WO2016152228A1 - 太陽電池用結晶シリコン基板の製造方法、結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法および結晶シリコン系太陽電池モジュールの製造方法 - Google Patents
太陽電池用結晶シリコン基板の製造方法、結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法および結晶シリコン系太陽電池モジュールの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016152228A1 WO2016152228A1 PCT/JP2016/051852 JP2016051852W WO2016152228A1 WO 2016152228 A1 WO2016152228 A1 WO 2016152228A1 JP 2016051852 W JP2016051852 W JP 2016051852W WO 2016152228 A1 WO2016152228 A1 WO 2016152228A1
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- silicon substrate
- single crystal
- ozone
- solar cell
- crystal silicon
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 213
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 42
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 32
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 278
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 134
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 131
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 90
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical group Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 106
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims description 88
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 claims description 60
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 55
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
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- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 8
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- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 124
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- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0236—Special surface textures
- H01L31/02363—Special surface textures of the semiconductor body itself, e.g. textured active layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/072—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type
- H01L31/0745—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type comprising a AIVBIV heterojunction, e.g. Si/Ge, SiGe/Si or Si/SiC solar cells
- H01L31/0747—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type comprising a AIVBIV heterojunction, e.g. Si/Ge, SiGe/Si or Si/SiC solar cells comprising a heterojunction of crystalline and amorphous materials, e.g. heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/1804—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof comprising only elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a crystalline silicon substrate for a solar cell, a method for manufacturing a solar cell, and a method for manufacturing a solar cell module.
- a crystalline silicon solar cell using a crystalline silicon substrate has high photoelectric conversion efficiency and is put into practical use as a photovoltaic power generation system.
- a heterojunction solar cell in which a pn junction is formed by forming a non-single-crystal silicon-based semiconductor thin film such as amorphous silicon on the surface of a single-crystal silicon substrate has excellent conversion efficiency.
- a heterojunction solar cell including an intrinsic amorphous silicon thin film between a single crystal silicon substrate and an amorphous silicon thin film has attracted attention as one of the solar cells having the highest conversion efficiency.
- the surface of the silicon substrate is anisotropically etched to form a quadrangular pyramidal uneven structure called texture,
- the photocurrent is increased to achieve high efficiency (so-called optical confinement).
- the single crystal silicon substrate after the texture formation is subjected to further processing for the purpose of adjusting the shape of the texture, cleaning the surface, etc. before forming the semiconductor thin film or the diffusion layer.
- Patent Document 1 a texture is formed on the surface of a single crystal silicon substrate by anisotropic etching, and then isotropic etching is performed using an oxidizing aqueous solution such as HF / HNO 3 to round the texture recess. A method is disclosed. Patent Document 1 describes that by rounding the concave portion of the texture, the thickness of the amorphous silicon thin film formed thereon becomes uniform, and the open-circuit voltage and the fill factor of the solar cell are improved.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a method of forming an oxide film by immersing a single crystal silicon substrate in ozone water after the texture is formed and then performing a process of rounding the concave portion of the texture as necessary. If the silicon substrate after the oxide film is formed is immersed in an HF aqueous solution, the metal and organic matter mixed during texture formation by anisotropic etching are removed together with the oxide film, and the surface of the silicon substrate is cleaned.
- Patent Document 3 since a layer of a high-concentration silicon dissolved product (gel) is formed on the surface of a silicon substrate after anisotropic etching with alkali, it may be difficult to clean the surface by ozone treatment. It has been pointed out. In Patent Document 3, it is proposed to improve the surface cleanliness by ozone treatment by supplying ozone water continuously and keeping the ozone concentration of ozone water constant, thereby complementing the decrease in efficiency due to self-decomposition of ozone. Has been. Further, Patent Document 3 (see FIG. 12) describes a method of increasing the treatment efficiency by supplying ozone gas into an ozone water bath and keeping the ozone concentration of ozone water constant.
- Using a crystalline silicon substrate with isotropic etching after anisotropic etching and rounded textured recesses is effective in improving the open circuit voltage and fill factor, but rounding the recesses reduces the antireflection effect.
- the short circuit current of the solar cell tends to decrease.
- the texture size is small and the density of the recesses on the substrate surface is high (when the number of irregularities is large)
- the effect of reducing the short-circuit current is greater than the improvement of the fill factor and open circuit voltage by rounding the recesses.
- the conversion efficiency of solar cells tends to decrease.
- the present invention has a single-crystal silicon substrate for solar cells, which has an excellent light confinement property and a high cleanliness, as well as a textured recess having a rounded recess (that is, having a small radius of curvature of the textured recess), and the same.
- An object is to provide a crystalline silicon solar cell and a crystalline silicon solar cell module.
- the present inventors have found that the cleaning effect by the ozone treatment can be enhanced without rounding the bottom of the texture by washing with hydrochloric acid between the texture formation by the anisotropic etching and the ozone treatment.
- the present invention has been reached.
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a crystalline silicon substrate for a solar cell, and includes forming a texture on the surface of a single crystal silicon substrate by anisotropic etching, then bringing hydrochloric acid into contact with the surface, and bringing ozone water into contact with the surface. Are performed in this order.
- the ozone treatment is performed by immersing the single crystal silicon substrate in an ozone water bath.
- the concentration of ozone water during ozone treatment is adjusted by supplying ozone gas to the ozone water bath.
- the surface texture size of the single crystal silicon substrate after the ozone treatment is 0.1 ⁇ m or more and less than 5 ⁇ m.
- the curvature radius of the concave portion of the texture is preferably less than 5 nm.
- the concentration of hydrochloric acid in the acid treatment is preferably 1 to 15% by weight.
- the temperature of hydrochloric acid is preferably 30 ° C to 80 ° C.
- the surface of the single crystal silicon substrate is treated with hydrofluoric acid after the ozone treatment.
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a crystalline silicon solar cell using the above single crystal silicon substrate.
- a conductive non-single crystal silicon thin film is formed on the textured surface of the single crystal silicon substrate.
- a transparent conductive layer is preferably formed on the conductive non-single crystal silicon thin film.
- the intrinsic non-single crystal silicon thin film is formed on the single crystal silicon substrate before the conductive non-single crystal silicon thin film is formed.
- the crystalline silicon-based solar cell thus obtained includes an intrinsic non-single-crystal silicon thin film between the single-crystal silicon substrate and the conductive non-single-crystal silicon thin film.
- hydrogen plasma treatment is performed after depositing at least part of an intrinsic non-single crystal silicon thin film on single crystal silicon and before depositing a conductive non-single crystal silicon thin film.
- a solar cell module is obtained by connecting a plurality of the crystalline silicon solar cells and sealing with a sealing material.
- the surface of the textured single crystal silicon substrate is subjected to the ozone treatment after the acid treatment, impurities such as alkali metals are not brought into the ozone water, and the efficiency of the ozone treatment is improved. Therefore, a crystalline silicon substrate for solar cells that is excellent in cleanliness can be obtained. Further, since the acid treatment is performed using hydrochloric acid, the bottom of the texture is not excessively rounded. Therefore, the solar cell using the single crystal silicon substrate obtained by the present invention is excellent in the light confinement effect and exhibits high conversion efficiency.
- the crystalline silicon substrate for solar cells of the present invention is a conductive type (p-type or n-type) single crystal silicon substrate.
