WO2018190915A1

WO2018190915A1 - Enhanced interleaver for wireless communications

Info

Publication number: WO2018190915A1
Application number: PCT/US2017/068246
Authority: WO
Inventors: Artyom LOMAYEV; Alexander Maltsev; Alexander Kostin; Michael Genossar; Claudio DA SILVIA; Carlos Cordeiro
Original assignee: Intel Corporation
Priority date: 2017-04-10
Filing date: 2017-12-22
Publication date: 2018-10-18

Abstract

This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to acknowledgement in bonded channels. A device may determine one or more code words. The device may determine an interleaver configuration. The device may divide symbols over a predetermined number of symbols. The device may determine a second number of cells and a remaining number of symbols. The device may determine a remaining number of cells. The device may store zeroes in the remaining number of cells. The device may determine an interleaved signal.

Description

ENHANCED INTERLEAVER FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/483,771, filed April 10, 2017, titled "Interleaver for Wireless Communication," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in full.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for wireless communications and, more particularly, to an enhanced interleaver for wireless communications. BACKGROUND

[0003] Wireless devices are becoming widely prevalent and are increasingly requesting access to wireless channels. The growing density of wireless deployments require increased network and spectrum availability. Wireless devices may communicate with each other using directional transmission techniques, including but not limited to beamforming techniques. Wireless devices may communicate over a next generation 60 GHz (NG60) network, an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) network, and/or any other network.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004] FIG. 1 depicts a network diagram illustrating an example network environment, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0005] FIG. 2A depicts an interleaver scheme, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0006] FIG. 2B depicts an interleaver scheme, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0007] FIG. 3A depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver on a transmitter side, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0008] FIG. 3B depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for a de- interleaver on a receiver side, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure. [0009] FIG. 4A depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver when a channel bonding factor is one, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0010] FIG. 4B depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver when a channel bonding factor is one, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0011] FIG. 5 A depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver when a channel bonding factor is two, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0012] FIG. 5B depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver when a channel bonding factor is two, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0013] FIG. 6A depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver when a channel bonding factor is three, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0014] FIG. 6B depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver when a channel bonding factor is three, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0015] FIG. 7 A depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver when a channel bonding factor is four, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0016] FIG. 7B depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver when a channel bonding factor is four, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0017] FIG. 8 A illustrates a flow diagram of illustrative process for an enhanced interleaver design, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 8B illustrates a flow diagram of illustrative process for an enhanced interleaver design, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 9 depicts a functional diagram of an example communication station that may be suitable for use as a user device, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an example machine upon which any of one or more techniques (e.g., methods) may be performed, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] Example embodiments described herein provide certain systems, methods, and devices for an enhanced interleaver design for wireless communications. The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustrate specific embodiments to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, and other changes. Portions and features of some embodiments may be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments. Embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims.

[0022] The IEEE 802.11 family of standards define operations and parameters for wireless communications. The IEEE 802.1 lay may define parameters in the mmWave (60GHz) band, which is an evolution of the IEEE 802. Had standard also known as WiGig. Provisions of the IEEE 802.1 lay standard may increase a transmission data rate applying Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and channel bonding techniques, for example. Interleaver schemes may be included in wireless communications under the IEEE 802.11 ay standard and other IEEE 802.11 standards.

[0023] Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) may be a form of modulation that is a combination of phase modulation and amplitude modulation. A QAM scheme may represent bits as points in a quadrant grid know as a constellation map. A constellation may be a graph of the phase and amplitude modulation points in a given modulation scheme. Because QAM is usually square, some QAM forms are rare— the most common forms are 16-QAM, 64-QAM and 256-QAM. By moving to a higher-order constellation, it may possible to transmit more bits per symbol.

[0024] An interleaver may be a device and/or module configured to execute one or more operations. Interleaving may involve combining elements or sequences, such as code words. For example, bits of multiple code words may be interleaved with one another to create a combined symbol with bits from each code word. Interleaving may be a technique that performs reordering of data that is to be transmitted from one communication device to another communication device so that consecutive bytes of data are distributed over a larger sequence of data to reduce the effect of burst errors. The inputs to the interleaver may be interleaved, and the outputs may be the results of the interleaved inputs. The number of inputs may be the same as the number of outputs. During interleaving, the positions of the data bits may be dispersed before transmission so that any corrupted information may be recovered at the receiver by rearranging the data. In that sense, a block interleaver may be a device which performs interleaving of data. A de-interleaver may be associated with every interleaver that restores the original input data sequence. For example, in a receiver, a de-interleaver may perform the reverse function of an interleaver.

[0025] An interleaver and/or a QAM mapper may be utilized to decode one or more code bits associated with a common portion and/or a station-specific portion to retrieve allocation information associated with the common portion and/or the station- specific portion.

[0026] 64 QAM symbols may be taken in time domain and placed with sampling rate, and then a convolution may be performed using a shaping filter. Such a process may form a spectrum in the frequency domain in order to meet a mask requirement. Then, the carrier frequency may be used to carry the signal in 60 GHz. The bandwidth of a channel associated with a single carrier may be equal to 2.16 GHz. The 2.16 GHz channel may then be carried over using a single carrier as opposed to dividing into subcarriers.

[0027] Channel bonding is when two adjacent channels within a given frequency band are combined to increase throughput between two or more wireless devices. This may effectively double the amount of available bandwidth. For example, two 2.16 GHz channels may be bonded together to form a 4.32 GHz bonded channel. In this case, the number of bonded channels (NCB) is two. NCB may refer to the integer number of 2.16 GHz channels over which an EDMG physical layer convergence protocol data unit (PPDU) is transmitted, where 1 < NCB ≤4.

[0028] In a wide spectrum, it may be desirable to use more than just the middle frequency of the spectrum. Using enhanced interleaving, symbols may be distributed over a spectrum formed based on a bonded channel, and may offer improved spectrum coverage in comparison to only using the middle of a spectrum.

[0029] In a bonded channel of one or more sub-channels, a number of data subcarriers may not align with code word length. For example, if a symbol in a bonded channel includes more data subcarriers than a code word may support, then multiple code words may be used. However, the total number of data subcarriers of a symbol may not be a factor of a set symbol length per interleaver memory cell (e.g., the number of data subcarriers may not be divided equally by symbol group length), thus resulting in some data subcarriers that may require an additional interleaver memory cell, but that may not require the entire memory cell capacity. In addition, the interleaver memory may be larger than a total number of symbols, resulting in unused interleaver memory cells for a given number of symbols.

[0030] It may be desirable to define enhanced interleaver schemes for the IEEE 802. Hay standard and/or other standards using channel bonding. [0031] In OFDM, the beginning of each data block to be sent to a receiving device may be preceded by a guard interval. As long as a noise or echo falls within this interval, it may not affect a receiver's ability to safely decode the actual data, as data may only be interpreted outside the guard interval. There may be a number of symbols (e.g., constellation points) per data block transmitted over a 2.16 GHz. In the case of a single carrier data block, each single channel (SC) data block may be prepended with a guard interval. For example, guard intervals may be inserted in a data field of an EDMG PPDU. It should be understood that where guard intervals are inserted may be implementation specific.

[0032] In a signal, there may be one block with length equal to 448 symbols, for example. This block may be interlaced with guard intervals of a fixed length (e.g., 64 symbols). Hence, the length of the data block plus the length of the guard interval may be 512 symbols (e.g., 448 + 64). However, it may be desirable to use interleaving of a data block and with a variable guard interval.

[0033] Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems, methods, and devices for an enhanced interleaver design.

[0034] In one or more embodiments, directional multi-gigabit (DMG) communications may involve one or more directional links to communicate at a rate of multiple gigabits per second, for example, at least 1 gigabit per second, 7 gigabits per second, or any other rate. An amendment to a DMG operation in a 60 GHz band, e.g., according to an IEEE 802.11 ad standard, may be defined, for example, by an IEEE 802.11 ay project.

[0035] In one or more embodiments, one or more devices may be configured to communicate over a next generation 60 GHz (NG60) network, an enhanced DMG (EDMG) network, and/or any other network. For example, the one or more devices may be configured to communicate over the NG60 or EDMG networks. Devices operating in EDMG may be referred to herein as EDMG devices. This may include user devices, and/or APs or other devices capable of communicating in accordance to a communication standard.

[0036] In one or more embodiments, an interleaver design for 16 QAM and 64 QAM modulations may be defined for Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) physical layer (PHY) communications in the 802.11 ay wireless communication standard. The design may be defined for different channel bonding factors (NCB), such as NCB = 1, 2, 3 and 4. The channel bonding factor may define the number of 2.16 GHz channels used for PPDU transmission, for example. The proposed interleaver design may be applied for Single Input Single Output (SISO) and per stream in MIMO transmission. [0037] In one or more embodiments, an interleaver design may use an interleaving scheme that allows interleaving of symbols on an individual symbol or group of symbols basis. The interleaver may provide signal to noise ratio (SNR) gain in frequency selective channels (e.g., around 2 - 3 dB, which may be code rate dependent). The interleaver design may be scalable to any channel bonding factor.

[0038] In one or more embodiments, interleaver schemes may be defined for 16 QAM and 64 QAM modulations. The basic idea of interleaver modulations may to spread the bits of a single Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code word over an entire OFDM signal bandwidth to extract wideband channel frequency diversity, for example.

[0039] In one or more embodiments (e.g., in the IEEE 802.1 lad standard), an interleaver scheme may define 336 data subcarriers per OFDM symbol, and the number of subcarriers may be aligned with the LDPC code word length LCW = 672 bits, for example. A subcarrier (or tone) may be a band of one or more frequencies that may be higher or lower than a carrier frequency. OFDM represents a multicarrier modulation scheme that allows for modulation of multiple subcarrier signals on multiple streams or channels. A resource unit (RU) may include a group of subcarriers as an allocation unit. There may be several types of subcarriers, such as data subcarriers, pilot subcarriers, and other subcarriers. One subcarrier type may be a data subcarrier (e.g., data tone), which may be used for data transmission. Data subcarriers may be frequency channel dependent. One subcarrier type may be a pilot subcarrier (e.g., pilot tone), which may be used for channel estimation and parameter tracking, such as carrier frequency offset and sampling frequency offset calculations. These calculations may be useful in making corrections at a device receiving the signal. Respective pilot subcarriers may be spaced by a constant step value, and therefore may have indexes referring to their location on a frequency spectrum. The frequency of a pilot tone may be used for determining a phase that may be used in demodulation of a signal, for example. Channel estimation using pilot subcarriers may allow for increased capacity of OFDM systems.

[0040] One subcarrier type may be an unused subcarrier that is not used for either data or pilot transmission. Unused subcarriers may include a direct current (DC) subcarrier (e.g., a DC = 0 value), a guard band subcarrier at band edges, and null subcarriers. Null subcarriers may be located near a DC or edge tone to protect those tones near the DC or edge tones from interference of a neighboring resource unit (RU). Null subcarriers may have zero energy.

[0041] An RU having a number of tones (e.g., signal sounds) may consist of a number of data and pilot subcarriers. For example, a 26-tone RU may consist of 24 data subcarriers and two pilot subcarriers. A 52-tone RU may consist of 48 data subcarriers and 4 pilot subcarriers. Other sizes of RUs may have different numbers of data and pilot subcarriers as defined by the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. The subcarrier positions of the RU may be fixed (e.g., as set in the IEEE 802. Had standard), or may vary (e.g., may be frequency channel dependent).

[0042] The locations of OFDM signal tones may be defined by a grid or structure in a frequency domain. In particular, subcarriers (e.g., tones) may be set in fixed locations for a given frequency channel.

[0043] In one or more embodiments, a 16 QAM modulation may be used for 336 data subcarriers having groups of four bits, resulting in 336*4 = 1344 bits. Using two code words per OFDM symbol results in two code words of 672 bits each.

[0044] In one or more embodiments, a 64 QAM modulation may be used for 336 data subcarriers having groups of four bits, resulting in 336*6 = 2016 bits. Using three code words per OFDM symbol results in three code words of 672 bits each.

[0045] In one or more embodiments, an enhanced interleaver system may enhance system performance in frequency- selective channels, and may be particularly useful when practiced with highly-directional antennas, for example, Phase Antenna Arrays (PAAs).

[0046] In one or more embodiments, an enhanced interleaver system may facilitate a block interleaver design for PHY communications. An enhanced interleaver design may be designed for various modulation methods such as QAM or non- uniform constellation (NUC). The enhanced interleaver design may be used with different numbers of channel bonding (e.g., NCB = 1, 2, 3 and 4), and may be supported with different guard intervals (GIs). For example, guard bands may be used to separate transmitted sequences, and the guard bands may include subcarriers for improved coverage of a wider spectrum in a bonded channel.

