WO2019189275A1 - セラミックス粉末、焼結体及び電池 - Google Patents
セラミックス粉末、焼結体及び電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019189275A1 WO2019189275A1 PCT/JP2019/013036 JP2019013036W WO2019189275A1 WO 2019189275 A1 WO2019189275 A1 WO 2019189275A1 JP 2019013036 W JP2019013036 W JP 2019013036W WO 2019189275 A1 WO2019189275 A1 WO 2019189275A1
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- ceramic powder
- oxide
- lithium
- lanthanum
- sintered body
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- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
- H01M2300/0071—Oxides
- H01M2300/0074—Ion conductive at high temperature
- H01M2300/0077—Ion conductive at high temperature based on zirconium oxide
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0088—Composites
- H01M2300/0091—Composites in the form of mixtures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to ceramic powder, a sintered body, and a battery.
- a garnet-type compound having a crystal structure similar to that of garnet is not limited to a silicate, and all positions of M 2+ , M 3+ and Si 4+ ions in the crystal structure can be substituted with ions of various valences. For this reason, there are a wide variety of garnet-type compounds having the same crystal structure as garnet. Some chemically synthesized garnet-type compounds are widely used in industry.
- Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (hereinafter abbreviated as LLZ), which is a garnet-type compound, has been attracting attention in recent years because it is suitable as a solid electrolyte material of an all-solid-state lithium ion battery exhibiting remarkable lithium ion conductivity. Material.
- the conventional garnet-type compound has a problem that, for example, a heat treatment exceeding 1100 ° C. is required to obtain a sintered body, so that lithium volatilization easily occurs and decomposition easily occurs. For this reason, the sintered body of the LLZ garnet-type compound has not been so high in ionic conductivity and strength.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above, and a ceramic powder capable of forming a sintered body having a high density and high ionic conductivity even at a sintering temperature lower than that of the prior art, and the ceramic powder.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a sintered body of ceramic powder and a battery including the sintered body of ceramic powder as a constituent element.
- the present inventors have combined the garnet-type oxide containing lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium with the first compound containing a specific kind of element, thereby The inventors have found that the object can be achieved and have completed the present invention.
- the present invention includes, for example, the subject matters described in the following sections.
- Item 1 A garnet-type oxide and a first compound;
- the garnet-type oxide includes zirconium, lithium, and lanthanum
- the first compound is a compound containing at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, lithium, zirconium, gallium, scandium, yttrium, cerium, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium, niobium and tantalum. Ceramic powder.
- Item 2 Item 2.
- the ceramic powder according to Item 1 wherein the garnet-type oxide further contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of gallium, yttrium, cerium, calcium, barium, strontium, niobium, and tantalum.
- Item 3 Item 3.
- Item 4 Item 4.
- Item 5 Item 5.
- Item 6 Item 6.
- Item 7 Item 7.
- Item 8 Item 8.
- Item 9 Item 9. The ceramic powder according to any one of Items 1 to 8, further comprising a third compound containing lanthanum and zirconium and not containing lithium and gallium.
- Item 10 Item 10. The ceramic powder according to Item 9, wherein the third compound is lanthanum zirconate.
- Item 12 The molar ratio La / Zr between lanthanum and zirconium is greater than 1.5 and less than or equal to 1.6; Item 12.
- Item 13 When the molded body is heat-treated to 800 ° C. at 5 ° C./minute and then from 800 to 950 ° C. at 1 ° C./minute, volume shrinkage of the molded body starts at 800 ° C. or higher, Item 13.
- Item 14 The ceramic powder according to any one of Items 1 to 13, wherein lithium lanthanum gallate is generated by heat treatment at 900 ° C. or higher.
- Item 15 Item 15.
- the first oxide contains at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, lithium, zirconium, gallium, scandium, yttrium, cerium, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium, niobium, and tantalum.
- the second oxide is a sintered body that contains lithium and gallium and does not contain lanthanum. Item 15 ' Item 15.
- Item 16 Including a main phase and at least one first phase in addition to the main phase; The main phase is composed of the garnet-type oxide, Item 16.
- Item 17 Further comprising at least one second phase; Item 17.
- the sintered body according to Item 16, wherein the second phase has a composition and / or crystal system different from those of the main phase and the first phase, and is composed of the second oxide.
- Item 18 Item 18.
- Item 19 Item 19.
- Item 21 The value of the molar ratio La / Zr of lanthanum and zirconium is greater than 1.5 and 1.6 or less, and the value of the molar ratio Ga / Zr of gallium and zirconium is 0.075 or more and 0.18 or less.
- Item 22 The sintered body according to any one of claims 15 to 21, wherein the lithium ion conductivity obtained from the total resistance value is 2 ⁇ 10 -4 S / cm or more.
- Item 23 Item 23. The sintered body according to any one of Items 15 to 22, wherein the density is 4.5 to 5.1 g / cm 3 .
- Item 24 The sintered body according to any one of claims 15 to 23, wherein the activation energy of lithium ion conduction is 18 to 28 kJ / mol.
- Item 25 Item 25.
- a battery comprising the sintered body according to any one of Items 15 to 24.
- the ceramic powder according to the present invention can form a sintered body having a high density and high ionic conductivity even at a sintering temperature lower than that of the prior art. Therefore, the sintered body formed using the ceramic powder of the present invention can be suitably used for batteries, in particular, all solid lithium ion secondary batteries.
- Example 3 An example of the XRD measurement result of the ceramic powder obtained in Example 3, Comparative Example 2, and Comparative Example 3 is shown.
- An example of the XRD measurement result of the sintered compact of the ceramic powder obtained in Example 3, Comparative Example 2, and Comparative Example 3 is shown.
- An example of the result of the alternating current impedance measurement of the sintered compact of the ceramic powder obtained in Example 3 is shown.
- An example of the result of the alternating current impedance measurement of the sintered compact of the ceramic powder obtained by the comparative example 2 is shown.
- the XRD measurement result of the ceramic powder produced in Examples 1 and 4 is shown.
- the result of the heating dimensional change rate measurement of the molded object of each ceramic powder of Example 3 and Comparative Example 1 is shown.
- Ceramic powder Ceramic powder contains a garnet-type oxide containing a specific element and a first compound containing a specific element.
- sintering at low temperature includes, for example, sintering at 600 ° C. or more and 1000 ° C. or less.
- Garnet-type oxide contains zirconium, lithium, and lanthanum.
- the garnet-type oxide is preferably a complex oxide containing zirconium, lithium and lanthanum as constituent elements, and can form a solid solution, for example.
- the garnet-type oxide preferably further contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of gallium, yttrium, cerium, calcium, barium, strontium, niobium and tantalum.
- the garnet-type oxide does not contain aluminum, magnesium, zinc and scandium.
- a zirconium compound can usually contain a small amount of hafnium as an inevitable component. Therefore, the compound containing zirconium may inevitably contain hafnium in a molar ratio (number of moles of Hf / number of moles of Zr) of 0.01 to 0.05 with respect to zirconium. .
- the hafnium component is not observed as an impurity compound, and is considered to be present at the zirconium position in the crystal structure. Therefore, unless otherwise specified in this specification, the Zr concentration is expressed as the sum of the concentrations of zirconium and hafnium.
- Zr in the composition ratio means the sum of zirconium and hafnium (this also applies to Zr in the above (Hf / Zr)). It is preferable that hafnium does not exist in the form of an oxide or a salt. The absence of these elements in the form of oxides or salts can be confirmed by XRD spectrum.
