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WO2015180999A1 - Ternary mixtures comprising biopesticides and sdhi fungicides and azole-type fungicides - Google Patents

Ternary mixtures comprising biopesticides and sdhi fungicides and azole-type fungicides Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015180999A1
WO2015180999A1 PCT/EP2015/060953 EP2015060953W WO2015180999A1 WO 2015180999 A1 WO2015180999 A1 WO 2015180999A1 EP 2015060953 W EP2015060953 W EP 2015060953W WO 2015180999 A1 WO2015180999 A1 WO 2015180999A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
component
leguminosarum
plant
plantarum
amyloliquefaciens
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2015/060953
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Ronald Wilhelm
Thorsten Jabs
Nenad FILAJDIC
Giridhar RANUVA
Eda REINOT
Charles MCFATRICH
Original Assignee
Basf Se
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
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Application filed by Basf Se filed Critical Basf Se
Publication of WO2015180999A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015180999A1/en

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/64—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/647—Triazoles; Hydrogenated triazoles
    • A01N43/653—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/20—Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/20—Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A01N63/22—Bacillus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/20—Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A01N63/27—Pseudomonas

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to mixtures comprising, as active components at least one biopesticide and at least one SDHI fungicide and at least one azole-type fungicide as defined herein and their use in crop protection especially as treatment of plant propagation materials.
  • a pesticide is generally a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial or disinfectant) that through its effect deters, incapacitates, kills or otherwise discourages pests.
  • Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, spread disease or are vectors for disease.
  • pesticide includes also plant growth regulators that alter the expected growth, flowering, or reproduction rate of plants; defoliants that cause leaves or other foliage to drop from a plant, usually to facilitate harvest; desiccants that promote drying of living tissues, such as unwanted plant tops; plant activators that activate plant physiology for defense of against certain pests; safeners that reduce unwanted herbicidal action of pesticides on crop plants; and plant growth promoters that affect plant physiology e.g. to increase plant growth, biomass, yield or any other quality parameter of the harvestable goods of a crop plant.
  • Biopesticides have been defined as a form of pesticides based on micro-organisms
  • Biopesticides fall into two major classes, microbial and biochemical pesticides:
  • Microbial pesticides consist of bacteria, fungi or viruses (and often include the metabolites that bacteria and fungi produce). Entomopathogenic nematodes are also classified as microbial pesticides, even though they are multi-cellular.
  • Biochemical pesticides are naturally occurring substances or or structurally-similar and functionally identical to a naturally-occurring substance and extracts from biological sources that control pests or provide other crop protection uses as defined below, but have non-toxic mode of actions (such as growth or developmental regulation, attractents, repellents or defence activators (e.g. induced resistance) and are relatively non-toxic to mammals.
  • biochemical pesticides include, but are not limited to semiochemicals (insect pheromones and kairomones), natural plant and insect regulators, naturally-occurring repellents and attractants, and proteins (e.g. enzymes).
  • Inoculants also known as microbial or soil inoculants are agricultural amendments that use beneficial endophytes (microbes) to promote plant health.
  • the rhizobacteria commonly applied as inoculants include nitrogen-fixers and phosphate-solubilisers which enhance the availability of the macronutrients nitrogen and phosphorus to the host plant.
  • Such bacteria are commonly referred to as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR).
  • Biopesticides for use against crop diseases have already established themselves on a variety of crops. For example, biopesticides already play an important role in controlling downy mildew diseases. Their benefits include: a 0-Day Pre-Harvest Interval, the ability to use under moderate to severe disease pressure, and the ability to use in mixture or in a rotational program with other registered pesticides.
  • Biopesticidal seed treatments are e.g. used to control soil borne fungal pathogens that cause seed rots, damping-off, root rot and seedling blights. They can also be used to control internal seed borne fungal pathogens as well as fungal pathogens that are on the surface of the seed.
  • Many biopesticidal products also show capacities to stimulate plant host defenses and other physiological processes that can make treated crops more resistant to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses or can regulate plant growth. Many biopesticidal products also show capacities to stimulate plant health, plant growth and/or yield enhancing activity.
  • plant health is to be understood to denote a condition of the plant and/or its products which is determined by several indicators alone or in combination with each other such as yield (e. g. increased biomass and/or increased content of valuable ingredients), plant vigor (e. g. improved plant growth and/or greener leaves ("greening effect")), quality (e. g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients) and tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress.
  • yield e. g. increased biomass and/or increased content of valuable ingredients
  • plant vigor e. g. improved plant growth and/or greener leaves ("greening effect")
  • quality e. g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients
  • tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress e. g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients
  • Fungicidal mixtures comprising an SDHI fungicide and an azole-type fungicide are known inter alia from WO 99/031979, WO 07/017416, WO 05/034628 and WO 06/015865.
  • biopesticides under certain conditions can also have disadvantages such as high specificity: which may require an exact identification of the pest/pathogen and the use of multiple products to be used, slow speed of action (thus making them unsuitable if a pest outbreak is an immediate threat to a crop), variable efficacy due to the influences of various biotic and abiotic factors (since biopesticides are usually living organisms, which bring about pest/pathogen control by multiplying within the target insect pest/pathogen) and resistance development.
  • It is an object of the present invention overcome the abovementioned disadvantages and to provide, with a view to effective resistance management and effective control of phytopatho- genic harmful fungi, insects or other pests or to effective plant growth promotion, plant stress tolerance and/or seed germination, at application rates which are as low as possible, compositions which, at a reduced total amount of active compounds applied, have improved activity against the harmful fungi, insects or other pests or improved plant growth promoting, stress tolerance inducing and/or improved seeed germination activity (synergistic mixtures) and a broadened activity spectrum, in particular for certain indications. This is particularly visible if application rates for the beforementioned mixtures of pesticides are used where the individual components show no or virtually no activity.
  • the present invention relates to mixtures comprising, as active components,
  • IA other microbial and biochemical pesticides selected from: with Bacillus
  • amyloliquefaciens B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum, B. firmus, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, B. simplex, B. megaterium, B. altitudinis, B. mojavensis, B. mycoides, B.
  • IB nitrogen-fixing bacteria selected from: Bradyrhizobium japonicum, B. elkanii,
  • Bradyrhizobium spp. Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis), Bradyrhizobium sp. (Vigna), B.
  • SDHI fungicide II selected from: fluxapyroxad, boscalid, benzovindiflupyr,
  • penflufen penthiopyrad, sedaxane, fluopyram, bixafen, isofetamid, isopyrazam; carboxin, benodanil, fenfuram, flutolanil, furametpyr, mepronil, oxycarboxin and thifluzamide;
  • azole-type fungicide III selected from: ipconazole, difenoconazole, prothio- conazole, prochloraz, triticonazole, flutriafol, cyproconazole, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, hexaconazole, imazalil, imibenconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, simeconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol, uniconazole and thiabendazole.
  • the other microbial and biochemical pesticides IA are considered biopesticides that do not belong to the nitrogen-fixing bacteria IB and have some kind of pesticidal activity.
