WO2016135827A1

WO2016135827A1 - Solar battery panel

Info

Publication number: WO2016135827A1
Application number: PCT/JP2015/055048
Authority: WO
Inventors: 陽一郎西本
Original assignee: 三菱電機株式会社
Priority date: 2015-02-23
Filing date: 2015-02-23
Publication date: 2016-09-01
Also published as: JP6289725B2; CN107155376B; CN107155376A; JPWO2016135827A1

Abstract

The solar battery panel comprises solar battery cells 10₁₁-10₄₄ connected into an array of a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns having a portion where the number of rows is different from column to column, and tabbing wires 20 establishing connections among the solar battery cells. A cell group from each column, which comprises solar battery cells, has each of the solar battery cells connected through a first tabbing wire 21 connecting a light-receiving side electrode of the solar battery cell to the back side electrode of a solar battery cell in the next row, and through a second tabbing wire 22 connecting the back side electrode of the solar battery cell to the light-receiving side electrode of a solar battery cell in the previous row. Then, in a portion between the solar battery cell 10₁₁ located at an upper end of the solar battery cells constituting each column and a solar battery cell 10₂₂ located at the upper end of an adjacent row, where a step difference exists due to a difference in the number of cells, the second tabbing wire 22 of the solar battery cell located at the upper end of a row having a higher upper end is derived downward and connected, through a third tabbing wire 23 formed in the row direction, to the upper end of the first tabbing wire 21 in the adjacent row.

Description

Solar panel

The present invention relates to a solar panel, and more particularly, to a pull-out of a tab line for connecting solar cells.

Unlike industrial solar panels, trapezoidal or triangular panels are often lined up for residential solar panels. This is to obtain a good appearance while generating maximum power on a limited area roof in combination with a rectangular panel.

Conventionally, in such a trapezoidal or triangular panel, a hatched portion is formed by changing the number of adjacent cells arranged and providing a step, and this step portion is a crank as disclosed in Patent Document 1. Are interconnected using a tabbed wire.

Further, in Patent Document 2, the cross-sectional area of the vertical tab lines that extend in the cell column alignment direction and connect the cells is made larger than the cross-sectional area of the tab lines that connect a plurality of homopolar bus electrodes in the cell. A technique for manufacturing a high-output solar cell panel with reduced wiring loss is disclosed.

JP 2001-111089 A JP 2013-206967 A

However, according to the technique of the above-mentioned patent document 1, since the interconnection is performed using the crank-shaped tab wires, the wiring length is long and the loss due to the wiring is large. Therefore, there is a problem that a sufficient output cannot be obtained.

Also, in the method of Patent Document 2, a crank-shaped wiring structure is used, and the problem of long vertical tab lines connecting adjacent solar cells as compared with a rectangular panel has not been solved. Therefore, the problem that the wiring loss is larger than that of the rectangular panel remains.

The present invention has been made in view of the above, and an object of the present invention is to obtain a solar cell panel with high mounting workability while reducing the wiring loss in the step portion of the adjacent cell rows of the panel.

In order to solve the above-described problems and achieve the object, the present invention provides a solar cell having a portion having a different number of rows between columns and arranged in a plurality of rows and columns, and between the solar cells. The cell group of each row | line which consists of a photovoltaic cell is provided with the tab wire to connect, and connects the 1st electrode of a photovoltaic cell and the 2nd electrode of the photovoltaic cell of the next line among photovoltaic cells. The first tab line to be connected, the second electrode of the solar battery cell, and the second tab line connecting the first electrode of the preceding solar battery cell are connected. And in the portion where there is a step due to the difference in the number of cells between the solar cells located at the upper end of the solar cells constituting each row and the solar cells located at the upper end of the adjacent row, the upper end The second tab line of the solar cell located at the upper end of the higher column is led downward and connected to the upper end of the first tab line of the adjacent row by the third tab line formed in the row direction. It is characterized by that.

According to the present invention, there is an effect that it is possible to obtain a solar cell panel with high mounting workability while reducing the wiring loss at the step portion of the adjacent cell rows of the solar cell panel.

