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WO2018064949A1 - 一种复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器及其制造方法 - Google Patents

一种复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器及其制造方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018064949A1
WO2018064949A1 PCT/CN2017/103873 CN2017103873W WO2018064949A1 WO 2018064949 A1 WO2018064949 A1 WO 2018064949A1 CN 2017103873 W CN2017103873 W CN 2017103873W WO 2018064949 A1 WO2018064949 A1 WO 2018064949A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fiber
grating
layer
composite
resin
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2017/103873
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
贾玉玺
郭云力
高琳琳
王庆林
姜明顺
王海庆
智杰颖
赵亚如
隋青美
Original Assignee
山东大学
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Application filed by 山东大学 filed Critical 山东大学
Priority to US16/066,146 priority Critical patent/US10399286B2/en
Publication of WO2018064949A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018064949A1/zh

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/40—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied
    • B29C70/42—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B29C70/44—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using isostatic pressure, e.g. pressure difference-moulding, vacuum bag-moulding, autoclave-moulding or expanding rubber-moulding
    • B29C70/443—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using isostatic pressure, e.g. pressure difference-moulding, vacuum bag-moulding, autoclave-moulding or expanding rubber-moulding and impregnating by vacuum or injection
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/30—Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core
    • B29C70/34—Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core and shaping or impregnating by compression, i.e. combined with compressing after the lay-up operation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/88—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts characterised primarily by possessing specific properties, e.g. electrically conductive or locally reinforced
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D21/00—Measuring or testing not otherwise provided for
    • G01D21/02—Measuring two or more variables by means not covered by a single other subclass
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
    • G01D5/35306—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using an interferometer arrangement
    • G01D5/35309—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using an interferometer arrangement using multiple waves interferometer
    • G01D5/35316—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using an interferometer arrangement using multiple waves interferometer using a Bragg gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
    • G01K11/32—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
    • G01K11/32—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres
    • G01K11/3206—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres at discrete locations in the fibre, e.g. using Bragg scattering
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/24—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet
    • G01L1/242—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre
    • G01L1/246—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre using integrated gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/54—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations, e.g. feeding or storage of prepregs or SMC after impregnation or during ageing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
    • B32B2260/02—Composition of the impregnated, bonded or embedded layer
    • B32B2260/021—Fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B2260/023—Two or more layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
    • B32B2260/04—Impregnation, embedding, or binder material
    • B32B2260/046—Synthetic resin
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2262/10—Inorganic fibres
    • B32B2262/101—Glass fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
    • G02B6/3608—Fibre wiring boards, i.e. where fibres are embedded or attached in a pattern on or to a substrate, e.g. flexible sheets

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a composite material packaged fiber grating sensor and a method of manufacturing the same.
  • the health monitoring of structural parts usually adopts some offline non-destructive testing solutions such as ray, ultrasound and infrared.
  • Externally attached strain gauges, internal strain lines, etc. although a certain degree of active online monitoring can be achieved, however, such sensors are fragile, corrosive, short-lived, extremely vulnerable to damage after external impact, and susceptible to external electromagnetic fields, large structural parts.
  • Online health monitoring requires a sensor element with high sensitivity, good stability, high strength, long life, anti-aging and anti-interference with temperature monitoring and strain monitoring capability.
  • fiber grating uses optical signal as the measurement source, strong anti-electromagnetic interference capability and high measurement precision. Single fiber can realize on-line measurement of strain and temperature of dozens of nodes. .
  • the essence of the fiber Bragg grating sensor is the glass fiber of the grating, which is small in diameter and hard and brittle. It is easily destroyed by external force and is brittle and deactivated during the process of implanting or externally affixing the structural member, so it is necessary to It is package protected.
  • the fiber grating is mostly packaged with metal or plastic material, the packaging process is complicated and the cost is high; the metal density is large and easy to be corroded, the installation and maintenance are inconvenient, and the metal material and the composite material are inferior in compatibility, and the large composite structural member is easy to be implanted. Defects are formed. Therefore, the fabrication of a fiber grating sensor in a non-metallic, lightweight, high-strength, corrosion-resistant, composite package is of great significance for extending the life of the sensor.
  • the composite packaged fiber Bragg grating sensor can be externally attached to the surface of the structural member or embedded in the structural member, distributed temperature and strain on-line measurement can be realized on the interior and surface of the structural member, and the structural member can be Health monitoring will be important.
  • the present invention proposes a fiber-optic grating sensor suitable for internal and surface distributed health monitoring of a composite material package and a method of manufacturing the same.
  • the sensor encapsulates the strained fiber grating and the temperature fiber grating in the composite structure, which not only improves the measurement accuracy of the sensor, but also improves the survival rate of the fiber grating sensor installation.
  • the composite package structure has high strength, light weight and resistance. Corrosion can significantly extend the life of the sensor Life, and the sensor has good compatibility with composite structural parts, can be externally attached and embedded in the structural parts, expanding its application range, suitable for the measurement of internal and surface distributed online temperature and strain of large structural parts.
  • the manufacturing method of the fiber-optic grating sensor of the composite package is simple, efficient and stable, and is suitable for rapid mass production in enterprises.
  • a first object of the present invention is to provide a composite packaged fiber grating sensor comprising: a fiber grating sensing assembly, a composite cover layer, a resin encapsulation layer, and a composite substrate layer; wherein the composite cover layer and The composite substrate layer forms an outer shell encapsulating the resin encapsulation layer;
  • the fiber grating sensing component comprises an optical fiber, one end of the optical fiber is connected to the optical fiber connector, the outermost end of the optical fiber is provided with a temperature fiber grating, and the optical fiber grating is adjacent to one end of the temperature fiber grating to engrave a plurality of strain grating grating regions, and the temperature optical fiber is
  • the grating and the strained fiber grating are arranged in series, and the optical fiber is straight and has no bending;
  • the partial fiber grating sensing component comprises at least the temperature fiber grating and the strain grating gate region, and is encapsulated in the interior by the resin encapsulation layer; At the same time, it is protected by the composite cover layer and the composite substrate layer.
  • the composite substrate layer is a flat plate structure for easy adhesion to the surface of the structural member.
  • the composite cover layer is a streamlined structure, and the streamline type is an external shape of the object, which usually appears as a smooth and regular surface without large undulations and sharp edges and corners.
  • the streamlined structure is embedded in the sensor structure (especially composite) When the material structural member is inside, it is beneficial to improve the mechanical engagement and bonding strength between the sensor surface and the base of the structural member to be tested, and prevent the sensor from separating from the base of the structural member to be tested.
  • the structure is designed to be attached to the surface of the structure to be tested, and is suitable for embedding inside the structure to be tested, and can realize distributed measurement of temperature and strain on the surface and inside of the structure to be tested.
  • the optical fiber not encapsulated in the resin encapsulating layer and the optical fiber extending to the inner portion of the resin encapsulating layer are provided with a protective layer which is easily peeled off; the optical fiber and its outer protective layer form a well-known person skilled in the art.
  • Single core cable the optical fiber not encapsulated in the resin encapsulating layer and the optical fiber extending to the inner portion of the resin encapsulating layer are provided with a protective layer which is easily peeled off; the optical fiber and its outer protective layer form a well-known person skilled in the art.
  • Single core cable Single core cable.
  • the composite packaged fiber Bragg grating sensor has a flat surface on the bottom surface and a streamlined surface on the upper surface; the maximum thickness is no more than 3 mm and the width is (10-40) mm, so that the sensor is small in size.
  • the optical fiber is doped with a photosensitive material, and a grating grating region having a set central wavelength is engraved on the optical fiber as a sensitive component of the sensor.
  • the temperature grating comprises a temperature grating gate region engraved on the optical fiber, and a protection tube sleeved in the temperature grating grating region, the protection tube being filled with a thermal fluid.
  • the protective tube is a hard heat resistant capillary.
  • the hard heat resistant capillary has a high rigidity and strength, and is preferably a stainless steel capillary or a graphite capillary.
  • the material of the capillary sealant is preferably a thermosetting epoxy adhesive.
  • each grating grating region has a set length, and each grating grating region has a set spacing, and the center wavelength difference of each grating grating region is greater than 3 nm.
  • the protective tube protects the inner thermal fluid and seals the nozzle.