[0047] In one or more embodiments, an enhanced interleaver system may be dependent on the size of the guard interval (e.g., which may determine the number of symbols per block) and on a channel bonding parameter. An enhanced interleaver system may determine that an interleaver may be comprised of a number of columns and a number of rows such that blocks of symbols are written on a row by row basis, and a number of columns, such that information is read out of the interleaver on a column by column basis. Each element (or cell) of the interleaver may be comprised of a group of 64 QAM (or 64NUC) symbols (e.g., a group of eight symbols, or another number of symbols).

[0048] In one or more embodiments, an enhanced interleaver system may not depend on a particular code word length, and may allow interleaving on a group of symbols (e.g., a block of symbols). The number of symbols in a block (Ns) may be eight, for example. The data block may be input into an interleaver where the blocks of symbols may be interleaved. Extra symbols (e.g., remaining symbols which may be less than Ns) may be kept out of interleaver memory, and symbols that are kept out of interleaver memory may be replaced by another value (e.g., zeroes). After interleaving, the symbols that are kept out of the interleaver memory may replace the zeroes that were inserted.

[0049] The above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting. Numerous other examples, configurations, processes, etc., may exist, some of which are described in greater detail below. Example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying figures.

[0050] FIG. 1 is a network diagram illustrating an example network environment for a single carrier PHY block interleaver, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure. Wireless network 100 may include one or more user device(s) 120 and one or more access point(s) (AP) 102, which may communicate in accordance with IEEE 802.11 communication standards, such as the IEEE 802.1 lad and/or IEEE 802. Hay specifications. The user device(s) 120 may be referred to as stations (STAs). The user device(s) 120 may be mobile devices that are non-stationary and do not have fixed locations. Although the AP 102 is shown to be communicating on multiple antennas with user devices 120, it should be understood that this is only for illustrative purposes and that any user device 120 may also communicate using multiple antennas with other user devices 120 and/or AP 102.

[0051] In some embodiments, the user device(s) 120 and the AP 102 may include one or more computer systems similar to that of the functional diagram of FIG. 9 and/or the example machine/system of FIG. 10.

[0052] One or more illustrative user device(s) 120 and/or AP 102 may be operable by one or more user(s) 110. The user device(s) 120 (e.g., 124, 126, or 128) and/or AP 102 may include any suitable processor-driven device including, but not limited to, a mobile device or a non- mobile, e.g., a static, device. For example, user device(s) 120 and/or AP 102 may include, a user equipment (UE), a station (STA), an access point (AP), a personal computer (PC), a wearable wireless device (e.g., bracelet, watch, glasses, ring, etc.), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, an ultrabook^tm computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, an internet of things (IoT) device, a sensor device, a PDA device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device (e.g., combining cellular phone functionalities with PDA device functionalities), a consumer device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a PCS device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable GPS device, a DVB device, a relatively small computing device, a non-desktop computer, a "carry small live large" (CSLL) device, an ultra mobile device (UMD), an ultra mobile PC (UMPC), a mobile internet device (MID), an "origami" device or computing device, a device that supports dynamically composable computing (DCC), a context-aware device, a video device, an audio device, an A/V device, a set-top-box (STB), a blu-ray disc (BD) player, a BD recorder, a digital video disc (DVD) player, a high definition (HD) DVD player, a DVD recorder, a HD DVD recorder, a personal video recorder (PVR), a broadcast HD receiver, a video source, an audio source, a video sink, an audio sink, a stereo tuner, a broadcast radio receiver, a flat panel display, a personal media player (PMP), a digital video camera (DVC), a digital audio player, a speaker, an audio receiver, an audio amplifier, a gaming device, a data source, a data sink, a digital still camera (DSC), a media player, a smartphone, a television, a music player, or the like. It is understood that the above is a list of devices. However, other devices, including smart devices, Internet of Things (IoT), such as lamps, climate control, car components, household components, appliances, etc. may also be included in this list.

[0053] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may be configured to communicate with each other via one or more communications networks 130 and/or 135 wirelessly or wired. Any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may include, but not limited to, any one of a combination of different types of suitable communications networks such as, for example, broadcasting networks, cable networks, public networks (e.g., the Internet), private networks, wireless networks, cellular networks, or any other suitable private and/or public networks. Further, any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may have any suitable communication range associated therewith and may include, for example, global networks (e.g., the Internet), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), or personal area networks (PANs). In addition, any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may include any type of medium over which network traffic may be carried including, but not limited to, coaxial cable, twisted-pair wire, optical fiber, a hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC) medium, microwave terrestrial transceivers, radio frequency communication mediums, white space communication mediums, ultra-high frequency communication mediums, satellite communication mediums, or any combination thereof.

[0054] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may include one or more communications antennas. The one or more communications antennas may be any suitable type of antennas corresponding to the communications protocols used by the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126 and 128), and AP 102. Some non-limiting examples of suitable communications antennas include Wi-Fi antennas, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards compatible antennas, directional antennas, non-directional antennas, dipole antennas, folded dipole antennas, patch antennas, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, or the like. The one or more communications antennas may be communicatively coupled to a radio component to transmit and/or receive signals, such as communications signals to and/or from the user devices 120 and/or AP 102.

[0055] Any of the user devices 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may include multiple antennas that may include one or more directional antennas. The one or more directional antennas may be steered to a plurality of beam directions. For example, at least one antenna of a user device 120 (or an AP 102) may be steered to a plurality of beam directions. For example, a user device 120 (or an AP 102) may transmit a directional transmission to another user device 120 (or another AP 102).

[0056] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may be configured to perform directional transmission and/or directional reception in conjunction with wirelessly communicating in a wireless network. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may be configured to perform such directional transmission and/or reception using a set of multiple antenna arrays (e.g., DMG antenna arrays or the like). Each of the multiple antenna arrays may be used for transmission and/or reception in a particular respective direction or range of directions. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may be configured to perform any given directional transmission towards one or more defined transmit sectors. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may be configured to perform any given directional reception from one or more defined receive sectors.

[0057] MIMO beamforming in a wireless network may be accomplished using RF beamforming and/or digital beamforming. In some embodiments, in performing a given MIMO transmission, user devices 120 and/or AP 102 may be configured to use all or a subset of its one or more communications antennas to perform MIMO beamforming.

[0058] Any of the user devices 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may include any suitable radio and/or transceiver for transmitting and/or receiving radio frequency (RF) signals in the bandwidth and/or channels corresponding to the communications protocols utilized by any of the user device(s) 120 and AP 102 to communicate with each other. The radio components may include hardware and/or software to modulate and/or demodulate communications signals according to pre-established transmission protocols. The radio components may further have hardware and/or software instructions to communicate via one or more Wi-Fi and/or Wi-Fi direct protocols, as standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards. In certain example embodiments, the radio component, in cooperation with the communications antennas, may be configured to communicate via 2.4 GHz channels (e.g. 802.11b, 802. llg, 802.11η, 802.1 lax), 5 GHz channels (e.g. 802.11η, 802.11ac, 802.11ax), or 60 GHZ channels (e.g. 802.11ad, 802.11ay). In some embodiments, non- Wi-Fi protocols may be used for communications between devices, such as Bluetooth, dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) (e.g. IEEE 802.1 laf, IEEE 802.22), white band frequency (e.g., white spaces), or other packetized radio communications. The radio component may include any known receiver and baseband suitable for communicating via the communications protocols. The radio component may further include a low noise amplifier (LNA), additional signal amplifiers, an analog-to- digital (A/D) converter, one or more buffers, and digital baseband.

[0059] Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with a wireless communication network communicating over a frequency band of 60 GHz. However, other embodiments may be implemented utilizing any other suitable wireless communication frequency bands, for example, an extremely high frequency (EHF) band (the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band), a frequency band within the frequency band of between 20 GHz and 300 GHz, a WLAN frequency band, a WPAN frequency band, a frequency band according to the WGA specification, and the like.

[0060] The phrases "directional multi-gigabit (DMG)" and "directional band (DBand)", as used herein, may relate to a frequency band wherein the channel starting frequency is above 45 GHz. In one example, DMG communications may involve one or more directional links to communicate at a rate of multiple gigabits per second, for example, at least 1 gigabit per second, 7 gigabits per second, or any other rate.

[0061] In some demonstrative embodiments, the user device(s) 120 and/or the AP 102 may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more specifications, including one or more IEEE 802.11 specifications, (e.g., an IEEE 802.1 lad specification, an IEEE 802.1 lay specification, and/or any other specification and/or protocol). For example, an amendment to a DMG operation in the 60 GHz band, according to an IEEE 802.1 lad standard, may be defined, for example, by an IEEE 802. Hay project.

[0062] It is understood that a basic service set (BSS) provides the basic building block of an 802.11 wireless LAN. For example, in infrastructure mode, a single access point (AP) together with all associated stations (STAs) is called a BSS. [0063] In one or more embodiments, and with reference to FIG. 1, when an AP (e.g., AP 102) establishes communication with one or more user devices 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, and/or 128), the AP 102 may communicate in a downlink direction and the user devices 120 may communicate with the AP 102 in an uplink direction by sending one or more interleaved symbols (e.g., frame 140) in either direction. A device (e.g., user devices 120 and/or AP 102) may receive the frame 140 and may perform de-interleaving in order to retrieve the original bits.

[0064] In one embodiment, the user devices 120 and the AP 102 may include one or more interleavers (e.g., in a transmission chain) and one or more de-interleavers (e.g., in a receiving chain). In FIG. 1, there is shown an interleaver 136 and a de-interleaver 137 as part of the AP 102 and an interleaver 138 and a de-interleaver 139 as part of at least one of the user devices 120. During data transmission from the AP 102 to one or more user devices 120, the AP 102 may use the interleaver 136 to interleave a data block, which may be comprised of a number of symbols. The AP 102 may arrange the symbols in blocks of symbols (e.g., data symbol blocks). The AP 102 may use these data symbol blocks as inputs to the interleaver 136. The AP 102 may insert or append guard intervals (e.g., GI 141 and GI 143) around the interleaved data symbol blocks (e.g., interleaved data symbol blocks 142 and 144) before transmitting the frame 140 to a user device 120. It should be understood that although two GIs and two interleaved data symbol blocks are shown in FIG. 1, more GI and interleaved data symbol blocks may be present in frame 140. When a user device 120 receives frame 140, the user device 120 may use the de-interleaver 139 to de-interleave the interleaved data symbol blocks. The de-interleaver 139 restores the original data block sent by the AP 102. That is, the de- interleaver 139 performs the reverse function of the interleaver 136. It should be understood that the reverse direction of a data transmission from user devices 120 to the AP 102 may use the same approach by first performing interleaving using interleaver 138 and de-interleaving using de-interleaver 137.

[0065] In one or more embodiments, a single carrier PHY block interleaver system may facilitate a block interleaver design for single carrier PHY. A single carrier PHY block interleaver design for single carrier PHY may be designed for various modulation methods such as QAM or non-uniform constellation NUC. For example, 64 QAM/64NUC constellations. The design may be used with different number of channel bonding (e.g., NCB = 1, 2, 3 and 4). It can be supported with different guard intervals (GIs). Simulation analysis proved that the use of an interleaver in a single carrier PHY block provided significant signal- to-noise ratio (SNR) gain in frequency selective channels. [0066] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[0067] FIG. 2A depicts an interleaver scheme 200, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0068] In one or more embodiments, interleaver scheme 200 may be a scheme for 16 QAM modulation (e.g., as defined in the IEEE 802.11ad standard).

[0069] In one or more embodiments, interleaver scheme 200 may include code words (e.g., code word 202 and code word 204). The code words may be interleaved by a device (e.g., AP 102 or user device 120 of FIG. 1) to an interleaved signal 206. Symbols (e.g., symbol 208, symbol 210) of code word 202 may include a number of bits 212, and may be interleaved with symbols (e.g., symbol 214, symbol 216) of code word 204 to form interleaved signal 206. Symbols of code word 204 may also include a number of bits 218. Number of bits 212 and number of bits 218 may each include four bits per symbol for 16 QAM modulation.

[0070] In one or more embodiments, interleaving of code word 202 with code word 204 may involve alternating symbols from each code word. For example, symbol 208 of code word 202 may be the first symbol of interleaved signal 206, and symbol 214 may be a second symbol of interleaved signal 206. Continuing to alternate, symbol 210 of code word 202 may be the third symbol of interleaved signal 206, and symbol 216 of code word 204 may be the fourth symbol of interleaved signal 206. The alternating symbols of code word 202 and code word 204 may continue until all symbols of each code word have been interleaved in interleaved signal 206.