Explanatory drawing which shows the solar cell panel of Embodiment 1 typically The figure which looked at the solar cell panel of Embodiment 1 from the light-receiving surface side The figure which looked at the solar cell panel of Embodiment 1 from the back surface side AA sectional view of FIG. BB sectional view of FIG. The top view which shows the roof of the house which mounts the solar cell panel of Embodiment 1 Explanatory drawing which shows the solar cell panel of Embodiment 2 typically The figure which looked at the solar cell panel of Embodiment 2 from the light-receiving surface side The figure which looked at the solar cell panel of Embodiment 2 from the back surface side AA sectional view of FIG. BB sectional view of FIG. Explanatory drawing which shows the solar cell panel of Embodiment 3 typically

Hereinafter, embodiments of a solar cell panel according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. In addition, this invention is not limited by this embodiment, In the range which does not deviate from the summary of this invention, it can change suitably. In the drawings shown below, the scale of each member may be different from the actual scale for easy understanding. The same applies between the drawings.

Embodiment 1 FIG.
FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram schematically illustrating a solar cell panel according to the first embodiment. 2 is a view of the solar cell panel as viewed from the light receiving surface side, FIG. 3 is a view of the solar cell panel as viewed from the back surface side, FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA in FIG. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line BB of FIG. 1, and FIG. 6 is a top view showing a roof of a house on which the solar cell panel of Embodiment 1 is mounted. In FIG. 1, the interconnection of the photovoltaic cell of Embodiment 1 of the trapezoidal solar cell panel concerning Embodiment 1 is shown typically. For easy understanding, in the uppermost solar cell 10 ₁₁ and the uppermost solar cell 10 ₃₃ in the third row, the first tab line 21 connected to the light receiving surface electrode 2a is connected to the back electrode 2b. Although described as being shifted from the tab line 22, in practice, the first tab line 21 connected to the light receiving surface electrode 2a as the first electrode and the back electrode 2b as the second electrode are connected. There is no misalignment in the left-right direction on the tab line 22 of 2. The light receiving surface electrode 2a and the back surface electrode 2b are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, and are hidden under the first tab line 21 and the second tab line 22 in FIGS. The shape is invisible.

In solar cell panel 100p of the first embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, only one solar cell 10 ₁₁ is provided at the uppermost end, and two

solar cells

10 ₁₂ , 10 are provided in the second row. ₂₂ , three

solar cells

10 ₁₃ , 10 ₂₃ , 10 ₃₃ are arranged in the third row, and four

solar cells

10 ₁₄ , 10 ₂₄ , 10 ₃₄ , 10 ₄₄ are arranged in the fourth row. And it goes to the light-receiving surface 10A side from the 1st tab wire | line 21 which goes to the back surface 10B side from the light-receiving surface 10A side of each photovoltaic cell 10 toward the downward direction of the solar cell panel 100p, and the back surface 10B side of each photovoltaic cell 10. Interconnection is made by the second tab line 22 and the third tab line 23 extending in the lateral direction. As shown in FIG. 1, is connected to the second tab line 22 connected to the back electrode 2b of the solar cell 10 ₁₁ of the uppermost end, the third tab wire 23 solar cells of the underlying laterally extending is extended laterally from between the 10 ₁₂ is connected to the first tab line 21 of the second column of the uppermost end of the solar cell 10 ₂₂ is next to the solar battery cell array. The third tab wire 23 extending in the third column third row second is connected to the tab line 22 transversely connected to the back electrode 2b of the third row of the solar cell 10 ₃₃ is uppermost of , extends from between the solar battery cells 10 ₃₄ underlying the lateral direction, the first connected to the light-receiving surface electrode 2a of the fourth column of the uppermost end of the solar cell 10 ₄₄ is next to the solar battery cell array Are connected to the tab line 21. The second tab line 22 connected to the back electrode 2b of the fourth column of the solar cell 10 ₄₄ passes through the lower end portion of the solar cell panel 100p, the external connection terminal 22T, the external connection is made. Meanwhile, the first tab line 21 connected to the light-receiving surface electrode 2a of the fourth row of the solar cell 10 ₁₄ is a lower end of the first row is located at the lower end portion of the solar cell panel 100p, the external connection terminal 21T External connection is made.