- the single crystal silicon substrate is produced by slicing a silicon ingot produced by, for example, the Czochralski method or the like to a predetermined thickness using a wire saw or the like.
- the single crystal silicon substrate is preferably cut out so that the light receiving surface is a (100) plane. This is because when a single crystal silicon substrate is etched, a texture structure is easily formed by anisotropic etching using the difference in etching rate between the (100) plane and the (111) plane.
- the thickness of the single crystal silicon substrate is not particularly limited, but is generally about 50 to 500 ⁇ m.
- the thickness D of the single crystal silicon substrate after the texture formation is defined as a straight line connecting the convex side apexes of the texture of one main surface of the single crystal silicon substrate and the convex side apex of the texture of the other main surface. It is calculated by the distance from the connected straight line (see FIG. 4).
- the thickness of the single crystal silicon substrate in the present invention is preferably 250 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 170 ⁇ m or less. By reducing the thickness, the carrier recombination probability in the single crystal silicon substrate is reduced, and thus the open-circuit voltage and the fill factor of the solar cell tend to be improved.
- Preprocessing A silicon substrate (as-sliced substrate) sliced from an ingot is subjected to pretreatment as necessary before texture formation by anisotropic etching.
- the pretreatment is performed for the purpose of removing metal deposits derived from saw wires or the like during slicing, damage layers due to slicing, and the like.
- the pretreatment is performed by isotropic etching of the surface of the single crystal silicon substrate 1 using an alkaline aqueous solution such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, a mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, or the like.
- anisotropic etching By bringing an alkaline solution (anisotropic etching solution) containing an additive for anisotropic etching into contact with the surface of the single crystal silicon substrate, anisotropic etching is performed and a texture is formed on the surface.
- anisotropic etching solution A commercially available anisotropic etching solution may be used as the anisotropic etching solution.
- the alkali examples include sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. Of these, potassium hydroxide is preferred.
- the anisotropic etching liquid may contain two or more kinds of alkalis.
- the pH of the anisotropic etching solution is preferably about 12 to 16, more preferably about 13 to 15.
- the concentration of potassium hydroxide is preferably 2 to 10% by weight, more preferably 2.5 to 8% by weight, and further preferably 3 to 6% by weight.
- the additive for anisotropic etching has the effect of decreasing the etching rate of the (110) plane of crystalline silicon and relatively increasing the etching rate of the (100) plane.
- the additive for anisotropic etching those having a function of reducing the surface tension such as lower alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol and various surfactants are preferably used.
- the anisotropic etching solution may contain two or more additives for anisotropic etching.
- the concentration of isopropyl alcohol is preferably 0.5 to 20% by weight, more preferably 0.8 to 18% by weight, and even more preferably 1 to 15% by weight. .
- a method of immersing the single crystal silicon substrate in the etching solution As a method of bringing the etching solution into contact with the surface of the single crystal silicon substrate, a method of immersing the single crystal silicon substrate in the etching solution, a method of applying the etching solution to the surface of the single crystal silicon substrate (for example, a method of spraying the etching solution) ) And the like.
- a method of immersing a single crystal silicon substrate in an etching solution is preferable. The immersion in the etching solution is performed by immersing the substrate in an etching bath containing the etching solution.
- the processing temperature for anisotropic etching (the temperature of the anisotropic etching solution) is preferably 70 to 95 ° C., more preferably 80 to 90 ° C.
- the treatment time for anisotropic etching (immersion time in the anisotropic etching solution) may be appropriately determined in consideration of the alkali concentration, temperature, etc. For example, it is preferably about 10 to 30 minutes.
- the texture size formed on the surface of the single crystal silicon substrate tends to increase as etching progresses.
- the texture size can be adjusted by changing the type of additive for anisotropic etching. Further, when the etching time is increased, the alkali concentration is increased, or the processing temperature is increased, the texture size tends to increase.
- Acid treatment is performed by bringing an acidic solution into contact with the surface of the single crystal silicon substrate on which the texture is formed by anisotropic etching.
- a high-concentration silicon dissolution product (water glass) adheres to the surface of the single crystal silicon substrate immediately after anisotropic etching is performed with an alkaline solution.
- This dissolved product forms a high-viscosity gel layer and cannot be easily removed even after washing with water.
- This gel layer contains metal adhering to the surface of the silicon substrate during slicing, metal in the silicon substrate dissolved during etching, alkali metal (such as potassium) and additives (organic matter) during anisotropic etching, etc. Yes.
- the surface of the silicon substrate that is alkaline can be neutralized, and the gelled water glass can be dissolved and removed. Therefore, in the subsequent ozone treatment, the amount of impurities such as metals and organic substances brought into the ozone water can be reduced, and the efficiency of the ozone treatment is increased. Also, ozone hydroxide ion - since there is a tendency to easily self-decomposed by reaction with, and neutralize the substrate surface in advance by acid treatment OH (OH) - if caused to reduce the concentration of ozone cleaning In addition to improving the ozone treatment efficiency, the thickness of the oxide film can be made uniform.
- Inorganic acids such as sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) and nitric acid (HNO 3 ) are highly oxidizable. When such an oxidizing acid is brought into contact with the textured surface of the silicon substrate, isotropic etching proceeds and the texture recess tends to be rounded (the radius of curvature of the recess increases).
- hydrochloric acid is a less oxidizable acid than sulfuric acid, nitric acid and the like. Therefore, if acid treatment is performed with hydrochloric acid, isotropic etching of the single crystal silicon substrate is difficult to proceed.
- the chlorine atom (chloride ion) of hydrochloric acid is less effective as a carrier recombination center impurity than the sulfur atom of sulfuric acid or the nitrogen atom of nitric acid. Therefore, acid cleaning with hydrochloric acid is preferable from the viewpoint of improving the open circuit voltage and the fill factor by cleaning the silicon substrate.
- the acidic solution used for the acid treatment may contain an acid other than hydrogen chloride for the purpose of pH adjustment and the like.
- inorganic acids other than hydrogen chloride are highly oxidizable and have the effect of isotropic etching of the silicon substrate, and organic acids tend to act as carrier recombination impurities when incorporated into the silicon substrate. Therefore, the concentration of the acid other than hydrogen chloride in the acidic solution is preferably 1% by weight or less, more preferably 0.5% by weight or less, further preferably 0.1% by weight or less, and 0.05% by weight or less. Particularly preferred.
- the acidic solution may contain an additive such as a surfactant for the purpose of improving the cleaning efficiency.
- an additive such as a surfactant for the purpose of improving the cleaning efficiency.
- organic acids tend to act as carrier recombination impurities when incorporated into the silicon substrate. Therefore, the content of the additive in the acidic solution is preferably 1% by weight or less, more preferably 0.5% by weight or less, further preferably 0.1% by weight or less, and particularly preferably 0.05% by weight or less.
- the acidic solution used for the acid cleaning must be hydrochloric acid (HCl aqueous solution) that does not contain other acids or additives in addition to industrially produced hydrochloric acid and unavoidable impurities contained in the water used for dilution thereof. preferable.
- the concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl concentration) in the acidic solution used for the acid treatment is preferably 1% by weight or more.
- the hydrochloric acid concentration is preferably 15% by weight or less.
- the concentration of hydrochloric acid is more preferably 2 to 12% by weight, and further preferably 3 to 10% by weight.