- the garnet-type oxide can include, for example, a compound represented by a composition formula Li 7-3x Ga x La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (where 0.15 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.35).
- the garnet-type oxide can be composed of only a compound represented by the composition formula Li 7-3x Ga x La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (where 0.15 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.35).
- a garnet-type oxide is an oxide whose crystal structure forms a garnet-type structure.
- the garnet-type structure is generally cubic and indicates a crystal structure classified into the space group Ia-3d, and means a crystal structure similar to the crystal structure of ore garnet.
- the garnet-type structure can include not only a crystal structure that strictly satisfies the above conditions but also a similar structure thereof. Specifically, for example, a tetragonal crystal structure such as space group I4 1 / acd can be included in the garnet structure.
- Whether the garnet-type oxide has a garnet-type structure can be determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement. Specifically, if a similar diffraction pattern is recognized in the ICRD powder diffraction file 045-0109 (Li 5 La 3 Nb 2 O 12 , cubic system, space group Ia-3d) in the XRD pattern, the garnet structure is used. It can be judged that it has.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- the garnet-type oxide preferably contains a crystal classified as a cubic system such as space group Ia-3d and does not contain a crystal classified as a tetragonal system such as space group I4 1 / acd.
- the ceramic powder contains such a garnet-type oxide, it becomes possible to form a sintered body with higher lithium ion conductivity.
- the crystal garnet-type oxide is not contained crystals classified as tetragonal such space group I4 1 / acd, in the XRD pattern, which is classified into tetragonal such space group I4 1 / acd It means that the peak derived from is not recognized.
- the production method of the garnet-type oxide is not particularly limited, and a wide variety of known garnet-type oxide production methods can be employed. Details of the manufacturing method will be described in the section of “2. Manufacturing method of ceramic powder” described later.
- the first compound is a compound containing at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, lithium, zirconium, gallium, scandium, yttrium, cerium, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium, niobium and tantalum. is there.
- the first compound examples include at least one selected from the group consisting of the at least one metal element and oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, phosphorus, sulfur, boron, and silicon. Mention may be made of compounds composed of seed elements.
- the first compound is a garnet even if the constituent element of the first compound dissolves in the crystal structure of the garnet oxide and replaces the constituent element of the garnet oxide. This is considered to contribute to densification of the sintered body during low-temperature sintering without breaking the crystal structure of the mold.
- the first compound can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the first compound is preferably a compound containing lanthanum, more preferably a compound containing lanthanum and not containing scandium, aluminum and magnesium, and containing lanthanum, zirconium, scandium, yttrium and cerium. More preferably, the compound does not contain aluminum, calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium, niobium and tantalum.
- Examples of the first compound include oxides, hydroxides, carbides, peroxides, chlorides, nitrides, halides, carbonates, nitrates, acetates, phosphates, sulfates, and the like. Of these, oxides are preferred.
- Examples of the first compound in the form of an oxide include lanthanum oxide and composite oxides of lanthanum and other metal elements. The first compound particularly preferably contains lanthanum oxide or consists of lanthanum oxide.
- the ceramic powder may further include a second compound containing lithium.
- the second compound has the property of forming a liquid phase and penetrating between particles during low-temperature sintering at 1000 ° C. or lower, promoting element diffusion between the garnet-type oxide and the first compound, and sintering. It preferably has an action of further promoting densification of the body.
- the second compound preferably has a melting point of 250 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower, more preferably 400 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower, more preferably 500 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower, and particularly preferably 600 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower. It is preferable to have.
- Examples of the second compound include oxides, hydroxides, carbides, peroxides, chlorides, nitrides, halides, carbonates, nitrates, acetates, phosphates, sulfates, and the like. . Further, the second compound may be composed of only one kind, or may contain two or more kinds. The second compound preferably does not contain lanthanum.
- lithium gallate LiGaO 2 : melting point 950 ° C.
- lithium carbonate LiCO 3 : melting point 723 ° C.
- lithium sulfate Li 2 SO 4 : melting point 859 ° C.
- lithium nitrate LiNO 3 : melting point 260
- the second compound may be composed only of lithium gallate.
- the ceramic powder can further contain a third compound.
- the third compound contains lanthanum and zirconium and does not contain lithium and gallium.
- Examples of the third compound include oxides, hydroxides, carbides, peroxides, chlorides, nitrides, halides, carbonates, nitrates, acetates, phosphates, sulfates, and the like. An oxide is preferable.
- the third compound may be composed of only one kind, or may contain two or more kinds.
- the third compound is an oxide
- lanthanum zirconate La 2 Zr 2 O 7
- a composite oxide of lanthanum and zirconium and a metal element other than lithium and gallium can be used. It is particularly preferred that the third compound comprises lanthanum zirconate.
- lanthanum zirconate is likely to be included in ceramic powder when the firing temperature is less than 800 ° C. in the ceramic powder production method described later.
- the third compound may be composed only of lanthanum zirconate, or the third compound may further contain other compounds in addition to lanthanum zirconate.
- the ceramic powder may be substantially composed of a garnet-type oxide and a first compound, and a second compound and / or a third compound contained as necessary. Or ceramic powder may consist only of these garnet-type oxides and 1st compounds, and the 2nd compound and / or 3rd compound contained as needed.
- “consisting essentially of” means that the garnet-type oxide, the first compound, and the second compound contained as necessary to such an extent that the effects of the present invention are not inhibited. And / or that it may contain optional components other than the third compound.
- the phrase “substantially consisting of ...” means that the ceramic powder can contain other optional components to the extent that they do not affect the properties of the ceramic powder.
- the content of the optional component is, for example, 5% by weight or less, preferably 1% by weight or less, more preferably 0.5% by weight or less, still more preferably 0.1% by weight or less, particularly with respect to the total weight of the ceramic powder. Preferably it is 0.05 weight% or less.
- the ceramic powder preferably does not contain aluminum, magnesium, zinc or scandium.
- the first compound contains impurities such as light rare earth containing elements other than those capable of constituting the first compound, such as cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium and europium. Does not disturb. Moreover, in all the embodiments of the ceramic powder, it does not prevent the first compound from containing the above-described aluminum, magnesium, zinc, and scandium as impurities.
- an impurity means what is detected in 1 weight% or less with respect to the total weight of ceramic powder.
- the ceramic powder is not particularly limited in the abundance ratio of the constituent elements as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- the value of the molar ratio La / Zr of lanthanum and zirconium is 1.5 to 1.6, preferably 1.51 to 1.59, More preferably, it is 1.52 or more and 1.58 or less, More preferably, it is 1.53 or more and 1.56 or less.
- the lower limit of the La / Zr value never becomes 1.50 or less.
- the value of the molar ratio Ga / Zr between gallium and zirconium is preferably 0.075 or more and 0.18 or less, more preferably 0.08 or more and 0.17 or less, and further preferably 0.09 or more and 0.16 or less.
- the values of the molar ratio Li / Zr between lithium and zirconium is preferably 2.95 or more and 3.6 or less, more preferably 3.3 or more and 3.5 or less, and further preferably 3.35 or more and 3.4 or less. .
- the value is preferably 0.02 or more and 0.2 or less, more preferably 0.025 or more and 0.1 or less, further preferably 0.03 or more and 0.08 or less, and particularly preferably 0.035 or more and 0.075 or less. .
- the abundance ratio of the garnet-type oxide and the first compound (particularly lanthanum oxide) becomes more preferable, and the sinterability of the ceramic powder is particularly easily improved.