[0071] The IEEE 802.1 lad standard may define an interleaver scheme (e.g., interleaver scheme 200) for 16 QAM and 64 QAM modulations. The basic idea may be to spread bits of a single LDPC code word over an entire OFDM signal bandwidth (e.g., consisting of interleaved signal 206) to provide wideband channel frequency diversity. The IEEE 802.11 ad standard may define 336 data subcarriers per OFDM symbol, and the number of data subcarriers may be aligned with an LDPC code word length Lew = 672 bits. In 16 QAM modulation, when two LDPC code words are used, there are 672 bits/code word * 2 code words = 1344 bits. Using 4 bits per data subcarrier * 336 data subcarriers = 1344 bits.

[0072] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[0073] FIG. 2B depicts an interleaver scheme 250, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure. [0074] In one or more embodiments, interleaver scheme 250 may include code words (e.g., code word 252, code word 254, and code word 256). The code words may be interleaved by a device (e.g., AP 102 or user device 120 of FIG. 1) to an interleaved signal 258. Symbols (e.g., symbol 260, symbol 262, symbol 264, symbol 266) of code word 252 may include a number of bits 268, and may be interleaved with symbols (e.g., symbol 270, symbol 272, symbol 274, symbol 276) of code word 254, having a number of bits 278, and also interleaved with symbols (e.g., symbol 280, symbol 282, symbol 284, symbol 286) of code word 256, having a number of bits 288, to form interleaved signal 258. Number of bits 268, number of bits 278, and number of bits 288 may each include six bits per symbol for 64 QAM modulation.

[0075] In one or more embodiments, interleaving of code word 252 with code word 254 and code word 256 may involve alternating symbols from each code word. For example, symbol 260 of code word 252 may be the first symbol of interleaved signal 258, and symbol 270 of code word 254 may be a second symbol of interleaved signal 258. Continuing to alternate, symbol 280 of code word 256 may be the third symbol of interleaved signal 258, and symbol 262 of code word 252 may be the fourth symbol of interleaved signal 258. The alternating symbols of code word 252, code word 254, and code word 256 may continue until all symbols of each code word have been interleaved in interleaved signal 258. By interlacing symbols of code word 202 with symbols of code word 204 before mapping to the 336 subcarriers of an OFDM signal spectrum, a single LDPC code word may be spread over the entire signal spectrum, increasing the probability that deeply attenuated subcarriers may be distributed uniformly over one or more code words.

[0076] In 64 QAM modulation (e.g., as defined by the IEEE 802.1 lad standard), using 336 data subcarriers per OFDM symbol, the number of data subcarriers may be aligned with an LDPC code word length Lew = 672 bits. In 64 QAM modulation, when three LDPC code words are used, there are 672 bits/code word * 3 code words = 2016 bits. Using 6 bits per data subcarrier * 336 data subcarriers = 2016 bits.

[0077] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[0078] FIG. 3A depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver 300 on a transmitter side, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0079] In one or more embodiments, interleaver 300 may be represented as a table interleaver with a number of columns 302 by a number of rows 304, where the product of the number of columns 302 by the number of rows 304 may represent a number of subcarriers in a spectrum.

[0080] In one or more embodiments, a writing direction 306 may be horizontal, while a reading direction 308 may be vertical. Ns may define the number of symbols per table cell (e.g., cells 310-332), which may be written to interleaver 300 in the writing direction 306, and may be read from interleaver 300 in the reading direction 308. Writing may be performed on a row-by-row basis according to the writing direction 306. Reading may be performed on a column-by-column basis according to the reading direction 308.

[0081] In one or more embodiments, parameters for interleaver 300 may be defined as follows. For 16 QAM modulation, the number of rows 304 = 2, the number of columns 302 = 168, and Ns = 1. Therefore, the number of subcarriers in the spectrum is 2 * 168 * 1 = 336 subcarriers. For 64 QAM modulation, the number of rows 304 = 3, the number of columns 302 = 112, and Ns = 1. Therefore, the number of subcarriers in the spectrum is 3 * 112 * 1 = 336 subcarriers. The smaller Ns is, the larger the interleaver design/structure may be in order to provide for the same product that corresponds to the number of subcarriers in a spectrum.

[0082] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[0083] FIG. 3B depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for a de- interleaver 350 on a receiver side, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0084] In one or more embodiments, de-interleaver 350 may be represented as a table interleaver with a number of columns 352 by a number of rows 354, where the product of the number of columns 352 by the number of rows 354 may represent a number of subcarriers in a spectrum.

[0085] In one or more embodiments, a reading direction 356 may be horizontal, while a writing direction 358 may be vertical. Ns may define the number of symbols per table cell (e.g., cells 360-382), which may be read from de-interleaver 350 in the reading direction 356, and may be written to de-interleaver 350 in the writing direction 358. Reading may be performed on a row-by-row basis according to the reading direction 356. Writing may be performed on a column-by-column basis according to the writing direction 358. Reading direction 356 and writing direction 358 may allow adjacent QAM symbols with highly correlated channel values to be distributed over different LDPC code words.

[0086] In one or more embodiments, parameters for de-interleaver 350 may be defined as follows. For 16 QAM modulation, the number of rows 354 = 2, the number of columns 352 = 168, and Ns = 1. Therefore, the number of subcarriers in the spectrum is 2 * 168 = 336 subcarriers. For 64 QAM modulation, the number of rows 354 = 3, the number of columns 353 = 112, and Ns = 1. Therefore, the number of subcarriers in the spectrum is 3 * 112 = 336 subcarriers.

[0087] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[0088] Referring to FIGs. 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7B, channel bonding may be used. The IEEE 802.1 lad standard, for example, may define a same number of data subcarriers (e.g., 336 data subcarriers) per OFDM symbol for transmission over a 2.16 GHz channel, where NCB = 1. With channel bonding (e.g., in the IEEE 802. Hay standard), the number of data subcarriers per OFDM symbol may increase to account for a wider spectrum. The number of data subcarriers (NSD) for different NCBs may be defined as follows. For NCB = 1, NSD = 336. For NCB = 2, NSD = 336*2 + 62 guard band subcarriers = 734. For NCB = 3, NSD = 3*336 + 126 guard band subcarriers 126 = 1134. For NCB = 4, NSD = 4*336 + 188 guard band subcarriers = 1532. When using a bonded channel, a number of data subcarriers may not be aligned with the code word length. Also, additional code word lengths may be defined (e.g., Lew = 624 bits, Lew = 1344 bits). The interleaver configuration may not depend on a particular code word length, and may allow for interleaving on groups of symbols (e.g., Ns > 1). For example, NS may be eight in the examples shown in FIGs. 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7B, meaning there may be eight symbols per interleaver cell, assuming Ns = 8 defines a parallelization factor in hardware architecture.

[0089] FIG. 4A depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver 400 when NCB = 1, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0090] In one or more embodiments, interleaver 400 may use a configuration where Ns = 8 QAM symbols per group. It should be noted that although is set to 8, other values for Ns may be used based on hardware or software implementation constraints.

[0091] In one or more embodiments, a configuration of interleaver 400 may have a number of columns 402 by a number of rows 404. In 16 QAM modulation, the number of rows 404 = 2, the number of columns 402 = 21, Ns = 8, and the number of rows 404 * the number of columns 402 * Ns = 2*21*8 = 336 symbols. For example, having a larger Ns (e.g., Ns > 1) may allow for a smaller interleaver structure than a smaller NS (e.g., Ns = 1) may allow.

[0092] In one or more embodiments, a writing direction 406 may be horizontal and on a row-by-row basis. A reading direction 408 may be vertical and on a column-by-column basis. Reading from and writing to interleaver 400 may include reading from and writing to cells 410- 434, each of which may include Ns symbols per cell. The number of cells may be associated with the channel bonding factor (e.g., NCB = 1).

[0093] In one or more embodiments, to determine a number of cells used to store the symbols may be determined by dividing the number of symbols over Ns. For example, using 336 symbols and Ns = 8, interleaver 400 may require 336 / 8 = 42 cells. When the number of rows 404 = 2 and the number of columns 402 = 21, interleaver 400 may have 42 cells. With 42 cells, interleaver 400 may have a capacity to store 42*8 = 336 symbols. Because the number of symbols in groups of Ns = 8 corresponds to 42 cells with no remaining symbols, and because interleaver 400 has 42 cells, the symbols may completely fill the interleaver 400 when stored.

[0094] In one or more embodiments, cells 410-434 represent Ns successive QAM symbols at an input of a configuration of interleaver 400 (e.g., cells 410-434 = [s8k, s8k+l, s8k+2, s8k+3, s8k+4, s8K+5, s8K+6, s8K+7] where si represents an input of QAM symbols, and k=0:41 (e.g., k ranges from 0 to 41, representing the 42 cells).

[0095] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[0096] FIG. 4B depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver 450 when NCB is one, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0097] In one or more embodiments, interleaver 450 may use a configuration where Ns = 8 QAM symbols per group. However, other values of Ns may be used.

[0098] In one or more embodiments, a configuration of interleaver 400 may have a number of columns 452 by a number of rows 454.

[0099] In one or more embodiments, a writing direction 456 may be horizontal and on a row-by-row basis. A reading direction 458 may be vertical and on a column-by-column basis. Reading from and writing to interleaver 450 may include reading from and writing to cells 460- 494, each of which may include Ns symbols per cell. The number of cells may be associated with the channel bonding factor (e.g., NCB = 1).

[00100] In one or more embodiments, in 64 QAM modulation, the number of rows 454 = 3, the number of columns 452 = 14, Ns = 8, and the number of rows 454 * the number of columns 452 * Ns = 3*14*8 = 336 subcarriers.

[00101] In one or more embodiments, to determine a number of cells used to store the symbols may be determined by dividing the number of symbols over Ns. For example, using 336 symbols and Ns = 8, interleaver 450 may require 336 / 8 = 42 cells. When the number of rows 454 = 3 and the number of columns 402 = 14, interleaver 450 may have 42 cells. With 42 cells, interleaver 450 may have a capacity to store 42*8 = 336 symbols. Because the number of symbols in groups of Ns = 8 corresponds to 42 cells with no remaining symbols, and because interleaver 450 has 42 cells, the symbols may completely fill the interleaver 450 when stored.

[00102] In one or more embodiments, cells 460-494 represent Ns successive QAM symbols at an input of a configuration of interleaver 450 (e.g., cells 460-494= [s8k, s8k+l, s8k+2, s8k+3, s8k+4, s8K+5, s8K+6, s8K+7] where si represents an input of QAM symbols, and k=0:41 (e.g., k ranges from 0 to 41, representing the 42 cells).

[00103] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[00104] FIG. 5 A depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver 500 when NCB is two, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[00105] In one or more embodiments, interleaver 500 may use a configuration where Ns = 8 QAM symbols per group. However, other values of Ns may be used.

[00106] In one or more embodiments, a configuration of interleaver 500 may have a number of columns 502 by a number of rows 504.

[00107] In one or more embodiments, a writing direction 506 may be horizontal and on a row-by-row basis. A reading direction 508 may be vertical and on a column-by-column basis. Reading from and writing to interleaver 500 may include reading from and writing to cells 510- 546, each of which may include Ns symbols per cell. The number of cells may be associated with the channel bonding factor (e.g., NCB = 2).

[00108] In one or more embodiments, in 16 QAM modulation, the number of rows 504 = 4, the number of columns 502 = 24, Ns = 8, and the number of rows 504 * the number of columns 502 * Ns = 4*24*8 = 768 subcarriers.

[00109] In one or more embodiments, to determine a number of cells used to store the symbols may be determined by dividing the number of symbols over Ns. For example, using 734 symbols and Ns = 8, interleaver 500 may require 734 / 8 = 91 cells for 728 symbols, with six remaining symbols (e.g., a remainder of six) partially filling a 92^nd cell. When the number of rows 504 = 4 and the number of columns 502 = 24, interleaver 500 may have 96 cells. With 96 cells, interleaver 500 may have a capacity to store 96*8 = 768 symbols. Because the number of symbols in groups of Ns = 8 corresponds to 91 cells with six remaining symbols, and because interleaver 500 has 96 cells, the symbols may not completely fill the interleaver 500 when stored. Instead, there may be a partially filled cell with the six remaining symbols, plus four additional cells that are unused by the 734 symbols (e.g., a difference between the number of cells - 96, and the number of cells used to store the symbols - 92, plus the partially filled cell: 96-92 = 4 + 1 = 5 remaining cells). To account for the remaining cells, zeros may be stored in the remaining cells (e.g., the zero cells in FIG. 5A), including in the partially filled cell, where the remaining symbols may be replaced in the interleaver memory by a zero value.