  • the grating grid can be freely stretched and contracted in the protective tube, and is not affected by external stress and strain, forming a temperature grating, and the remaining grating grating regions are strain gratings.
  • the temperature grating is at the outer end of the fiber, the strain grating is relatively inside, and the temperature grating is only one, and the strain grating can be engraved one or more.
  • the optical fiber connector is mounted on the optical fiber at one end of the non-grating gate region, and is mainly convenient for connecting the fiber grating sensing component of the composite material package to the external system, and avoiding the process of welding the optical fiber.
  • the specific manner of the temperature grating and the plurality of strain grating gate regions disposed on the composite substrate layer is: adhesively fixed on the composite substrate layer, and the optical fiber is kept straight and adhered when bonding. Prestressing; preferred adhesive fixing points are the junction of the optical cable and the bare optical fiber, the grating grating regions, and the protective tube end, respectively.
  • the temperature measurement of the composite-encapsulated fiber Bragg grating sensor is performed by a temperature grating, and the strain measurement is performed by a temperature grating and a strain grating, and the measurement methods are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the composite substrate layer comprises a fiber woven structure and a resin layer impregnated on the fiber woven structure, a composite material sheet forming a thermosetting resin cured fiber woven fabric; the thickness is controlled to be less than 1.5 mm; and the composite substrate
  • the layer can be formed by hot stamping, liquid molding or vacuum assisted infusion molding of the prepreg of the fiber fabric.
  • the fiber woven structure refers to a three-dimensional woven structure made of reinforcing fibers or a two-dimensional planar woven cloth made of reinforcing fibers.
  • the reinforcing fiber is one or more of glass fiber, carbon fiber, basalt fiber, aramid fiber, and polyester fiber.
  • the resin is an epoxy resin, a phenol resin, a polyurethane resin, a vinyl resin or other thermosetting resin.
  • the composite substrate layer of the invention mainly functions to position and load the fiber grating and transmit the strain and temperature of the tested structural member to the grating grating region, which requires the substrate to have a certain rigidity, but the rigidity thereof cannot be too large. Otherwise, when it is pasted on the surface of the tested structural member, the FBG sensor substrate will act as a reinforcing rib, affecting the measurement accuracy; at the same time, to ensure that the fiber grating sensor can accurately reflect the temperature and strain changes of the tested structural member.
  • the substrate material needs to have very small strain transmission loss; therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the above-mentioned reinforcing fibers according to the constituent materials and measurement requirements of the structural member to be measured, for example, measuring steel structural members or FRP structural members by using glass fiber as The reinforcing fibers of the fiber fabric, which measure the temperature and strain of the carbon fiber structural member, preferably use carbon fibers as reinforcing fibers of the fiber fabric.
  • an orthogonally woven glass fiber prepreg having a dense layup thickness of (0.2 - 1.0) mm is produced by hot press molding.
  • the composite substrate layer is demolded using a release cloth, so that the upper and lower surfaces of the composite substrate layer form a matte-like rough surface; on the one hand, the interface adhesion between the composite substrate layer and the resin encapsulation layer is improved.
  • the bonding strength improves the interfacial bonding strength of the composite substrate layer and the structural member to be tested.
  • the composite cover layer comprises a fiber woven structure and a resin layer impregnated and cured on the fiber woven structure, which is obtained by impregnating and solidifying a fiber fabric by vacuum-assisted perfusion, the fiber woven fabric covering the FBG sensor
  • the composite substrate layer above the component refers to a three-dimensional shape made of reinforcing fibers.
  • the reinforcing fiber is one or more of glass fiber, carbon fiber, basalt fiber, aramid fiber, and polyester fiber.
  • the resin is an epoxy resin, a phenol resin, a polyurethane resin, a vinyl resin or other thermosetting resin.
  • the composite sensor of the present invention is finally molded by a vacuum assisted infusion process, and the vacuum fiber fabric is vacuumed before the resin is poured, and the vacuum is continued while the resin is poured to maintain the high vacuum of the liquid resin infusion space, thereby avoiding the composite coating layer and Bubbles and defects are generated in the encapsulating resin layer, which can significantly improve the measurement accuracy and stability of the fiber grating sensor compared with the conventional casting or infusion resin process.
  • the composite cover fabric fabric structure is an electronic grade orthogonal woven fiberglass cloth (referred to as an electronic cloth).
  • the composite substrate layer and the composite cover layer may be the same resin or different resins.
  • the resin encapsulation layer is formed by curing a resin filled between the composite substrate layer and the composite cover layer; the temperature grating and the gate regions of the plurality of strain gratings are completely covered in the resin encapsulation layer.
  • the composite cover layer and the resin encapsulation layer are an integrally formed structure, and the fiber fabric structure in the composite cover layer and the gap between the fiber fabric structure and the composite substrate layer are solidified by vacuum assisted infusion resin. Integrated composite cover and resin encapsulation layer.
  • the composite packaged fiber Bragg grating sensor of the invention has both strain and temperature monitoring capability, and the sensor has a flat structure, is light in weight and has high rigidity and toughness, and can be conveniently attached to the surface of the structural member to be tested, It can be implanted inside the structural part to be tested with high sensitivity.
  • the fiber woven fabric structure refers to a three-dimensional woven structure or a two-dimensional planar woven structure made of reinforcing fibers, the surface of the fabric is flat, and the composite covering layer and the composite substrate layer are isotropic in various properties on the plane, avoiding Conventional unidirectional fiber layups cause stress concentration due to the anisotropy of the fibers, deactivating the grating or causing large measurement errors.
  • the fiber fabric makes the process simple, and the fiber grating can be laid in any direction, and is not limited to being parallel to the fiber, the fiber grating has a higher survival rate, the measurement precision is improved, the stability is good, and the life is long.
  • the invention also provides a manufacturing method of the composite material packaged fiber grating sensor, comprising the following steps:
  • Composite substrate manufacturing process intercepting a set fabric of fiber fabric or fiber fabric prepreg, and preparing a composite substrate by a molding process;
  • the fiber fabric prepreg is an uncured fiber fabric formed by impregnating the liquid resin with the fiber fabric, and is a composite system of uncured resin and fiber fabric.
  • the manufacturing process of the fiber grating sensing component taking an optical fiber with a protective layer at one end, and engraving at least two fiber grating grating regions on the optical fiber not covering the protective layer, wherein one grating grating region is located at the end of the optical fiber not covering the protective layer, And at the end a protective grating is arranged on the grating grating area of the end, and the protective tube is filled with the thermal fluid and the nozzle is sealed to form a fiber grating sensor assembly;
  • the assembly process fixing the one fiber grating sensing component on the obtained composite substrate or fixing at least two fiber grating sensing components in parallel on the obtained composite substrate according to a set pitch, and then covering the fiber fabric;
  • the cover fiber fabric and the gap between the fiber fabric and the composite substrate layer are solidified by vacuum assisted infusion resin to obtain a composite cover layer and a resin encapsulation layer;
  • the cutting process is performed after the molding process, and the cutting is performed in a direction parallel to the fiber grating sensing component;
  • a fiber-optic grating sensor is obtained by connecting a fiber connector at the end of the fiber with a protective layer.
  • the fiber fabric is a woven fabric having a set thickness and strength produced by a reinforcing fiber by a weaving process (two-dimensional weaving or three-dimensional weaving or the like).
  • the forming process of the composite substrate layer may be a pre-dip hot press molding, a liquid molding or a vacuum assisted infusion molding process.
  • the composite substrate layer obtained by the composite substrate manufacturing process is a thin composite plate.
  • the optical fiber having the protective layer at one end is further prepared by: cutting a cable of a set length covering the outer sheath and doping the photosensitive material, and stripping the set length at one end thereof Outer sheath.
  • Each of the grating grid regions has a different center wavelength, the grating grid region has a set length, and each of the grating grid regions has a set spacing.
  • the fixing manner is adhesive;
  • the adhesive fixing point is a junction between the protective layer and the optical fiber without the protective layer, between the respective grating grating regions, and both ends of the protective tube.
  • the fiber grating sensing assembly is placed on the center line of the strip-shaped composite material that is cut during cutting.