- a method of immersing the single crystal silicon substrate in the acidic solution is preferable.
- the immersion in the acidic solution is performed by immersing the substrate in an acidic bath containing an acidic aqueous solution.
- the acid treatment temperature (temperature of the acidic aqueous solution) is preferably 30 to 80 ° C., and preferably 35 to 75. ° C is more preferable, and 40 to 70 ° C is more preferable.
- the efficiency of acid cleaning tends to increase, and the conversion efficiency of the solar cell tends to increase.
- conversion efficiency tends to be increased by increasing the acid cleaning temperature of the silicon substrate.
- the conversion characteristics by hydrogen plasma treatment are significantly improved by increasing the acid cleaning temperature of the silicon substrate.
- the acid treatment time may be appropriately determined in consideration of the hydrochloric acid concentration, temperature, etc., and is preferably about 5 to 20 minutes, for example.
- ozone treatment After acid treatment with hydrochloric acid, ozone treatment is performed by bringing ozone water into contact with the surface of the single crystal silicon substrate. By performing the ozone treatment, silicon on the surface of the substrate is oxidized, an oxide film having a thickness of about 0.2 to 5 nm is formed, and impurities attached to the surface of the substrate are taken into the oxide film. After the ozone treatment, the surface of the silicon substrate is cleaned by removing the oxide film by etching with hydrofluoric acid or the like.
- a method of immersing the single crystal silicon substrate in ozone water is preferable. Immersion in ozone water is performed by immersing the substrate in an ozone water bath containing ozone water.
- the ozone concentration of ozone water is preferably 5 ppm or more, more preferably 10 ppm, and further preferably 15 ppm or more. Since ozone has low solubility in water and is likely to self-decompose in water, the ozone concentration of ozone water tends to decrease in a short time. In order to keep the ozone concentration of the ozone water within the above range, it is preferable that the ozone treatment is performed while supplying ozone to the ozone water bath. Examples of the method for supplying ozone to the ozone water bath include a method for supplying high-concentration ozone water to the ozone water bath and a method for bubbling ozone gas into the ozone water bath.
- the temperature of ozone treatment (the temperature of ozone water in the ozone water bath) is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 15 to 40 ° C., and more preferably 20 to 30 ° C.
- the ozone treatment time (immersion time of the substrate in ozone water) may be appropriately determined in consideration of the ozone concentration, the treatment temperature, and the like, and is, for example, about 5 to 30 minutes.
- FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing an embodiment of an ozone treatment apparatus for performing ozone treatment of a silicon substrate.
- the ozone treatment apparatus 100 includes an ozone water bath 110, and the ozone water bath 110 contains ozone water 112. Ozone treatment is performed by immersing a cassette 114 in which a plurality of silicon substrates 116 are set in ozone water 112.
- An ozone water supply pipe 146 is connected to the ozone water bath 110, and high-concentration ozone water is supplied from the ozone water generation unit 144.
- Discharge pipes 121 and 122 for overflowing the ozone water 112 are connected to the upper part of the ozone water bath 110.
- the ozone concentration of the ozone water 112 can be kept high by supplying and discharging the ozone water.
- the ozone water discharged from the discharge pipe may be treated as ozone water waste liquid as it is, but it is preferable to reuse it by increasing the ozone concentration from the viewpoint of reducing the ozone water waste liquid.
- ozone water discharged from the discharge pipes 121 and 122 is supplied to the ozone water generation unit 144 to increase the ozone concentration, and then supplied to the ozone water bath 110 from the ozone water supply pipe 146, thereby regenerating the ozone water. Available.
- ozone drainage discharged from the ozone water bath 110 is supplied to the drainage tank 130 from the drainage supply pipes 126 and 127.
- the ozone drainage 132 in the drainage tank 130 is supplied to the ozone water generation unit 144 via the pump 145 and is supplied to the ozone water bath 110 from the ozone water supply pipe 146 after the ozone concentration is increased.
- the silicon substrate 116 is subjected to acid treatment with hydrochloric acid after anisotropic etching with alkali to remove water glass on the surface. Therefore, even after the silicon substrate is immersed and the ozone treatment is started, an increase in the concentration of impurities such as silicon oxide, metal ions, and organic substances in the ozone water 112 in the ozone water bath 110 can be suppressed. Since the ozone drainage 132 has a low impurity concentration, even if the ozone water is reused, the impurity concentration of the ozone water 112 can be kept low, the ozone treatment can be made highly efficient, and impurities in the ozone water can be applied to the oxide film. Uptake is suppressed and a high cleaning effect can be maintained.
- the treatment for increasing the ozone concentration of the ozone drainage 132 may be performed in the ozone drainage tank 130 for resupply to the ozone water bath 110.
- the ozone concentration can be increased by bubbling ozone gas into the drain tank 130.
- the ozone drainage 132 in the drainage tank 130 may be subjected to a process different from the process of increasing the ozone concentration before being resupplied to the ozone water bath 110.
- the impurity concentration in the ozone water can be reduced by performing a process such as deionization or filtration in the impurity removing unit 149.
- the silicon substrate 116 from which the surface water glass or the like has been removed by acid treatment is subjected to ozone treatment, the concentration of impurities such as silicon oxide in ozone wastewater is low, and impurities due to deionization, filtration, etc. Removal can be done easily.
- Various controls may be performed in order to adjust the ozone concentration of the ozone water 112 in the ozone water bath 110.
- an ozone concentration detector (not shown) is provided in the ozone water bath 110, the discharge pipes 121 and 122 (or the drain supply pipes 126 and 127), the drain tank 130, etc., and the ozone concentration is monitored, and the detected ozone concentration is obtained.
- the ozone concentration of the ozone water 112 is adjusted by adjusting the production amount or ozone concentration of the ozone water in the ozone water generation unit 144 or the supply amount (circulation speed) of the ozone water by the pump 145 by PID control or the like. It can be maintained within a certain range.
- FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram showing another embodiment of an ozone treatment apparatus for performing ozone treatment of a silicon substrate.
- the ozone concentration of the ozone water is increased by supplying ozone gas to the ozone water bath and bubbling instead of supplying the ozone water to the ozone water bath.
- the ozone treatment apparatus 200 includes an ozone water bath 210, and the ozone water bath 210 includes ozone water 212.
- Ozone treatment is performed by immersing a cassette 114 in which a plurality of silicon substrates 116 are set in ozone water 212.
- An ozone gas supply pipe 246 is installed in the ozone water bath 210. By bubbling the ozone gas generated by the ozone gas generation unit 244 into the ozone water bath 210 via the ozone gas supply pipe 246, the ozone concentration of the ozone water 212 can be increased.
- various controls may be performed in order to adjust the ozone concentration of the ozone water 212 in the ozone water bath 210.
- the ozone water bath 110 is provided with an ozone concentration detection unit (attached illustration) to monitor the ozone concentration, and based on the detected ozone concentration, the amount of ozone gas generated by the ozone gas generation unit 244 is adjusted by PID control or the like.
- the ozone concentration of the ozone water 212 can be maintained within a certain range.