[00110] In one or more embodiments, the first 728 symbols may be interleaved, and the remaining six symbols may be kept out of the memory of interleaver 500. The 728 symbols may be divided into groups of Ns = 8 symbols, (e.g., cells 510-546= [s8k, s8k+l, s8k+2, s8k+3, s8k+4, s8K+5, s8K+6, s8K+7] where si represents an input of QAM symbols, and k=0:41 (e.g., k ranges from 0 to 41, representing the 42 cells), where the 728 symbols may be written to memory of the interleaver 500.

[00111] In one or more embodiments, the symbols stored in memory of interleaver 500 may be interleaved. The zeros that are interleaved may then be discarded, and the remaining symbols may then be appended at the end of the interleaved signal.

[00112] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[00113] FIG. 5B depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver 550 when NCB is two, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[00114] In one or more embodiments, interleaver 550 may use a configuration where Ns = 8 QAM symbols per group. However, other values of Ns may be used.

[00115] In one or more embodiments, a configuration of interleaver 550 may have a number of columns 552 by a number of rows 554.

[00116] In one or more embodiments, a writing direction 556 may be horizontal and on a row-by-row basis. A reading direction 558 may be vertical and on a column-by-column basis. Reading from and writing to interleaver 550 may include reading from and writing to cells 560- 590, each of which may include Ns symbols per cell. The number of cells may be associated with the channel bonding factor (e.g., NCB = 2).

[00117] In 64 QAM modulation, the number of rows 504 = 6, the number of columns 552 = 16, Ns = 8, and the number of rows 554 * the number of columns 552 * Ns = 6*16*8 = 768 subcarriers.

[00118] In one or more embodiments, to determine a number of cells used to store the symbols may be determined by dividing the number of symbols over Ns. For example, using 734 symbols and Ns = 8, interleaver 550 may require 734 / 8 = 91 cells for 728 symbols, with six remaining symbols (e.g., a remainder of six) partially filling a 92^nd cell. When the number of rows 554 = 6 and the number of columns 552 = 16, interleaver 550 may have 96 cells. With 96 cells, interleaver 550 may have a capacity to store 96*8 = 768 symbols. Because the number of symbols in groups of Ns = 8 corresponds to 91 cells with six remaining symbols, and because interleaver 550 has 96 cells, the symbols may not completely fill the interleaver 550 when stored. Instead, there may be a partially filled cell with the six remaining symbols, plus four additional cells that are unused by the 734 symbols (e.g., a difference between the number of cells - 96, and the number of cells used to store the symbols - 92, plus the partially filled cell: 96-92 = 4 + 1 = 5 remaining cells). To account for the remaining cells, zeros may be stored in the remaining cells (e.g., the zero cells in FIG. 5B), including in the partially filled cell, where the remaining symbols may be replaced in the interleaver memory by a zero value.

[00119] In one or more embodiments, the first 728 symbols may be interleaved, and the remaining six symbols may be kept out of the memory of interleaver 550. The 728 symbols may be divided into groups of Ns = 8 symbols, (e.g., cells 560-590= [s8k, s8k+l, s8k+2, s8k+3, s8k+4, s8K+5, s8K+6, s8K+7] where si represents an input of QAM symbols, and k=0:41 (e.g., k ranges from 0 to 41, representing the 42 cells), where the 728 symbols may be written to memory of the interleaver 550.

[00120] In one or more embodiments, the symbols stored in memory of interleaver 550 may be interleaved. The zeros that are interleaved may then be discarded, and the remaining symbols may then be appended at the end of the interleaved signal.

[00121] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[00122] FIG. 6A depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver 600 when NCB is three, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[00123] In one or more embodiments, interleaver 600 may use a configuration where Ns = 8 QAM symbols per group. However, other values of Ns may be used.

[00124] In one or more embodiments, a configuration of interleaver 600 may have a number of columns 602 by a number of rows 604.

[00125] In one or more embodiments, a writing direction 606 may be horizontal and on a row-by-row basis. A reading direction 608 may be vertical and on a column-by-column basis. Reading from and writing to interleaver 600 may include reading from and writing to cells 610- 646, each of which may include Ns symbols per cell. The number of cells may be associated with the channel bonding factor (e.g., NCB = 3). [00126] In one or more embodiments, in 16 QAM modulation, the number of rows 604 = 6, the number of columns 602 = 24, Ns = 8, and the number of rows 604 * the number of columns 602 * Ns = 6*24*8 = 1152 subcarriers.

[00127] In one or more embodiments, to determine a number of cells used to store the symbols may be determined by dividing the number of symbols over Ns. For example, using 1134 symbols and Ns = 8, interleaver 600 may require 1134 / 8 = 141 cells, with six remaining symbols (e.g., a remainder of six) partially filling a 142^nd cell. When the number of rows 604 = 6 and the number of columns 602 = 24, interleaver 600 may have 144 cells. With 144 cells, interleaver 600 may have a capacity to store 144*8 = 1152 symbols. Because the number of symbols in groups of Ns = 8 corresponds to 141 cells with six remaining symbols, and because interleaver 600 has 144 cells, the symbols may not completely fill the interleaver 600 when stored. Instead, there may be a partially filled cell with the six remaining symbols, plus two additional cells that are unused by the 1134 symbols (e.g., a difference between the number of cells - 144, and the number of cells used to store the symbols - 142, plus the partially filled cell: 144-142 = 2 + 1 = 3 remaining cells). To account for the remaining cells, zeros may be stored in the remaining cells (e.g., the zero cells in FIG. 6A), including in the partially filled cell, where the remaining symbols may be replaced in the interleaver memory by a zero value.

[00128] In one or more embodiments, the first 1128 symbols may be interleaved, and the remaining six symbols may be kept out of the memory of interleaver 600. The 1128 symbols may be divided into groups of Ns = 8 symbols, (e.g., cells 610-646= [s8k, s8k+l, s8k+2, s8k+3, s8k+4, s8K+5, s8K+6, s8K+7] where si represents an input of QAM symbols, and k=0:41 (e.g., k ranges from 0 to 140, representing the 141 cells), where the 1128 symbols may be written to memory of the interleaver 600.

[00129] In one or more embodiments, the symbols stored in memory of interleaver 600 may be interleaved. The zeros that are interleaved may then be discarded, and the remaining symbols may then be appended at the end of the interleaved signal.

[00130] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[00131] FIG. 6B depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver 650 when NCB is three, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[00132] In one or more embodiments, interleaver 650 may use a configuration where Ns = 8 QAM symbols per group. However, other values of Ns may be used. [00133] In one or more embodiments, a configuration of interleaver 650 may have a number of columns 652 by a number of rows 654.

[00134] In one or more embodiments, a writing direction 656 may be horizontal and on a row-by-row basis. A reading direction 658 may be vertical and on a column-by-column basis. Reading from and writing to interleaver 650 may include reading from and writing to cells 660- 696, each of which may include Ns symbols per cell. The number of cells may be associated with the channel bonding factor (e.g., NCB = 3).

[00135] In 64 QAM modulation, the number of rows 654 = 9, the number of columns 652 = 16, Ns = 8, and the number of rows 654 * the number of columns 652 * Ns = 9*16*8 = 1152 subcarriers.

[00136] In one or more embodiments, to determine a number of cells used to store the symbols may be determined by dividing the number of symbols over Ns. For example, using 1134 symbols and Ns = 8, interleaver 650 may require 1134 / 8 = 141 cells, with six remaining symbols (e.g., a remainder of six) partially filling a 142^nd cell. When the number of rows 654 = 9 and the number of columns 652 = 16, interleaver 650 may have 144 cells. With 144 cells, interleaver 650 may have a capacity to store 144*8 = 1152 symbols. Because the number of symbols in groups of Ns = 8 corresponds to 141 cells with six remaining symbols, and because interleaver 650 has 144 cells, the symbols may not completely fill the interleaver 650 when stored. Instead, there may be a partially filled cell with the six remaining symbols, plus two additional cells that are unused by the 1134 symbols (e.g., a difference between the number of cells - 144, and the number of cells used to store the symbols - 142, plus the partially filled cell: 144-142 = 2 + 1 = 3 remaining cells). To account for the remaining cells, zeros may be stored in the remaining cells (e.g., the zero cells in FIG. 6B), including in the partially filled cell, where the remaining symbols may be replaced in the interleaver memory by a zero value.

[00137] In one or more embodiments, the first 1128 symbols may be interleaved, and the remaining six symbols may be kept out of the memory of interleaver 650. The 1128 symbols may be divided into groups of Ns = 8 symbols, (e.g., cells 610-646= [s8k, s8k+l, s8k+2, s8k+3, s8k+4, s8K+5, s8K+6, s8K+7] where si represents an input of QAM symbols, and k=0:41 (e.g., k ranges from 0 to 140, representing the 141 cells), where the 1128 symbols may be written to memory of the interleaver 650.

[00138] In one or more embodiments, the symbols stored in memory of interleaver 650 may be interleaved. The zeros that are interleaved may then be discarded, and the remaining symbols may then be appended at the end of the interleaved signal. [00139] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[00140] FIG. 7A depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver 700 when NCB is four, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[00141] In one or more embodiments, interleaver 700 may use a configuration where Ns = 8 QAM symbols per group. However, other values of Ns may be used.

[00142] In one or more embodiments, a configuration of interleaver 700 may have a number of columns 702 by a number of rows 704.

[00143] In one or more embodiments, a writing direction 706 may be horizontal and on a row-by-row basis. A reading direction 708 may be vertical and on a column-by-column basis.

Reading from and writing to interleaver 700 may include reading from and writing to cells 710-

748, each of which may include Ns symbols per cell. The number of cells may be associated with the channel bonding factor (e.g., NCB = 4).

[00144] In one or more embodiments, in 16 QAM modulation, the number of rows 704 = 8, the number of columns 602 = 24, Ns = 8, and the number of rows 704 * the number of columns

702 * Ns = 8*24*8 = 1536 subcarriers.

[00145] In one or more embodiments, to determine a number of cells used to store the symbols may be determined by dividing the number of symbols over Ns. For example, using 1532 symbols and Ns = 8, interleaver 700 may require 1532 / 8 = 191 cells, with four remaining symbols (e.g., a remainder of four) partially filling a 192^nd cell. When the number of rows 704 = 8 and the number of columns 702 = 24, interleaver 700 may have 192 cells. With 192 cells, interleaver 700 may have a capacity to store 192*8 = 1536 symbols. Because the number of symbols in groups of Ns = 8 corresponds to 191 cells with four remaining symbols, and because interleaver 700 has 192 cells, the symbols may not completely fill the interleaver 700 when stored. Instead, there may be a partially filled cell with the four remaining symbols (e.g., a difference between the number of cells - 192, and the number of cells used to store the symbols - 192, plus the partially filled cell: 192-192 = 0 + 1 = 1 remaining cell). To account for the remaining cells, zeros may be stored in the remaining cells (e.g., the zero cells in FIG. 7A), including in the partially filled cell, where the remaining symbols may be replaced in the interleaver memory by a zero value.

[00146] In one or more embodiments, the first 1528 symbols may be interleaved, and the remaining four symbols may be kept out of the memory of interleaver 700. The 1528 symbols may be divided into groups of Ns = 8 symbols, (e.g., cells 710-748= [s8k, s8k+l, s8k+2, s8k+3, s8k+4, s8K+5, s8K+6, s8K+7] where si represents an input of QAM symbols, and k=0:41 (e.g., k ranges from 0 to 190, representing the 191 cells), where the 1528 symbols may be written to memory of the interleaver 700.

[00147] In one or more embodiments, the symbols stored in memory of interleaver 700 may be interleaved. The zeros that are interleaved may then be discarded, and the remaining symbols may then be appended at the end of the interleaved signal.

[00148] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[00149] FIG. 7B depicts a network diagram illustrating an example configuration for an interleaver 750 when NCB is four, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[00150] In one or more embodiments, interleaver 750 may use a configuration where Ns = 8 QAM symbols per group.

[00151] In one or more embodiments, a configuration of interleaver 750 may have a number of columns 752 by a number of rows 754.

[00152] In one or more embodiments, a writing direction 756 may be horizontal and on a row-by-row basis. A reading direction 758 may be vertical and on a column-by-column basis. Reading from and writing to interleaver 750 may include reading from and writing to cells 760- 798, each of which may include Ns symbols per cell. The number of cells may be associated with the channel bonding factor (e.g., NCB = 4).

[00153] In one or more embodiments, in 64 QAM modulation, the number of rows 754 = 12, the number of columns 702 = 16, Ns = 8, and the number of rows 754 * the number of columns 752 * Ns = 12*16*8 = 1536 subcarriers.