  • the present invention designs a fiber-optic grating sensor of a composite package having both strain and temperature detection functions, which has high strength, good toughness, lightness, corrosion resistance and high compatibility with composite materials, and is improved.
  • the survival rate and measurement accuracy of the FBG sensor installation expands its application range, enabling it to be directly applied to online health monitoring of the tested structural parts.
  • the overall structure of the sensor is a sheet composite structure, which can be attached to the surface of the structural member or embedded in the structural member.
  • the invention completely embeds the sensitive component with the sensing function in the composite material casing, and has a resin encapsulation layer in the middle to completely fill the optical fiber, and the fiber grating and the composite substrate do not appear in the complicated working environment.
  • the layer and the composite cover layer are debonded, and the test results have high precision and stability, and can be applied to harsh environment monitoring.
  • the present invention places the strained fiber grating and the temperature fiber grating on the same fiber in series, which is more advantageous for the transmission of the optical signal, and the prepared composite packaged fiber grating sensor has both strain and temperature monitoring capabilities.
  • the sensor is small in size, light in weight, high in rigidity and toughness, and high in sensitivity.
  • the present invention also provides a method for manufacturing a grating optical fiber sensor of the composite material package, which is easy to operate and has high efficiency, and can simultaneously manufacture a plurality of the same fiber grating sensor in one manufacturing cycle, which is suitable for rapid mass production in an enterprise.
  • a secondary curing process is adopted, and the first molding is formed into a composite substrate layer, and the molding process may be a hot dip molding or a liquid molding of the prepreg. Or vacuum assisted infusion molding to form a thin layer of composite material with a thickness of less than 1.5 mm; the second molding is a vacuum assisted infusion process to complete the packaging process of the sensor, and the secondary curing process significantly improves the interfacial interface strength, thereby improving the optical fiber.
  • the present invention adopts a three-dimensional woven or two-dimensional woven fiber fabric as a reinforcing material, and the properties of the three-dimensional woven or two-dimensional woven fiber woven fabric are isotropic in the in-plane direction, thereby avoiding the anisotropy caused by the fiber.
  • the stress concentration and the resulting grating are easily deactivated or cause large measurement errors.
  • the woven fabric makes the laying of the fiber grating not necessarily limited by the fact that the fiber must be parallel to the reinforcing fiber direction, which simplifies the manufacturing process and cost, and improves the fiber grating survival rate, measurement accuracy, stability and service life.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic front view of a fiber-optic grating sensor of a composite package
  • FIG. 2 is a top plan view of a fiber-optic grating sensor of a composite package
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a composite packaged fiber Bragg grating sensor
  • Figure 4 is a plot of the center wavelength-temperature relationship of the actual test of the fiber Bragg grating sensor
  • Figure 5 is a plot of the center wavelength-strain relationship of the actual test of the fiber Bragg grating sensor
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic structural view of a plurality of fiber grating sensing components packaged.
  • 1-fiber cable 2-strain grating, 3-temperature grating, 4-hard heat-resistant capillary, 5-fiber connector, 6-composite cover layer, 7-resin encapsulation layer, 8-composite substrate layer, 9-capillary sealant, 10-adhesive fixing point, 11-fiber, 12-outer sheath.
  • Optical fiber is a shorthand for optical fiber. It is a fiber made of glass or plastic and can be used as a light-conducting tool. It is brittle and easy to break, so it requires an additional protective layer.
  • the fiber optic cable is composed of an optical fiber and a protective sleeve, and the outer layer is protected from damage to the fiber by the surrounding environment.
  • a single-core cable is a fiber optic cable that contains one fiber.
  • the prepreg is an uncured fiber fabric formed by impregnating a liquid resin with a fiber fabric, and is a composite system of uncured resin and fiber fabric.
  • Pre-dip hot press molding is a molding process.
  • the basic process is to put a certain amount of molding material that has been treated by prepreg resin into a preheated mold, and apply a higher pressure to fill the mold cavity with the molding material.
  • the molding material is gradually solidified under a certain pressure and temperature, and then the product is taken out from the mold, and other auxiliary processing is selected according to the actual situation to obtain the product.
  • Liquid molding refers to injecting a liquid polymer into a closed film cavity covered with a fiber preform, or heating and melting a numerical film previously placed in a cavity, and the liquid polymer completes the resin/fiber while flowing and filling the mold.
  • a type of preparation technique that is infiltrated and cured to form an article.
  • Vacuum-assisted resin infusion molding is a new high-performance, non-autoclave-formed low-cost composite part molding process, which refers to the removal of the fiber reinforcement gas under vacuum, through the pre-designed flow path, The impregnation and solidification of the fiber preform are realized by the flow and penetration of the resin.
  • Several or “several layers” in the present invention means that the number is one/layer, two/layer or two/layer or more.
  • a composite packaged fiber Bragg grating sensor includes a fiber grating sensing assembly, a composite cover layer 6, a resin encapsulation layer 7, and a composite substrate layer 8.
  • the fiber grating sensor assembly includes a fiber optic cable 1, a strain grating 2, a temperature grating 3, a hard heat resistant capillary tube 4, and a fiber optic connector 5.
  • the strain grating 2, the temperature grating 3, the hard heat-resistant capillary tube 4, and a portion of the optical cable are encapsulated in the resin encapsulation layer 7, and the composite material cover layer 6 and the composite material substrate layer 8 securely protect the resin encapsulation layer 7 and the fiber grating sensor assembly.
  • the optical cable 1 is composed of an optical fiber 11 and an outer sheath 12, one end of the optical cable 1 is stripped of a set length of the outer sheath to form a bare optical fiber, and two or more grating grating regions are engraved on the bare optical fiber.
  • One of the grating grids is located at the end of the bare fiber; the other end of the cable is connected to the fiber connector 5.
  • a heat-resistant capillary 4 is jacketed in a grating grid at the end of the bare fiber, and the heat-resistant capillary 4 is filled with a heat-conducting liquid and sealed to form a temperature grating 3; the remaining grating gate region is a strain grating 2.
  • the composite packaged fiber grating sensor is an upper, middle and lower three-layer structure, the upper layer is a composite material cover layer 6, the middle layer is a resin encapsulation layer 7, and the lower layer is a composite material substrate layer 8, wherein the composite material substrate layer 8
  • the bottom surface is a flat structure for easy attachment to the surface of the structural member.
  • the optical fiber 11, the strain grating 2, the temperature grating 3, the hard heat-resistant capillary tube 4, and a part of the optical cable are all packaged in the intermediate resin encapsulating layer 7.
  • the sensor is a bottom plane structure, and the upper streamlined surface has a thin plate structure (as shown in FIG. 3), and the maximum thickness is not more than 3 mm.
  • the composite substrate layer 8 is a composite sheet of a thermosetting resin cured fiber fabric, and the thickness is controlled at 1.5 mm.
  • the composite substrate can be manufactured by a process such as hot-molding, liquid molding, vacuum-assisted perfusion molding of a fiber fabric, preferably using a dense layer thickness of (0.2 to 1.0) mm.
  • the woven glass fiber prepreg is formed by hot press molding, and further, it is preferable to perform demolding using a release cloth.
  • the composite cover layer 6 is obtained from one or more layers of fiber fabric by vacuum impregnation of resin impregnated and cured, the fiber fabric being overlaid on the composite substrate layer 8 to which the fiber grating sensor assembly is attached.
  • the above fiber fabric is preferably an electronic grade orthogonally woven glass fiber cloth.
  • the resin encapsulating layer 7 is formed by curing a resin filled between the composite substrate layer 8 and the composite covering layer 6, and the fiber grating assembly is completely covered in the resin encapsulating layer 7.
  • the woven fabric fibers used in the composite substrate layer 8 and the composite cover layer 6 may be glass fibers, carbon fibers, basalt fibers, aramid fibers, polyester fibers or mixed fibers, and the composite coated optical fibers.
  • the thermosetting resin used in the grating sensor may be an epoxy resin, a phenol resin, a polyurethane resin, an unsaturated polyester or a vinyl resin.
  • the composite substrate layer 8 and the composite cover layer 6 may be of the same resin or different resins.
  • the function of the three-layer composite structure is to encapsulate and protect the strained grating and the temperature grating, the length of which is greater than the length of the bare fiber from which the outer sheath is stripped.