- the value of the ratio I d / I a of the peak intensity I d is, for example, 0.03 or more, preferably 0.04 or more and 0.1 or less, more preferably 0.05 or more and 0.08 or less, and further preferably 0.06 or more. 0.07 or less.
- the abundance ratio of the garnet-type oxide and the third compound (particularly lanthanum zirconate) becomes more preferable, and the sinterability of the ceramic powder is particularly easily improved.
- the ceramic powder molded body tends to form a denser sintered body due to volume shrinkage due to heat treatment, and is particularly excellent in sinterability at low temperatures. Since the ceramic powder easily forms a densified sintered body, the obtained sintered body has, for example, excellent strength and high ionic conductivity.
- the ceramic powder preferably generates lithium lanthanum gallate by heat treatment at 900 ° C. or higher.
- the sintered body obtained by using the ceramic powder can be densified and have a high density.
- the value of the ratio I c / I a of the maximum peak intensity I c in the range is preferably 0.012 to 0.06, more preferably 0.014 to 0.04, and still more preferably 0.015 to 0.035. It is as follows. In this case, the sinterability of the ceramic powder is particularly likely to be improved, and the density of the sintered body is increased, and the ionic conductivity is likely to be improved.
- the volume shrinkage of the molded body starts at 800 ° C. or higher. It is preferable that the heating dimensional change rate of the molded body later is 5% or more. In this case, the ceramic powder is likely to be sintered at a low temperature, and the obtained sintered body is likely to have a high ionic conductivity.
- the molded object of ceramic powder follows the preparation conditions of the molded object for sintering as described in the sintering method demonstrated in the term of an Example.
- Sintered body A sintered body can be obtained using the ceramic powder.
- the method for obtaining the sintered body is not particularly limited, and a wide variety of known sintering methods and sintering conditions can be employed.
- a sintered body of ceramic powder can be obtained by sintering a molded body of ceramic powder (hereinafter referred to as “sintered molded body”) manufactured in advance.
- the method for forming the sintered compact is not particularly limited, and a known molding means such as a cold press method or a cold isostatic pressing method, or a combination of a plurality of known molding means can be used.
- a known molding means such as a cold press method or a cold isostatic pressing method, or a combination of a plurality of known molding means can be used.
- the molding pressure can be in the range of 1 to 20 MPa.
- the cold isostatic pressing method for example, the molding pressure can be in the range of 100 to 300 MPa.
- the ceramic powder may be pulverized in advance before obtaining the sintered compact.
- the method of pulverization is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method using a pulverizer such as a planetary ball mill.
- the ceramic powder can be sintered at a lower temperature than conventional ones.
- the sintering temperature can be 1000 ° C. or lower, and preferably 950 ° C. or lower.
- the lower limit of the sintering temperature can be 900 ° C. or higher, preferably 930 ° C. or higher.
- the sintering time is not particularly limited, and can be selected, for example, in the range of 1 to 30 hours, preferably 3 to 25 hours, and more preferably 10 to 20 hours depending on the sintering temperature.
- a powder bed sintering method may be employed.
- the powder bed sintering method is a method in which a sintered compact is embedded in the same powder as the ceramic powder used to form the molded object, and the sintered compact is sintered in this state. .
- This method is advantageous in that it is easy to prevent volatilization of the composition components in the sintered compact.
- a sintered body obtained by sintering the ceramic powder includes the garnet-type oxide, a first oxide, and a second oxide.
- the first oxide contains at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, lithium, zirconium, gallium, scandium, yttrium, cerium, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium, niobium, and tantalum. It is an oxide.
- the second oxide is an oxide containing lithium and gallium and not containing lanthanum.
- the garnet-type oxide contained in the sintered body is the same as the garnet-type oxide described in the section “1. Ceramic powder”.
- the first oxide is an oxide containing at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, lithium, zirconium, gallium, scandium, yttrium, cerium, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium, niobium, and tantalum. It is a thing. As long as it is such an oxide, the kind of the first oxide is not limited.
- the first oxide is preferably lithium lanthanum gallate in that the sintered body is easily densified and has a high density.
- the crystal structure of lithium lanthanum gallate is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, a non-garnet cubic crystal structure.
- the second oxide is an oxide containing lithium and gallium and not containing lanthanum. As long as it is such an oxide, the type of the second oxide is not limited.
- the second oxide is preferably lithium gallate in that the sintered body is easily densified and has a high density.
- the crystal structure of lithium gallate is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, an orthorhombic crystal structure or an amorphous structure. Lithium gallate may have both an orthorhombic crystal structure and an amorphous structure.
- the sintered body can include, for example, a main phase and at least one first phase in addition to the main phase.
- the main phase can be composed of the garnet-type oxide.
- the first phase may have a composition and / or crystal system different from that of the main phase and may be composed of the first oxide. In this case, the sintered body is more easily densified and has a higher density.
- the sintered body can further include at least one second phase in addition to the main phase and the first phase.
- the second phase has a composition and / or crystal system different from those of the main phase and the first phase, and is composed of the second oxide. In this case, the sintered body is more easily densified and has a higher density.
- I a is 0.012 or more and 0.06 or less, preferably 0.014 or more and 0.04 or less, and more preferably 0.015 or more and 0.035 or less.
- the value of the molar ratio La / Zr between lanthanum and zirconium is 1.5 to 1.6, preferably 1.51 to 1.59, more preferably 1.52 to 1. It is 58 or less, more preferably 1.53 or more and 1.56 or less.
- the lower limit of the La / Zr value never becomes 1.50 or less.
- the value of the molar ratio Ga / Zr between gallium and zirconium is preferably 0.075 or more and 0.18 or less, more preferably 0.08 or more and 0.17 or less, and further preferably 0.09 or more and 0.16 or less. Preferably they are 0.1 or more and 0.15 or less.
- the value of the molar ratio Li / Zr between lithium and zirconium is preferably 2.95 or more and 3.6 or less, more preferably 3.3 or more and 3.5 or less, and further preferably 3.35 or more and 3.4 or less. .
- the sintered body may be substantially composed of a garnet-type oxide, a first oxide, and a second oxide.
- a sintered compact may consist only of a garnet-type oxide, a 1st oxide, and a 2nd oxide.
- “consisting essentially of” may contain any component other than the garnet-type oxide, the first oxide, and the second oxide to the extent that the effects of the present invention are not inhibited.
- the phrase “substantially composed of...” Means that the sintered body can contain other optional components to the extent that they do not affect the properties of the sintered body. It is preferable that a sintered compact does not contain aluminum, magnesium, zinc, and scandium.
- the sintered body of ceramic powder When obtaining a sintered body using ceramic powder, the sintered body tends to be dense even if sintered at a low temperature, that is, the density tends to increase. Further, when a sintered body is obtained using ceramic powder, volatilization of lithium or the like hardly occurs because low temperature sintering can be performed. As a result, the sintered body of ceramic powder can have high ionic conductivity.
- the sintered body of ceramic powder is preferably 4.5 to 5.1 g / cm 3 , more preferably 4.6 to 5.1 g / cm 3 from the viewpoint of easily having excellent strength and ionic conductivity. More preferably, it has a density of 4.7 to 5.1 g / cm 3 .
- the value of the ionic conductivity ⁇ T obtained from the total resistance value of the sintered body of the ceramic powder is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of application to an all-solid lithium secondary battery, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ at room temperature (for example, 30 ° C.). 4 S / cm or more is preferable, 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 S / cm or more and 30 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 S / cm or less is more preferable, and 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 S / cm or more and 20 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 S / cm or less is further included. Preferably, it is 6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 S / cm or more and 15 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 S / cm or less.