[00154] In one or more embodiments, to determine a number of cells used to store the symbols may be determined by dividing the number of symbols over Ns. For example, using 1532 symbols and Ns = 8, interleaver 700 may require 1532 / 8 = 191 cells, with four remaining symbols (e.g., a remainder of four) partially filling a 192^nd cell. When the number of rows 754 = 12 and the number of columns 752 = 16, interleaver 750 may have 192 cells. With 192 cells, interleaver 750 may have a capacity to store 192*8 = 1536 symbols. Because the number of symbols in groups of Ns = 8 corresponds to 191 cells with four remaining symbols, and because interleaver 750 has 192 cells, the symbols may not completely fill the interleaver 750 when stored. Instead, there may be a partially filled cell with the four remaining symbols (e.g., a difference between the number of cells - 192, and the number of cells used to store the symbols - 192, plus the partially filled cell: 192-192 = 0 + 1 = 1 remaining cell). To account for the remaining cells, zeros may be stored in the remaining cells (e.g., the zero cells in FIG. 7B), including in the partially filled cell, where the remaining symbols may be replaced in the interleaver memory by a zero value.

[00155] In one or more embodiments, the first 1528 symbols may be interleaved, and the remaining four symbols may be kept out of the memory of interleaver 750. The 1528 symbols may be divided into groups of Ns = 8 symbols, (e.g., cells 710-748= [s8k, s8k+l, s8k+2, s8k+3, s8k+4, s8K+5, s8K+6, s8K+7] where si represents an input of QAM symbols, and k=0:41 (e.g., k ranges from 0 to 190, representing the 191 cells), where the 1528 symbols may be written to memory of the interleaver 750.

[00156] In one or more embodiments, the symbols stored in memory of interleaver 750 may be interleaved. The zeros that are interleaved may then be discarded, and the remaining symbols may then be appended at the end of the interleaved signal.

[00157] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[00158] Referring to FIGs. 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7B, a symbol interleaver may be defined based on NCB. The symbol interleaver may define index values for symbols in an interleaved signal using 16 QAM, 64 QAM, and 64 NUC (next unit of computing) modulation. The symbol interleaver may perform enhanced interleaving on modulated complex symbols inside an OFDM symbol, and the parameters may depend on the number of data subcarriers per OFDM symbol. The input to an interleaver scheme may be an OFDM symbol block d ^q) of length NSD having 16 QAM, 64 QAM, or 64 NUC symbols, as represented by:

i) , where q may refer to an OFDM symbol number (e.g., q= 0,

1,... ,NSYM-1). Interleaving may be performed inside a block of length NSD-NP, where Np = 0 for NSD = 336, Np = 6 for NSD = 734 and 1134, and Np = 4 for NSD = 1532. The output of an interleaver scheme may be a permuted OFDM symbol block of a length defined as:

of permutation indexes, which may be constructed as: idx(i * 8 + j) = idx0(i)* 8 + j , where I = 0, 1,...,(NSD-NP)/8 - 1, and j = 0, 1,...,7. The idxO array for 16 QAM modulation is defined below in Table 1, and for 64 QAM, and/or 64 NUC modulations is defined below in Table 2. [00159] Table 1 : idxO Array Definition for 16 QAM Modulation:

[00160] Table 2: idxO Array Definition for 64 QAM and 64 NUC Modulation:

[00161] FIG. 8A illustrates a flow diagram of illustrative process 800 for an enhanced interleaver design, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[00162] At block 802, one or more processsors of a device (e.g., the user device(s) 120 and/or the AP 102 of FIG. 1) may determine one or more LDPC code words associated with one or more OFDM symbols for transmission in one or more channels associated with a channel bonding factor. The one or more OFDM symbols may include first subcarriers and second subcarriers. A guard interval may separate the first subcarriers from the second subcarriers, wherein the guard interval may include guard subcarriers, and the one or more OFDM symbols may include the guard subcarriers. The one or more OFDM symbols may include 734 data subcarriers, 1134 data subcarriers, or 1532 data subcarriers depending on the channel bonding factor.

[00163] At block 804, one or more processors of the device may determine an interleaver configuration for an interleaver device including a memory. The interleaver configuration may include a first number of cells, and each cell of the first number of cells may store a predetermined number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols. The first number of cells may be associated with the channel bonding factor, and the interleaver memory may include the first number of cells. The predetermined number of symbols may be greater than one (e.g., a block of symbols).

[00164] At block 806, one or more processors of the device may divide the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols. For example, the total number of symbols divided by the predetermined number of symbols (e.g., a block of symbols which may fit into a cell of interleaver memory) may result in a quotient and a remainder. The quotient is the number of times the predetermined number of symbols divides into the total number of symbols. For example, if the total number of symbols is 734, and the predetermined number of symbols is eight, then dividing 734 / 8 = 91.75, or 91 plus a remainder of six symbols. That means that 91 cells of interleaver memory may be used to store 91*8 = 728 symbols, and six remaining symbols may only partially fill a 92^nd cell of interleaver memory.

[00165] At block 808, one or more processors of the device may determine, based on the division, a second number of cells of the first number of cells and a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols. Each of the second number of cells may store one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, and the remaining number of symbols may be less than the predetermined number of symbols. The second number of cells may be cells of interleaver memory used to store the symbols, and the second number of cells may not be the total number of cells in the interleaver memory. For example, if interleaver memory includes 96 cells that may store up to eight symbols per cell, and 734 symbols are used in a signal, then the first 728 symbols may be stored in 91 cells in groups of eight symbols, and a 92^nd cell may be needed to store the remaining six symbols. Thus, the first number of cells may be 96, and the second number of cells may be 92.

[00166] At block 810, one or more processors of the device may determine a number of remaining cells of the first number of cells based on the second number of cells and on the remaining number of symbols. For example, the remaining number of symbols may be greater than zero, and the number of remaining cells may then be a difference between the first number of cells and the second number of cells, plus an additional cell (e.g., the partially used 92^nd cell for the remaining symbols). The remaining number of symbols may be zero, and so the number of remaining cells may be a difference between the number of cells and the number of cells used to store the one or more OFDM symbols. Thus, the remaining number of symbols may become a factor when NCB > 1, where the predetermined number of symbols may not divide evenly into the number of symbols in the signal, thus requiring an additional cell of interleaver memory to be used to store remaining symbols. [00167] At block 812, one or more processors of the device may store zeros in one or more cells of the number of remaining cells based on the remaining number of cells. For example, the unused cells and any partially filled cells of interleaver memory may store zeros. Storing zeros in the cell that would be partially filled with the remaining symbols that do not divide evenly based on the predetermined number of symbols (e.g., a group of remaining symbols that is less than the predetermined number of symbols and would not completely fill a cell of interleaver memory) may mean replacing such remaining symbols with zeros in interleaver memory for an enhanced interleaver operation. For example, if a 92^nd cell of 96 possible interleaver cells would be partially filled with remaining symbols, then that 92^nd cell may instead store zero values.

[00168] At block 814, one or more processors of the device may determine an interleaved signal based on the one or more OFDM symbols. Interleaving may include interlacing symbols from interleaver cells based on a reading direction (e.g., reading direction 508 of FIG. 5A) into an interleaved signal. Because the symbols may have been written to the interleaver memory according to a direction that is different from the reading direction (e.g., writing direction 506 may be horizontal while reading direction 508 may be vertical in FIG. 5A), the symbols may be interlaced into an interleaved signal in an order that is different from the order to which they were written to interleaver memory. The symbols stored in interleaver memory cells may be interleaved into the interleaved signal with any zeros stored in the interleaver memory cells. The zeros may be removed from the interleaver signal, and the remaining symbols kept out of interleaver memory may be appended to the interleaved signal. Determining the interleaved signal may include determining an OFDM symbol block based on the predetermined number of symbols and on an array of permutation indexes.

[00169] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[00170] FIG. 8B illustrates a flow diagram of illustrative process 850 for an enhanced interleaver design, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[00171] At block 852, one or more processors of a device (e.g., the user device(s) 120 and/or the AP 102 of FIG. 1) may identify an interleaved signal received in one or more channels. The one or more channels may include a bonded channel or unbonded channel, according to a channel bonding factor. The interleaved signal may include one or more OFDM symbols. The interleaved signal may include 734 data subcarriers, 1134 data subcarriers, or 1532 data subcarriers based on the channel bonding factor. The one or more OFDM symbols may include first subcarriers and second subcarriers, wherein a guard interval separates the first subcarriers from the second subcarriers, wherein the guard interval comprises guard subcarriers, and wherein the one or more OFDM symbols further comprises the guard subcarriers. The interleaved signal may include an OFDM symbol block associated with the one or more OFDM symbols, the OFDM symbol block having a length defined as:

d^(q,⁾ = (Ji/L, Ji/L..., dH Ϊ d^{g) , d^(q) ,...,' d^{q) ), where q ^ is a qth symbol of the one or more OFDM symbols, d^(q)idx is the OFDM symbol block, wherein idx is an array of permutation indexes defined as: idx{i * 8 + j) = idx0{i)* & + j , where i = 0, 1, ..., (NSD-N_P)/S-1, j = 0, 1, 7, where NSD is a number of data subcarriers per an OFDM symbol of the one or more OFDM symbols, N_P = 0 when NSD = 336, N_P = 6 when NSD = 734, and N_P = 4 when NSD = 1532.

[00172] At block 854, one or more processors of the device may determine a de-interleaver configuration for a de-interleaver device having a memory. The de-interleaver configuration may include a number of cells, each cell of the number of cells may store a predetermined number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols. The number of cells may be associated with the channel bonding factor, and the de-interleaver memory may include the number of cells. The predetermined number of symbols may be greater than one (e.g., a block of symbols). For example, the total number of symbols divided by the predetermined number of symbols (e.g., a block of symbols which may fit into a cell of de-interleaver memory) may result in a quotient and a remainder. The quotient is the number of times the predetermined number of symbols divides into the total number of symbols. For example, if the total number of symbols is 734, and the predetermined number of symbols is eight, then dividing 734 / 8 = 91.75, or 91 plus a remainder of six symbols. That means that 91 cells of de-interleaver memory may be used to store 91*8 = 728 symbols, and six remaining symbols may only partially fill a 92^nd cell of de-interleaver memory. The cell that would be partially filled may instead be replaced by zeros in the de-interleaver memory for the interleaving process, but the zeros may be replaced in the interleaved signal by the remaining symbols.

[00173] At block 856, one or more processors of the device may determine, based on the de-interleaver configuration, one or more LDPC code words having the one or more OFDM symbols. The one or more OFDM symbols may include first subcarriers and second subcarriers. A guard interval may separate the first subcarriers from the second subcarriers, wherein the guard interval may include guard subcarriers, and the one or more OFDM symbols may include the guard subcarriers. The one or more OFDM symbols may include 734 data subcarriers, 1134 data subcarriers, or 1532 data subcarriers depending on the channel bonding factor.

[00174] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[00175] FIG. 9 shows a functional diagram of an exemplary communication station 900 in accordance with some embodiments. In one embodiment, FIG. 9 illustrates a functional block diagram of a communication station that may be suitable for use as an AP 102 (FIG. 1) or user device 120 (FIG. 1) in accordance with some embodiments. The communication station 900 may also be suitable for use as a handheld device, a mobile device, a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wireless terminal, a laptop computer, a wearable computer device, a femtocell, a high data rate (HDR) subscriber station, an access point, an access terminal, or other personal communication system (PCS) device.

[00176] The communication station 900 may include communications circuitry 902 and a transceiver 910 for transmitting and receiving signals to and from other communication stations using one or more antennas 901. The communications circuitry 902 may include circuitry that can operate the physical layer (PHY) communications and/or medium access control (MAC) communications for controlling access to the wireless medium, and/or any other communications layers for transmitting and receiving signals. The communication station 900 may also include processing circuitry 906 and memory 908 arranged to perform the operations described herein. In some embodiments, the communications circuitry 902 and the processing circuitry 906 may be configured to perform operations detailed in FIGs. 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5 A, 5B, 6 A, 6B, 7 A, 7B, 8 A, and 8B.

[00177] In accordance with some embodiments, the communications circuitry 902 may be arranged to contend for a wireless medium and configure frames or packets for communicating over the wireless medium. The communications circuitry 902 may be arranged to transmit and receive signals. The communications circuitry 902 may also include circuitry for modulation/demodulation, upconversion/downconversion, filtering, amplification, etc. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 906 of the communication station 900 may include one or more processors. In other embodiments, two or more antennas 901 may be coupled to the communications circuitry 902 arranged for sending and receiving signals. The memory 908 may store information for configuring the processing circuitry 906 to perform operations for configuring and transmitting message frames and performing the various operations described herein. The memory 908 may include any type of memory, including non-transitory memory, for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, the memory 908 may include a computer-readable storage device, read-only memory (ROM), random- access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices and other storage devices and media.