  • the optical cable 1 is a single-core optical cable composed of an optical fiber 11 doped with a photosensitive material and an outer sheath 12, and the protective layer is easily peeled off, and the optical fiber 11 can engrave a grating grating region having a set center wavelength as a sensor element.
  • the tail end of the optical cable 1 is stripped of the protective layer to form a bare optical fiber, and two or more grating grating regions are engraved on the optical fiber.
  • the grating grating region has a set length and spacing, and the center of each grating grating region The wavelength difference is greater than 3 nm, and a hard heat-resistant capillary 4 is coated on the outermost grating grating region, the thermal fluid is filled, and the nozzle is sealed to form a temperature grating 3.
  • the remaining grating grating regions are strain gratings 2.
  • the temperature grating 3 is at the outer end of the fiber, the strain grating 2 is relatively inside, and the temperature grating 3 is only one, and the strain grating 2 can be engraved one or more.
  • the FBG sensor assembly may be fabricated from a fiber optic cable to be rasterized, or may be fabricated from a commercially available fiber grating string and a transmission fiber.
  • the hard heat-resistant capillary 4 has a high rigidity and strength, and is preferably a stainless steel capillary or a graphite capillary. Further, the material of the capillary sealant 9 is preferably a thermosetting epoxy adhesive.
  • the fiber optic connector 5 is mounted on the other end of the cableless grating area of the fiber optic cable to connect the fiber optic cable internal fiber.
  • the FBG sensor assembly is adhesively fixed on the composite substrate layer 8.
  • the preferred adhesive fixing points 10 are the intersection of the optical cable 1 and the bare fibers, and the gratings. Between the gate regions and the end of the hard heat-resistant capillary tube 4.
  • the invention provides a manufacturing method of a composite material packaged fiber grating sensor, and the specific steps are as follows:
  • the plurality of fiber grating sensor assemblies obtained in step 2 are placed in parallel on the composite substrate obtained in step 1 according to the set spacing, and the fiber grating sensor assembly and part of the optical cable are required to be on the composite substrate obtained in step 1, as shown in the figure. 6;
  • the fiber grating sensor component in step 3 is glued and fixed on the composite substrate, so that the optical fiber is straight and carries a certain prestress, and the adhesive fixing points are respectively the junction of the optical cable and the bare optical fiber, and each grating grating region And the end of the hard heat-resistant capillary;
  • step 5 On the substrate with the FBG sensor assembly obtained in step 4, covering a plurality of layers of fiber fabric of the same size as the composite substrate layer, vacuum-assisted infusion of the resin and solidification molding;
  • a fiber optic connector is mounted on the fiber optic cable of the cut FBG sensor to fabricate a plurality of FBG sensors in a composite package with simultaneous temperature and strain on-line monitoring.
  • Example 1 A fiberglass grating sensor packaged in a fiberglass composite
  • a fiberglass composite packaged fiber grating sensor includes a fiberglass cover layer, an epoxy resin encapsulation layer, a fiberglass substrate layer, a fiber optic cable, a temperature grating, a strain grating, a stainless steel tube capillary, and a fiber optic connector.
  • the epoxy encapsulating layer is intermediate the glass fiber cover layer and the glass fiber substrate layer.
  • the bare fiber end of the cable is engraved with three different center-wavelength grating gates, which are respectively embedded as a temperature grating and two strain gratings in the epoxy resin encapsulation layer of the glass fiber composite structure, and the other end of the optical fiber cable is connected to the optical fiber connector.
  • a method for manufacturing a fiberglass grating sensor packaged in a glass fiber composite material is as follows:
  • the 20 fiber grating sensor assemblies obtained in step 2 are placed in parallel on the glass fiber composite substrate obtained in step 1 at a pitch of 25 mm, so that the bare fiber, grating grating region, stainless steel capillary tube and part of the optical fiber cable in the fiber grating sensor assembly are exposed.
  • the fiber grating sensor component in step 3 is glued and fixed on the composite substrate obtained in step 1, so that the optical fiber is straight and carries a certain prestress, and the adhesive fixing points are respectively the junction of the optical fiber cable and the optical fiber, and each grating grating Between the zones and the end of the stainless steel capillary;
  • step 5 On the composite substrate with the FBG sensor assembly obtained in step 4, cover two layers of electronic grade glass fiber orthogonal woven cloth, and then vacuum-assisted infusion of epoxy resin to form a solidification;
  • step 6 Install the fiber optic connector on the fiber optic cable of the fiber grating sensor cut in step 6, so that 20 fiber grating sensors with fiberglass composite package with strain and temperature monitoring function can be manufactured at one time, which can be used for structural parts. Health monitoring.
  • the fiber grating sensor packaged by the glass fiber composite material manufactured in the present embodiment was measured for the central wavelength change during the temperature rise from -30 ° C to 60 ° C, as shown in FIG. 4, measured under different strains by the iso-strength beam method.
  • the center wavelength changes as shown in Figure 5.
  • Temperature measurement and strain measurement are equal to precision thermometer and strain gauge measurements and show high measurement accuracy.
  • Example 2 A fiber grating sensor packaged in a carbon fiber composite
  • a carbon fiber composite packaged fiber grating sensor includes a carbon fiber cover layer, an epoxy encapsulation layer, a carbon fiber substrate layer, a fiber optic cable, a temperature grating, a strain grating, an aluminum alloy capillary tube, and a fiber optic connector.
  • Two grating grating regions of different center wavelengths are engraved on one end of the bare fiber of the optical cable, and are respectively embedded as a temperature grating and a strain grating in an epoxy encapsulation layer composed of a cover layer and a substrate layer of the carbon fiber composite material, and the other end of the optical cable Connect the fiber optic connector.
  • a fiber-optic grating sensor packaged in a carbon fiber composite material is as follows:
  • the 25 fiber grating sensor assemblies obtained in step 2 are placed in parallel on the composite substrate obtained in step 1 at a pitch of 20 mm;
  • the FBG sensor assembly obtained in the step 3 is glued and fixed on the carbon fiber composite substrate obtained in the step 1, so that the optical fiber is straight and carries a certain prestress, and the adhesive fixing points are respectively the junction of the optical cable and the optical fiber, and each grating Between the gate regions and the end of the aluminum alloy capillary;
  • step 5 On the substrate with the FBG sensor assembly obtained in step 4, cover 2 layers of carbon fiber woven cloth, and then vacuum-assisted infusion of epoxy resin and solidification molding;
  • the film is cut at equal intervals parallel to the direction of the fiber grating sensor assembly, and the FBG sensor assembly must be cut when cutting.
  • a fiber optic connector is mounted on the fiber optic cable of the cut FBG sensor to fabricate 25 FBG sensors in a carbon fiber composite package with both temperature and strain measurement capabilities.