Then, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 in the AA cross section and the BB cross section of FIG. 1, the solar cell panel 100p of the first embodiment is provided between the first and

second glass plates

4a and 4b. The light receiving surface side sealing resin 3a and the back surface side sealing resin 3b which are sealing resins which seal the photovoltaic cell 10 with the tab wire 20 which is connection wiring are comprised. That is, the solar cell 10 in which the light-receiving surface electrode 2a and the back electrode 2b are formed on the crystalline solar cell substrate 1, and the copper tab wire 20 that connects the solar cells 10 are the light-receiving surface side sealing resin 3a and the back surface side sealing. It is sealed with a resin 3b, and both the light receiving surface 10A and the back surface 10B on the outer side thereof are covered with a first glass plate 4a and a second glass plate 4b made of chemically strengthened glass.

The solar battery cell 10 is composed of a single crystal silicon substrate having a thickness of about 0.16 mm to 0.3 mm. The substrate constituting the solar cell 10 is not limited to a single crystal silicon substrate, and a compound semiconductor substrate such as silicon carbide or gallium arsenide can be applied in addition to a crystalline silicon substrate such as a polycrystalline silicon substrate. It is. A PN junction is formed inside the solar battery cell 10, electrodes are provided on the light receiving surface and the back surface, and an antireflection film is provided on the light receiving surface. The size of the solar battery cell 10 is about 125 mm or more and 156 mm or less in the crystalline solar battery.

The tab line 20 is composed of a first tab line 21 and a second tab line 22 for connecting in the column direction and a third tab line 23 for connecting in the row direction. It consists of a copper wire to which solder plating of about 0.1 mm to 0.4 mm is applied. The tab wire 20 is joined to the light receiving surface electrode 2a and the back surface electrode 2b of the solar battery cell 10 by soldering, and functions to connect the back surface electrode 2b of each solar battery cell 10 and the light receiving surface electrode 2a.

For the light-receiving surface side sealing resin 3a, a material having translucency, heat resistance, electrical insulation and flexibility is used, and a thermoplastic synthetic resin material mainly composed of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) is suitable. is there. As the thickness, a sheet form having a thickness of 0.3 mm to 1.0 mm is used. As the light receiving surface side sealing resin 3a, a thermoplastic synthetic resin mainly composed of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) can be applied in addition to EVA.

Similar to the light receiving surface side sealing resin 3a, a material having translucency, heat resistance, electrical insulation and flexibility is used for the back surface side sealing resin 3b, and a thermoplastic resin mainly composed of ethylene vinyl acetate is used. A synthetic resin material is preferred. As the thickness, a sheet form having a thickness of about 0.3 mm to 1.0 mm is used. The same material as the light-receiving surface side sealing resin 3a may be used for the back surface side sealing resin 3b, or another material may be used.

This solar cell panel 100p is used to construct a roofing material for a house as shown in a top view in FIG. In addition, you may take the structure which mounts the solar cell panel 10 of Embodiment 1 on a roof material.

In the solar panel of the comparative example, the tab line extending from the solar cell in the first column and the first row to the solar cell in the second row and the second column has a clamp shape, and a horizontal tab line and a vertical tab line extending in the horizontal direction. And horizontal tab lines. A first tab line and a second tab line that function in the same manner as the first tab line and the second tab line are formed. On the other hand, according to the solar cell panel 100p of the first embodiment, the vertical tab line extending in the vertical direction between cells in the solar cell panel of the comparative example becomes unnecessary. Thereby, the resistance loss in the vertical tab line can be eliminated and the material cost can be reduced. In the solar cell panel of the comparative example, the horizontal tab line, the vertical tab line, and the horizontal tab line are not monolithic, but the three tab lines are connected to form a crank shape. Whereas there are two connection locations, the solar cell panel of the first embodiment has the advantage that the connection locations can be eliminated by eliminating the vertical tab lines, and the work efficiency is increased.

In the solar cell panel 100p of the first embodiment, between the solar battery cells 10 ₁₁ and the solar cell 10 _12, laterally from the second tab line 22 extending downward is connected to the back electrode 2b of the solar cell 10 ₁₁ Since the third tab line 23, which is a tab line, is extended, the first tab line 21 connected to the light receiving surface electrode 2a is short-circuited as it is. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the short circuit by interposing the insulating material 24 between the first and

second tab wires

21 and 22 connected to the light receiving surface electrode 2a and the back surface electrode 2b.