[00178] In some embodiments, the communication station 900 may be part of a portable wireless communication device, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop or portable computer with wireless communication capability, a web tablet, a wireless telephone, a smartphone, a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, a digital camera, an access point, a television, a medical device (e.g., a heart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), a wearable computer device, or another device that may receive and/or transmit information wirelessly.

[00179] In some embodiments, the communication station 900 may include one or more antennas 901. The antennas 901 may include one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas, or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals. In some embodiments, instead of two or more antennas, a single antenna with multiple apertures may be used. In these embodiments, each aperture may be considered a separate antenna. In some multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) embodiments, the antennas may be effectively separated for spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result between each of the antennas and the antennas of a transmitting station.

[00180] In some embodiments, the communication station 900 may include one or more of a keyboard, a display, a non-volatile memory port, multiple antennas, a graphics processor, an application processor, speakers, and other mobile device elements. The display may be an LCD screen including a touch screen.

[00181] Although the communication station 900 is illustrated as having several separate functional elements, two or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. For example, some elements may include one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field- programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio- frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein. In some embodiments, the functional elements of the communication station 900 may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.

[00182] Certain embodiments may be implemented in one or a combination of hardware, firmware, and software. Other embodiments may also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device, which may be read and executed by at least one processor to perform the operations described herein. A computer-readable storage device may include any non-transitory memory mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a computer-readable storage device may include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices, and other storage devices and media. In some embodiments, the communication station 900 may include one or more processors and may be configured with instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device memory.

[00183] FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a machine 1000 or system upon which any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) discussed herein may be performed. In other embodiments, the machine 1000 may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine 1000 may operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in server-client network environments. In an example, the machine 1000 may act as a peer machine in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environments. The machine 1000 may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, a wearable computer device, a web appliance, a network router, a switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine, such as a base station. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term "machine" shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), or other computer cluster configurations.

[00184] Examples, as described herein, may include or may operate on logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules are tangible entities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations when operating. A module includes hardware. In an example, the hardware may be specifically configured to carry out a specific operation (e.g., hardwired). In another example, the hardware may include configurable execution units (e.g., transistors, circuits, etc.) and a computer readable medium containing instructions where the instructions configure the execution units to carry out a specific operation when in operation. The configuring may occur under the direction of the executions units or a loading mechanism. Accordingly, the execution units are communicatively coupled to the computer-readable medium when the device is operating. In this example, the execution units may be a member of more than one module. For example, under operation, the execution units may be configured by a first set of instructions to implement a first module at one point in time and reconfigured by a second set of instructions to implement a second module at a second point in time.

[00185] The machine (e.g., computer system) 1000 may include a hardware processor 1002 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory 1004 and a static memory 1006, some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 1008. The machine 1000 may further include a power management device 1032, a graphics display device 1010, an alphanumeric input device 1012 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device 1014 (e.g., a mouse). In an example, the graphics display device 1010, alphanumeric input device 1012, and UI navigation device 1014 may be a touch screen display. The machine 1000 may additionally include a storage device (i.e., drive unit) 1016, a signal generation device 1018 (e.g., a speaker), an enhanced interleaver device 1019, a network interface device/transceiver 1020 coupled to antenna(s) 1030, and one or more sensors 1028, such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, a compass, an accelerometer, or other sensor. The machine 1000 may include an output controller 1034, such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate with or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, a card reader, etc.)).

[00186] The storage device 1016 may include a machine readable medium 1022 on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 1024 (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. The instructions 1024 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 1004, within the static memory 1006, or within the hardware processor 1002 during execution thereof by the machine 1000. In an example, one or any combination of the hardware processor 1002, the main memory 1004, the static memory 1006, or the storage device 1016 may constitute machine-readable media.

[00187] The enhanced interleaver device 1019 may carry out or perform any of the operations and processes (e.g., process 800 of FIG. 8A, and process 850 of FIG. 8B) described and shown above.

[00188] In one or more embodiments, the enhanced interleaver device 1019 may determine one or more LDPC code words associated with one or more OFDM symbols for transmission in one or more channels associated with a channel bonding factor. [00189] In one or more embodiments, the enhanced interleaver device 1019 may determine an interleaver configuration for an interleaver device comprising a memory, the interleaver configuration comprising a first number of cells, each cell of the first number of cells configured to store a predetermined number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, the first number of cells associated with the channel bonding factor, the interleaver memory comprising the first number of cells.

[00190] In one or more embodiments, the enhanced interleaver device 1019 may divide the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols.

[00191] In one or more embodiments, the enhanced interleaver device 1019 may determine, based on the division, a second number of cells of the first number of cells and a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is less than the predetermined number of symbols.

[00192] In one or more embodiments, the enhanced interleaver device 1019 may determine a number of remaining cells of the first number of cells based on the second number of cells and on the remaining number of symbols.

[00193] In one or more embodiments, the enhanced interleaver device 1019 may store zeros in one or more cells of the number of remaining cells based on the remaining number of cells.

[00194] In one or more embodiments, the enhanced interleaver device 1019 may determine an interleaved signal based on the one or more OFDM symbols.

[00195] In one or more embodiments, the enhanced interleaver device 1019 may interleave the one or more OFDM symbols with the zeros, remove the zeros from the interleaved signal, and write the remaining number of symbols to the interleaved signal.

[00196] In one or more embodiments, the enhanced interleaver device 1019 may identify an interleaved signal received in one or more channels, the interleaved signal comprising one or more OFDM symbols, the one or more channels associated with a channel bonding factor.

[00197] In one or more embodiments, the enhanced interleaver device 1019 may determine a de-interleaver configuration for a de-interleaver device comprising a memory, the de- interleaver configuration comprising a number of cells, each cell of the number of cells configured to store a predetermined number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, the number of cells associated with the channel bonding factor, the de-interleaver memory comprising the number of cells. [00198] In one or more embodiments, the enhanced interleaver device 1019 may determine, based on the de-interleaver configuration, one or more LDPC code words comprising the one or more OFDM symbols

[00199] It is understood that the above are only a subset of what the enhanced interleaver device 1019 may be configured to perform and that other functions included throughout this disclosure may also be performed by the enhanced interleaver device 1019.

[00200] While the machine-readable medium 1022 is illustrated as a single medium, the term "machine-readable medium" may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions 1024.

[00201] Various embodiments may be implemented fully or partially in software and/or firmware. This software and/or firmware may take the form of instructions contained in or on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. Those instructions may then be read and executed by one or more processors to enable performance of the operations described herein. The instructions may be in any suitable form, such as but not limited to source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, and the like. Such a computer-readable medium may include any tangible non-transitory medium for storing information in a form readable by one or more computers, such as but not limited to read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; a flash memory, etc.

[00202] The term "machine-readable medium" may include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 1000 and that cause the machine 1000 to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non- limiting machine-readable medium examples may include solid-state memories and optical and magnetic media. In an example, a massed machine-readable medium includes a machine -readable medium with a plurality of particles having resting mass. Specific examples of massed machine -readable media may include non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., electrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM), or electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD- ROM disks.

[00203] The instructions 1024 may further be transmitted or received over a communications network 1026 using a transmission medium via the network interface device/transceiver 1020 utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communications networks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks), plain old telephone (POTS) networks, wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, and peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. In an example, the network interface device/transceiver 1020 may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communications network 1026. In an example, the network interface device/transceiver 1020 may include a plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single- input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques. The term "transmission medium" shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 1000 and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible media to facilitate communication of such software. The operations and processes described and shown above may be carried out or performed in any suitable order as desired in various implementations. Additionally, in certain implementations, at least a portion of the operations may be carried out in parallel. Furthermore, in certain implementations, less than or more than the operations described may be performed.

[00204] The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any embodiment described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. The terms "computing device," "user device," "communication station," "station," "handheld device," "mobile device," "wireless device" and "user equipment" (UE) as used herein refers to a wireless communication device such as a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wireless terminal, a laptop computer, a femtocell, a high data rate (HDR) subscriber station, an access point, a printer, a point of sale device, an access terminal, or other personal communication system (PCS) device. The device may be either mobile or stationary.

[00205] As used within this document, the term "communicate" is intended to include transmitting, or receiving, or both transmitting and receiving. This may be particularly useful in claims when describing the organization of data that is being transmitted by one device and received by another, but only the functionality of one of those devices is required to infringe the claim. Similarly, the bidirectional exchange of data between two devices (both devices transmit and receive during the exchange) may be described as "communicating," when only the functionality of one of those devices is being claimed. The term "communicating" as used herein with respect to a wireless communication signal includes transmitting the wireless communication signal and/or receiving the wireless communication signal. For example, a wireless communication unit, which is capable of communicating a wireless communication signal, may include a wireless transmitter to transmit the wireless communication signal to at least one other wireless communication unit, and/or a wireless communication receiver to receive the wireless communication signal from at least one other wireless communication unit.

[00206] As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the use of the ordinal adjectives "first," "second," "third," etc., to describe a common object, merely indicates that different instances of like objects are being referred to and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner.

[00207] The term "access point" (AP) as used herein may be a fixed station. An access point may also be referred to as an access node, a base station, an evolved node B (eNodeB), an evolved node B (eNodeB), or some other similar terminology known in the art. An access terminal may also be called a mobile station, user equipment (UE), a wireless communication device, or some other similar terminology known in the art. Embodiments disclosed herein generally pertain to wireless networks. Some embodiments may relate to wireless networks that operate in accordance with one of the IEEE 802.11 standards.

[00208] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices and systems, for example, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, an on- board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device, a vehicular device, a non- vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a consumer device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communication station, a wireless communication device, a wireless access point (AP), a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device, an audio device, an audio- video (A/V) device, a wired or wireless network, a wireless area network, a wireless video area network (WVAN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a personal area network (PAN), a wireless PAN (WPAN), and the like.

[00209] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way and/or two-way radio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communication systems, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, a personal communication system (PCS) device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable global positioning system (GPS) device, a device which incorporates a GPS receiver or transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFID element or chip, a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transceiver or device, a single input multiple output (SIMO) transceiver or device, a multiple input single output (MISO) transceiver or device, a device having one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas, digital video broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi- standard radio devices or systems, a wired or wireless handheld device, e.g., a smartphone, a wireless application protocol (WAP) device, or the like.

[00210] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types of wireless communication signals and/or systems following one or more wireless communication protocols, for example, radio frequency (RF), infrared (IR), frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), orthogonal FDM (OFDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), time-division multiple access (TDM A), extended TDMA (E-TDMA), general packet radio service (GPRS), extended GPRS, code-division multiple access (CDMA), wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier modulation (MDM), discrete multi- tone (DMT), Bluetooth®, global positioning system (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee, ultra- wideband (UWB), global system for mobile communications (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, 3 GPP, long term evolution (LTE), LTE advanced, enhanced data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), or the like. Other embodiments may be used in various other devices, systems, and/or networks.

[00211] Example 1, the device comprising memory and processing circuitry configured to: determine one or more Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code words associated with one or more orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols for transmission in one or more channels associated with a channel bonding factor; determine an interleaver configuration comprising a first number of cells, each cell of the first number of cells configured to store a predetermined number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, the first number of cells associated with the channel bonding factor; determine to divide the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols; determine, based on the division, a second number of cells of the first number of cells and a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is less than the predetermined number of symbols; determine a number of remaining cells of the first number of cells based on the second number of cells and on the remaining number of symbols; store zeros in one or more cells of the number of remaining cells based on the remaining number of cells; and determine an interleaved signal based on the one or more OFDM symbols.

[00212] Example 2 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the remaining number of symbols is greater than zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the first number of cells and the second number of cells, plus an additional cell.

[00213] Example 3 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the remaining number of symbols is zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the number of cells and the number of cells used to store the one or more OFDM symbols.

[00214] Example 4 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the predetermined number of symbols is greater than one.

[00215] Example 5 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein to determine the interleaved signal comprises to: cause to interleave the one or more OFDM symbols with the zeros; remove the zeros from the interleaved signal; and cause to append the remaining number of symbols to the interleaved signal.

[00216] Example 6 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise first subcarriers, second subcarriers, and guard subcarriers, wherein a guard interval separates the first subcarriers from the second subcarriers, wherein the guard interval comprises the guard subcarriers.

[00217] Example 7 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise 734 data subcarriers, 1134 data subcarriers, or 1532 data subcarriers.

[00218] Example 8 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein to determine the interleaved signal comprises to determine an OFDM symbol block based on the predetermined number of symbols and on an array of permutation indexes.