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Abstract

一种复合材料 封装的光纤光栅传感器，包括光纤光栅传感器组件、复合材料覆盖层（6）、 树脂封装层（7）和复合材料基板层（8）。该传感器把温度光栅（3）和应变光栅（2） 封装在复合材料结构中，结构轻巧，与复合材料的兼容性好，测量精度高，可显著提高传感器安装的成活率和使用寿命，该传感器组件可以外贴和内植于复合材料结构件，可用于结构件的分布式在线健康监测。还公开了一种复合材料 封装的光纤光栅传感器制造方法，简易、高效、稳定，适合企业大批量快速生产。

Description

一种复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器及其制造方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器及其制造方法。
背景技术
大型结构件，如桥梁、船舶、高铁轨道、风机叶片、飞机机翼等，在长期应用中受振动、腐蚀、湿热老化以及恶劣环境等不利因素的影响，不可避免地产生疲劳和损伤积累；另外，一些突发事件，如重物碰撞、飞石和冰雹冲击、雷击等也会造成结构件损伤积累和扩展。在多数情况下，这种损伤积累和扩展具有隐蔽性和突发性，给结构件的使用留下了极大的安全隐患，甚至可能导致严重的突发性事故，造成无法挽回的损失。基于以上问题，在使役过程中对结构件进行在线健康监测就显得尤为重要。
受传感器条件的制约，对结构件的健康监测通常采用射线、超声、红外等一些离线无损探伤方案。外贴应变片、内植应变线等虽然可以做到一定程度的主动在线监测，然而这类传感器脆弱、易腐蚀、寿命短、遭受外力冲击后极易损毁，易受外界电磁场干扰，大型结构件的在线健康监测亟需一种灵敏度高、稳定性好、强度高、寿命长、抗老化、抗干扰的具有温度监测和应变监测能力的传感器元件。
光纤光栅作为一种对应变和温度敏感的传感元件，以光信号为测量信源，抗电磁干扰能力强，测量精度高，单根光纤可实现对数十个节点的应变和温度的在线测量。然而，光纤光栅传感器的本质是刻制了光栅的玻璃纤维，直径细小且硬脆，在植入或者外贴结构件的过程时以及正常检测工作中容易被外力破坏而脆断失活，所以必须对其进行封装保护。
目前光纤光栅多用金属或塑料材料封装，封装工艺复杂且成本较高；金属密度大且容易被腐蚀，安装维护不方便，此外金属材料与复合材料兼容性较差，植入大型复合材料结构件容易形成缺陷。因此，制作一种非金属、轻质、高强、耐腐蚀、复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器，对延长传感器使用寿命具有重要意义。此外，如果这种复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器既能够外贴于结构件表面，也可以埋植于结构件内部，对结构件内部和表面实现分布式的温度和应变在线测量，对结构件的健康监测将具有重要意义。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题，本发明提出了一种复合材料封装的适用于结构件内部和表面分布式健康监测的光纤光栅传感器及其制造方法。该传感器把应变光纤光栅和温度光纤光栅封装在复合材料结构中，不但提高了传感器的测量精度，而且提高了光纤光栅传感器安装的成活率，此外，复合材料封装结构的强度高、质量轻、耐腐蚀，可显著延长传感器使用寿 命，且该传感器与复合材料结构件具有很好的兼容性，可以外贴和内植于结构件，扩大了其应用范围，适合大型结构件的内部和表面分布式在线温度和应变的测量。该复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器制造方法简易、高效、稳定，适合企业大批量快速生产。
为了实现上述目的，本发明采用如下技术方案：
本发明的第一个目的是提供一种复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器，包括：光纤光栅传感组件、复合材料覆盖层、树脂封装层和复合材料基板层；其中，所述复合材料覆盖层和复合材料基板层形成包裹树脂封装层的外壳；
所述光纤光栅传感组件包括一光纤，所述光纤的一端连接光纤连接器，另一端的最外部设有温度光纤光栅，靠近温度光纤光栅的一端光纤刻制若干个应变光栅栅区，温度光纤光栅和应变光纤光栅串行排列，光纤平直无弯折；
其中，部分光纤光栅传感组件设置在所述复合材料基板层上，该部分光纤光栅传感组件至少包括所述温度光纤光栅和应变光栅栅区，并被所述树脂封装层封装在其内部；同时被复合材料覆盖层和复合材料基板层封装保护。
所述复合材料基板层为平板结构，便于粘贴于结构件的表面。所述复合材料覆盖层为流线型结构，流线型是物体的一种外部形状，通常表现为平滑而规则的表面，没有大的起伏和尖锐的棱角，这种流线型结构在传感器埋植结构件(尤其复合材料结构件)内部时，有利于提高传感器表面与待测结构件基体的机械咬合和粘接强度，防止传感器和待测结构件基体分离。该结构的设计既适合粘贴在被测结构件表面上，又适合埋植于被测结构件内部，可实现对被测结构件表面和内部的温度和应变分布式测量。
优选的，未封装在树脂封装层中的光纤和其延伸至树脂封装层内部分的光纤外部设有保护层，该外护层容易剥离；光纤及其外部的保护层形成本领域技术人员熟知的单芯光缆。
优选的，所述复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器的底层表面为平面，上层表面为流线型表面；最大厚度不超过3mm，宽度在(10-40)mm，使得该传感器体积小巧。
优选的，所述光纤掺杂光敏材料，在光纤上刻制具有设定中心波长的光栅栅区，作为传感器的敏感元件。
优选的，所述温度光栅包括刻制在光纤上的温度光栅栅区、以及套在所述温度光栅栅区的保护管，所述保护管内填充有导热液。进一步优选的，所述保护管为硬质耐热毛细管。所述硬质耐热毛细管具有较高的刚度和强度，优选不锈钢毛细管或石墨毛细管。更进一步，所述毛细管密封胶的材料优选热固性环氧胶。
光纤上刻制有两个或两个以上的光栅栅区，每个光栅栅区具有设定的长度，各光栅栅区之间具有设定的间距，且各光栅栅区的中心波长差距大于3nm，在最外端光栅栅区上外 套保护管，保护内填充导热液，并胶封管口，该光栅栅区在保护管内可以自由伸缩，不受外界应力和应变影响，形成温度光栅，其余的光栅栅区均为应变光栅。温度光栅在光纤外端，应变光栅相对靠内，温度光栅仅一个，应变光栅可刻制一个或者多个。
所述光纤连接器安装在无光栅栅区的一端的光纤上，主要方便复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感组件与外界系统连接，同时避免了光纤熔接的工序。
优选的，所述温度光栅和若干个应变光栅栅区设置在复合材料基板层上的具体方式是：以胶粘的方式固定在复合材料基板层上，粘接时保持光纤平直且施加一定的预应力；优选的胶粘固定点分别为光缆和裸露光纤的交界处、各光栅栅区之间以及保护管端部。
所述复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器的温度测量由温度光栅来完成，应变测量由温度光栅和应变光栅共同完成，测量方法为本领域技术人员公知。
优选的，所述复合材料基板层包括纤维织物结构和浸渍固化在所述纤维织物结构上的树脂层，形成热固性树脂固化纤维织物的复合材料薄板；厚度控制在1.5mm以下；所述复合材料基板层可以通过纤维织物的预浸布热模压成型、液态模塑成型或真空辅助灌注成型。所述纤维织物结构是指采用增强纤维制成的三维立体编织结构或采用增强纤维制成的二维平面编织布。所述增强纤维为玻璃纤维、碳纤维、玄武岩纤维、芳纶纤维、聚酯纤维中的一种或多种。所述树脂为环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚氨酯树脂、乙烯基树脂或其他热固性树脂。本发明的复合材料基板层主要起到定位、负载光纤光栅并将被测结构件的应变和温度传递到光栅栅区的作用，这就要求基板应具有一定的刚度，但其刚度又不能过大，否则当将其粘贴于被测结构件表面时，光纤光栅传感器基片会起到加强筋的作用，影响测量精度；同时，为保证光纤光栅传感器可以精确反映被测结构件的温度和应变变化，基板材料需要具有极小的应变传递损耗；所以，需要根据待测量结构件的组成材料和测量要求，综合考虑选择上述的增强纤维，例如，测量钢结构件或玻璃钢结构件可选用玻璃纤维作为所述纤维织物的增强纤维，测量碳纤维结构件的温度和应变优选使用碳纤维作为所述纤维织物的增强纤维。
进一步优选的，采用致密的铺层厚度为(0.2-1.0)mm的正交编织的玻璃纤维预浸布通过热模压成型方式制造。