  • the mixtures comprise at least one biopesticide I and at least one SDHI fungicide II and at least one azole-type fungicide III in a synergistically effective amount. According to another embodiment, the mixtures comprise one biopoesticide I and one SDHI fungicide II and one azole-type fungicide III in a synergistically effective amount.
  • the invention also relates to a method for controlling phytopathogenic harmful fungi, insects, nematodes or other pests using mixtures of at least one biopesticide I and at least one SDHI fungicide II and at least one azole-type fungicide III and to the use of biopesticides I, SDHI fungicides II and azole-type fungicides III for preparing such mixtures, and to compositions comprising these mixtures and plant propagation materials, in particular seeds, comprising these mixtures respectively coated with such mixtures.
  • the time between the applications may vary e. g. between 2 hours to 7 days. Also a broader range is possible ranging from 0.25 hour to 30 days, preferably from 0.5 hour to 14 days, particularly from 1 hour to 7 days or from 1.5 hours to 5 days, even more preferred from 2 hours to 1 day.
  • the biopesticide I is applied as last treatment.
  • Component 1 in the mixtures comprise biopesticides I which can be separated into the microbial pesticides which comprise bacterial and fungal microorganisms and biochemical pesticides selected from abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, its salts and derivatives thereof, cis- jasmone, methyl jasmonate; and harpin protein.
  • biopesticides I which can be separated into the microbial pesticides which comprise bacterial and fungal microorganisms and biochemical pesticides selected from abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, its salts and derivatives thereof, cis- jasmone, methyl jasmonate; and harpin protein.
  • component 1 ) in the mixtures embraces not only the isolated, pure cultures of the biopesticide I as defined herein, but also its cell-free extract having pesticidal activity, preferably an alcohol- or ketone-based extract, its suspensions in a whole broth culture or as a metabolite-containing supernatant or a purified metabolite obtained from a whole broth culture of the microorganism or microorganism strain.
  • component 1 ) in the mixtures embraces not only the isolated, pure cultures of the biopesticide I as defined herein, but also its cell-free extract having pesticidal activity, preferably an alcohol- or ketone-based extract, its suspensions in a whole broth culture or as a metabolite-containing supernatant or a purified metabolite obtained from a whole broth culture of the microorganism or microorganism strain.
  • Jasmonic acid its salts (jasmonates) or derivatives include without limitation potassium, sodium, lithium, ammonium, dimethylammonium, isopropylammonium, diolammonium and diethtriethanolammonium jasmonate; and also jasmonic acid methyl ester, jasmonic acid amide, jasmonic acid methylamide, jasmonic acid-L-amino acid (amide-linked) conjugates (e. g.
  • L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-leucine, or L-phenylalanine conjugates with L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-leucine, or L-phenylalanine), 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, coronatine, coronalon, coronafacoyl-L-serine, coronafacoyl-L-threonine, methyl esters of 1 -oxo- indanoyl-isoleucine, methyl esters of 1 -oxo-indanoyl-leucine, cis-jasmone, linoleic acid or derivatives thereof, and combinations of any of the above.
  • whole culture broth refers to a liquid culture of a microorganism containing vegetative cells and/or spores suspended in the culture medium and optionally metabolites produced by the respective microorganism.
  • cell-free extract refers to an extract of the vegetative cells, spores and/or the whole culture broth of a microorganism comprising cellular metabolites produced by the respective microorganism obtainable by cell disruption methods known in the art such as solvent-based (e. g. organic solvents such as alcohols sometimes in combination with suitable salts), temperature-based, application of shear forces, cell disruption with an ultrasonicator.
  • solvent-based e. g. organic solvents such as alcohols sometimes in combination with suitable salts
  • temperature-based e.g. temperature-based
  • shear forces e.g. cell disruption with an ultrasonicator.
  • the desired extract may be concentrated by conventional concentration techniques such as drying, evaporation, and centrifugation or alike. Certain washing steps using organic solvents and/or water-based media may also be applied to the crude extract preferably prior to use.
  • the term "metabolite” refers to any component, compound, substance or byproduct (including but not limited to small molecule secondary metabolites, polyketides, fatty acid synthase products, non-ribosomal peptides, ribosomal peptides, proteins and enzymes) produced by a microorganism (such as fungi and bacteria, in particular the strains of the invention) that has any beneficial effect as described herein such as pesticidal activity or improvement of plant growth, water use efficiency of the plant, plant health, plant appearance, or the population of beneficial microorganisms in the soil around the plant activity herein.
  • a microorganism such as fungi and bacteria, in particular the strains of the invention
  • component 1 is selected from Bacillus amylolique- faciens, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum, B. firmus, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, B. simplex, B. megaterium; Burkholderia spp., Coniothyrium minitans, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Paenibacillus alvei, Penicillium bilaiae, Pasteuria nishizawa; cis-jasmone, methyl jasmonate and harpin protein.
  • component 1 is selected from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum, B. pumilus, B. subtilis and B. simplex.
  • component 1 is selected from Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium elkanii and Azospirillum brasilense.
  • the mixtures comprise at least four active cmponents, wherein component 1 ) is selected from Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium elkanii, Azospirillum brasilense; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum, B. firmus, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, B. simplex, B.
  • component 4) is at least one biochemical pesticide selected from abscisic acid, harpin protein, cis-jasmone and methyl- jasmonate; more preferably cis-jasmone or methyl-jasmonate, in particular methyl jasmonate.
  • isolate refers to a pure microbial culture separated from its natural origin, such an isolate obtained by culturing a single microbial colony.
  • An isolate is a pure culture derived from a heterogeneous, wild population of microorganisms.
  • strain refers to isolate or a group of isolates exhibiting phenotypic and/or genotypic traits belonging to the same lineage, distinct from those of other isolates or strains of the same species.
  • biopesticides I their preparation and their pesticidal activity e. g. against harmful fungi or insects are known (e-Pesticide Manual V 5.2 (ISBN 978 1 901396 85 0) (2008-201 1 );
  • biopesticides I may have fungicidal, bactericidal, viricidal, plant defense activator, insecticidal, acaricidal, molluscidal, pheromone, nematicidal, plant stress reducing, plant growth regulator, plant growth promoting and/or yield enhancing activity.
  • B. amyloliquefaciens spp. plantarum D747 (US 20130236522 A1 ; FERM BP-8234; e. g. Double NickelTM 55 WDG or Double NickelTM LC from Certis LLC, USA), B. amyloliquefaciens spp. plantarum FZB24 isolated from plant pathogen-infested soil of a sugar beet field in Brandenburg, Germany (also called SB3615; DSM ID 96-2; J. Plant Dis. Prot. 105, 181-197, 1998; e. g. Taegro® from Novozyme Biologicals, Inc., USA), B.
  • amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum FZB42 isolated from plant pathogen-infested soil of a sugar beet field in Brandenburg, Germany (J. Plant Dis. Prot. 105, 181-197, 1998;
  • DSM 231 17 e. g. RhizoVital® 42 from AbiTEP GmbH, Berlin, Germany
  • B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum GB03 also called GB03; ATCC SD-1397; Phytopathol. 86(1 1 ), S36, 1996; e. g. Kodiak® or BioYield® from Gustafson, Inc., USA; or Companion® from Growth Products, Ltd., White Plains, NY 10603, USA
  • B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum MBI600 also referred to as 1430 (NRRL B-50595; Int. J. Microbiol. Res.