[00219] Example 9 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, further comprising a transceiver configured to transmit and receive wireless signals

[00220] Example 10 may include the device of example 7 and/or some other example herein, further comprising one or more antennas coupled to the transceiver

[00221] Example 11 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which when executed by one or more processors result in performing operations comprising: identifying an interleaved signal received in one or more channels, the interleaved signal comprising one or more orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, the one or more channels associated with a channel bonding factor; determining a de-interleaver configuration comprising a number of cells, each cell of the number of cells configured to store a predetermined number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, the number of cells associated with the channel bonding factor; and determining, based on the de-interleaver configuration, one or more Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code words comprising the one or more OFDM symbols.

[00222] Example 12 may include the non- transitory computer-readable medium of example 11 and/or some other example herein, wherein the number of cells is a first number of cells comprising a number of remaining cells and a second number of cells, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the number of remaining cells is based on the second number of cells and on a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is determined by dividing the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is greater than zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the first number of cells and the number of remaining cells, plus an additional cell.

[00223] Example 13 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 11 and/or some other example herein, wherein the number of cells is a first number of cells comprising a number of remaining cells and a second number of cells, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the number of remaining cells is based on the second number of cells and on a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is determined by dividing the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the first number of cells and the number of remaining cells.

[00224] Example 14 may include the non- transitory computer-readable medium of example 11 and/or some other example herein, wherein the predetermined number of symbols is greater than one.

[00225] Example 15 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 11 and/or some other example herein, wherein the interleaved signal comprises 734 data subcarriers, 1134 data subcarriers, or 1532 data subcarriers.

[00226] Example 16 may include the non- transitory computer-readable medium of example 11 and/or some other example herein, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise first subcarriers, second subcarriers, and guard subcarriers, wherein a guard interval separates the first subcarriers from the second subcarriers, wherein the guard interval comprises the guard subcarriers.

[00227] Example 17 may include the non- transitory computer-readable medium of example 11 and/or some other example herein, wherein the interleaved signal comprises an OFDM symbol block associated with the one or more OFDM symbols, the OFDM symbol block having a length defined as: , where q is a qth symbol of the one or more OFDM symbols, d(q)idx is the OFDM symbol block, wherein idx is an array of permutation indexes defined as: , where = 0, 1, ..., (NSD-Np)/8-l, j = 0, 1, ..., 7, where NSD is a number of data subcarriers per an OFDM symbol of the one or more OFDM symbols, Np = 0 when NSD = 336, Np = 6 when NSD = 734, and Np = 4 when NSD = 1532.

[00228] Example 18 may include a method comprising: determining, by one or more processors of a device, one or more Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code words associated with one or more orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols for transmission in one or more channels associated with a channel bonding factor; determining, by the one or more processors, an interleaver configuration comprising a first number of cells, each cell of the first number of cells configured to store a predetermined number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, the first number of cells associated with the channel bonding factor; determining to divide, by the one or more processors, the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols; determining, by the one or more processors, based on the division, a second number of cells of the first number of cells and a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is less than the predetermined number of symbols; determining, by the one or more processors, a number of remaining cells of the first number of cells based on the second number of cells and on the remaining number of symbols; storing, by the one or more processors, zeros in one or more cells of the number of remaining cells based on the remaining number of cells; and determining, by the one or more processors, an interleaved signal based on the one or more OFDM symbols.

[00229] Example 19 may include the method of example 18 and/or some other example herein, wherein the remaining number of symbols is greater than zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the first number of cells and the second number of cells, plus an additional cell. [00230] Example 20 may include the method of example 18 and/or some other example herein, wherein the remaining number of symbols is zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the number of cells and the number of cells used to store the one or more OFDM symbols.

[00231] Example 21 may include the method of example 18 and/or some other example herein, wherein the predetermined number of symbols is greater than one.

[00232] Example 22 may include the method of example 18 and/or some other example herein, wherein determining the interleaved signal comprises: causing to interleave the one or more OFDM symbols with the zeros; removing the zeros from the interleaved signal; and causing to append the remaining number of symbols to the interleaved signal.

[00233] Example 23 may include the method of example 18 and/or some other example herein, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise first subcarriers, second subcarriers, and guard subcarriers, wherein a guard interval separates the first subcarriers from the second subcarriers, wherein the guard interval comprises the guard subcarriers.

[00234] Example 24 may include the method of example 18 and/or some other example herein, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise 734 data subcarriers, 1134 data subcarriers, or 1532 data subcarriers.

[00235] Example 25 may include the method of example 18 and/or some other example herein, wherein determining the interleaved signal comprises determining an OFDM symbol block based on the predetermined number of symbols and on an array of permutation indexes.

[00236] Example 26 may include an apparatus comprising means for performing a method as claimed in any one of examples 18-25.

[00237] Example 27 may include a system, comprising at least one memory device having programmed instruction that, in response to execution cause at least one processor to perform the method of any one of examples 18-25.

[00238] Example 28 may include a machine-readable medium including code, when executed, to cause a machine to perform the method of any one of examples 18-25.

[00239] Example 29 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which when executed by one or more processors result in performing operations comprising: determining, by one or more processors of a device, one or more Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code words associated with one or more orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols for transmission in one or more channels associated with a channel bonding factor; determining, by the one or more processors, an interleaver configuration comprising a first number of cells, each cell of the first number of cells configured to store a predetermined number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, the first number of cells associated with the channel bonding factor; determining to divide, by the one or more processors, the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols; determining, by the one or more processors, based on the division, a second number of cells of the first number of cells and a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is less than the predetermined number of symbols; determining, by the one or more processors, a number of remaining cells of the first number of cells based on the second number of cells and on the remaining number of symbols; storing, by the one or more processors, zeros in one or more cells of the number of remaining cells based on the remaining number of cells; and determining, by the one or more processors, an interleaved signal based on the one or more OFDM symbols.

[00240] Example 30 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 29 and/or some other example herein, wherein the remaining number of symbols is greater than zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the first number of cells and the second number of cells, plus an additional cell.

[00241] Example 31 may include the non- transitory computer-readable medium of example 29 and/or some other example herein, wherein the remaining number of symbols is zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the number of cells and the number of cells used to store the one or more OFDM symbols.

[00242] Example 32 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 29 and/or some other example herein, wherein the predetermined number of symbols is greater than one.

[00243] Example 33 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 29 and/or some other example herein, wherein determining the interleaved signal comprises: causing to interleave the one or more OFDM symbols with the zeros; removing the zeros from the interleaved signal; and causing to append the remaining number of symbols to the interleaved signal.

[00244] Example 34 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 29 and/or some other example herein, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise first subcarriers, second subcarriers, and guard subcarriers, wherein a guard interval separates the first subcarriers from the second subcarriers, wherein the guard interval comprises the guard subcarriers. [00245] Example 35 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 29 and/or some other example herein, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise 734 data subcarriers, 1134 data subcarriers, or 1532 data subcarriers.

[00246] Example 36 may include the non- transitory computer-readable medium of example 29 and/or some other example herein, wherein determining the interleaved signal comprises determining an OFDM symbol block based on the predetermined number of symbols and on an array of permutation indexes.

[00247] Example 37 may include an apparatus comprising: means for determining, by one or more processors of a device, one or more Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code words associated with one or more orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols for transmission in one or more channels associated with a channel bonding factor; means for determining, by the one or more processors, an interleaver configuration comprising a first number of cells, each cell of the first number of cells configured to store a predetermined number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, the first number of cells associated with the channel bonding factor; means for determining to divide, by the one or more processors, the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols; means for determining, by the one or more processors, based on the division, a second number of cells of the first number of cells and a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is less than the predetermined number of symbols; means for determining, by the one or more processors, a number of remaining cells of the first number of cells based on the second number of cells and on the remaining number of symbols; means for storing, by the one or more processors, zeros in one or more cells of the number of remaining cells based on the remaining number of cells; and means for determining, by the one or more processors, an interleaved signal based on the one or more OFDM symbols.

[00248] Example 38 may include the apparatus of example 37 and/or some other example herein, wherein the remaining number of symbols is greater than zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the first number of cells and the second number of cells, plus an additional cell.

[00249] Example 39 may include the apparatus of example 37 and/or some other example herein, wherein the remaining number of symbols is zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the number of cells and the number of cells used to store the one or more OFDM symbols. [00250] Example 40 may include the apparatus of example 37 and/or some other example herein, wherein the predetermined number of symbols is greater than one.

[00251] Example 41 may include the apparatus of example 37 and/or some other example herein, wherein means for determining the interleaved signal comprises: means for causing to interleave the one or more OFDM symbols with the zeros; means for removing the zeros from the interleaved signal; and means for causing to append the remaining number of symbols to the interleaved signal.

[00252] Example 42 may include the apparatus of example 37 and/or some other example herein, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise first subcarriers, second subcarriers, and guard subcarriers, wherein a guard interval separates the first subcarriers from the second subcarriers, wherein the guard interval comprises the guard subcarriers.

[00253] Example 43 may include the apparatus of example 37 and/or some other example herein, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise 734 data subcarriers, 1134 data subcarriers, or 1532 data subcarriers.

[00254] Example 44 may include the apparatus of example 37 and/or some other example herein, wherein means for determining the interleaved signal comprises determining an OFDM symbol block based on the predetermined number of symbols and on an array of permutation indexes.

[00255] Example 45, the device comprising memory and processing circuitry configured to: identify an interleaved signal received in one or more channels, the interleaved signal comprising one or more orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, the one or more channels associated with a channel bonding factor; determine a de-interleaver configuration comprising a number of cells, each cell of the number of cells configured to store a predetermined number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, the number of cells associated with the channel bonding factor; and determine, based on the de-interleaver configuration, one or more Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code words comprising the one or more OFDM symbols.

[00256] Example 46 may include the device of example 45 and/or some other example herein, wherein the number of cells is a first number of cells comprising a number of remaining cells and a second number of cells, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the number of remaining cells is based on the second number of cells and on a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is determined by dividing the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is greater than zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the first number of cells and the number of remaining cells, plus an additional cell.

[00257] Example 47 may include the device of example 45 and/or some other example herein, wherein the number of cells is a first number of cells comprising a number of remaining cells and a second number of cells, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the number of remaining cells is based on the second number of cells and on a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is determined by dividing the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the first number of cells and the number of remaining cells.

[00258] Example 48 may include the device of example 45 and/or some other example herein, wherein the predetermined number of symbols is greater than one.

[00259] Example 49 may include the device of example 45 and/or some other example herein, wherein the interleaved signal comprises 734 data subcarriers, 1134 data subcarriers, or 1532 data subcarriers.

[00260] Example 50 may include the device of example 45 and/or some other example herein, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise first subcarriers, second subcarriers, and guard subcarriers, wherein a guard interval separates the first subcarriers from the second subcarriers, wherein the guard interval comprises the guard subcarriers.

[00261] Example 51 may include the device of example 45 and/or some other example herein, wherein the interleaved signal comprises an OFDM symbol block associated with the one or more OFDM symbols, the OFDM symbol block having a length defined as: , where q is a qth symbol of the one or more OFDM symbols, d(q)idx is the OFDM symbol block, wherein idx is an array of permutation indexes defined as: , where = 0, 1, ..., (NSD-Np)/8-l, j = 0, 1, ..., 7, where NSD is a number of data subcarriers per an OFDM symbol of the one or more OFDM symbols, Np = 0 when NSD = 336, Np = 6 when NSD = 734, and Np = 4 when NSD = 1532.

[00262] Example 51 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, further comprising a transceiver configured to transmit and receive wireless signals

[00263] Example 53 may include the device of example 7 and/or some other example herein, further comprising one or more antennas coupled to the transceiver

[00264] Example 54 may include a method comprising: identifying an interleaved signal received in one or more channels, the interleaved signal comprising one or more orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, the one or more channels associated with a channel bonding factor; determining a de-interleaver configuration comprising a number of cells, each cell of the number of cells configured to store a predetermined number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, the number of cells associated with the channel bonding factor; and determining, based on the de-interleaver configuration, one or more Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code words comprising the one or more OFDM symbols.

[00265] Example 55 may include the method of example 54 and/or some other example herein, wherein the number of cells is a first number of cells comprising a number of remaining cells and a second number of cells, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the number of remaining cells is based on the second number of cells and on a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is determined by dividing the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is greater than zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the first number of cells and the number of remaining cells, plus an additional cell.

[00266] Example 56 may include the method of example 54 and/or some other example herein, wherein the number of cells is a first number of cells comprising a number of remaining cells and a second number of cells, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the number of remaining cells is based on the second number of cells and on a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is determined by dividing the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the first number of cells and the number of remaining cells.