进一步优选的，所述复合材料基板层使用脱模布进行脱模，使复合材料基板层的上下两个表面都形成类似磨砂的粗糙面；一方面提高复合材料基板层和树脂封装层的界面粘接强度，另一方面提高复合材料基板层和被测结构件的界面粘接强度。
所述复合材料覆盖层包括纤维织物结构和浸渍固化在所述纤维织物结构上的树脂层，是由纤维织物通过真空辅助灌注的树脂浸润和固化而得到，该纤维织物覆盖在固定了光纤光栅传感器组件的复合材料基板层上面。所述纤维织物结构是指采用增强纤维制成的三维 立体编织结构或二维平面编织布。所述增强纤维为玻璃纤维、碳纤维、玄武岩纤维、芳纶纤维、聚酯纤维中的一种或多种。所述树脂为环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚氨酯树脂、乙烯基树脂或其他热固性树脂。
更进一步，本发明的复合材料传感器最终成型采用真空辅助灌注工艺，灌注树脂前先抽真空纤维织物，灌注树脂时继续抽真空以保持液态树脂灌注空间的高真空度，可避免复合材料覆盖层和封装树脂层中有气泡和缺陷产生，与传统浇铸或灌注树脂工艺相比，能显著提高光纤光栅传感器的测量精确度和稳定性。
进一步优选的，所述复合材料覆盖层纤维织物结构为电子级正交编织玻璃纤维布(称为电子布)。
本发明中复合材料基板层和复合材料覆盖层可以采用同种树脂，也可以采用不同的树脂。
所述树脂封装层是由填充于复合材料基板层和复合材料覆盖层之间的树脂固化而成；所述温度光栅和若干个应变光栅的栅区被完全包覆于树脂封装层中。
所述复合材料覆盖层与树脂封装层为一体化成型结构，复合材料覆盖层中的纤维织物结构和该纤维织物结构与所述复合材料基板层之间的空隙采用真空辅助灌注树脂固化成型，得到一体化的复合材料覆盖层和树脂封装层。
本发明所述的复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器同时具有应变和温度监测能力，该传感器为平板结构，质量轻薄且具有很高的刚度和韧性，可以方便地贴附于被测结构件表面，也可以埋植于被测结构件内部，灵敏度高。
所述纤维织物结构是指采用增强纤维制成的三维立体编织结构或二维平面编织结构，该织物表面平整，复合材料覆盖层和复合材料基板层在平面上各种性质为各向同性，避免传统的单向纤维铺层因为纤维的各向异性引起应力集中，使光栅失活或引起较大测量误差。纤维织物使工艺简单，光纤光栅可以在任意方向铺设，不局限于必须与纤维平行，光纤光栅成活率提高，测量精度提高，稳定性好，寿命长。
本发明还提供一种所述复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器的制造方法，包括以下工序：
复合材料基板制造工序：截取设定面积的纤维织物或纤维织物预浸布，采用成型工艺制备得到复合材料基板；
其中，纤维织物预浸布为纤维织物浸润液态树脂后形成的未固化的纤维织物布，是一种未固化的树脂和纤维织物布的复合体系。
光纤光栅传感组件制造工序：取一端具备保护层的光纤，在不包裹保护层的光纤上刻制至少两个光纤光栅栅区，其中一个光栅栅区位于所述不包裹保护层的光纤末端，并在所述末 端的光栅栅区上外套保护管，保护管内填充导热液并密封管口，形成一条光纤光栅传感器组件；
组装工序：将所述一条光纤光栅传感组件固定在所得复合材料基板上或者将至少2条光纤光栅传感组件按照设定间距平行固定在所得复合材料基板上，然后覆盖纤维织物；
成型工序：所述覆盖纤维织物和该纤维织物与所述复合材料基板层之间的空隙采用真空辅助灌注树脂固化成型，得到复合材料覆盖层和树脂封装层；
若是组装工序中光栅传感器组件的条数大于等于2，则成型工序之后进行裁切工序，以平行于光纤光栅传感组件的方向进行裁切；
在具备保护层的光纤末端连接光纤连接器，即得到复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器。
在复合材料基板制造工序中，所述纤维织物为增强纤维通过编织工艺(二维编织或者三维编织等工艺)制作的具有设定厚度和强度的编织布。
所述复合材料基板层的成型工艺可为预浸布热模压成型、液态模塑成型或真空辅助灌注成型工艺等。
通过所述复合材料基板制造工序得到的复合材料基板层为一薄层复合材料平板。
在光纤光栅传感组件制造工序中，所述一端具备保护层的光纤的制作方法进一步如下：截取设定长度包覆外护层、掺杂光敏材料的光缆，在其一端剥去设定长度的外护层。
每个光栅栅区具有不同的中心波长，光栅栅区具有设定长度，各光栅栅区之间具有设定的间距。
在组装工序中，所述固定的方式为胶黏；胶黏固定点为具备保护层和不具备保护层光纤上的交界处、各个光栅栅区之间以及保护管的两个端部。
在裁切工序中，裁切时，使光纤光栅传感组件在被切割成的条形复合材料的中线上。
上述技术方案中的一个技术方案具有如下有益效果：
(1)本发明设计了一种同时具有应变和温度检测功能的复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器，该传感器强度高、韧性好、轻薄、耐腐蚀且与复合材料具有很高的兼容性，提高了光纤光栅传感器安装的成活率和测量精度，扩大了其应用范围，使其可直接应用于被测结构件的在线健康监测。该传感器整体结构为薄片复合材料结构，可以粘贴于结构件表面，或埋植于结构件内部。
(2)本发明将具有传感功能的敏感部件完全包埋于复合材料外壳中，并且中间具有树脂封装层将光纤光四周完全充满，在复杂的工作环境中不会出现光纤光栅与复合材料基板层和复合材料覆盖层脱粘的现象，测试结果具有较高的精确度及稳定性，能够适用于恶劣环境监测。
(3)本发明将应变光纤光栅和温度光纤光栅放置在同一根光纤上串行布置，此设计更加有利于光信号的传递，制备得到的复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器同时具有应变和温度监测能力，该传感器体积小，质量轻薄且具有很高的刚度和韧性，灵敏度高。
(4)本发明还提供了该复合材料封装的光栅光纤传感器制造方法，该方法易操作、效率高，一个制作周期可以同时制造多个相同的光纤光栅传感器，适合企业大批量快速生产。
(5)本发明的复合材料封装的光栅光纤传感器制造方法中，采用了二次固化工艺，第一次成型为复合材料基板层成型，成型工艺可为预浸布热模压成型、液态模塑成型或真空辅助灌注成型，形成厚度小于1.5mm的复合材料薄层平板；第二次成型为真空辅助灌注工艺成型，完成传感器的封装过程，二次固化工艺显著提高了层间界面强度，从而提高光纤光栅传感器的测试精度和稳定性。
(6)本发明采用三维编织或者二维编织的纤维织物作为增强材料，三维编织或者二维编织的纤维织物的性质在面内方向为各向同性，避免了因为纤维的各向异性而引起的应力集中及其导致的光栅容易失活或引起较大测量误差。编织织物使光纤光栅的铺设不必受限于光纤必须与增强纤维方向平行，简化了制造工艺和成本，提高了光纤光栅成活率、测量精度、稳定性和使用寿命。
附图说明
图1为一种复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器主视结构示意图；
图2为一种复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器俯视结构示意图；
图3为一种复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器的横截面示意图；
图4为光纤光栅传感器实际测试的中心波长-温度关系曲线；
图5为光纤光栅传感器实际测试的中心波长-应变关系曲线；
图6为封装多条光纤光栅传感组件的结构示意图。
其中，1-光缆、2-应变光栅、3-温度光栅、4-硬质耐热毛细管、5-光纤连接器、6-复合材料覆盖层、7-树脂封装层、8-复合材料基板层、9-毛细管口密封胶、10-胶粘固定点、11-光纤、12-外护层。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明进一步说明。
本发明的术语解释：
光纤是光导纤维的简写，是一种由玻璃或塑料制成的纤维，可作为光传导工具。它质地脆，易断裂，因而需要外加一保护层。
光缆是由光导纤维和保护套管构成，外层的保护结构可防止周遭环境对光纤的伤害。 单芯光缆即为包含一条光纤的光缆。
预浸布是纤维织物浸润液态树脂后形成的未固化的纤维织物布，是一种未固化的树脂和纤维织物布的复合体系。
预浸布热模压成型是一种成型工艺，基本过程是：将一定量经一定经过预浸树脂处理的模压料放入预热的模具内，施加较高的压力使模压料填充模腔。在一定的压力和温度下使模压料逐渐固化，然后将制品从模具内取出，根据实际情况选择再进行其他的辅助加工即得产品。
液态模塑成型是指将液体聚合物注入铺有纤维预成型体的闭合膜腔中，或加热融化预先放入模腔内的数值膜，液态聚合物在流动充模的同时完成树脂/纤维的浸润并经固化成型为制品的一类制备技术。