  • CNCM 1-1582 WO 2009/126473, WO 2009/124707, US 6,406,690; e. g. Votivo® from Bayer CropScience LP, USA
  • B. megaterium strains H491 NRRL B-50769
  • M018 NRRL B-50770
  • J142 NRRL B-50771
  • B. mojavensis AP-209 NRRL B- 50616; US 8,445,255
  • B. mycoides AQ726 NRRL B-21664; US 5,906,818; from Bayer Crop Science, Germany
  • B. mycoides strain J e.g. BmJ WG from Certis, USA against potato virus Y
  • B. pumilus GB34 ATCC 700814; e. g. YieldShield® from Gustafson LLC, TX, USA
  • B. pumilus GHA 180 isolated from apple tree rhizosphere in Mexico IDAC 260707-01 ; e. g.
  • B. pumilus KFP9F (NRRL B-50754; WO 2014/029697; e. g. BAC-UP or FUSION-P from BASF Agricultural Specialities (Pty) Ltd., South Africa), B. pumilus INR-7 otherwise referred to as BU-F22 and BU-F33 (NRRL B-50185, NRRL B-50153; US 8,445,255), B. pumilus QST 2808 (NRRL B-30087; e. g.
  • B. solisalsi AP-217 NRRL B-50617; US 8,445,255
  • B. subtilis CX-9060 Federal Register 77(7), 1633-1637; by Certis U.S.A., L.L.C.
  • B. subtilis FB17 also called UD 1022 or UD10-22 isolated from red beet roots in North America (ATCC PTA-1 1857; System. Appl.
  • B. japonicum TA-1 1 (TA1 1 NOD + ) (NRRL B-18466; US 5,021 ,076; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 2399-2403, 1990; e. g. VAULT® NP, from BASF Corp., USA), B. japonicum strains deposited at USDA known from US 7,262,151 and Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
  • WO 2003/57861 e. g. BioBoost® from Brett Young, Winnipeg, Canada
  • Glomus intraradices e. g. Myc® 4000 from ITHEC, France
  • Glomus intraradices RTI-801 e. g. MYKOS from Xtreme Gardening, USA or RTI Reforestation Technologies International; USA
  • harpin preferably alpha-beta protein (Science 257, 85-88, 1992; e. g. MessengerTM or HARP-N-Tek from Plant Health Care pic, U.K.)
  • Mesorhizobium ciceri CC1 collected in Israel from Cicer arietinum nodules (UPM 848, CECT 5549; Can. J. Microbiol. 48, 279-284, 2002; from
  • M. huakuii HN3015 isolated from Astralagus sinicus in a rice-growing field of Southern China (World J. Microbiol. Biotechn. 23(6), 845-851 , 2007, ISSN 0959-3993), M. /of/ ' CC829 isolated from L. ulginosus nodules in USA (NZP 2012; commerical inoculant for Lotus pedunculatus and L. ulginosus in Australia), and M.
  • P. lilacinus BCP2 (NRRL 50756; Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 101 - 2, 263-275, 2013; e. g. PL Gold from BASF Agricultural Specialities (Pty) Ltd., South Africa), Paenibacillus alvei NAS6G6 (WO 2014/029697; NRRL B-50755; e.g. BAC-UP from BASF Agricultural Specialities (Pty) Ltd., South Africa in mixture with Bacillus pumilus KFP9F), Pasteuria sp. ATCC PTA-9643 (WO 2010/085795), Pasteuria sp. Ph3 isolated from turfgrass soil samples collected at the DeBary Golf Course in central Florida (ATCC SD-5832;
  • WO 2012/064527 for control of Hoplolaimus galeatus nematode from Pasteuria Bioscience, Inc. now Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, USA), Pasteuria sp. Pr3 isolated from soil samples collected in the southeastern United States (ATCC SD-5834; for control of Rotylenchulus reniformis nematode potentially of species P. ramosa; Naviva® ST from Syngenta Crop
  • Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli e. g. RHIZO-STICK from BASF Corp., USA
  • R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli RG-B10 USDA 9041 ; from Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46(1 ), 240-244, 1996; Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50, 159-170, 2000; e. g.
  • R. I. bv. viciae RG-P2 also called P2 isolated from pea root nodules in Sakatchewan, Canada (e. g RhizUP peat for peas and lentils in Canada from BASF Agricultural Specialties Ltd., Canada), R. I. bv. viciae SU303 (e. g. Nodulaid® Group E from BASF Agricultural Special- ties Pty Ltd, Australia), R. I.
  • WSM1455 e. g. Nodulaid® Group F from BASF Agricultural Specialties Pty Ltd, Australia
  • R. tropici 1 Agronomy, N.Z. 36, 4-35, 2006; e. g. Nodulaid® peat for common bean from BASF Agricultural Specialties Pty Ltd, Australia
  • Sinorhizobium meliloti RCR201 1 also called 201 1 or SU47 (MSDJ0848; Mol. Gen. Genomics 272, 1-17, 2004; e. g. Dormal® Alfalfa & Luzerne from BASF Corp., USA; Nitragin® Gold from Novozymes Biologicals BioAg Group, Canada).
  • Nitragin Nitragin strain collection, The Nitragin Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, NRRL or ARSEF (collection of entomopathogenic fungi): ARS Culture Collection of the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.
  • component 1 ) in the mixtures comprises at least one biopesticides I strain from group IA) selected from Bacillus altitudinis 41 KF2b (IA.1 ), B.
  • amyloliquefaciens AP-136 (IA.2), B. amyloliquefaciens AP-188 (IA.3), B. amyloliquefaciens AP- 218 (IA.4), B. amyloliquefaciens AP-219 (IA.5), B. amyloliquefaciens AP-295 (IA.6), B.
  • megaterium J142 (IA.16), B. megaterium M018 (IA.17), B. mojavensis AP-209 (IA.18), B. mojavensis SR1 1 (IA.19), B. mycoides AQ726 (IA.20), B. mycoides J (IA.21 ), B. pumilus GB34 (IA.22), B. pumilus GHA 180 (IA.23), B. pumilus INR-7 (IA.24), B. pumilus KFP9F (IA.25), B. pumilus QST 2808 (IA.26), B. simplex ABU 288 (IA.27), B. subtilis CX-9060 (IA.28), B. subtilis FB17 (IA.29), B. subtilis GB07 (IA.30),
  • Burkholderia sp. A396 (IA.31 ), Coniothyrium minitans CON/M/91 -08 (IA.32), Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 (IA.33), Paecilomyces lilacinus BCP2 (IA.34), Paenibacillus alvei NAS6G6 (IA.35), Paenibacillus polymyxa PKB1 (IA.36), Paenibacilllus popilliae 14F-D80 (IA.37), P.
  • component 1 ) in the mixtures comprises at least one biopesticides I strain from group IA) selected from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum D747 (IA.7), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum FZB24 (IA.8), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp.
  • group IA selected from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum D747 (IA.7), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum FZB24 (IA.8), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp.