- the value of E a of the sintered body calculated by the above method is not particularly limited, and is preferably 18 to 28 kJ / mol, and preferably 18 to 25 kJ / mol from the viewpoint of application to an all-solid lithium secondary battery in a wide temperature range. mol is more preferable, and 18 to 21 kJ / mol is particularly preferable.
- the sintered body of ceramic powder can be suitably used for various types of batteries such as secondary batteries and fuel cells, in particular, all-solid lithium ion secondary batteries and the like, and can also be applied to gas sensors and the like.
- batteries such as secondary batteries and fuel cells, in particular, all-solid lithium ion secondary batteries and the like, and can also be applied to gas sensors and the like.
- the manufacturing method of ceramic powder is not specifically limited, The manufacturing method of well-known ceramic powder, for example, a solid phase method, a liquid phase method, etc. can be employ
- the obtained precipitate can be fired.
- the raw material which becomes the source of these elements includes a stoichiometric composition of a garnet-type oxide. These elements may be contained so that the number of moles is excessive.
- the stoichiometric composition of the garnet-type oxide is, for example, Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 when the garnet-type oxide is lithium lanthanum zirconate.
- the garnet-type oxide is lithium lanthanum zirconate containing gallium
- the stoichiometric composition is, for example, Li 7-3x Ga x La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (where 0.15 ⁇ x ⁇ 0. 35).
- the lanthanum mole number is excessive with respect to the stoichiometric composition of the garnet-type oxide means that the ratio La / Zr of lanthanum to zirconium contained in the raw material used for producing the ceramic powder is 1.5 Can mean big.
- the garnet-type oxide contained in the obtained ceramic powder has a stoichiometric composition of Li 7-3x Ga x La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (where 0.15 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.35), which is gallium-containing lithium lanthanum zirconate, and the first compound is lanthanum oxide.
- the ceramic powder obtained in this embodiment is, for example, so that the molar ratio of the solution containing zirconium and La / Zr is greater than 1.5, preferably greater than 1.5 and less than or equal to 1.6.
- a solution containing lanthanum added with lanthanum so as to be 1.51 or more and 1.59 or less is mixed with a solution containing gallium to produce a precipitate, and the obtained precipitate is It can be manufactured by adding and mixing a solution containing lithium, firing the obtained mixture, and pulverizing the fired product. Those skilled in the art can appropriately set the mixing conditions of various raw materials and the pulverization conditions of the fired product.
- Each raw material used as a supply source of the element contained in the ceramic powder is not particularly limited, and a compound known to those skilled in the art can be appropriately used in the form of a salt, a solution, a dispersion, or the like.
- a solution containing a zirconium carbonate complex for example, zirconium carbonate ammonium complex
- zirconium carbonate complex for example, zirconium carbonate ammonium complex
- Examples of the raw material that serves as the lanthanum source include nitrates, acetates, and chlorides containing lanthanum, and more specifically, aqueous solutions such as lanthanum nitrate, lanthanum acetate, and lanthanum chloride, and preferably an aqueous lanthanum nitrate solution. Is mentioned.
- Examples of the raw material to be the lithium source include lithium-containing oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, nitrates, sulfates, acetates, citrates, oxalates, and the like. Include lithium oxide, lithium hydroxide, lithium chloride, lithium carbonate, lithium hydrogen carbonate, lithium nitrate, lithium sulfate, lithium acetate, lithium citrate (Li 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 ), lithium oxalate (Li 2 (COO ) 2 ) and the like, and an aqueous lithium nitrate solution is preferable.
- examples of the raw material that serves as the other element source include a raw material that serves as the gallium source.
- examples of the raw material to be a gallium source include nitrates, acetates, and chlorides containing gallium, and more specifically, aqueous solutions of gallium nitrate, gallium acetate, gallium chloride, and the like. Can be mentioned.
- the raw material serving as the supply source of each element may be a solid or a solution.
- the solvent may be water alone or a mixed solvent of water and an organic solvent such as alcohol.
- the amount of lithium contained in the raw material is preferably 2.95 or more and 3.6 or less, more preferably 3 in terms of the molar ratio of lithium to zirconium (number of moles of Li / number of moles of Zr) in a state where the raw materials are mixed. 3 or more and 3.5 or less, more preferably 3.35 or more and 3.4 or less.
- the amount of gallium contained in the raw material is preferably such that the molar ratio of gallium to zirconium (number of moles of Ga / number of moles of Zr) is 0.075 or more in the state where the raw materials are mixed. It is 0.18 or less, More preferably, it is 0.08 or more and 0.17 or less, More preferably, it is 0.09 or more and 0.16 or less, More preferably, it is 0.1 or more and 0.15 or less.
- the other raw material to be used as an element source can be used in addition to the aforementioned raw material to be used as a gallium source, and the kind thereof is not particularly limited.
- the other element source material is, for example, at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of scandium, yttrium, cerium, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium, niobium, and tantalum. Nitrates, acetates, chlorides, etc., or solutions thereof.
- the precipitate obtained by mixing each raw material can be heated to a temperature of 80 ° C. or higher, preferably 90 ° C. or higher.
- the heating method is not particularly limited.
- the solution (slurry) in which the precipitate is formed can be directly heated without separating the precipitate by filtration.
- the raw material serving as a lithium source is added to a precipitate obtained by mixing a solution containing zirconium, a solution containing lanthanum, and a solution containing gallium.
- the mixing method of the raw material used as the lithium source and the precipitate is not particularly limited.
- a method of filtering the precipitate in advance and then mixing the precipitate with a raw material to be a lithium source can be employed.
- a generally known kneader or mixer such as a powder mixer, an automatic mortar, a reika machine, a ball mill apparatus, or the like can be used.
- the mixing conditions can be appropriately set by those skilled in the art.
- the precipitate When the raw material to be the lithium source is a solution, the precipitate may be redispersed in the raw material solution to be the lithium source to obtain a dispersion.
- the dispersion thus obtained can be evaporated to dryness, whereby a mixture in which lithium is mixed with the precipitate is obtained as a solid content.
- the method of evaporation to dryness is not particularly limited, and generally known drying techniques such as a stationary drying device, a transport drying device, a rotary drying device, a stirring drying device, a vacuum drying device, a spray drying device, Evaporation to dryness can be performed using a vacuum freeze-drying apparatus or the like. Conditions for evaporation to dryness can be appropriately set by those skilled in the art.
- Ceramic powder can be obtained by firing the precipitate or mixture obtained as described above.
- the firing temperature can be set to, for example, 1000 ° C. or less, preferably 900 ° C. or less, and more preferably 800 ° C. or less, from the viewpoint of preventing the volatilization of lithium.
- the lower limit of the firing temperature is not particularly limited as long as a fired product is obtained.
- the lower limit may be 450 ° C., preferably 550 ° C.
- the firing time can be appropriately set according to the firing temperature, and is, for example, 1 to 10 hours, preferably 1 to 3 hours.
- the obtained fired product contains the garnet-type oxide.
- the obtained garnet-type oxide which is a fired product, may have, for example, a fine particle shape.
- the fired product obtained by firing can be subjected to treatment such as pulverization as necessary.
- the sintered body of battery ceramic powder has excellent ionic conductivity, it is suitable for use in batteries, particularly for use in all-solid lithium secondary batteries.