真空辅助树脂灌注成型是一种新型高性能、非热压罐成型的低成本的复合材料制件的成型工艺，是指在真空状态下排除纤维增强体的气体，通过事先设计好的流道，利用树脂的流动、渗透，实现对纤维预制件的浸渍、固化。
本发明中“若干个”或“若干层”是指包括数量为一个/层、两个/层或两个/层以上。
下面对本发明做进一步的解释描述：
一种复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器包括光纤光栅传感组件、复合材料覆盖层6、树脂封装层7和复合材料基板层8。光纤光栅传感器组件包括光缆1、应变光栅2、温度光栅3、硬质耐热毛细管4和光纤连接器5。应变光栅2、温度光栅3、硬质耐热毛细管4和部分光缆封装在树脂封装层7中，复合材料覆盖层6和复合材料基板层8对树脂封装层7和光纤光栅传感器组件进行安全保护。
其中，光缆1由光纤11和外护层12构成，光缆1的一端剥去设定长度的外护层形成裸露的光纤，在裸露的光纤上刻制两个或两个以上的光栅栅区，其中一个光栅栅区位于裸露的光纤的末端；光缆另一端连接光纤连接器5。在裸露光纤末端的一个光栅栅区外套硬质耐热毛细管4，硬质耐热毛细管4中填充导热液并封口，组成温度光栅3；其余光栅栅区为应变光栅2。
所述复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器是一个上、中、下三层结构，上层为复合材料覆盖层6、中层为树脂封装层7、下层为复合材料基板层8，其中复合材料基板层8的底面为平板结构，方便粘贴于结构件表面。光纤11、应变光栅2、温度光栅3、硬质耐热毛细管4和部分光缆均封装于中层树脂封装层7中。该传感器为底层平面结构，上层流线型表面的薄板结构(如图3所示)，最大厚度不超过3mm。
所述复合材料基板层8是热固性树脂固化纤维织物的复合薄板，厚度控制在1.5mm以 下，所述的复合材料基板可以通过纤维织物的预浸布热模压成型、液态模塑成型、真空辅助灌注成型等工艺技术制造，优选采用致密的铺层厚度为(0.2～1.0)mm正交编织的玻璃纤维预浸料通过热模压成型，更进一步，优选使用脱模布进行脱模。
所述复合材料覆盖层6由一层或多层纤维织物，通过真空辅助灌注的树脂浸润和固化而得到，该纤维织物覆盖在固定了光纤光栅传感器组件的复合材料基板层8上面。上述纤维织物优选电子级正交编织的玻璃纤维布。
所述树脂封装层7由填充于复合材料基板层8和复合材料覆盖层6之间的树脂固化而成，光纤光栅组件被完全包覆于树脂封装层中7。
更进一步，所述复合材料基板层8和复合材料覆盖层6所使用的织物纤维可以是玻璃纤维、碳纤维、玄武岩纤维、芳纶纤维、聚酯纤维或混编纤维，所述复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器使用的热固性树脂可以为环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚氨酯树脂、不饱和聚酯或者乙烯基树脂等。更进一步，复合材料基板层8和复合材料覆盖层6可以采用同种树脂，也可以采用不同的树脂。
所述三层复合材料结构的作用是封装并保护应变光栅和温度光栅，其长度大于剥去外护层的裸露光纤的长度。
所述光缆1为单芯光缆，由掺杂光敏材料的光纤11和外护层12构成，且保护层容易剥离，光纤11可以刻制具有设定中心波长的光栅栅区，作为传感器元件。
所述光缆1的尾端剥除外护层后形成裸露的光纤，在光纤上刻制两个或两个以上的光栅栅区，光栅栅区具有设定的长度和间距，且各光栅栅区中心波长差距大于3nm，在最外端光栅栅区上外套硬质耐热毛细管4，填充导热液，并密封管口，形成温度光栅3，其余的光栅栅区均为应变光栅2。温度光栅3在光纤外端，应变光栅2相对靠内，温度光栅3仅一个，应变光栅2可刻制一个或者多个。
更进一步，所述光纤光栅传感器组件可以由光缆刻制光栅串制作，也可以由购买的商品光纤光栅串与传输光纤熔接制作。
所述硬质耐热毛细管4具有较高的刚度和强度，优选不锈钢毛细管或石墨毛细管。更进一步，所述毛细管密封胶9的材料优选热固性环氧胶。
所述光纤连接器5安装在光缆的无光栅栅区的另一端连接光缆内部光纤。
所述光纤光栅传感器组件以胶粘的方式固定在复合材料基板层8上，如附图1和图2所示，优选的胶粘固定点10分别为光缆1和裸纤的交界处、各光栅栅区之间以及硬质耐热毛细管4端部。
本发明提供一种复合材料封装光纤光栅传感器的制造方法，具体步骤如下：
1.截取设定面积的纤维织物或纤维织物预浸布，高温、高压浸胶固化制作包含1层或几层纤维织物的复合材料薄层平板，作为传感器的复合材料基板；
2.截取设定长度包覆外护层、掺杂光敏材料的光缆，在其一端剥去设定长度的外护层，在裸纤上刻制多个光栅栅区，每个光栅具有不同的中心波长，光栅栅区具有设定长度和间距，并在最外端的光栅栅区上外套硬质耐热毛细管，毛细管内填充导热液并密封管口，形成一条光纤光栅传感器组件；
3.把多条步骤2所得的光纤光栅传感器组件按照设定间距平行放置在步骤1所得的复合材料基板上，要求光纤光栅传感器组件以及部分光缆都在步骤1所得的复合材料基板上，如图6所示；
4.把步骤3中的光纤光栅传感器组件胶粘固定在复合材料基板上，使光纤平直且承载一定的预应力，胶粘固定点分别为光缆和裸露光纤的交界处、各光栅栅区之间以及硬质耐热毛细管端部；
5.在步骤4所得的固定了光纤光栅传感器组件的基板上，覆盖若干层与复合材料基板层相同尺寸的纤维织物，真空辅助灌注树脂并固化成型；
6.针对步骤5所得的复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器毛坯，根据步骤3中光纤光栅传感器组件平行放置的间距，且以平行于光纤光栅组件的方向进行等间距裁切(如图6所示)，切割时使光纤光栅传感器组件在被切割成的条形复合材料的中线上；
7.在切割下的光纤光栅传感器的光缆上安装光纤连接器，从而一次性制造了多个同时具有温度和应变在线监测功能的复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器。
实施例1：一种玻璃纤维复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器
一种玻璃纤维复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器包括玻璃纤维覆盖层、环氧树脂封装层、玻璃纤维基板层、光缆、温度光栅、应变光栅、不锈钢管毛细管和光纤连接器。环氧树脂封装层在玻璃纤维覆盖层和玻璃纤维基板层中间。光缆的裸露光纤端刻制三个不同中心波长光栅栅区，分别作为1个温度光栅和2个应变光栅包埋于玻璃纤维复合材料结构环氧树脂封装层中，光缆另一端连接光纤连接器。
一种玻璃纤维复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器的制造方法如下：
1.截取三片150mm×500mm面密度400g/平的玻璃纤维正交编织布，取其中一片玻璃纤维正交编织布，通过真空辅助灌注工艺浸润环氧树脂，固化后得到包含一层玻璃纤维复合材料薄层平板，作为玻璃纤维复合材料基板；
2.截取600mm光缆，在光缆一端剥去90mm的外护层，在裸纤上刻制三个中心波长分别为1532nm、1542nm、1552nm光栅栅区，栅区长10mm，间距10mm，并在最外端 的光栅栅区上外套不锈钢毛细管，填充导热液，管口用环氧胶密封，形成一条光纤光栅传感器组件；
3.把20条步骤2所得的光纤光栅传感器组件按照25mm的间距平行放置在步骤1所得的玻璃纤维复合材料基板上，使光纤光栅传感器组件中裸露的光纤、光栅栅区、不锈钢毛细管以及部分光缆在步骤1所得的复合材料基板上；
4.把步骤3中的光纤光栅传感器组件胶粘固定在步骤1所得的复合材料基板上，使光纤平直且承载一定的预应力，胶粘固定点分别为光缆和光纤交界处、各光栅栅区之间以及不锈钢毛细管端部；
5.在步骤4所得的固定了光纤光栅传感器组件的复合材料基板上，覆盖2层电子级玻璃纤维正交编织布，然后真空辅助灌注环氧树脂，固化成型；
6.针对步骤5所得的复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器毛坯，每间隔25mm，以平行于光纤光栅组件的方向进行等间距切割，切割时务必保证光纤光栅传感器组件在被切割下的条形复合材料封装的光纤光栅的传感器中线上；
7.在步骤6切割下的光纤光栅的传感器的光缆上安装光纤连接器，从而一次性制造了20个同时具有应变和温度监测功能的玻璃纤维复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器，可用于结构件的健康监测。