  • plantarum FZB42 (IA.9)
  • amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum QST-713 (IA.12)
  • TJ1000 (IA.13), B. f/rmus CNCM 1-1582 (IA.14), B. pumilus GHA 180 (IA.23), B. pumilus INR-7 (IA.24), B. pumilus QST 2808 (IA.26), B. simplex ABU 288 (IA.27), B. subtilis FB17 (IA.29), Burkholderia sp.
  • A396 (IA.31 ), Coniothyrium minitans CON/M/91 -08 (IA.32), Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 (IA.33), Paenibacillus alvei NAS6G6 (IA.35), Pasteuria nishizawae P (IA.39), P. b/ ' /a/ ' ae ATCC 18309 (IA.46), P. bilaiae ATCC 20851 (IA.47) and P. bilaiae ATCC 22348 (IA.48).
  • component 1 ) in the mixtures comprises at least one biopesticide I from group IA) selected from abscisic acid (IA.58), harpin protein (IA.59), cis- jasmone (IA.60) and methyl-jasmonate (IA.61 ); more preferably selected from harpin protein, cis-jasmone and methyl-jasmonate; in particular methyl jasmonate.
  • group IA selected from abscisic acid (IA.58), harpin protein (IA.59), cis- jasmone (IA.60) and methyl-jasmonate (IA.61 ); more preferably selected from harpin protein, cis-jasmone and methyl-jasmonate; in particular methyl jasmonate.
  • component 1 ) in the mixtures comprises at least one biopesticides I strain from group IB) selected from: Bradyrhizobium elkanii U-1301 (IB.1 1 ), B. e// an// U-1302 (IB.12), B. elkanii USDA 3254 (IB.13), B. elkanii USDA 76 (IB.14), B. elkanii USDA 94 (IB.15), B. japonicum G49 (IB.18), B. japonicum TA-1 1 (IB.23), B. japonicum USDA 121 (IB.25), B. japonicum USDA 3 (IB.26), B.
  • group IB selected from: Bradyrhizobium elkanii U-1301 (IB.1 1 ), B. e// an// U-1302 (IB.12), B. elkanii USDA 3254 (IB.13), B. elkanii USDA 76 (IB.
  • leguminosarum bv. trifolii CC275e (IB.40), R leguminosarum bv. frifo// ' / ' CC283b (IB.41 ), R leguminosarum bv. frifo// ' / ' RP1 13-7 (IB.42), R leguminosarum bv. frifo// ' / ' TA1 (IB.43), R leguminosarum bv. frifo// ' / ' WSM 1325 (IB.44), R leguminosarum bv. trifolii WSM2304 (IB.45), R leguminosarum bv.
  • mutant refers a microorganism obtained by direct mutant selection but also includes microorganisms that have been further mutagenized or otherwise manipulated (e. g., via the introduction of a plasmid). Accordingly, embodiments include mutants, variants, and or derivatives of the respective microorganism, both naturally occurring and artificially induced mutants. For example, mutants may be induced by subjecting the microorganism to known mutagens, such as X-ray, UV radiation or N-methyl-nitrosoguanidine, using conventional methods. Subsequent to said treatments a screening for mutant strains showing the desired characteristics may be performed.
  • mutagens such as X-ray, UV radiation or N-methyl-nitrosoguanidine
  • Mutant strains may be obtained by any methods known in the art such as direct mutant selection, chemical mutagenesis or genetic manipulation (e. g., via the introduction of a plasmid).
  • such mutants are obtainable by applying a known mutagen, such as X-ray, UV radiation or N-methyl-nitrosoguanidine. Subsequent to said treatments a screening for mutant strains showing the desired characteristics may be performed.
  • component 1 ) in the mixtures is a microbial pesticide strain of group IA) or a mutant thereof having any pesticidal or other activity as defined herein.
  • the mutant of is obtained by direct mutant selection optionally after being subjected to mutagens.
  • component 1 ) in the mixtures is a nitrogen fixing- bacterium strain of group IB) as defined herein or a mutant thereof having nitrogen-fixing activity as defined herein.
  • the mutant of is obtained by direct mutant selection optionally after being subjected to mutagens.
  • SDHI fungicides II and the azole-type fungicides III described by common names, their preparation and their activity against pests is known (cf.: http://www.alanwood.net/
  • pesticides/); these pesticides are often commercially available.
  • component 2) comprises in the mixtures at least one SDHI fungicide II selected from: fluxapyroxad (11.1 ), boscalid (II.2), benzovindiflupyr (II.3), penflufen (II.4), penthiopyrad (II.5), sedaxane (II.6), fluopyram (II.7), bixafen (II.8) and
  • component 2) comprises in the mixtures at least one SDHI fungicide II selected from: carboxin (11.10), benodanil, fenfuram, flutolanil (11.1 1 ), furametpyr, mepronil, oxycarboxin, and thifluzamide.
  • SDHI fungicide II selected from: carboxin (11.10), benodanil, fenfuram, flutolanil (11.1 1 ), furametpyr, mepronil, oxycarboxin, and thifluzamide.
  • component 2) comprises in the mixtures at least one SDHI fungicide II selected from: fluxapyroxad, benzovindiflupyr, penflufen, sedaxane, fluopyram, bixafen, isopyrazam and carboxin.
  • SDHI fungicide II selected from: fluxapyroxad, benzovindiflupyr, penflufen, sedaxane, fluopyram, bixafen, isopyrazam and carboxin.
  • component 2) comprises in the mixtures at least one SDHI fungicide II selected from: fluxapyroxad, penflufen, sedaxane, and fluopyram.
  • component 2) comprises in the mixtures at least one SDHI fungicide II selected from: fluxapyroxad, penflufen and sedaxane; in particular fluxaproxad.
  • component 3) in the mixtures comprises at least one azole-type fungicide III selected from the DMI fungicides selected from: ipconazole,
  • imibenconazole metconazole, myclobutanil, simeconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol and uniconazole.
  • component 3) in the mixtures comprises at least one azole-type fungicide III selected from: ipconazole, difenoconazole, prothioconazole, prochloraz, triticonazole, flutriafol, cyproconazole, fluquinconazole, tebuconazole and triadimenol.
  • azole-type fungicide III selected from: ipconazole, difenoconazole, prothioconazole, prochloraz, triticonazole, flutriafol, cyproconazole, fluquinconazole, tebuconazole and triadimenol.
  • component 3) in the mixtures comprises at least one azole-type fungicide III selected from: ipconazole, prothioconazole, prochloraz, triticonazole, fluquinconazole and tebuconazole.
  • component 3) in the mixtures comprises at least one azole-type fungicide III selected from: ipconazole, prothioconazole and tebuconazole; in particular ipconazole.
  • azole-type fungicide III selected from: ipconazole, prothioconazole and tebuconazole; in particular ipconazole.
  • biopesticide I selected from: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum D747, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum FZB24, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum FZB42, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum MBI600, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum QST-713, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum TJ1000, B. firmus CNCM 1-1582, B. pumilus GHA 180, B. pumilus INR-7, B.