The insulating material may be made of a material different from the sealing resin, or the tab wire so that the sealing resin enters between the first tab wire 21 and the second tab wire 22. You may make it adjust the position used for sealing. That is, the sealing resin may serve as the insulating material. Generally, EVA is used as a sealing material for a solar cell panel. Since EVA is in a sheet form before lamination, the EVA sheet is formed with a first tab wire 21 and a second tab wire 22. By arranging and laminating between them, it is possible to prevent a short circuit without impairing the appearance.

As described above, in the solar cell panel of Embodiment 1, the vertical tab line arranged in the step portion of the adjacent solar cell row is not necessary, and the loss in this vertical tab line can be eliminated. At the same time, the material cost can be reduced. On the other hand, although soldering is required at two locations on both ends of a conventional trapezoidal or triangular panel vertical tab line, the solar battery panel 100p according to Embodiment 1 is attached to a solar battery cell used in a portion that becomes an oblique outer shape. By configuring the first tab line 21 and the second tab line 22 and the third tab line 23 to be integrally formed, soldering is unnecessary, and work efficiency can be increased. Needless to say, the connection between the first tab line 21 and the second tab line 22 and the third tab line 23 may be performed by soldering. The oblique outer shape portion means a portion including a hatched portion in the outer shape.

Embodiment 2. FIG.
FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram schematically showing a solar cell panel according to the second embodiment. 8 is a view of the solar cell panel as viewed from the light receiving surface side, FIG. 9 is a view of the solar cell panel as viewed from the back surface side, FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA in FIG. FIG. 8 is a sectional view taken along line BB in FIG. Also in the second embodiment, for easy understanding, in the uppermost solar cell 10 ₁₁ and the uppermost solar cell 10 ₃₃ in the third row, the first tab wire 21 connected to the light receiving surface electrode 2a is connected to the back electrode 2b. The first tab line 22 connected to the light receiving surface electrode 2a and the second tab line 22 connected to the back surface electrode 2b are actually written. There is no left-right displacement. Also in the second embodiment, as in the first embodiment, the light-receiving surface electrode 2a, the back surface electrode 2b, the first tab line 21, and the second tab line are shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, and are plan views. 7 to 9, the light receiving surface electrode 2 a and the back surface electrode 2 b have shapes that are hidden under the first and second tab lines 21 and 22 and cannot be seen.

In solar cell panel 100q of the second embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 7 to 9, third tab wire 23S extending in the lateral direction from second tab wire 22 includes solar cell 10 ₁₁ , solar cell 10. _On the light receiving surface side of _33, the surface of the solar cell substrate 1 extends in the lateral direction along the edge. The third tab line connected to the second tab line 22 is different from the first tab line 21 connected to the back surface side on the solar battery cell 10 ₁₁ and the solar battery cell 10 _33. The first is connected to the light-receiving surface electrode 2a of the uppermost

solar cells

10 ₂₂ , 10 ₄₄ of the adjacent solar cell row, extending in the lateral direction without being short-circuited with being sandwiched between them. The only difference is that it is connected to the tab line 21.

Therefore, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 in the AA cross section and the BB cross section of FIG. 7, the solar cell substrate 1 is interposed at the portion where the first tab line 21 and the second tab line 22 intersect. Therefore, it is possible to prevent a short circuit.

That, is connected to the second tab line 22 connected to the third column third row back electrode 2b of the third row of the solar cell 10 ₃₃ is the uppermost end of the third tab wire 23S extending laterally but is connected to the first tab line 21 connected to the light-receiving surface electrode 2a of the fourth column of the uppermost end of the solar cell 10 ₄₄ is next to the solar battery cell array. As in the first embodiment, only one solar cell 10 ₁₁ is provided at the uppermost end, two

solar cells

10 ₁₂ , 10 _{22 are provided in} the second row, and three solar cells 10 are provided in the third row. ₁₃ , 10 ₂₃ , 10 ₃₃ , and four

