设置。
此外，对于本公开提出的梯级抽水蓄能电站的选址问题，可以参考以下优选标准的至少其中之一实施：(1)煤层底板较低处、无导水构造和不良地质条件、煤层底板岩层渗透性低、矿井水补给文稳定、便于水体调用。(2)采空区覆岩含有采动造成的裂隙带，具有较强的导流能力，密闭性和稳定性差，一般不适合作为储水库，应该与储水库隔离。(3)无移民搬迁任务，地面附着物量少、种类少，迁占问题容易解决。(4)库址距离城区水源较远，不污染城区水源地。(5)库址距城市污水处理厂近。
本公开通过构建梯级高差的梯级抽水蓄能电站，提高了抽水蓄能的稳定性和可靠性，同时解决了大型发电机组安装限制的问题。此外，通过充分的利用地面塌陷区和地下废弃进行水库及机组的布置，可有效扩宽蓄能选点范围，促进电网的安全稳定运行，节约成本，促进矿区自然生态环境的恢复等，具有突出的环境和社会效益。
本领域技术人员应当注意的是，本公开所描述的实施方式仅仅是示范性的，可在本公开的范围内作出各种其他替换、改变和改进。因而，本公开不限于上述实施方式，而仅由权利要求书限定。
Claims (10)
- 一种梯级抽水蓄能电站，包括：高位储水区、中位储水区和低位储水区；输水通道，连通于高位储水区与中位储水区之间，及连通于中位储水区和低位储水区之间；以及双向发电机组，设置于高位储水区与中位储水区之间、及设置于中位储水区与低位储水区之间，利用所述双向发电机组经所述输水通道抽水蓄能或发电；其中，至少中位储水区和低位储水区为地下储水区，所述地下储水区位于废弃矿井的地下空间。
- 如权利要求1所述的梯级抽水蓄能电站，其中高位储水区为所述地下储水区；或者，高位储水区为所述废弃矿井的地面塌陷区。
- 如权利要求1所述的梯级抽水蓄能电站，其中所述废弃矿井的地下空间包括巷道、采空区和井筒，在所述巷道内构建地下储水区，在所述井筒内构建输水通道。
- 如权利要求1所述的梯级抽水蓄能电站，其中各所述地下储水区的至少一侧设有封堵墙，所述封堵墙设有控制阀门。
- 如权利要求1所述的梯级抽水蓄能电站，其中所述高位储水区与中位储水区、及中位储水区与低位储水区之间的高差小于所述双向发电机组的最高扬程。
- 如权利要求5所述的梯级抽水蓄能电站，其中所述高位储水区与中位储水区、及中位储水区与低位储水区之间的高差为200～400m。
- 如权利要求1所述的梯级抽水蓄能电站，其中还包括太阳能和/或风能发电装置，所述太阳能和/或风能发电装置与梯级抽水蓄能电站构成风光发电互补系统。
- 一种梯级抽水蓄能电站的形成方法，包括如下步骤：测定围岩性质，选择围岩特性稳定的废弃矿井巷道构建地下储水区，并构建具有高差的至少中位储水区和低位储水区作为地下储水区；在废弃矿井井筒内构建连通高位储水区与中位储水区、及中位储水区与低位储水区的输水通道，并在高位储水区与中位储水区之间、及中位储水区与低位储水区之间分别设置双向发电机组；利用所述双向发电机组经输水通道在高位储水区与中位储水区、及中位储水区与低位储水区之间分梯次的扬水或排水，以进行梯级抽水蓄能。
- 如权利要求8所述的梯级抽水蓄能电站的形成方法，其中加固所述废弃矿井的地 面塌陷区作为高位储水区。
- 如权利要求8所述的梯级抽水蓄能电站的形成方法，其中所述废弃矿井的采空区为备用储水区。
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