- the method of bubbling ozone gas into the ozone water bath 210 is capable of suppressing the self-decomposition of ozone before being supplied to the water bath, as compared with the method of supplying ozone water, since ozone is supplied to the ozone water bath in a gaseous state. Moreover, since the ozone water 212 can be kept in an ozone saturated state, the efficiency of ozone treatment is increased. Furthermore, the method of bubbling ozone gas can contribute to simplification of the process and cost reduction because the configuration of the ozone treatment apparatus 200 is simpler than the case of circulating and reusing ozone water.
- the silicon substrate is subjected to acid treatment with hydrochloric acid after anisotropic etching with alkali and before ozone treatment to remove water glass on the surface. Therefore, even when bubbling ozone gas without performing replacement due to overflow of ozone water, the increase in the impurity concentration of ozone water 212 in the ozone water bath 210 can be suppressed, the ozone treatment can be made highly efficient, and impurities in ozone water can be increased. Incorporation into the oxide film is suppressed, and a high cleaning effect can be maintained.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 show a batch-type process in which a cassette in which a silicon substrate is set is immersed in ozone water. However, even if the silicon substrate is continuously conveyed by a horizontal conveyance method or the like, ozone treatment may be performed. Good.
- the oxide film formed on the surface of the silicon substrate is removed after the ozone treatment.
- impurities on the silicon substrate surface can be removed together with the oxide film, and the cleanliness of the silicon substrate surface is improved.
- the removal of the oxide film is preferably performed by bringing an acid into contact with the surface of the single crystal silicon substrate after the ozone treatment, and among these, hydrofluoric acid is preferably used.
- the concentration of hydrofluoric acid is preferably 1 to 10% by weight from the viewpoint of reliably removing the oxide film and suppressing excessive etching. 1.5 to 5% by weight is more preferable, and 2 to 5% by weight is more preferable.
- the treatment temperature is not particularly limited and is, for example, about 20 to 30 ° C.
- the treatment time may be appropriately determined in consideration of the thickness of the oxide film, the acid concentration, the temperature, etc., and is set to about 1 to 10 minutes, for example.
- the etching proceeds even after the oxide film is removed, so that the surface of the single crystal silicon substrate after the oxide film is removed may be etched. Since the etching of the single crystal silicon substrate with hydrofluoric acid is isotropic, when the etching of the substrate proceeds, the concave portion of the texture becomes round and the short-circuit current density of the solar cell tends to decrease. For this reason, the treatment with hydrofluoric acid ensures that the oxide film formed by the ozone treatment is removed and the etching conditions of the single crystal silicon substrate are not excessively advanced depending on the film thickness of the oxide film. Is preferably set.
- the thickness of the oxide film can be controlled. Since the thickness of the oxide film can be controlled within a predetermined range, the conditions of hydrofluoric acid treatment that prevents the isotropic etching of the single crystal silicon substrate from proceeding excessively while removing the oxide film reliably can be easily performed. Can be set. Therefore, a single crystal silicon substrate with high cleanliness and suppressed isotropic etching of the textured recess is obtained.
- treatments other than the anisotropic etching, acid treatment, ozone treatment, and oxide film removal described above may be performed.
- rinsing with pure water or the like may be performed before a single crystal silicon substrate taken out from a liquid such as an etchant, hydrochloric acid, ozone water, or hydrofluoric acid is immersed in another liquid.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the surface shape of a single crystal silicon substrate 1 on which a texture is formed.
- the texture is preferably formed continuously.
- continuous means that the structure has substantially flat portions and the texture convex portions are adjacent to each other. If the texture is a continuous shape, a high antireflection effect is obtained, and the short-circuit current density of the solar cell is improved.
- the range of the texture size is not particularly limited, but is generally about 1 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the texture size is preferably less than 5 ⁇ m, more preferably 4 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 3.5 ⁇ m or less. If the texture size is less than 5 ⁇ m, the difference in film thickness between the textured convex portion and the concave portion of the intrinsic silicon-based thin film is small, and a solar cell having a high open-circuit voltage and a high fill factor can be obtained.
- the texture size is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 1.5 ⁇ m or more.
- the texture size of the surface of the single crystal silicon substrate is obtained from the difference in height between the peak of the convex part and the valley of the concave part.
- the height difference H is defined by the distance between the line connecting the vertices T1 and T2 of the convex portions of the adjacent concavo-convex structure and the valley V1 of the concave portion between the vertices.
- the texture size can be specified by measuring the surface shape of the substrate using an atomic force microscope. Specifically, the height difference H is obtained by scanning the surface of a single crystal silicon substrate with an area of about 40 ⁇ 40 ⁇ m 2 with an atomic force microscope (AFM) and measuring the surface shape. From the measured planar shape (AFM image), the vertex T1 of the convex portion of the texture is selected at random, the vertex of the convex portion of one texture adjacent to the vertex T1 is T2, and the concave portion between T1 and T2
- the height difference H may be calculated from the distance between the straight line T1-T2 and V1, with the valley as V1. If the texture size is distributed in the substrate plane, the height difference is calculated at 20 locations to obtain the average value, and this average value may be used as the texture size H.
- the curvature radius of the concave portion of the texture of the single crystal silicon substrate after the ozone treatment is preferably less than 5 nm.
- the curvature radius of the texture recess is more preferably less than 3 nm, and even more preferably less than 2.5 nm.
- the lower limit of the radius of curvature of the concave portion of the texture is not particularly limited, but the radius of curvature of the concave portion is generally 0.1 nm or more even when the treatment for rounding the concave portion by isotropic etching is not performed.
- the curvature radius of the concave portion of the texture of the single crystal silicon substrate after the removal of the oxide film is preferably within the above range.
- the radius of curvature of the texture recess can be specified by observing the cross-sectional shape of the substrate using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). From the observed image (TEM image) of the concave portion of the texture, the shape near the concave portion is approximated by an arc of a virtual circle. The radius of the virtual circle at that time is the curvature radius r (see FIG. 1).
- the virtual circle can be determined by a method in which the boundary is defined by binarization processing of the cross-sectional observation image, and the center coordinates and the radius are calculated by the least square method based on the coordinates of the boundary near the valley V2 of the recess. When there is a distribution in the radius of curvature of the texture recesses, the radius of curvature is calculated at 20 locations to obtain an average value, and this average value may be used as the radius of curvature of the texture recesses.
- the texture size can be adjusted by adjusting the anisotropic etching conditions (type of additive, alkali concentration, temperature, time, etc.).
- the curvature radius of the concave portion of the texture can be adjusted by the presence or absence of isotropic etching, and if the isotropic etching is performed after the texture is formed, the curvature radius tends to increase.
- isotropic etching since hydrochloric acid is used in the acid treatment after anisotropic etching, isotropic etching is difficult to proceed and the radius of curvature of the texture recess can be reduced.
- the ozone treatment with ozone water is performed while adjusting the ozone concentration, and the film thickness of the ozone oxide film can be controlled, so that the isotropic etching of the single crystal silicon substrate does not proceed excessively. Easy to set conditions for hydroacid treatment.
- the single crystal silicon substrate obtained by the method of the present invention has high cleanliness. Moreover, since the texture size is small, the thickness of the intrinsic silicon-based thin film formed on the texture becomes uniform when a solar cell is manufactured, and a high passivation effect is easily obtained. Furthermore, since isotropic etching is suppressed and the radius of curvature of the texture recess is small (the recess is not excessively round), a solar cell having a high light confinement effect and a high short-circuit current density can be produced.