solar cells

10 ₁₄ , 10 ₂₄ , 10 ₃₄ , 10 ₄₄ are arranged in the fourth row. And the 1st tab wire | line 21 which goes to the back surface 10B side from the light-receiving surface 10A side of each photovoltaic cell 10 toward the downward direction of the solar cell panel 100q, and 2nd which goes to the light-receiving surface 10A side from the back surface 10B side of each solar cell. The tab line 22 and the third tab line 23S extending in the lateral direction are interconnected. As shown in FIG. 7, the third tab line 23 </ b> S connected to the second tab line 22 connected to the back electrode 2 b of the uppermost solar battery cell 10 ₁₁ and extending in the lateral direction is the solar battery cell below it. 10 ₁₂ side by the solar cell substrate 1 as is connected with the second column of the uppermost end of the solar cell 10 ₂₂ is next to the solar cell strings. Also connected to the second tab line 22 connected to the third column third row back electrode 2b of the third row of the solar cell 10 ₃₃ is the uppermost end of the third tab wire 23S extending laterally There as on the solar cell substrate 1 in the solar cell 10 ₃₄ of the underlying, first connected to the light-receiving surface electrode 2a of the fourth column of the uppermost end of the solar cell 10 ₄₄ is next to the solar battery cell array Are connected to the tab line 21. The second tab line 22 connected to the back electrode 2b of the fourth column of the solar cell 10 ₄₄ passes through the lower end of the solar cell panel 100q, the external connection terminal 22T, the external connection is made. While the first tab line 21 connected to the light-receiving surface electrode 2a of the fourth row of the solar cell 10 ₁₄ is a lower end of the first row is located at the lower end of the solar cell panel 100q, the external connection terminal 21T, external A connection is made.

As described above, in the solar cell panel 100q of the second embodiment, the second tab line 22 of the first row uppermost end of the solar cell 10 _11, and the third column uppermost end of the solar cell 10 ₃₃ solar cell It stops on the board | substrate 1, and the lower end of the 2nd tab wire | line 22 is connected to the 3rd tab wire | line 23 of the horizontal direction on the solar cell board | substrate 1, ie, the area | region where the solar cell board | substrate 1 exists, and does not extend | expand from the cell top. That is, in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, the lower end of the second tab wire 22 is on the lower side of the solar cell substrate 1, and in FIG. 9, the lower end of the second tab line 22 is on the upper side of the solar cell substrate 1. It is in contact. For this reason, since the solar cell substrate 1 plays the role of an insulating material by interposing the solar cell substrate 1 between the first tab wires 21, a short circuit can be reliably prevented. About another effect, it is the same as that of the solar cell panel 100p of Embodiment 1, and the vertical tab line arrange | positioned in the level | step-difference part of the adjacent photovoltaic cell row | line | column in the solar cell panel of a comparative example becomes unnecessary. Therefore, it is possible to eliminate the loss in the vertical tab line and reduce the material cost. Moreover, in the solar cell panel 100q of Embodiment 2, the 1st tab wire | line 21 and the 2nd tab wire | line 22 with which it attaches to the photovoltaic cell used in the part used as a diagonal outline part, and the 3rd tab wire | line 23 are provided. By comprising by integral molding, soldering can be made unnecessary and work efficiency can be raised.

As described above, the third tab wire 23S extends in the row direction on the solar cell and is connected to the first or

second tab wire

21 or 22 of the adjacent solar cell column. Therefore, a short circuit between the first and

second tab wires

21 and 22 can be prevented.

Embodiment 3 FIG.
FIG. 12 is a diagram schematically showing a solar cell panel according to the third embodiment. In the solar panel of the second embodiment, the solar cells in each row are aligned and arranged, but in the solar panel 100s of the third embodiment, the solar cells at the upper end of the second column and the fourth column are one-fourth. The third tab wire 23 </ b> S is arranged on the solar cell substrate 1 so as to be disposed about the pitch. Here, 1 pitch means the distance from the row center of the solar battery cell to the row center. Moreover, the lower end of the second tab line 22 extending downward is shortened by arranging the solar cells at the lower end of the second row and the fourth row about a quarter pitch, or on the solar cell substrate 1. To be arranged in. Since other configurations are the same as those of the second embodiment, description thereof is omitted here.