  • biopesticide I selected from: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum D747, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum FZB24, B. amyloliquefaciens ss
  • pumilus QST 2808 B. simplex ABU 288, B. subtilis FB17, Burkholderia sp. A396, Coniothyrium minitans CON/M/91 -08, Paecilomyces lilacinus 25' ⁇ , Paenibacillus alvei NAS6G6, Pasteuria nishizawae Pn1 , P. bilaiae ATCC 18309 , P. bilaiae ATCC 20851 , P. bilaiae ATCC 22348; cis-jasmone, methyl jasmonate; and harpin protein;
  • SDHI fungicide II selected from: fluxapyroxad, boscalid, benzovindiflupyr,
  • penflufen penthiopyrad, sedaxane, fluopyram, bixafen, and isopyrazam;
  • At least one azole-type fungicide III selected from: ipconazole, difenoconazole,
  • prothioconazole prochloraz, triticonazole, flutriafol, cyproconazole, fluquinconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol and thiabendazole;
  • component 2) in the mixtures is fluxapyroxad
  • component 3) in the mixtures is fluxapyroxad
  • component 2) in the mixtures is fluxapyroxad, penflufen, sedaxane or fluopyram, and component 3) in the mixtures is ipconazole, prothioconazole or tebuconazole.
  • the present invention furthermore relates to agrochemical compositions comprising a mixture of component 1 ), component 2) and component 3) as described above, and if desired at least one suitable auxiliary.
  • Table 1 Compositions comprising as active components: as component 1 ) one biopesticide Column Co. 1 ) and as component 2) (in Column Co. 2) one SDHI fungicide II.
  • compositions 1.1 to 1.1034 which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise ipconazole as component 3).
  • compositions 2.1 to 2.1034 which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise difenoconazole as component 3).
  • compositions 3.1 to 3.1034 which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise prothioconazole as component 3).
  • compositions 4.1 to 4.1034 which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise prochloraz as component 3).
  • compositions 5.1 to 5.1034 which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise triticonazole as component 3).
  • compositions 6.1 to 6.1034 which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise flutriafol as component 3).
  • compositions 7.1 to 7.1034 which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise cyproconazole as component 3).
  • compositions 8.1 to 8.1034 which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise fluquinconazole as component 3).
  • compositions 9.1 to 9.1034 which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise flutolanil as component 3).
  • compositions 10.1 to 10.1034 which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise flusilazole as component 3).
  • compositions 1 1.1 to 1 1 .1034 which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise imazalil as component 3). Also especially preferred are compositions 12.1 to 12.1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise metconazole as component 3).
  • compositions 13.1 to 13.1034 which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise tebuconazole as component 3).
  • compositions 14.1 to 14.1034 which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise uniconazole as component 3).
  • compositions 15.1 to 15.1034 which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise triadimenol as component 3).
  • compositions 16.1 to 16.1034 which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise thiabendazole as component 3).
  • compositions 1.1 to 16.1034 described above comprise the active components in synergistically effective amounts. Ratios are defined below.
  • the abovementioned microorganisms in the group of biopesticides I may be isolated or substantially purified.
  • isolated or substantially purified refers to microorganisms that have been removed from a natural environment and have been isolated or separated, and are at least 60% free, preferably at least 75% free, and more preferably at least 90% free, even more preferably at least 95% free, and most preferably at least 100% free from other components with which they were naturally associated.
  • an “isolated culture” or “substantially purified culture” refers to a culture of the microbial pesticides that does not include significant amounts of other materials such as other materials which normally are found in natural habitat in which the microbial pesticides grows and/or from which the microbial pesticides normally may be obtained.
  • An “isolated culture” may be a culture that does not include any other biological, microorganism, and/or bacterial species in quantities sufficient to interfere with the replication of the isolated culture. Isolated cultures of microbial pesticides may, however, be combined to prepare a mixed culture of microbial pesticides.
  • the microorganisms may be supplied in any physiological state such as active or dormant.
  • Dormant microbial pesticides may be supplied for example frozen, dried, or lyophilized or partly desiccated (procedures to produce partly desiccated organisms are given in
  • microorganisms in the groups of biopesticides I used as organism in an active state can be delivered in a growth medium without any additional additives or materials or in combination with suitable nutrient mixtures.
  • microorganisms in biopesticides I are preferably delivered and formulated in a dormant stage, more preferably in form of spores.
  • the mixtures and compositions thereof according to the invention can, in the use form as pesticides, fungicides and/or insecticides, also be present together with further pesticides, e. g. with herbicides, insecticides, growth regulators, fungicides, biopesticides, preferably any of those mentioned in this text; or else with fertilizers, as pre-mix or, if appropriate, not until immeadiately prior to use (tank mix).
  • further pesticides e. g. with herbicides, insecticides, growth regulators, fungicides, biopesticides, preferably any of those mentioned in this text; or else with fertilizers, as pre-mix or, if appropriate, not until immeadiately prior to use (tank mix).
  • mixtures and compositions according to the invention are suitable as fungicides. They are distinguished by an outstanding effectiveness against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenic fungi, including soil-borne fungi, which derive especially from the classes of the
  • Zygomycetes Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes (syn. Fungi imperfecti). Some are systemically effective and they can be used in crop protection as foliar fungicides, fungicides for seed dressing and soil fungicides. Moreover, they are suitable for controlling harmful fungi, which inter alia occur in wood or roots of plants.
  • the mixtures and compositions according to the invention are particularly important in the control of a multitude of phytopathogenic fungi on various cultivated plants, such as cereals, e. g. wheat, rye, barley, triticale, oats or rice; beet, e. g. sugar beet or fodder beet; fruits, such as pomes, stone fruits or soft fruits, e. g.
  • cereals e. g. wheat, rye, barley, triticale, oats or rice
  • beet e. g. sugar beet or fodder beet
  • fruits such as pomes, stone fruits or soft fruits, e. g.
  • inventive mixtures and compositions are used for controlling a multitude of fungi on field crops, such as potatoes sugar beets, tobacco, wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, corn, cotton, soybeans, rape, legumes, sunflowers, coffee or sugar cane; fruits; vines; ornamentals; or vegetables, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, beans or squashes.
  • field crops such as potatoes sugar beets, tobacco, wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, corn, cotton, soybeans, rape, legumes, sunflowers, coffee or sugar cane; fruits; vines; ornamentals; or vegetables, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, beans or squashes.
  • plant propagation material is to be understood to denote all the generative parts of the plant such as seeds and vegetative plant material such as cuttings and tubers (e. g. potatoes), which can be used for the multiplication of the plant. This includes seeds, roots, fruits, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, shoots, sprouts and other parts of plants, including seedlings and young plants, which are to be transplanted after germination or after emergence from soil.
  • These young plants may also be protected before transplantation by a total or partial treatment by immersion or pouring.
  • treatment of plant propagation materials with the inventive mixtures and compositions thereof, respectively is used for controlling a multitude of fungi on cereals, such as wheat, rye, barley and oats; rice, corn, cotton and soybeans.
  • cultiva plants is to be understood as including plants which have been modified by breeding, mutagenesis or genetic engineering including but not limiting to agricultural biotech products on the market or in development (cf. http://cera-gmc.org/, see GM crop database therein).