- a crystalline silicon solar cell can be produced, for example, by forming an n layer as a diffusion layer on one main surface of a p-type crystalline silicon substrate and forming a p + layer on the other main surface. Further, by forming a non-single-crystal silicon semiconductor thin film on the surface of the silicon substrate, a heterojunction crystalline silicon solar cell can be manufactured.
- a conductive non-single-crystal silicon thin film is provided on the textured surface of a single-crystal silicon substrate manufactured by the method of the present invention, and the single crystal silicon substrate and the conductive non-single-crystal silicon thin film are between A heterojunction solar cell including an intrinsic non-single-crystal silicon-based thin film can achieve high conversion efficiency.
- the material for the non-single crystal silicon thin film include amorphous silicon and microcrystalline silicon.
- the silicon substrate obtained by the present invention has high surface cleanliness and few defects, when used in a heterojunction solar cell, the characteristics of the interface between the silicon substrate and the silicon-based thin film are improved, and the intrinsic silicon-based thin film is used. The passivation effect and the like can be improved. Therefore, a heterojunction solar cell having a high open-circuit voltage and a high fill factor can be obtained.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a heterojunction solar cell.
- the heterojunction solar cell shown in FIG. 4 includes a first intrinsic silicon thin film 2 on one surface of an n-type single crystal silicon substrate 1 and a second intrinsic silicon thin film 4 on the other surface.
- a p-type silicon thin film 3 and an n-type silicon thin film 5 are formed on the first intrinsic silicon thin film 2 and the second intrinsic silicon thin film 4, respectively.
- a p-type single crystal silicon substrate can be used in place of the n-type single crystal silicon substrate 1.
- the intrinsic silicon thin films 2 and 4 are substantially intrinsic non-doped silicon thin films, and are preferably intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon substantially composed of silicon and hydrogen. By forming the intrinsic silicon thin films 2 and 4 on the surface of the single crystal silicon substrate 1, impurity diffusion into the single crystal silicon substrate 1 during the formation of the conductive silicon thin films 3 and 5 is suppressed, and The passivation of the crystalline silicon substrate surface can be performed effectively.
- the film thickness of the intrinsic silicon-based thin films 2 and 4 is preferably 3 to 16 nm, more preferably 4 to 14 nm, and even more preferably 5 to 12 nm. If the thickness of the intrinsic silicon thin film is within the above range, the coverage of the single crystal silicon substrate surface is good, and the diffusion of impurity atoms in the conductive silicon thin films 3 and 5 to the single crystal silicon substrate surface is suppressed. In addition, electrical loss due to series resistance and optical loss due to light absorption can be reduced.
- a silicon-containing gas such as SiH 4 or Si 2 H 6 or a mixed gas of silicon-containing gas and H 2 is used as a source gas.
- a silicon alloy such as silicon carbide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon germanium can be formed by adding a gas containing a different element such as CH 4 , CO 2 , NH 3 , or GeH 4 to the gas.
- B 2 H 6 , PH 3, or the like is preferably used as a dopant gas for forming a conductive type (p-type or n-type) silicon-based thin film.
- a mixed gas in which the dopant gas is previously diluted with a raw material gas, H 2 or the like As conditions for forming a silicon-based thin film by plasma CVD, for example, a substrate temperature of 100 to 300 ° C., a pressure of 20 to 2600 Pa, and a high frequency power density of 0.003 to 0.5 W / cm 2 are preferably used.
- the intrinsic silicon thin films 2 and 4 are subjected to plasma treatment (hydrogen plasma treatment) in a gas atmosphere mainly containing hydrogen.
- plasma treatment hydrogen plasma treatment
- a method is preferred in which the intrinsic silicon-based thin film is temporarily stopped during the course, hydrogen plasma treatment is performed, and then the deposition is resumed.
- the total film thickness of the intrinsic silicon-based thin film formed before and after the hydrogen plasma treatment is within the above film thickness range.
- the epitaxial growth of the intrinsic silicon thin film is suppressed and the amorphous state can be maintained, so that a high passivation effect can be maintained. Further, by performing hydrogen plasma treatment after forming a part of the intrinsic silicon-based thin film, plasma damage to the single crystal silicon substrate 1 is reduced, and the surface of the single crystal silicon substrate 1 and the single crystal silicon are reduced. A passivation effect by hydrogen plasma can also be exerted on the interface between the substrate 1 and the intrinsic silicon thin films 2 and 4.
- a substrate temperature of 100 to 300 ° C. and a pressure of 20 to 2600 Pa are preferable.
- the high-frequency power density and the hydrogen plasma processing time in the hydrogen plasma processing step can be appropriately set within the range where the above effects can be obtained.
- the “gas atmosphere containing hydrogen as a main component” in the hydrogen plasma treatment step may contain an inert gas such as nitrogen, helium, or argon as long as the hydrogen concentration in the atmosphere is 70% by volume or more.
- a source gas such as SiH 4 is not introduced into the chamber and that the source gas used for forming the intrinsic silicon thin film does not remain in the chamber.
- the silicon-based thin film is not substantially formed during the plasma discharge.
- the allowable range of the amount of raw material gas during the hydrogen plasma treatment depends on other film forming parameters, but is preferably 1/100 or less, more preferably 1/500 or less, and 1/2000 or less of hydrogen gas in volume ratio. Is more preferable.
- the intrinsic silicon-based thin film is preferably amorphous silicon, but may be partially crystallized by hydrogen plasma treatment. It is preferable that the formation of the intrinsic silicon-based thin film and the hydrogen plasma treatment are continuously performed in the same film forming chamber. After the intrinsic silicon-based thin film is formed, the plasma discharge is preferably stopped once before the hydrogen plasma treatment is started. That is, it is preferable that the supply of the source gas is stopped in a state where the plasma discharge is stopped, the discharge is restarted after the inside of the chamber becomes a gas atmosphere mainly containing hydrogen, and the hydrogen plasma treatment is started. According to this method, the formation of an intrinsic silicon-based thin film during the hydrogen plasma treatment can be suppressed.
- the hydrogen plasma treatment may be performed on one of the first intrinsic silicon-based thin film 2 and the second intrinsic silicon-based thin film 4 or on both. By performing hydrogen plasma treatment on both the first intrinsic silicon thin film 2 and the second intrinsic silicon thin film 4, further improvement in conversion efficiency can be expected.
- a p-type silicon thin film 3 is formed on the first intrinsic silicon thin film 2.
- an n-type silicon-based thin film 5 is formed on the second intrinsic silicon-based thin film 4.
- These conductive silicon thin films are non-single crystal silicon thin films, and the material thereof is amorphous such as amorphous silicon, amorphous silicon carbide, amorphous silicon oxide, and amorphous silicon nitride.
- microcrystalline silicon materials such as microcrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon carbide, microcrystalline silicon oxide, and microcrystalline silicon nitride.
- the thickness of the conductive silicon thin films 3 and 5 is preferably 3 to 50 nm, and more preferably 5 to 30 nm.
- the first transparent conductive layer 6 and the second transparent conductive layer 8 are formed on the conductive silicon thin films 3 and 5.
- the thickness of the transparent conductive layers 6 and 8 is preferably 10 to 140 nm.
- transparent conductive metal oxides such as indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, and complex oxides thereof are preferably used.