采用本实施例制造的玻璃纤维复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器，实测了从-30℃到60℃的升温过程中的中心波长变化，如图4所示，通过等强度梁法测量的不同应变下的中心波长变化，如图5所示。温度测量和应变测量与精密测温仪和应变片测量值均相等，并显示了很高的测量精度。
实施例2：一种碳纤维复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器
一种碳纤维复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器包括碳纤维覆盖层、环氧封装层、碳纤维基板层、光缆、温度光栅、应变光栅、铝合金毛细管和光纤连接器。在光缆裸露光纤的一端刻制2个不同中心波长的光栅栅区，分别作为一个温度光栅和一个应变光栅包埋于碳纤维复合材料的覆盖层和基板层组成的环氧封装层中，光缆另一端连接光纤连接器。
一种碳纤维复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器的制作方法如下：
1.截取1片130mm×500mm的碳纤维编织预浸布和2片130mm×500mm的碳纤维编织布，取其中1片碳纤维编织预浸布，通过热压工艺固化后得到碳纤维复合材料薄层平板，作为碳纤维复合材料基板；
2.截取500mm光缆，在光缆一端剥去80mm的外护层，在裸纤上刻制2个中心波长分别为1536nm、1542nm光栅栅区，栅区长10mm，间距10mm，并在最外端的光栅栅区 上外套铝合金毛细管，管口以及光纤和管口之间的间隙用环氧胶胶封，形成一条光纤光栅传感器组件；
3.把25条步骤2所得的光纤光栅传感器组件按照20mm的间距平行放置在步骤1所得的复合材料基板上；
4.把步骤3所得的光纤光栅传感器组件胶粘固定在步骤1所得的碳纤维复合材料基板上，使光纤平直且承载一定的预应力，胶粘固定点分别为光缆和光纤交界处、各光栅栅区之间以及铝合金毛细管端部；
5.在步骤4所得的固定了光纤光栅传感器组件的基板上，覆盖2层碳纤维编织布，然后真空辅助灌注环氧树脂并固化成型；
6.针对步骤5所得的复合材料碳纤维复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器毛坯，每间隔20mm，以平行于光纤光栅传感器组件的方向进行等间距裁切，切割时务必保证光纤光栅传感器组件在被切割下的条形复合材料传感器的中线上；
7.在切割下的光纤光栅传感器的光缆上安装光纤连接器，从而一次性制造了25个同时具有温度和应变测量功能的碳纤维复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式，但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制，其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化，均应为等效的置换方式，都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器，其特征是：该光纤光栅传感器包括光纤光栅传感组件、复合材料覆盖层、树脂封装层和复合材料基板层；其中，所述复合材料覆盖层和复合材料基板层形成包裹树脂封装层的外壳；
    所述光纤光栅传感组件包括一光纤，所述光纤的一端连接光纤连接器，另一端的最外部设有温度光纤光栅，靠近温度光纤光栅的一端光纤刻制有若干个应变光纤光栅栅区，温度光纤光栅和应变光纤光栅串行分布，光纤平直无弯折；
    其中，部分光纤光栅传感组件设置在所述复合材料基板层上，该部分光纤光栅传感组件至少包括所述温度光纤光栅和应变光栅栅区，并被所述树脂封装层封装在其内部。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的光纤光栅传感器，其特征是：所述复合材料基板层为平板结构，所述复合材料覆盖层为流线型结构；优选的，未封装在树脂封装层中的光纤和其延伸至树脂封装层内部分的光纤外部设有保护层。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的光纤光栅传感器，其特征是：所述复合材料基板层包括纤维织物结构和浸渍固化在所述纤维织物结构上的树脂层；所述纤维织物结构是指采用增强纤维三维立体编织结构或二维平面编织的纤维织物布；优选的，所述复合材料基板层的厚度控制在1.5mm以下；优选的，所述复合材料基板层通过纤维织物的预浸布热模压成型、液态模塑成型或真空辅助灌注成型；优选的，所述增强纤维为玻璃纤维、碳纤维、玄武岩纤维、芳纶纤维、聚酯纤维中的一种或多种；优选的，所述树脂为环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚氨酯树脂、乙烯基树脂或其他热固性树脂；进一步优选的，所述复合材料基板层采用致密的铺层厚度为(0.2-1.0)mm的正交编织的玻璃纤维预浸布通过热模压成型方式制造；进一步优选的，所述复合材料基板层使用脱模布进行脱模，使复合材料基板层的上下两个表面都形成类似磨砂的粗糙面。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的光纤光栅传感器，其特征是：所述复合材料覆盖层包括纤维织物结构和浸渍固化在所述纤维织物结构上的树脂层，是由纤维织物通过真空辅助灌注的树脂浸润和固化而得到；所述纤维织物结构是指采用增强纤维三维立体编织结构或二维平面编织的纤维织物布；优选的，所述增强纤维为玻璃纤维、碳纤维、玄武岩纤维、芳纶纤维、聚酯纤维中的一种或多种；优选的，所述树脂为环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚氨酯树脂、乙烯基树脂或其他热固性树脂；进一步优选的，所述复合材料覆盖层纤维织物结构为电子级正交编织玻璃纤维布。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的光纤光栅传感器，其特征是：所述树脂封装层是由填充于复合材料基板层和复合材料覆盖层之间的树脂固化而成，所述温度光栅和若干个应变光栅栅区被完全包覆于树脂封装层中；所述复合材料覆盖层与树脂封装层为一体化成型结构，复合 材料覆盖层中的纤维织物结构和该纤维织物结构与所述复合材料基板层之间的空隙采用真空辅助灌注树脂固化成型，得到一体化的复合材料覆盖层和树脂封装层。
  6. 一种复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器的制造方法，其特征是，包括以下工序：
    复合材料基板制造工序：截取设定面积的纤维织物或纤维织物预浸布，采用成型工艺制备得到复合材料基板；
    光纤光栅传感组件制造工序：取一端具备保护层的光纤，在不包裹保护层的光纤上刻制至少两个光纤光栅栅区，其中一个光栅栅区位于所述不包裹保护层的光纤末端，并在所述末端的光栅栅区上外套保护管，保护管内填充导热液并密封管口，形成一条光纤光栅传感器组件；
    组装工序：将所述一条光纤光栅传感组件固定在所得复合材料基板上或者将至少2条光纤光栅传感组件按照设定间距平行固定在所得复合材料基板上，然后覆盖纤维织物；
    成型工序：所述覆盖纤维织物和该纤维织物与所述复合材料基板层之间的空隙采用真空辅助灌注树脂固化成型，得到复合材料覆盖层和树脂封装层；
    若是所述组装工序中光栅传感组件的条数大于等于2，则成型工序之后进行裁切工序，以平行于光纤光栅传感组件的方向进行裁切；
    在具备保护层的光纤末端连接光纤连接器，即得到复合材料封装的光纤光栅传感器。
  7. 如权利要求6所述的制造方法，其特征是：在复合材料基板制造工序中，所述成型工艺为预浸布热模压成型、液态模塑成型或真空辅助灌注成型工艺；优选的，通过所述复合材料基板制造工序得到的复合材料基板层为一薄层复合材料平板。
  8. 如权利要求6所述的制造方法，其特征是：在光纤光栅传感组件制造工序中，所述一端具备保护层的光纤的制作方法如下：截取设定长度包覆外护层、掺杂光敏材料的光缆，在其一端剥去设定长度的外护层；优选的，每个光栅栅区具有不同的中心波长，光栅栅区具有设定长度和间距。
  9. 如权利要求6所述的制造方法，其特征是：在组装工序中，所述固定的方式为胶黏；胶黏固定点为具备保护层和不具备保护层光纤上的交界处、各个光栅栅区之间以及保护管的两个端部。
  10. 如权利要求6所述的制造方法，其特征是：在裁切工序中，裁切时，使光纤光栅传感组件在被切割成的条形复合材料的中线上。
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