  • Genetically modified plants are plants, which genetic material has been so modified by the use of recombinant DNA techniques that under natural circumstances cannot readily be obtained by cross breeding, mutations or natural recombination.
  • one or more genes have been integrated into the genetic material of a genetically modified plant in order to improve certain properties of the plant.
  • Such genetic modifications also include but are not limited to targeted post-transtional modification of protein(s), oligo- or polypeptides e. g. by glycosylation or polymer additions such as prenylated, acetylated or farnesylated moieties or PEG moieties.
  • hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors HPPD
  • acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors such as sulfonyl ureas (see e. g. US 6,222,100, WO 01/82685, WO 00/26390, WO 97/41218, WO 98/02526, WO 98/02527, WO 04/106529, WO 05/20673, WO 03/14357, WO 03/13225, WO 03/14356, WO 04/16073) or imidazolinones (see e. g.
  • GGS inhibitors such as glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitors, such as glufosinate (see e.g. EP-A 242 236, EP-A 242 246) or oxynil herbicides (see e. g. US 5,559,024) as a result of conventional methods of breeding or genetic engineering.
  • GS glutamine synthetase
  • Several cultivated plants have been rendered tolerant to herbicides by conventional methods of breeding (mutagenesis), e. g. Clearfield ® summer rape (Canola, BASF SE, Germany) being tolerant to imidazolinones, e. g. imazamox.
  • plants are also covered that are by the use of recombinant DNA techniques capable to synthesize one or more insecticidal proteins, especially those known from the bacterial genus Bacillus, particularly from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as ⁇ -endotoxins, e. g. CrylA(b), CrylA(c), CrylF, CrylF(a2), CryllA(b), CrylllA, CrylllB(bl ) or Cry9c; vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP), e. g. VIP1 , VIP2, VIP3 or VIP3A; insecticidal proteins of bacteria colonizing nematodes, e. g. Photorhabdus spp.
  • VIP1 , VIP2, VIP3 or VIP3A vegetative insecticidal proteins
  • toxins produced by animals such as scorpion toxins, arachnid toxins, wasp toxins, or other insect-specific neurotoxins
  • toxins produced by fungi such Streptomycetes toxins, plant lectins, such as pea or barley lectins; agglutinins
  • proteinase inhibitors such as trypsin inhibitors, serine protease inhibitors, patatin, cystatin or papain inhibitors
  • ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP) such as ricin, maize-RIP, abrin, luffin, saporin or bryodin
  • steroid metabolism enzymes such as 3- hydroxysteroid oxidase, ecdysteroid-IDP-glycosyl-transferase, cholesterol oxidases, ecdysone inhibitors or HMG-CoA-reductase
  • ion channel blockers such as blockers of sodium or calcium
  • these insecticidal proteins or toxins are to be understood expressly also as pre-toxins, hybrid proteins, truncated or otherwise modified proteins.
  • Hybrid proteins are characterized by a new combination of protein domains, (see, e. g. WO 02/015701 ). Further examples of such toxins or genetically modified plants capable of synthesizing such toxins are disclosed, e. g., in
  • the methods for producing such genetically modified plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, e. g. in the publications mentioned above.
  • These insecticidal proteins contained in the genetically modified plants impart to the plants producing these proteins tolerance to harmful pests from all taxonomic groups of athropods, especially to beetles (Coeloptera), two-winged insects (Diptera), and moths (Lepidoptera) and to nematodes (Nematoda).
  • plants are also covered that are by the use of recombinant DNA techniques capable to synthesize one or more proteins to increase the resistance or tolerance of those plants to bacterial, viral or fungal pathogens.
  • proteins are the so-called "pathogenesis-related proteins" (PR proteins, see, e. g. EP-A 392 225), plant disease resistance genes (e. g. potato cultivars, which express resistance genes acting against Phytophthora infestans derived from the mexican wild potato Solanum bulbocastanum) or T4-lysozym (e. g. potato cultivars capable of synthesizing these proteins with increased resistance against bacteria such as Erwinia amylvora).
  • PR proteins pathogenesis-related proteins
  • plant disease resistance genes e. g. potato cultivars, which express resistance genes acting against Phytophthora infestans derived from the mexican wild potato Solanum bulbocastanum
  • T4-lysozym e. g. potato cultiv
  • plants are also covered that are by the use of recombinant DNA techniques capable to synthesize one or more proteins to increase the productivity (e. g. bio mass production, grain yield, starch content, oil content or protein content), tolerance to drought, salinity or other growth-limiting environmental factors or tolerance to pests and fungal, bacterial or viral pathogens of those plants.
  • productivity e. g. bio mass production, grain yield, starch content, oil content or protein content
  • plants are also covered that contain by the use of recombinant DNA techniques a modified amount of substances of content or new substances of content, specifically to improve human or animal nutrition, e. g. oil crops that produce health-promoting long-chain omega-3 fatty acids or unsaturated omega-9 fatty acids (e. g. Nexera ® rape, DOW Agro Sciences, Canada).
  • plants are also covered that contain by the use of recombinant DNA techniques a modified amount of substances of content or new substances of content, specifically to improve raw material production, e. g. potatoes that produce increased amounts of amylopectin (e. g. Amflora ® potato, BASF SE, Germany).
  • a modified amount of substances of content or new substances of content specifically to improve raw material production, e. g. potatoes that produce increased amounts of amylopectin (e. g. Amflora ® potato, BASF SE, Germany).
  • inventive mixtures and compositions are particularly suitable for controlling the following plant diseases:
  • Albugo spp. white rust
  • vegetables e. g. A. Candida
  • sunflowers e. g. A. tragopogonis
  • Altemaria spp. Alternaria leaf spot) on vegetables, rape (A. brassicola or brassicae), sugar beets (A. tenuis), fruits, rice, soybeans, potatoes (e. g. A. solani or A.
  • alternata tomatoes (e. g. A. solani or A. alternata) and wheat; Aphanomyces spp. on sugar beets and vegetables; Ascochyta spp. on cereals and vegetables, e. g. A. tritici (anthracnose) on wheat and A. hordei on barley; Bipolaris and Drechslera spp. (teleomorph: Cochliobolus spp.) on corn (e. g. D. maydis), cereals (e. g. B. sorokiniana: spot blotch), rice (e. g. B.
  • Ceratocystis (syn. Ophiostoma) spp. (rot or wilt) on broad-leaved trees and evergreens, e. g. C. ulmi (Dutch elm disease) on elms; Cercospora spp. (Cercospora leaf spots) on corn, rice, sugar beets (e. g. C. beticola), sugar cane, vegetables, coffee, soybeans (e. g. C. sojina or C. kikuchii) and rice; Cladosporium spp. on tomatoes (e. g. C. fulvum: leaf mold) and cereals, e. g. C. herbarum (black ear) on wheat; Claviceps purpurea (ergot) on cereals; Cochliobolus
  • anamorph Helminthosporium of Bipolaris
  • spp. leaf spots
  • corn C. carbonum
  • cereals e. g. C. sativus, anamorph: B. sorokiniana
  • rice e. g. C. miyabeanus, anamorph: H.
  • teleomorph Nectria or Neonectria spp.