- indium composite oxides mainly composed of indium oxide are preferable, and indium tin oxide (ITO) is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of achieving both high electrical conductivity and transparency.
- a sputtering method is preferable as a method for forming an indium oxide such as ITO.
- collector electrodes 7 and 9 for taking out current are preferably formed on the transparent conductive layers 6 and 8.
- the collector electrode can be produced by a known technique such as inkjet, screen printing, conducting wire bonding, spraying, plating, or the like.
- the collector electrode on the light receiving surface side is preferably patterned in a shape such as a comb pattern in order to increase the light receiving area of the solar cell.
- the collector electrode opposite to the light receiving side may be patterned or may not be patterned.
- the crystalline silicon solar cell manufactured as described above is preferably modularized for practical use.
- the modularization of the solar cell is performed by an appropriate method.
- a bus bar is connected to the collector electrode via an interconnector such as a tab electrode, so that a plurality of solar cells are connected in series or in parallel and sealed with a sealing material and a glass plate, A silicon-based solar cell module is obtained.
- KOH / isopropyl alcohol 3/1 (kept at 80 ° C.)
- the textured single crystal silicon substrate was immersed in 5 wt% hydrochloric acid maintained at 20 ° C. for 10 minutes. Thereafter, rinsing with ultrapure water was performed twice.
- ozone treatment In order to maintain the ozone concentration by immersing the acid-treated single crystal silicon substrate in ozone water (initial concentration: 15 ppm) maintained at 25 ° C., ozone water (ozone concentration at the outlet of the ozone water production apparatus) : 15 ppm) was continuously supplied and overflowed for 10 minutes.
- ozone water concentration in the ozone water bath was monitored with an ultraviolet ozone water concentration meter (OZM-5000L manufactured by Okitrotech Co., Ltd.), the ozone concentration dropped to 4 ppm immediately after immersion of the silicon substrate, and then became constant at 6 ppm. .
- Example 2 In Example 2, the ozone concentration was maintained by bubbling ozone gas in an ozone water bath instead of continuously supplying ozone water. Immediately after the immersion of the silicon substrate, the ozone concentration dropped to 13 ppm, and then became constant at 15 ppm. The single crystal silicon substrate was subjected to anisotropic etching, acid treatment, ozone treatment and oxide film removal in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the ozone treatment method was changed.
- Example 3 The single crystal silicon substrate was subjected to anisotropic etching, acid treatment, ozone treatment and oxide film removal in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the temperature during acid treatment with hydrochloric acid was changed to 60 ° C.
- Table 1 shows the acid treatment conditions and the ozone treatment conditions and the texture shapes (texture height and concave curvature radius) after the ozone treatment and after the HF treatment in the above-described production examples of the single crystal silicon substrate.
- Heterojunction solar cells were fabricated by the following method using the single crystal silicon substrates of the above Examples and Comparative Examples.
- Example 1A (without hydrogen plasma treatment)
- the single crystal silicon substrate produced in Example 1 was introduced into a CVD apparatus, and a light-receiving surface-side intrinsic amorphous silicon thin film was formed on one surface (light-receiving surface side) with a thickness of 8 nm.
- the film forming conditions were a substrate temperature of 150 ° C., a pressure of 120 Pa, a SiH 4 / H 2 flow rate ratio of 3/10, and a high frequency power density of 0.011 W / cm 2 .
- a p-type amorphous silicon thin film having a thickness of 10 nm was formed on the light-receiving surface side intrinsic amorphous silicon thin film.
- the deposition conditions of the p-type amorphous silicon thin film were as follows: the substrate temperature was 150 ° C., the pressure was 60 Pa, the SiH 4 / dilution B 2 H 6 flow rate ratio was 1/3, and the high-frequency power density was 0.011 W / cm 2 . .
- As the diluted B 2 H 6 gas a gas diluted with H 2 to a B 2 H 6 concentration of 5000 ppm was used.
- a back-side intrinsic amorphous silicon thin film having a thickness of 8 nm was formed on the other surface (back side) of the single crystal silicon substrate.
- the conditions for forming the back-side intrinsic amorphous silicon thin film were the same as those for the light-receiving surface intrinsic amorphous silicon thin film.
- An n-type amorphous silicon thin film having a thickness of 10 nm was formed on the back side intrinsic amorphous silicon thin film.
- the deposition conditions for the n-type amorphous silicon thin film were a substrate temperature of 150 ° C., a pressure of 60 Pa, a SiH 4 / dilution PH 3 flow rate ratio of 1/2, and a high frequency power density of 0.011 W / cm 2 .
- As the diluted PH 3 gas a gas diluted with H 2 to a PH 3 concentration of 5000 ppm was used.
- ITO Indium tin composite oxide
- a sintered body of indium oxide and tin oxide (with a tin oxide content of 5% by weight) was used as a target.
- Argon was introduced as a carrier gas at 100 sccm, and film formation was performed under conditions of a substrate temperature of room temperature, a pressure of 0.2 Pa, and a high frequency power density of 0.5 W / cm 2 .
- a silver paste was screen-printed as a collecting electrode on each surface of the transparent conductive layer. Thereafter, in order to solidify the silver paste, heating was performed in an atmosphere at 150 ° C. for 60 minutes to form a comb-shaped collector electrode. The interval between the collector electrodes was 10 mm.
- Example 1B (with hydrogen plasma treatment)
- Example 1B in the formation of an intrinsic amorphous silicon thin film on a single crystal silicon substrate, after a part of the film thickness is formed, the film formation is temporarily stopped and hydrogen plasma treatment is performed. The remainder of the thickness of the porous silicon thin film was formed.
- An amorphous silicon thin film having a thickness of 4 nm was formed on one surface (light-receiving surface side) of the single crystal silicon substrate manufactured in Example 1. After the film formation, the plasma discharge was stopped once, and the supply of SiH 4 was stopped. Only hydrogen gas was supplied to the CVD apparatus for about 30 seconds, and the gas in the apparatus was replaced. Thereafter, plasma discharge was resumed and hydrogen plasma treatment was performed.
- the conditions for the hydrogen plasma treatment were a substrate temperature of 150 ° C., a pressure of 120 Pa, a high frequency power density of 0.026 W / cm 2 , and a treatment time of 60 seconds.
- an intrinsic amorphous silicon thin film having a thickness of 4 nm is formed in the same manner as described above, and after hydrogen plasma treatment is performed, film formation is resumed. An amorphous silicon thin film having a thickness of 4 nm was formed.
- the conditions of the hydrogen plasma treatment were the same as those on the light receiving surface side.
- a crystalline silicon solar cell was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1A, except that hydrogen plasma treatment was performed during the deposition of the intrinsic amorphous silicon thin film.
- Examples 2A, 3A and Comparative Examples 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A (without hydrogen plasma treatment)] A crystalline silicon solar cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1A, except that the single crystal silicon substrates produced in Examples 2 and 3 and Comparative Examples 1, 2, 3 and 4 were used.
- Example 2B, 3B and Comparative Examples 1B, 2B, 3B, 4B (with hydrogen plasma treatment)]
- a crystalline silicon-based solar cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1B except that the single crystal silicon substrates produced in Examples 2 and 3 and Comparative Examples 1, 2, 3 and 4 were used.