- the all solid lithium secondary battery includes, for example, a positive electrode layer containing a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode layer containing a negative electrode active material, and a solid electrolyte layer interposed between the positive electrode layer and the negative electrode layer. Can do. At least one of the positive electrode layer, the negative electrode layer, and the solid electrolyte layer may include a sintered body of ceramic powder.
- the positive electrode layer is a layer containing at least a positive electrode active material, and may further contain at least one of a lithium ion conductive material, an electron conduction auxiliary agent, and a binder as necessary.
- the lithium ion conductive material contained in the positive electrode layer preferably contains a sintered body of ceramic powder.
- the content of the sintered body in the positive electrode layer is not particularly limited, and can be, for example, in the range of 0.1% by volume to 80% by volume with respect to the entire positive electrode layer. Among these, it is preferably in the range of 1% by volume to 60% by volume, and more preferably in the range of 10% by volume to 50% by volume.
- the thickness of the positive electrode layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m, for example.
- the positive electrode active material known materials can be widely adopted, and the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode layer is not particularly limited, and can be the same as that of a known all-solid lithium secondary battery.
- the positive electrode layer may further contain at least one of a known electron conduction auxiliary agent and a binder in addition to the positive electrode active material and the lithium ion conductive material.
- the method for forming the positive electrode layer is not particularly limited, and may be the same as a known method.
- the negative electrode layer is a layer containing at least a negative electrode active material, and may further contain at least one of a lithium ion conductive material, an electron conduction auxiliary agent, and a binder as necessary.
- the lithium ion conductive material contained in the negative electrode layer preferably contains a sintered body of ceramic powder.
- the content of the sintered body in the negative electrode layer is not particularly limited, and can be, for example, in the range of 0.1% by volume to 80% by volume with respect to the entire negative electrode layer. Among these, it is preferably in the range of 1% by volume to 60% by volume, and more preferably in the range of 10% by volume to 50% by volume.
- the thickness of the negative electrode layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m, for example.
- the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it is a material that can occlude and release electrochemical Li ions, and widely known materials can be applied.
- the content of the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode layer is also not particularly limited, and can be the same as that of a known all-solid lithium secondary battery.
- the negative electrode layer may further contain at least one of a known electron conduction auxiliary agent and a binder in addition to the negative electrode active material and the lithium ion conductive material.
- the method for forming the negative electrode layer is not particularly limited, and may be the same as a known method.
- the negative electrode current collector that collects current from the negative electrode layer can be provided, for example, on the surface of the negative electrode layer opposite to the surface on which the solid electrolyte layer is disposed.
- the material for the negative electrode current collector is not limited, and a wide variety of known negative electrode current collector materials can be applied.
- the solid electrolyte layer is a layer interposed between the positive electrode layer and the negative electrode layer, and is a layer composed of a lithium ion conductive material.
- the lithium ion conductive material contained in the solid electrolyte layer is not particularly limited as long as it has lithium ion conductivity.
- the lithium ion conductive material contained in the solid electrolyte layer is preferably a sintered body of ceramic powder.
- the content of the sintered body in the solid electrolyte layer is not particularly limited as long as the electron conductivity can be sufficiently suppressed.
- the content is preferably in the range of 50% by volume to 100% by volume.
- the solid electrolyte layer may contain, for example, a known lithium ion conductive material in addition to the garnet oxide.
- the thickness of the solid electrolyte layer is not particularly limited as long as it is a thickness that can prevent a short circuit of the all-solid lithium secondary battery, and can be, for example, in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m. Of these, the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m is preferable.
- the formation method of the solid electrolyte layer is not particularly limited, and a method similar to a known formation method can be employed.
- Examples of the shape of the all-solid lithium secondary battery include a coin type, a laminate type, a cylindrical type, and a square type.
- the method for producing the all-solid lithium secondary battery can be the same method as that for a general all-solid lithium secondary battery.
- an all-solid lithium secondary battery is manufactured by laminating the positive electrode layer, the solid electrolyte layer, and the negative electrode layer in this order.
- X-ray diffraction measurement X-ray diffraction measurement (XRD) of the powder was performed under the following conditions. ⁇ Measurement conditions> ⁇ Measuring device: X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, RINT2500) -Radiation source: CuK ⁇ radiation source-Tube voltage: 50 kV ⁇ Tube current: 300mA Scanning speed: 4 ° 2 ⁇ / min In addition, about the XRD measurement of the sintered compact, the cylindrical sintered compact obtained by the sintering method mentioned later was grind
- ICDD cubic garnet-type oxide
- ICDD hexagonal lanthanum oxide
- ICDD cubic lithium lanthanum gallate
- the content ratio of lanthanum oxide and lanthanum zirconate with respect to the cubic garnet-type oxide contained in the ceramic powder was expressed using the intensity ratio of each X-ray diffraction peak as in the following formula.
- Lanthanum oxide / cubic garnet oxide I b / I a
- Lanthanum zirconate / cubic garnet oxide I d / I a
- the content rate of lithium lanthanum gallate with respect to the cubic garnet-type oxide contained during sintering was expressed using the intensity ratio of each X-ray diffraction peak as in the following equation.
- Lithium lanthanum gallate / cubic garnet-type oxide I c / I a
- the sintered body was produced by the following method. First, as pretreatment, the obtained ceramic powders of Examples and Comparative Examples were pulverized by a planetary ball mill under the following conditions. ⁇ Crushing conditions ⁇ Device: Planetary ball mill (manufactured by FRITSCH, PULVERISETTE6) Rotation speed: 400rpm Grinding time: 30min
- the powder obtained by pulverization was molded into a cylindrical shape under the following cold press conditions, and pressed under the following cold isostatic pressing method conditions to obtain a sintered compact.
- the obtained sintered compact was heat treated at 950 ° C. for 25 hours to obtain a cylindrical sintered compact.
- Molding pressure 245 MPa
- the ceramic powder was molded into a rectangular parallelepiped shape by a cold press, and further pressed by a cold isostatic pressing method to obtain a rectangular parallelepiped molded body.
- the heating dimensional change rate was calculated
- the long side dimension of the molded body before temperature increase was L 0
- the long side dimension of the molded body after temperature increase was L 1
- the heating dimensional change rate was calculated by the following formula.
- Heating dimensional change rate (%) (L 1 ⁇ L 0 ) / L 0 ⁇ 100
- the temperature of the molded body was increased by the following method.
- the conditions of the cold press and the cold isostatic pressing method were as follows. ⁇ Cold press conditions> Device name: HYDRAULIC PRESS (manufactured by Maruhichi Iron Works) Molding pressure: 3MPa Mold: Long side 20mm x Short side 5mm ⁇ Conditions for cold isostatic pressing> Device name: CIP device for small research, Dr. CIP (manufactured by KOBELCO) Molding pressure: 245 MPa
- the sintered body used for the lithium ion conductivity ⁇ T measurement of the sintered body was produced under the same conditions as the cylindrical sintered body obtained by the above sintering method.
- An electrode was formed by applying and drying a conductive carbon paste on both sides of the cylindrical sintered body. This was sandwiched and fixed by a stainless steel plate connected to a platinum wire, held in a thermostatic chamber in an atmospheric atmosphere, and AC impedance measurement was performed under the following conditions.
- the raw material (Li source) was as follows.
- AZC aqueous solution An aqueous zirconium carbonate solution (hereinafter referred to as AZC aqueous solution) prepared as follows was used as the Zr source.