With the above configuration, the wiring length can be reduced.

In addition, the solar cells constituting the solar cells are formed with the lower ends of the second tab wires 22 extending downward as the solar cells at the lower ends of the second row and the fourth row are arranged about a quarter pitch upward. The battery substrate 1 may be led out to the outside.

Further, in Embodiments 1 to 3, the trapezoidal solar cell panel has been described. However, the present invention is not limited to a solar cell panel having a diagonal outer shape, that is, a hatched portion, such as a trapezoid or a triangle. As a panel, it is square or a rectangle, and only a photovoltaic cell is applicable to the case where it is not the same number in each row | line | column, but is a missing structure. For example, in the case of a solar cell panel that also serves as a roofing material, in the case where a skylight for lighting is required, when the solar cell is not arranged in a region corresponding to the skylight, the first embodiment is used. It is possible to apply from 3 to 3 solar panels. Further, the solar cell missing portion on the solar cell panel is not limited to the end portion, and may be in the middle of the column or row. In this case, the third tab line may be a connection tab line, and the extension direction can be changed as appropriate without being limited to the one extending in the horizontal direction.

In the first to third embodiments, the first electrode is a light-receiving surface electrode and the second electrode is a back electrode. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and the first electrode is a back electrode and the second electrode. May be used as the light receiving surface electrode. Further, the configurations of the first to third embodiments can be applied to a solar cell having a so-called rear extraction structure in which the first and second electrodes are formed on the back surface of the solar cell. It is necessary to interpose a reliable and highly insulating insulator at the intersection of the tab line 21 with the second tab line 22 and the third tab line.

In Embodiments 1 to 3, the double-sided glass type solar cell panel has been described. However, the present invention can be applied to various solar cell panels including a solar cell panel using a back film.

Although several embodiments of the present invention have been described, these embodiments are presented as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These novel embodiments can be implemented in various other forms, and various omissions, replacements, or changes can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. These embodiments and modifications thereof are included in the scope and gist of the invention, and are included in the invention described in the claims and the equivalents thereof.

1 the solar cell substrate, 2a the light-receiving surface electrode, 2b back electrode, 3a-receiving surface side sealing resin, 3b backside sealing resin, 4a first glass plate, 4b second glass plate, 10, 10 _11, 10 ₁₂ , 10 ₁₃ , 10 ₁₄ , 10 ₂₂ , 10 ₂₃ , 10 ₂₄ , 10 ₃₃ , 10 ₃₄ , 10 ₄₄ solar cells, 20 tab line, 21 first tab line, 22 second tab line, 23, 23S 3 tab wires, 21T, 22T External connection terminals.

Claims

Solar cells that have portions with different numbers of rows between columns and are arranged and connected in multiple rows and multiple columns,
A tab wire for connecting the solar cells,
A cell group in each row composed of the solar cells,
Among the solar cells, a first tab line connecting the first electrode of the solar cell and the second electrode of the solar cell of the next row, the second electrode of the solar cell, It is connected with a second tab line connecting the first electrode of the preceding solar cell,
In the portion where there is a step due to the difference in the number of cells, between the solar cell located at the upper end of the solar cell constituting each row and the solar cell located at the upper end of the adjacent row, the upper end The second tab line of the solar cell located at the upper end of the higher column is led downward, and the third tab line formed in the row direction is connected to the upper end of the first tab line of the adjacent row. A solar panel characterized by being connected.
The solar cells constituting the cell group in each row are
A first glass plate disposed on the light receiving surface side of the solar battery cell;
A second glass plate disposed on the back surface side facing the light receiving surface side of the solar battery cell;
The sealing resin which seals a photovoltaic cell with the 3rd tab wire from the 1st tab line between the 1st glass plate and the 2nd glass plate was provided. The solar cell panel described.
3. The sun according to claim 1, wherein an insulating sheet is interposed between the first tab line and the second tab line led out below the solar cell at the upper end. Battery panel.
The third tab line extends in the row direction on the solar battery cell and is connected to the first tab line and the second tab line of the adjacent solar battery cell row. The solar cell panel according to claim 1 or 2.
The solar cell panel according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the outer shape has a hatched portion.