- the solar cells using the substrates of Examples 1 to 3 have improved Voc and FF compared to the solar cells using the substrates of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 where acid cleaning was not performed before the ozone treatment. It can be seen that it has a high conversion efficiency.
- the impurity concentration on the surface of the silicon substrate of Example 3 was 1/10 or less than that of Comparative Example 2, the impurity concentration was reduced by performing the acid cleaning before the ozone treatment. It turns out that it has decreased. From these results, since acid cleaning is performed before the ozone treatment, the amount of impurities brought into the ozone water bath is reduced, so that impurities on the silicon substrate surface are reduced, contributing to improvement in Voc and FF. it is conceivable that.
- Example 2 From the comparison between Example 1 and Example 2, in the method of bubbling ozone gas compared to the case of supplying ozone water, the ozone concentration of ozone water can be increased and the ozone cleaning effect is high, so Voc and FF It is considered that a high solar cell can be obtained. Further, in the present invention, since the acid cleaning is performed before the ozone treatment and the amount of impurities brought into the ozone water bath is small, the impurity concentration can be kept low without replacing the ozone water due to overflow. Therefore, by bubbling ozone gas, ozone treatment can be performed while maintaining a high ozone concentration, and in addition to obtaining a solar cell with excellent conversion efficiency, there is also an advantage that ozone waste water can be reduced.
- Example 3 it is considered that a higher efficiency solar cell was obtained because the acid cleaning effect was further increased by increasing the acid cleaning temperature and the introduction of impurities into the ozone water bath was reduced.
- Example 1A Focusing on the difference in conversion characteristics depending on the presence or absence of plasma treatment on the amorphous silicon thin film during the production of the solar cell, in Examples 1 to 3, the conversion efficiency by hydrogen plasma treatment is higher than in Comparative Examples 1 to 4. It can be seen that the rate of increase is high. Comparing Example 1A and Comparative Example 3A, where no hydrogen plasma treatment was performed, it can be seen that Comparative Example 3A has higher Voc and FF. On the other hand, when Example 1B and Comparative Example 3B were both subjected to plasma treatment, Voc and FF of Example 1B were equal to or higher than those of Comparative Example 3B.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の太陽電池用結晶シリコン基板は、導電型(p型またはn型)の単結晶シリコン基板である。単結晶シリコン基板は、例えばチョクラルスキー法等によって作製されたシリコンインゴットを、ワイヤーソー等を用いて所定の厚みにスライスすることにより作製される。表面にテクスチャを形成するために、単結晶シリコン基板は、受光面が(100)面であるように切り出されていることが好ましい。これは、単結晶シリコン基板がエッチングされる場合に、(100)面と(111)面のエッチングレートが異なることを応用した異方性エッチングによって、容易にテクスチャ構造が形成されるためである。
インゴットからスライスされたシリコン基板(アズスライス基板)は、異方性エッチングによるテクスチャ形成前に、必要に応じて前処理に供される。前処理は、スライスの際のソーワイヤー等に由来する金属の付着物や、スライスによるダメージ層の除去等を目的として実施される。例えば、水酸化ナトリウムや水酸化カリウム等のアルカリ水溶液や、フッ化水素酸と硝酸の混合液等を用いて、単結晶シリコン基板1表面を等方性エッチングすることにより、前処理が行われる。また、スライス時の切り粉や研磨剤等を除去する目的で洗浄を行ってもよい。
単結晶シリコン基板の表面に、異方性エッチング用添加剤を含むアルカリ溶液(異方性エッチング液)を接触させることにより、異方性エッチングが行われ、表面にテクスチャが形成される。異方性エッチング液として、市販の異方性エッチング液を使用してもよい。
異方性エッチングによりテクスチャが形成された単結晶シリコン基板の表面に、酸性溶液を接触させることにより酸処理が行われる。アルカリ溶液により異方性エッチングが行われた直後の単結晶シリコン基板の表面には、高濃度のシリコン溶解生成物(水ガラス)が付着している。この溶解生成物は、高粘度のゲル層を形成しており、水洗を行っても容易には除去できない。このゲル層には、スライス時にシリコン基板の表面に付着した金属、エッチング時に溶解したシリコン基板中の金属、異方性エッチング中のアルカリ金属(カリウム等)や添加剤(有機物)等が含まれている。
塩酸による酸処理後、単結晶シリコン基板の表面に、オゾン水を接触させることによりオゾン処理が行われる。オゾン処理を行うことで、基板表面のシリコンが酸化され、厚みが0.2~5nm程度の酸化膜が形成され、基板の表面に付着した不純物等が酸化膜に取り込まれる。オゾン処理後に、フッ化水素酸によるエッチング等で、この酸化膜を除去することにより、シリコン基板の表面が清浄化される。
オゾン処理後には、シリコン基板の表面に形成された酸化膜の除去が行われることが好ましい。酸化膜を除去することにより、シリコン基板表面の不純物を酸化膜ごと除去することができ、シリコン基板表面の清浄性が高められる。酸化膜の除去は、オゾン処理後の単結晶シリコン基板の表面に、酸を接触させることにより行われることが好ましく、中でもフッ化水素酸が好ましく用いられる。
本発明においては、上記の異方性エッチング、酸処理、オゾン処理および酸化膜除去以外の処理が行われてもよい。例えば、エッチング液、塩酸、オゾン水、フッ化水素酸等の液体から取り出された単結晶シリコン基板を、他の液体に浸漬する前に、純水等によるリンスが行われてもよい。シリコン基板の表面をリンスすることにより、他の工程への液体の持ち込み量を低減し、処理の高効率化が図られるとともに、液交換の頻度を低減して、各工程の効率を高めることができる。