- Basic zirconium carbonate (Zr (OH) 3.2 (CO 3 ) 0.4 ⁇ 7H 2 O, manufactured by Daiichi Elemental Chemical Co., Ltd.), carbonated ammonium carbonate, and chelating agent tartaric acid was dissolved in pure water, and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 8.0 using aqueous ammonium.
- the molar ratio (carbonic acid species / Zr) was 6.59
- the molar ratio (tartaric acid / Zr) was 0.06.
- the AZC aqueous solution thus obtained was an aqueous solution of zirconium carbonate-NH 4 complex, and the Zr concentration was 1.96%.
- “%” represents the concentration by weight, and the same was applied hereinafter.
- La source As the La source, an aqueous solution of La (NO 3 ) 3 (La concentration 16.2%) was used.
- Ga source a Ga (NO 3 ) 3 aqueous solution (Ga concentration 12.6%) was used.
- Li source LiNO 3 (Li concentration 3.2%) was used as the Li source.
- Example 1 While stirring 269.2 g of AZC aqueous solution at room temperature, 10 mL of a mixed solution of 76.11 g of La (NO 3 ) 3 aqueous solution and 4.00 g of Ga (NO 3 ) 3 aqueous solution was dropped into it, and a precipitate was contained. A slurry was obtained.
- the resulting slurry containing the precipitate was stirred for 2 hours while being heated to 90 ° C., and then subjected to suction filtration.
- the filtrate was washed with 2000 mL of pure water to remove moisture, and the precipitate was separated from the slurry.
- the obtained precipitate was added to 42.0 g of LiNO 3 aqueous solution and dispersed by stirring to form a slurry.
- This slurry was heated and dried at 90 ° C. to obtain a mixture as a dry powder.
- the dried powder was fired at 800 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain a ceramic powder.
- Example 2 The amount of AZC aqueous solution used was 268.04 g, the amount of La (NO 3 ) 3 aqueous solution used was 75.80 g, the amount of Ga (NO 3 ) 3 aqueous solution used was 4.78 g, and the amount of LiNO 3 aqueous solution used was 41.48 g.
- a ceramic powder was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above was changed.
- Example 3 The amount of AZC aqueous solution used was 265.92 g, the amount of La (NO 3 ) 3 aqueous solution used was 76.42 g, the amount of Ga (NO 3 ) 3 aqueous solution used was 4.74 g, and the amount of LiNO 3 aqueous solution used was 41.51 g.
- a ceramic powder was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that.
- Example 4 A ceramic powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature of the dry powder (mixture) was 750 ° C.
- Table 1 shows various physical properties of the ceramic powders produced in Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 and a cylindrical sintered body produced from these powders.
- the La / Zr (molar ratio) values of the ceramic powders obtained in Examples 1 to 4 are larger than 1.5 which is the stoichiometric composition of the cubic garnet-type oxide. Accordingly, it was found that the ceramic powders of Examples 1 to 4 contained an excessive amount of La than the amount necessary for forming the cubic garnet type oxide. On the other hand, the ceramic powder obtained in Comparative Examples 1 and 2 had a stoichiometric composition of cubic garnet-type oxide of 1.50 (that is, not greater than 1.5).
- FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 obtained from the ceramic powders of Examples 1 to 4 containing lanthanum oxide and having I b / I a within a specific range (for example, 0.02 to 0.2).
- the obtained sintered body was compared with the sintered body obtained from the ceramic powder of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 not containing lanthanum oxide and the ceramic powder of Comparative Example 3 in which I b / I a exceeded a specific range.
- the density was found to be high.
- the sintered bodies obtained from the ceramic powders of Examples 1 to 4 were obtained as sintered bodies having an ionic conductivity ⁇ T superior to those of Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- FIG. 6 shows the results of measurement of the rate of change in the heating dimension of each ceramic powder of Example 3 and Comparative Example 1.
- Table 2 summarizes the heating dimensional change rate measurement results.
- Example 3 containing lanthanum oxide had a higher heating dimensional change rate than the ceramic powder of Comparative Example 1 containing no lanthanum oxide. Also, from FIG. 6, in Example 3, since the dimensional shrinkage started from 800 ° C., the ceramic powder of Example 3 may sinter at a lower temperature than the ceramic powder of Comparative Example 1. It was suggested.
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Abstract
Description
項1
ガーネット型酸化物と、第1の化合物とを含み、
前記ガーネット型酸化物は、ジルコニウムと、リチウムと、ランタンとを含み、