  • fruit trees canker or young vine decline
  • teleomorph Nectria or Neonectria spp.
  • fruit trees canker or young vine decline
  • teleomorph Nectria or Neonectria spp.
  • vines e. g. C. liriodendri, teleomorph: Neonectria liriodendri: Black Foot Disease
  • Dematophora teleomorph: Rosellinia necatrix (root and stem rot) on soybeans
  • Diaporthe spp. e. g. D. phaseolorum (damping off) on soybeans
  • Drechslera sertraolorum
  • Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (earlier Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum)
  • fujikuroi Bakanae disease
  • G. gossypii Gossypii on cotton
  • Grainstaining complex on rice Guignardia bidwellii (black rot) on vines
  • Helminthosporium spp. (syn. Drechslera, teleomorph: Cochliobolus) on corn, cereals and rice; Hemileia spp., e. g. H.
  • Monilinia spp. e. g. M. laxa, M. fructicola and M. fructigena (bloom and twig blight, brown rot) on stone fruits and other rosaceous plants; Mycosphaerella spp. on cereals, bananas, soft fruits and ground nuts, such as e. g. M. graminicola (anamorph: Septoria tritici, Septoria blotch) on wheat; Peronospora spp. (downy mildew) on cabbage (e. g. P. brassicae), rape (e. g. P.
  • phaseoli, teleomorph Diaporthe phaseolorum
  • Physoderma maydis brown spots
  • Phytophthora spp. wilt, root, leaf, fruit and stem root
  • various plants such as paprika and cucurbits (e. g. P. capsici), soybeans (e. g. P. megasperma, syn. P. sojae), potatoes and tomatoes (e. g. P. infestans: late blight) and broad-leaved trees (e. g. P. ramorum: sudden oak death);
  • Plasmodiophora brassicae club root
  • cabbage rape, radish and other plants
  • Plasmopara spp. e.
  • Drechslera tritici-repentis (tan spot) on wheat or P. feres (net blotch) on barley; Pyricularia spp., e. g. P. oryzae (teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea, rice blast) on rice and P. grisea on turf and cereals; Pythium spp. (damping-off) on turf, rice, corn, wheat, cotton, rape, sunflowers, soybeans, sugar beets, vegetables and various other plants (e. g. P. ultimum or P. aphani- dermatum); Ramularia spp., e. g. R.
  • collo-cygni (Ram ularia leaf spots, Physiological leaf spots) on barley and R. beticola on sugar beets; Rhizoctonia spp. on cotton, rice, potatoes, turf, corn, rape, potatoes, sugar beets, vegetables and various other plants, e. g. R. solani (root and stem rot) on soybeans, R. solani (sheath blight) on rice or R.
  • Leptosphaeria [syn. Phaeosphaeria] nodorum) on wheat; Synchytrium endobioticum on potatoes (potato wart disease); Taphrina spp., e. g. T. deformans (leaf curl disease) on peaches and T. pruni (plum pocket) on plums; Thielaviopsis spp. (black root rot) on tobacco, pome fruits, vegetables, soybeans and cotton, e. g. T. basicola (syn. Chalara elegans); Tilletia spp.
  • mixtures and compositions of the present invention are effective against plant pathogens in speciality crops such as vine, fruits, hop, vegetables and tabacco.
  • Bacteria pathogenic for plants are responsible for devastating losses in agriculture.
  • the use of antibiotics to control such infections is restricted in many countries due to worries over the evolution and transmission of antibiotic resistance.
  • mixtures and compositions according to the invention are also suitable as bactericides. They are distinguished by an outstanding effectiveness against a broad spectrum of
  • phytopathogenic bacteria including soil-borne bacteria, which derive especially from the genera of Agrobacterium, Clavibacter, Corynebacterium, Erwinia, Leifsonia, Pectobacterium,
  • Xanthomonas e.g. Xanthomonas oryzae causing bacterial blight on rice
  • Xylella preferably Erwinia; even more preferably Erwinia amylovora causing fire blight on apples, pears and other memb er of the family Rosaceae.
  • the mixtures according to the present invention and compositions thereof, respectively, are also suitable for controlling harmful fungi in the protection of stored products or harvest and in the protection of materials.
  • the term "protection of materials” is to be understood to denote the protection of technical and non-living materials, such as adhesives, glues, wood, paper and paperboard, textiles, leather, paint dispersions, plastics, colling lubricants, fiber or fabrics, against the infestation and destruction by harmful microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria.
  • Ascomycetes such as Ophiostoma spp., Ceratocystis spp., Aureobasidium pullu- lans, Sclerophoma spp., Chaetomium spp., Humicola spp., Petriella spp., Trichurus spp.;
  • Basidiomycetes such as Coniophora spp., Coriolus spp., Gloeophyllum spp., Lentinus spp., Pleurotus spp., Poria spp., Serpula spp. and Tyromyces spp., Deuteromycetes such as
  • Aspergillus spp. Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Trichorma spp., Altemaria spp.,
  • Paecilomyces spp. and Zygomycetes such as Mucor spp., and in addition in the protection of stored products and harvest the following yeast fungi are worthy of note: Candida spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisae.
  • the method of treatment according to the invention can also be used in the field of protecting stored products or harvest against attack of fungi and microorganisms.
  • the term "stored products” is understood to denote natural substances of plant or animal origin and their processed forms, which have been taken from the natural life cycle and for which long-term protection is desired.
  • Stored products of crop plant origin such as plants or parts thereof, for example stalks, leafs, tubers, seeds, fruits or grains, can be protected in the freshly harvested state or in processed form, such as pre-dried, moistened, comminuted, ground, pressed or roasted, which process is also known as post-harvest treatment.
  • Also falling under the definition of stored products is timber, whether in the form of crude timber, such as construction timber, electricity pylons and barriers, or in the form of finished articles, such as furniture or objects made from wood.
  • Stored products of animal origin are hides, leather, furs, hairs and the like. The combinations according the present invention can prevent
  • stored products is understood to denote natural substances of plant origin and their processed forms, more preferably fruits and their processed forms, such as pomes, stone fruits, soft fruits and citrus fruits and their processed forms.
  • the mixtures and compositions according to the invention are particularly important in the control of a multitude of phytopathogenic insects or other pests (e.g. lepidopterans, beetles, dipterans, thrips, heteropterans, hemiptera, homoptera, termites, orthopterans, arachnids, and nematodes) on various cultivated plants, such as cereals, e. g. wheat, rye, barley, triticale, oats or rice; beet, e. g. sugar beet or fodder beet; fruits, such as pomes, stone fruits or soft fruits, e. g.
  • insects or other pests e.g. lepidopterans, beetles, dipterans, thrips, heteropterans, hemiptera, homoptera, termites, orthopterans, arachnids, and nematodes
  • various cultivated plants such as cereals, e
  • vegetables such as spinach, lettuce, asparagus, cabbages, carrots, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, cucurbits or paprika; lauraceous plants, such as avocados, cinnamon or camphor; energy and raw material plants, such as corn, soybean, rape, sugar cane or oil palm; corn; tobacco; nuts; coffee; tea; bananas; vines (table grapes and grape juice grape vines); hop; turf; natural rubber plants or ornamental and forestry plants, such as flowers, shrubs, broad-leaved trees or evergreens, e. g. conifers; and on the plant propagation material, such as seeds, and the crop material of these plants.