図1は、テクスチャが形成された単結晶シリコン基板1の表面形状の一例を示す模式的断面図である。テクスチャは、連続的に形成されていることが好ましい。連続とは、構造が実質的に平坦部を有することなく、テクスチャの凸部が隣接している状態を意味する。テクスチャが連続形状であれば、高い反射防止効果が得られ、太陽電池の短絡電流密度が向上する。
上述の方法により作製されたシリコン基板は、結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造に用いられる。結晶シリコン系太陽電池は、例えば、p型結晶シリコン基板の一方の主面に拡散層としてn層を形成し、他方の主面にp+層を形成することにより作製できる。また、シリコン基板の表面に非単結晶シリコン半導体薄膜を製膜することにより、ヘテロ接合型の結晶シリコン系太陽電池を作製できる。
上記のように製造された結晶シリコン系太陽電池は、実用に供するに際して、モジュール化されることが好ましい。太陽電池のモジュール化は、適宜の方法により行われる。例えば、集電極にタブ電極等のインターコネクタを介してバスバーが接続されることによって、複数の太陽電池セルが直列または並列に接続され、封止材およびガラス板により封止されることにより、結晶シリコン系太陽電池モジュールが得られる。
[実施例1]
(異方性エッチング)
受光面の面方位が(100)で、厚みが200μmのn型単結晶シリコン基板の表面をアルカリ洗浄した後、80℃に保持された異方性エッチング液(KOH/イソプロピルアルコール=3/1(重量%比)水溶液)に30分間浸漬して、表面にテクスチャを形成した。その後、超純水によるリンスが2回行われた。
テクスチャ形成後の単結晶シリコン基板を、20℃に保持された5重量%塩酸に10分間浸漬した。その後、超純水によるリンスが2回行われた。
酸処理後の単結晶シリコン基板を、25℃に保持されたオゾン水(初期濃度:15ppm)に浸漬し、オゾン濃度を維持するために、オゾン水浴にオゾン水(オゾン水製造装置出口のオゾン濃度:15ppm)を連続供給してオーバーフローさせながら、10分間の浸漬処理を行った。オゾン水浴中のオゾン水の濃度を、紫外線式オゾン水濃度計(オキトロテック社製 OZM-5000L)によりモニタリングしたところ、シリコン基板の浸漬直後にオゾン濃度が4ppmまで低下し、その後6ppmで一定となった。
オゾン処理後の結晶シリコン基板を、25℃に保持された2重量%のHF水溶液に2分間浸漬した。その後、超純水によるリンスが2回行われた。HF水溶液による酸化膜除去後のシリコン基板の表面を、原子間力顕微鏡により観察したところ、シリコン基板のテクスチャの高低差Hは、酸化膜除去前から変化していなかった。テクスチャ凹部の曲率半径は2nmであった。
実施例2では、オゾン水の連続供給に代えて、オゾン水浴中にオゾンガスをバブリングすることにより、オゾン濃度の維持を図った。シリコン基板の浸漬直後にオゾン濃度が13ppmまで低下し、その後15ppmで一定となった。オゾン処理方法が変更されたこと以外は、上記実施例1と同様にして、単結晶シリコン基板の異方性エッチング、酸処理、オゾン処理および酸化膜除去が行われた。
塩酸による酸処理時の温度を60℃に変更したこと以外は、上記実施例2と同様にして、単結晶シリコン基板の異方性エッチング、酸処理、オゾン処理および酸化膜除去が行われた。
異方性エッチング後、塩酸による酸処理を行わずに、オゾン処理が行われた。それ以外は上記実施例1,2と同様にして、単結晶シリコン基板の異方性エッチング、オゾン処理および酸化膜除去が行われた。
酸処理において、塩酸に代えてHF/HNO3(5重量%/60重量%)水溶液が用いられた。それ以外は上記実施例1,2と同様にして、単結晶シリコン基板の異方性エッチング、酸処理、オゾン処理および酸化膜除去が行われた。
フッ化水素酸と硝酸の混合液(2mL/cm2)で、オゾン処理後のシリコン基板の表面を溶解処理し、処理後の溶液を誘導結合プラズマ質量分析(ICP-MS)で分析した。実施例3のシリコン基板表面を処理後の溶液のアルカリ金属濃度は、検出限界(0.02ppm)以下であった。一方、比較例2のシリコン基板表面を処理後の溶液のアルカリ金属濃度は、0.18ppmであった。
上記各実施例および比較例の単結晶シリコン基板を用い、以下の方法によりヘテロ接合太陽電池を作製した。
実施例1で作製された単結晶シリコン基板がCVD装置へ導入され、一方の面(受光面側)に、受光面側真性非晶質シリコン薄膜が8nmの膜厚で製膜された。製膜条件は、基板温度が150℃、圧力120Pa、SiH4/H2流量比が3/10、高周波パワー密度が0.011W/cm2であった。受光面側真性非晶質シリコン薄膜上にp型非晶質シリコン薄膜が10nmの膜厚で製膜された。p型非晶質シリコン薄膜の製膜条件は、基板温度が150℃、圧力60Pa、SiH4/希釈B2H6流量比が1/3、高周波パワー密度が0.011W/cm2であった。なお、上記希釈B2H6ガスとしては、H2によりB2H6濃度が5000ppmまで希釈されたガスが用いられた。
実施例1Bでは、単結晶シリコン基板上への真性非晶質シリコン薄膜の形成において、膜厚の一部を製膜後に一旦成膜が中止され、水素プラズマ処理が行われた後、真性非晶質シリコン薄膜の膜厚の残部が形成された。
実施例2,3および比較例1,2,3,4で作製された単結晶シリコン基板が用いられたこと以外は、上記実施例1Aと同様にして、結晶シリコン系太陽電池を作製した。
実施例2,3および比較例1,2,3,4で作製された単結晶シリコン基板が用いられたこと以外は、上記実施例1Bと同様にして、結晶シリコン系太陽電池を作製した。
上昇率(%)=100×{(水素プラズマ処理有のEff/水素プラズマ処理無のEff)-1}
2,4 真性シリコン系薄膜
3,5 導電型シリコン系薄膜
6,8 透明導電層
7,9 集電極
100,200 オゾン処理装置
110,210 オゾン水浴
112,212 オゾン水
116 シリコン基板
121,122 排出管
126,127 排水供給管
130 排水タンク
144 オゾン水生成部
244 オゾンガス発生部
146 オゾン水供給管
246 オゾンガス供給管
149 不純物除去部
Claims (12)
- 単結晶シリコン基板の表面にアルカリ溶液を接触させて、前記単結晶シリコン基板の表面にテクスチャを形成する異方性エッチング工程;
前記単結晶シリコン基板の表面に、塩酸を接触させる酸処理工程;および
前記単結晶シリコン基板の表面に、オゾン水を接触させるオゾン処理工程、
をこの順に有する、太陽電池用結晶シリコン基板の製造方法。 - 前記オゾン処理工程において、前記単結晶シリコン基板を、オゾン水浴に浸漬することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の太陽電池用結晶シリコン基板の製造方法。
- 前記オゾン処理工程において、オゾン水浴にオゾンガスを供給することにより、前記オゾン水の濃度が調整される、請求項2に記載の太陽電池用結晶シリコン基板の製造方法。
- 前記酸処理工程における塩酸の濃度が1重量%~15重量%である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の太陽電池用結晶シリコン基板の製造方法。
- 前記酸処理工程における塩酸の温度が、30℃~80℃である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の太陽電池用結晶シリコン基板の製造方法。
- 前記オゾン処理工程後に、前記単結晶シリコン基板の表面にフッ化水素酸を接触させる、酸化膜除去工程をさらに有する、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の太陽電池用結晶シリコン基板の製造方法。
- 前記オゾン処理工程後の前記単結晶シリコン基板は、表面のテクスチャサイズが0.1μm以上5μm未満であり、前記テクスチャの凹部の曲率半径が5nm未満である、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の太陽電池用結晶シリコン基板の製造方法。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の方法により表面にテクスチャを有する単結晶シリコン基板を得るステップ;および
前記単結晶シリコン基板のテクスチャ形成面上に、導電型非単結晶シリコン系薄膜を製膜するステップ、
を有する、結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。 - 前記導電型非単結晶シリコン系薄膜上に、透明導電層を製膜するステップをさらに有する、請求項8に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記単結晶シリコン基板と前記導電型非単結晶シリコン系薄膜との間に、真性非単結晶シリコン薄膜を製膜するステップをさらに有する、請求項8または9に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記真性非単結晶シリコン薄膜の少なくとも一部を製膜後、前記導電型非単結晶シリコン系薄膜を製膜する前に、
水素を主成分とするガス雰囲気中で、前記真性非単結晶シリコン薄膜に対してプラズマ処理が実施される、請求項10に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。 - 請求項8~11のいずれか1項に記載の方法により太陽電池を製造するステップ;および
前記太陽電池の複数を接続し、封止材により封止するステップ、
を有する、結晶シリコン系太陽電池モジュールの製造方法。
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