[00267] Example 57 may include the method of example 54 and/or some other example herein, wherein the predetermined number of symbols is greater than one.

[00268] Example 58 may include the method of example 54 and/or some other example herein, wherein the interleaved signal comprises 734 data subcarriers, 1134 data subcarriers, or 1532 data subcarriers.

[00269] Example 59 may include the method of example 54 and/or some other example herein, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise first subcarriers, second subcarriers, and guard subcarriers, wherein a guard interval separates the first subcarriers from the second subcarriers, wherein the guard interval comprises the guard subcarriers. [00270] Example 60 may include the method of example 54 and/or some other example herein, wherein the interleaved signal comprises an OFDM symbol block associated with the one or more OFDM symbols, the OFDM symbol block having a length defined as: where q is a qth symbol of the one or more OFDM symbols, d(q)idx is the OFDM symbol block, wherein idx is an array of permutation indexes defined as: where = 0, 1, (NSD-Np)/8-l, j = 0, 1, 7, where NSD is a number of data subcarriers per an OFDM symbol of the one or more OFDM symbols, Np = 0 when NSD = 336, Np = 6 when NSD = 734, and Np = 4 when NSD = 1532.

[00271] Example 61 may include an apparatus comprising means for performing a method as claimed in any one of examples 54-60.

[00272] Example 62 may include a system, comprising at least one memory device having programmed instruction that, in response to execution cause at least one processor to perform the method of any one of examples 54-60.

[00273] Example 63 may include a machine-readable medium including code, when executed, to cause a machine to perform the method of any one of examples 54-60.

[00274] Example 64 may include an apparatus comprising means for: means for identifying an interleaved signal received in one or more channels, the interleaved signal comprising one or more orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, the one or more channels associated with a channel bonding factor; means for determining a de-interleaver configuration comprising a number of cells, each cell of the number of cells configured to store a predetermined number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, the number of cells associated with the channel bonding factor; and means for determining, based on the de- interleaver configuration, one or more Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code words comprising the one or more OFDM symbols.

[00275] Example 65 may include the apparatus of example 64 and/or some other example herein, wherein the number of cells is a first number of cells comprising a number of remaining cells and a second number of cells, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the number of remaining cells is based on the second number of cells and on a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is determined by dividing the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is greater than zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the first number of cells and the number of remaining cells, plus an additional cell. [00276] Example 66 may include the apparatus of example 64 and/or some other example herein, wherein the number of cells is a first number of cells comprising a number of remaining cells and a second number of cells, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the number of remaining cells is based on the second number of cells and on a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is determined by dividing the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the first number of cells and the number of remaining cells.

[00277] Example 67 may include the apparatus of example 64 and/or some other example herein, wherein the predetermined number of symbols is greater than one.

[00278] Example 68 may include the apparatus of example 64 and/or some other example herein, wherein the interleaved signal comprises 734 data subcarriers, 1134 data subcarriers, or 1532 data subcarriers.

[00279] Example 69 may include the apparatus of example 64 and/or some other example herein, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise first subcarriers, second subcarriers, and guard subcarriers, wherein a guard interval separates the first subcarriers from the second subcarriers, wherein the guard interval comprises the guard subcarriers.

[00280] Example 70 may include the apparatus of example 64 and/or some other example herein, wherein the interleaved signal comprises an OFDM symbol block associated with the one or more OFDM symbols, the OFDM symbol block having a length defined as: , where q is a qth symbol of the one or more OFDM symbols, d(q)idx is the OFDM symbol block, wherein idx is an array of permutation indexes defined as: , where = 0, 1, ..., (NSD-Np)/8-l, j = 0, 1, ..., 7, where NSD is a number of data subcarriers per an OFDM symbol of the one or more OFDM symbols, Np = 0 when NSD = 336, Np = 6 when NSD = 734, and Np = 4 when NSD = 1532.

[00281] Example 71 may include an apparatus comprising means for performing a method as claimed in any of the preceding examples.

[00282] Example 71 may include machine-readable storage including machine-readable instructions, when executed, to implement a method as claimed in any preceding example.

[00283] Example 73 may include machine-readable storage including machine-readable instructions, when executed, to implement a method or realize an apparatus as claimed in any preceding example. [00284] Example 75 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-74, or any other method or process described herein.

[00285] Example 76 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, and/or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-74, or any other method or process described herein.

[00286] Example 77 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-74, or portions or parts thereof.

[00287] Example 78 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-74, or portions thereof.

[00288] Example 79 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein.

[00289] Example 80 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

[00290] Example 81 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

[00291] Embodiments according to the disclosure are in particular disclosed in the attached claims directed to a method, a storage medium, a device and a computer program product, wherein any feature mentioned in one claim category, e.g., method, can be claimed in another claim category, e.g., system, as well. The dependencies or references back in the attached claims are chosen for formal reasons only. However, any subject matter resulting from a deliberate reference back to any previous claims (in particular multiple dependencies) can be claimed as well, so that any combination of claims and the features thereof are disclosed and can be claimed regardless of the dependencies chosen in the attached claims. The subject- matter which can be claimed comprises not only the combinations of features as set out in the attached claims but also any other combination of features in the claims, wherein each feature mentioned in the claims can be combined with any other feature or combination of other features in the claims. Furthermore, any of the embodiments and features described or depicted herein can be claimed in a separate claim and/or in any combination with any embodiment or feature described or depicted herein or with any of the features of the attached claims. [00292] The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments.

[00293] Certain aspects of the disclosure are described above with reference to block and flow diagrams of systems, methods, apparatuses, and/or computer program products according to various implementations. It will be understood that one or more blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and the flow diagrams, respectively, may be implemented by computer-executable program instructions. Likewise, some blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams may not necessarily need to be performed in the order presented, or may not necessarily need to be performed at all, according to some implementations.

[00294] These computer-executable program instructions may be loaded onto a special- purpose computer or other particular machine, a processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a particular machine, such that the instructions that execute on the computer, processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus create means for implementing one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable storage media or memory that may direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable storage media produce an article of manufacture including instruction means that implement one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. As an example, certain implementations may provide for a computer program product, comprising a computer- readable storage medium having a computer-readable program code or program instructions implemented therein, said computer-readable program code adapted to be executed to implement one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational elements or steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide elements or steps for implementing the functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks.

[00295] Accordingly, blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams support combinations of means for performing the specified functions, combinations of elements or steps for performing the specified functions and program instruction means for performing the specified functions. It will also be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flow diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flow diagrams, may be implemented by special-purpose, hardware-based computer systems that perform the specified functions, elements or steps, or combinations of special-purpose hardware and computer instructions.

[00296] Conditional language, such as, among others, "can," "could," "might," or "may," unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain implementations could include, while other implementations do not include, certain features, elements, and/or operations. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or operations are in any way required for one or more implementations or that one or more implementations necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements, and/or operations are included or are to be performed in any particular implementation.

[00297] Many modifications and other implementations of the disclosure set forth herein will be apparent having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not to be limited to the specific implementations disclosed and that modifications and other implementations are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A device, the device comprising memory and processing circuitry configured to:

determine one or more Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code words associated with one or more orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols for transmission in one or more channels associated with a channel bonding factor;

determine an interleaver configuration comprising a first number of cells, each cell of the first number of cells configured to store a predetermined number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, the first number of cells associated with the channel bonding factor;

determine to divide the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols;

determine, based on the division, a second number of cells of the first number of cells and a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is less than the predetermined number of symbols;

determine a number of remaining cells of the first number of cells based on the second number of cells and on the remaining number of symbols;

store zeros in one or more cells of the number of remaining cells based on the remaining number of cells; and

determine an interleaved signal based on the one or more OFDM symbols.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein the remaining number of symbols is greater than zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the first number of cells and the second number of cells, plus an additional cell.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein the remaining number of symbols is zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the number of cells and the number of cells used to store the one or more OFDM symbols.

4. The device of claim 1, wherein the predetermined number of symbols is greater than one.

5. The device of claim 1, wherein to determine the interleaved signal comprises to: cause to interleave the one or more OFDM symbols with the zeros;

remove the zeros from the interleaved signal; and

cause to append the remaining number of symbols to the interleaved signal.

6. The device of claim 1, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise first subcarriers, second subcarriers, and guard subcarriers, wherein a guard interval separates the first subcarriers from the second subcarriers, wherein the guard interval comprises the guard subcarriers.

7. The device of claim 1, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise 734 data subcarriers, 1134 data subcarriers, or 1532 data subcarriers.

8. The device of claim 1, wherein to determine the interleaved signal comprises to determine an OFDM symbol block based on the predetermined number of symbols and on an array of permutation indexes.

9. The device of claim 1, further comprising a transceiver configured to transmit and receive wireless signals.

10. The device of claim 9, further comprising one or more antennas coupled to the transceiver.

11. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which when executed by one or more processors result in performing operations comprising:

identifying an interleaved signal received in one or more channels, the interleaved signal comprising one or more orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, the one or more channels associated with a channel bonding factor; determining a de-interleaver configuration comprising a number of cells, each- cell of the number of cells configured to store a predetermined number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, the number of cells associated with the channel bonding factor; and

determining, based on the de-interleaver configuration, one or more Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code words comprising the one or more OFDM symbols.

12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the number of cells is a first number of cells comprising a number of remaining cells and a second number of cells, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the number of remaining cells is based on the second number of cells and on a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is determined by dividing the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is greater than zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the first number of cells and the number of remaining cells, plus an additional cell.

13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the number of cells is a first number of cells comprising a number of remaining cells and a second number of cells, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the number of remaining cells is based on the second number of cells and on a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is determined by dividing the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the first number of cells and the number of remaining cells.

14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the predetermined number of symbols is greater than one.

15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the interleaved signal comprises 734 data subcarriers, 1134 data subcarriers, or 1532 data subcarriers.

16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise first subcarriers, second subcarriers, and guard subcarriers, wherein a guard interval separates the first subcarriers from the second subcarriers, wherein the guard interval comprises the guard subcarriers.

17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the interleaved signal comprises an OFDM symbol block associated with the one or more OFDM symbols, the OFDM symbol block having a length defined as:

d ^(q) = d ^(q) , d ^(q) ,...

' ,' d ^(q) ), where q is a qth symbol of the one or more OFDM symbols, d^(q)idx is the OFDM symbol block, wherein idx is an array of permutation indexes defined as:

idx{i * S + j) = idx0(i)* 8 + j , where i = 0, 1, (NSD-N_P)/S- 1, j = 0, 1, 7, where NSD is a number of data subcarriers per an OFDM symbol of the one or more OFDM symbols, N_p = 0 when NSD = 336, N_P = 6 when NSD = 734, and N_P = 4 when NSD = 1532.

18. A method, comprising:

determining, by one or more processors of a device, one or more Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code words associated with one or more orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols for transmission in one or more channels associated with a channel bonding factor;

determining, by the one or more processors, an interleaver configuration comprising a first number of cells, each cell of the first number of cells configured to store a predetermined number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, the first number of cells associated with the channel bonding factor;

determining to divide, by the one or more processors, the one or more OFDM symbols over the predetermined number of symbols;

determining, by the one or more processors, based on the division, a second number of cells of the first number of cells and a remaining number of symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, each of the second number of cells storing one or more symbols of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the remaining number of symbols is less than the predetermined number of symbols;

determining, by the one or more processors, a number of remaining cells of the first number of cells based on the second number of cells and on the remaining number of symbols; storing, by the one or more processors, zeros in one or more cells of the number of remaining cells based on the remaining number of cells; and

determining, by the one or more processors, an interleaved signal based on the one or more OFDM symbols.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the remaining number of symbols is greater than zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the first number of cells and the second number of cells, plus an additional cell.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein the remaining number of symbols is zero, and wherein the number of remaining cells is a difference between the number of cells and the number of cells used to store the one or more OFDM symbols.

21. The method of claim 18, wherein the predetermined number of symbols is greater than one.

22. The method of claim 18, wherein determining the interleaved signal comprises:

causing to interleave the one or more OFDM symbols with the zeros;

removing the zeros from the interleaved signal; and

causing to append the remaining number of symbols to the interleaved signal.

23. The method of claim 18, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise first subcarriers, second subcarriers, and guard subcarriers, wherein a guard interval separates the first subcarriers from the second subcarriers, wherein the guard interval comprises the guard subcarriers.

24. The method of claim 18, wherein the one or more OFDM symbols comprise 734 data subcarriers, 1134 data subcarriers, or 1532 data subcarriers.

25. The method of claim 18, wherein determining the interleaved signal comprises determining an OFDM symbol block based on the predetermined number of symbols and on an array of permutation indexes.