前記第1の化合物は、ランタン、リチウム、ジルコニウム、ガリウム、スカンジウム、イットリウム、セリウム、アルミニウム、カルシウム、マグネシウム、バリウム、ストロンチウム、ニオブ及びタンタルからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の金属元素を含有する化合物である、セラミックス粉末。
項2
前記ガーネット型酸化物が、ガリウム、イットリウム、セリウム、カルシウム、バリウム、ストロンチウム、ニオブ及びタンタルからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素をさらに含む、項1に記載のセラミックス粉末。
項3
前記ガーネット型酸化物が、組成式Li7-3xGaxLa3Zr2O12(ここで、0.15≦x≦0.35)で示される化合物を含む、項1又は2に記載のセラミックス粉末。
項4
前記第1の化合物が、ランタンを含有し、ジルコニウム、スカンジウム、イットリウム、セリウム、アルミニウム、カルシウム、マグネシウム、バリウム、ストロンチウム、ニオブ及びタンタルを含有しない化合物である、項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。
項5
前記第1の化合物が、酸化物である、項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。
項6
前記第1の化合物が、酸化ランタンである、項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。
項7
リチウムを含有し、250℃以上1000℃以下の融点を有する第2の化合物をさらに含む、項1~6のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。
項8
前記第2の化合物が、リチウムガレートを含む、項7に記載のセラミックス粉末。
項9
ランタン及びジルコニウムを含有し、リチウム及びガリウムを含有しない第3の化合物を更に含む、項1~8のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。
項10
前記第3の化合物が、ランタンジルコネートである、項9に記載のセラミックス粉末。
項11
X線回折測定において、2θ=16~17°の範囲の最大ピーク強度Iaに対する、2θ=29.7~30°の範囲の最大ピーク強度Ibの比Ib/Iaの値が0.02以上0.2以下である、項1~10のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。
項12
ランタンとジルコニウムとのモル比La/Zrの値が1.5より大きく1.6以下であり、
ガリウムとジルコニウムとのモル比Ga/Zrの値が0.075以上0.18以下である、項1~11のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。
項13
成型体を800℃まで5℃/分、次いで、800~950℃まで1℃/分の条件で加熱処理した場合に、800℃以上で前記成型体の体積収縮が開始し、
前記加熱処理後の前記成型体の加熱寸法変化率が5%以上である、項1~12のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。
項14
900℃以上の熱処理によりリチウムランタンガレートが生成する、項1~13のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。
項15
項1~14のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末の焼結体であって、
前記ガーネット型酸化物と、第1の酸化物と、第2の酸化物とを含み、
前記第1の酸化物は、ランタン、リチウム、ジルコニウム、ガリウム、スカンジウム、イットリウム、セリウム、アルミニウム、カルシウム、マグネシウム、バリウム、ストロンチウム、ニオブ及びタンタルからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の金属元素を含有する酸化物であり、
前記第2の酸化物は、リチウム及びガリウムを含有し、ランタンを含有しない酸化物である、焼結体。
項15´
項1~14のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末の焼結体。
項16
主相と、該主相以外に少なくとも1つの第1相とを含み、
前記主相は、前記ガーネット型酸化物から構成され、
前記第1相は、前記主相とは異なる組成及び/又は結晶系であり、かつ、前記第1の酸化物から構成される、項15に記載の焼結体。
項17
少なくとも1つの第2相をさらに含み、
前記第2相は、前記主相及び前記第1相とは異なる組成及び/又は結晶系であり、かつ、前記第2の酸化物から構成される、項16に記載の焼結体。
項18
前記第1の酸化物が、リチウムランタンガレートである、項15~17のいずれか1項に記載の焼結体。
項19
前記第2の酸化物が、リチウムガレートである、項15~18のいずれか1項に記載の焼結体。
項20
X線回折測定において、2θ=16~17°の範囲の最大ピーク強度Iaに対する、2θ=22.7~23.4°の範囲の最大ピーク強度Icの比Ic/Iaが、0.012以上0.06以下である、項15~19のいずれか1項に記載の焼結体。
項21
ランタンとジルコニウムとのモル比La/Zrの値が1.5より大きく1.6以下であり、ガリウムとジルコニウムとのモル比Ga/Zrの値が0.075以上0.18以下である、項15~20のいずれか1項に記載の焼結体。
項22
全抵抗値から求められるリチウムイオン伝導率が2×10-4S/cm以上である、請求項15~21のいずれか1項に記載の焼結体。
項23
密度が4.5~5.1g/cm3である、項15~22のいずれか1項に記載の焼結体。
項24
リチウムイオン伝導の活性化エネルギーが18~28kJ/molである、請求項15~23のいずれか1項に記載の焼結体。
項25
項15~24のいずれか1項に記載の焼結体を含有する電池。
項25´
項15´に記載のセラミックス粉末の焼結体を含有する電池。
セラミックス粉末は、特定の元素を含有するガーネット型酸化物と、特定の元素を含有する第1の化合物とを含む。
前記セラミックス粉末を用いて焼結体を得ることができる。焼結体を得る方法は特に限定されず、公知の焼結方法及び焼結条件を広く採用することができる。例えば、あらかじめ製作したセラミックス粉末の成型体(以下、「焼結用成型体」と表記する)を焼結することで、セラミックス粉末の焼結体を得ることができる。
セラミックス粉末の製造方法は、特に限定されず、公知のセラミックス粉末の製造方法、例えば固相法、液相法等を広く採用することができる。より具体的には、セラミックス粉末は、例えば、ジルコニウム源となる原料と、ランタン源となる原料と、リチウム源となる原料と、セラミックス粉末を構成するその他の元素の供給源(その他元素源)となる原料とを公知の方法に従って任意の順序で混合し、沈殿物を生成させ、必要に応じて未添加の元素供給源となる原料を前記沈殿物に添加して当該未添加の元素を含有させ、得られた沈殿物を焼成することによって製造することができる。
セラミックス粉末の焼結体は、優れたイオン伝導率を有することから、電池への応用、特に、全固体リチウム二次電池への使用に好適である。
(X線回折測定)
粉末のX線回折測定(XRD)は次の条件で行った。
<測定条件>
・測定装置:X線回折装置(リガク製、RINT2500)
・線源:CuKα線源
・管電圧:50kV
・管電流:300mA
・走査速度:4°2θ/min
なお、焼結体のXRD測定については、後記する焼結方法で得た円柱状の焼結体を、乳鉢を用いて粉砕し、粉末化したものを上記同様の条件で測定した。
酸化ランタン/立方晶系ガーネット型酸化物=Ib/Ia
ランタンジルコネート/立方晶系ガーネット型酸化物=Id/Ia
また、焼結中に含まれる立方晶系ガーネット型酸化物に対するリチウムランタンガレートの含有率を、次式のように各X線回折ピークの強度比を用いて表した。
リチウムランタンガレート/立方晶系ガーネット型酸化物=Ic/Ia
焼結体の作製は次の方法により行った。まず、前処理として、得られた各実施例及び比較例のセラミックス粉末を以下の条件で遊星型ボールミルにより粉砕した。
≪粉砕条件≫
装置:遊星型ボールミル(FRITSCH製、PULVERISETTE6)
回転数:400rpm
粉砕時間:30min
≪コールドプレス条件≫
装置名:100kNニュートンプレス(NPaシステム社製、NT-100H-V09)成型圧:14MPa
金型:φ=20mm、厚みが31mm
≪冷間等方圧加圧法条件≫
装置名:小型研究用CIP装置、Dr.CIP(KOBELCO社製)
成型圧:245MPa
円柱状焼結体の寸法(円の直径φ、厚みd)及び質量wから、次に示す式により、前記<焼結方法>によって得られた焼結体の密度g/cm3を算出した。
密度(g/cm3)=w/{(φ/2)2×π×d}
セラミックス粉末をコールドプレスにより直方体状に成型した後、さらに冷間等方圧加圧法による加圧を行うことで直方体状の成型体を得た。
加熱寸法変化率(%)=(L1-L0)/L0×100
成型体の昇温は次の方法で行った。
<昇温条件>
・測定装置:水平作動方式熱機械分析装置(ブルカーエイエックスエス社製、TD5000SA)
・昇温プログラム:昇温プログラム:20℃から800℃までは5℃/minで昇温し、次いで、800℃から950℃までを1℃/minで昇温した。
・標準試料:アルミナ製標準試料(長辺:18mm)
・荷重:10g
<コールドプレス条件>
装置名:HYDRAULIC PRESS(株式会社丸七鉄工所製)
成型圧:3MPa
金型:長辺20mm×短辺5mm
<冷間等方圧加圧法条件>
装置名:小型研究用CIP装置、Dr.CIP(KOBELCO社製)
成型圧:245MPa
焼結体のリチウムイオン伝導率σT測定に使用する焼結体は、上記焼結方法によって得た円柱状焼結体と同様の条件で作製した。円柱状焼結体の両面に導電性カーボンペーストを塗布及び乾燥して電極を形成した。これを白金線に接続したステンレススチール製のプレートで挟んで固定し、大気雰囲気の恒温槽中に保持して、下記の条件で交流インピーダンス測定を行った。
<交流インピーダンス測定条件>
・装置名:ソーラトロン製の周波数応答アナライザ(1255B型)及びポテンショガルバノスタット(1287型)
・測定周波数領域:1Hz~1MHz
・測定温度域:30~60℃
下記実施例で用いた炭酸ジルコニウム錯体を含む第1の原料(Zr源)、ランタンを含む第2の原料(La源)、ガリウムを含む第3の原料(Ga源)、リチウムを含む第4の原料(Li源)は以下の通りとした。
以下のようにして調製した炭酸ジルコニウムアンモニウム水溶液(以下、AZC水溶液と称する)をZr源として使用した。塩基性炭酸ジルコニウム(Zr(OH)3.2(CO3)0.4・7H2O、第一稀元素化学工業株式会社製)、炭酸種である炭酸水素アンモニウム、及びキレート化剤である酒石酸を純水に溶解し、アンモニウム水を用いて溶液のpHを8.0にした。ここで、モル比(炭酸種/Zr)は6.59とし、モル比(酒石酸/Zr)は0.06とした。このように得られたAZC水溶液は炭酸ジルコニウム-NH4錯体の水溶液であり、そのZr濃度は1.96%であった。ここで、%は重量パーセント濃度を表し、以下同様に扱った。
La源としてはLa(NO3)3水溶液(La濃度16.2%)を使用した。
Ga源としてはGa(NO3)3水溶液(Ga濃度12.6%)を使用した。
Li源としてLiNO3(Li濃度3.2%)を使用した。
AZC水溶液269.2gを室温で攪拌しつつ、そこへLa(NO3)3水溶液76.11gとGa(NO3)3水溶液4.00gの混合液を、毎分10mL滴下し、沈殿物を含むスラリーを得た。
AZC水溶液の使用量を268.04g、La(NO3)3水溶液の使用量を75.80g、Ga(NO3)3水溶液の使用量を4.78g、LiNO3水溶液の使用量を41.48gに変更としたこと以外は実施例1と同様の方法でセラミックス粉末を作製した。
AZC水溶液の使用量を265.92g、La(NO3)3水溶液の使用量を76.42g、Ga(NO3)3水溶液の使用量を4.74g、LiNO3水溶液の使用量を41.51gとしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にしてセラミックス粉末を作製した。
乾燥粉末(混合物)の焼成温度を750℃としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にしてセラミックス粉末を得た。
AZC水溶液の使用量を273.52g、La(NO3)3水溶液の使用量を75.59g、Ga(NO3)3水溶液の使用量を3.25g、LiNO3水溶液の使用量を42.06gとしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にしてセラミックス粉末を作製した。
AZC水溶液の使用量を272.19g、La(NO3)3水溶液の使用量を75.22g、Ga(NO3)3水溶液の使用量を4.05g、LiNO3水溶液の使用量を5.44gとしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にしてセラミックス粉末を作製した。
AZC水溶液の使用量を245.35g、La(NO3)3水溶液の使用量を81.81g、Ga(NO3)3水溶液の使用量を4.38g、LiNO3水溶液の使用量を41.50gとしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にしてセラミックス粉末を作製した。
表1に、実施例1~4及び比較例1~3で作製したセラミックス粉末及び、これらの粉末から作製した円柱状焼結体の各種物性を示す。
Claims (25)
- ガーネット型酸化物と、第1の化合物とを含み、
前記ガーネット型酸化物は、ジルコニウムと、リチウムと、ランタンとを含み、
前記第1の化合物は、ランタン、リチウム、ジルコニウム、ガリウム、スカンジウム、イットリウム、セリウム、アルミニウム、カルシウム、マグネシウム、バリウム、ストロンチウム、ニオブ及びタンタルからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の金属元素を含有する化合物である、セラミックス粉末。 - 前記ガーネット型酸化物が、ガリウム、イットリウム、セリウム、カルシウム、バリウム、ストロンチウム、ニオブ及びタンタルからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素をさらに含む、請求項1に記載のセラミックス粉末。
- 前記ガーネット型酸化物が、組成式Li7-3xGaxLa3Zr2O12(ここで、0.15≦x≦0.35)で示される化合物を含む、請求項1又は2に記載のセラミックス粉末。
- 前記第1の化合物が、ランタンを含有し、ジルコニウム、スカンジウム、イットリウム、セリウム、アルミニウム、カルシウム、マグネシウム、バリウム、ストロンチウム、ニオブ及びタンタルを含有しない化合物である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。
- 前記第1の化合物が、酸化物である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。
- 前記第1の化合物が、酸化ランタンである、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。
- リチウムを含有し、250℃以上1000℃以下の融点を有する第2の化合物をさらに含む、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。
- 前記第2の化合物が、リチウムガレートを含む、請求項7に記載のセラミックス粉末。
- ランタン及びジルコニウムを含有し、リチウム及びガリウムを含有しない第3の化合物を更に含む、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。
- 前記第3の化合物が、ランタンジルコネートである、請求項9に記載のセラミックス粉末。
- X線回折測定において、2θ=16~17°の範囲の最大ピーク強度Iaに対する、2θ=29.7~30°の範囲の最大ピーク強度Ibの比Ib/Iaの値が0.02以上0.2以下である、請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。
- ランタンとジルコニウムとのモル比La/Zrの値が1.5より大きく1.6以下であり、
ガリウムとジルコニウムとのモル比Ga/Zrの値が0.075以上0.18以下である、請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。 - 成型体を800℃まで5℃/分、次いで、800~950℃まで1℃/分の条件で加熱処理した場合に、800℃以上で前記成型体の体積収縮が開始し、
前記加熱処理後の前記成型体の加熱寸法変化率が5%以上である、請求項1~12のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。 - 900℃以上の熱処理によりリチウムランタンガレートが生成する、請求項1~13のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末。
- 請求項1~14のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス粉末の焼結体であって、
前記ガーネット型酸化物と、第1の酸化物と、第2の酸化物とを含み、
前記第1の酸化物は、ランタン、リチウム、ジルコニウム、ガリウム、スカンジウム、イットリウム、セリウム、アルミニウム、カルシウム、マグネシウム、バリウム、ストロンチウム、ニオブ及びタンタルからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の金属元素を含有する酸化物であり、
前記第2の酸化物は、リチウム及びガリウムを含有し、ランタンを含有しない酸化物である、焼結体。 - 主相と、該主相以外に少なくとも1つの第1相とを含み、
前記主相は、前記ガーネット型酸化物から構成され、
前記第1相は、前記主相とは異なる組成及び/又は結晶系であり、かつ、前記第1の酸化物から構成される、請求項15に記載の焼結体。 - 少なくとも1つの第2相をさらに含み、
前記第2相は、前記主相及び前記第1相とは異なる組成及び/又は結晶系であり、かつ、前記第2の酸化物から構成される、請求項16に記載の焼結体。 - 前記第1の酸化物が、リチウムランタンガレートである、請求項15~17のいずれか1項に記載の焼結体。
- 前記第2の酸化物が、リチウムガレートである、請求項15~18のいずれか1項に記載の焼結体。
- X線回折測定において、2θ=16~17°の範囲の最大ピーク強度Iaに対する、2θ=22.7~23.4°の範囲の最大ピーク強度Icの比Ic/Iaが、0.012以上0.06以下である、請求項15~19のいずれか1項に記載の焼結体。
- ランタンとジルコニウムとのモル比La/Zrの値が1.5より大きく1.6以下であり、ガリウムとジルコニウムとのモル比Ga/Zrの値が0.075以上0.18以下である、請求項15~20のいずれか1項に記載の焼結体。
- 全抵抗値から求められるリチウムイオン伝導率が2×10-4S/cm以上である、請求項15~21のいずれか1項に記載の焼結体。
- 密度が4.5~5.1g/cm3である、請求項15~22のいずれか1項に記載の焼結体。
- リチウムイオン伝導の活性化エネルギーが18~28kJ/molである、請求項15~23のいずれか1項に記載の焼結体。
- 請求項15~24のいずれか1項に記載の焼結体を含有する電池。
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CN112467198B (zh) * | 2020-11-26 | 2022-06-14 | 同济大学 | 一种锂离子电池用氧化物固态电解质及其制备方法 |
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CN114621010A (zh) * | 2021-04-23 | 2022-06-14 | 海南大学 | 一种锂离子电池固体电解质及其制备方法 |
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JP2022156600A (ja) * | 2021-03-31 | 2022-10-14 | 第一稀元素化学工業株式会社 | セラミックス粉末材料、焼結体、及び、電池 |
US11637316B2 (en) | 2021-03-31 | 2023-04-25 | Daiichi Kigenso Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd. | Ceramic powder material, sintered body, and battery |
CN117804626A (zh) * | 2023-12-30 | 2024-04-02 | 常州大学 | 温敏器件、锂离子电池电芯内部温度测量装置及制备方法 |
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