  • lauraceous plants such as avocados, cinnamon or camphor
  • energy and raw material plants such as corn, soybean, rape, sugar cane or oil palm
  • corn tobacco
  • nuts coffee
  • bananas vines (table grapes and grape juice grape vines)
  • hop turf
  • natural rubber plants or ornamental and forestry plants such as flowers, shrubs, broad-leaved trees
  • inventive mixtures and compositions are used for controlling a multitude of pests on field crops, such as potatoes sugar beets, tobacco, wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, corn, cotton, soybeans, rape, legumes, sunflowers, coffee or sugar cane; fruits; vines; ornamentals; or vegetables, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, beans or squashes.
  • field crops such as potatoes sugar beets, tobacco, wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, corn, cotton, soybeans, rape, legumes, sunflowers, coffee or sugar cane; fruits; vines; ornamentals; or vegetables, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, beans or squashes.
  • inventive mixtures and the compositions thereof, respectively, are particularly suitable for controlling the following harmful insects from the order of the
  • lepidopterans for example Agrotis ypsilon, Agrotis segetum, Alabama argillacea, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Argyresthia conjugella, Autographa gamma, Bupalus piniarius, Cacoecia murinana, Capua reticulana, Cheimatobia brumata, Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis, Cirphis unipuncta, Cydia pomonella, Dendrolimus pini, Diaphania nitidalis, Diatraea grandiosella, Earias insulana, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Eupoecilia ambiguella, Evetria bouliana, Feltia subterranea, Galleria mellonella, Grapholitha funebrana, Grapholitha molesta, Heliothis armigera, Heliothis viresc
  • dipterans diptera
  • Aedes aegypti dipterans
  • Aedes vexans dipterans
  • Anastrepha ludens dipterans
  • Thrips e.g. Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella tritici, Scirtothrips citri, Thrips oryzae, Thrips palmi and Thrips tabaci,
  • hymenopterans e.g. Acromyrmex ambuguus, Acromyrmex crassispinus, Acromyrmex heiery, Acromyrmex landolti, Acromyrmex subterraneus, Athalia rosae, Atta capiguara, Atta cephalotes, Atta laevigata, Atta robusta, Atta sexdens, Atta texana,
  • Acromyrmex ambuguus e.g. Acromyrmex ambuguus, Acromyrmex crassispinus, Acromyrmex heiery, Acromyrmex landolti, Acromyrmex subterraneus, Athalia rosae, Atta capiguara, Atta cephalotes, Atta laevigata, Atta robusta, Atta sexdens, Atta texana
  • Heteroptera e.g. Acrosternum hilare, Blissus leucopterus, Cyrtopeltis notatus, Dichelops furcatus, Dysdercus cingulatus, Dysdercus intermedius, Euchistos heros, Eurygaster integriceps, Euschistus impictiventris, Leptoglossus phyllopus, Lygus lineolaris, Lygus pratensis, Nezara viridula, Piesma quadrata, Piezodorus guildini, Solubea insularis and Thyanta perditor,
  • Heteroptera e.g. Acrosternum hilare, Blissus leucopterus, Cyrtopeltis notatus, Dichelops furcatus, Dysdercus cingulatus, Dysdercus intermedius, Euchistos heros, Eurygaster integriceps, Euschistus im
  • Hemiptera and Homoptera e.g. Acrosternum hilare, Blissus leucopterus, Cyrtopeltis notatus, Diaphorina citri, Dysdercus cingulatus, Dysdercus intermedius, Eurygaster integriceps,
  • Aulacorthum solani Brachycaudus cardui, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Brachycaudus persicae, Brachycaudus prunicola, Brevicoryne brassicae, Capitophorus horni, Cerosipha gossypii, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Cryptomyzus ribis, Dreyfusia nordmannianae, Dreyfusia piceae, Dysaphis radicola, Dysaulacorthum pseudosolani, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysaphis pyri, Empoasca fabae, Hyalopterus pruni, Hyperomyzus lactucae, Macrosiphum avenae,
  • Macrosiphum euphorbiae Macrosiphon rosae, Megoura viciae, Melanaphis pyrarius,
  • Isoptera e.g. Calotermes flavicollis, Cornitermes cumulans, Heterotermes tenuis, Leucotermes flavipes, Neocapritemes opacus, Procomitermes triacifer; Reticulitermes lucifugus, Syntermes molestus, and Termes natalensis,
  • orthopterans e.g. Acheta domestica, Blatta orientalis, Blattella germanica, Forficula auricularia, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Locusta migratoria, Melanoplus bivittatus,
  • Schistocerca peregrina Stauronotus maroccanus and Tachycines asynamorus
  • Arachnoidea such as arachnids, e.g. of the families Argasidae, Ixodidae and Sarcoptidae, such as Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma variegatum, Argas persicus, Boophilus annulatus, Boophilus decoloratus, Boophilus microplus, Dermacentor silvarum, Hyalomma truncatum, Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes rubicundus, Ornithodorus moubata, Otobius megnini, Dermanyssus gallinae, Psoroptes ovis, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, Sarcoptes scabiei, and Eriophyidae spp. such as Aculus Westendali, Phyllocoptrata oleivora and Eriophyes sheldoni; Tarsonemidae spp. such
  • Tenuipalpidae spp. such as Brevipalpus phoenicis
  • Tetranychidae spp. such as Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Tetranychus kanzawai, Tetranychus pacificus, Tetranychus telarius and Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus ulmi, Panonychus citri, and
  • inventive mixtures are suitable for combating pests of the orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Thysanoptera, Homoptera, Isoptera, and Orthoptera.
  • Meloidogyne hapla Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica and other Meloidogyne species; cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis, Globodera pallida, Globodera tabacum and other Globodera species, Heterodera avenae, Heterodera glycines, Heterodera schachtii, Heterodera trifolii, and other Heterodera species; seed gall nematodes, Anguina funesta, Anguina tritici and other Anguina species; stem and foliar nematodes, Aphelenchoides besseyi, Aphelenchoides fragariae, Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi and other Aphelenchoides species; sting nematodes, Belonolaimus longicaudatus and other Belonolaimus species; pine nematodes, Burs
  • Hemicycliophora species and Hemicriconemoides species Hirshmanniella species; lance nematodes, Hoplolaimus columbus, Hoplolaimus galeatus and other Hoplolaimus species; false root-knot nematodes, Nacobbus aberrans and other Nacobbus species; needle nematodes, Longidorus elongates and other Longidorus species; pin nematodes, Paratylenchus species; lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus coffeae, Pratylenchus curvitatus, Pratylenchus goodeyi, Pratylencus neglectus, Pratylenchus penetrans, Pratylenchus scribneri, Pratylenchus vulnus, Pratylenchus zeae and other Pratylenchus species; Radinaphelenchus cocophilus
  • Rotylenchulus species Scutellonema species; stubby root nematodes, Trichodorus primitivus and other Trichodorus species; Paratrichodorus minor and other Paratrichodorus species; stunt nematodes, Tylenchorhynchus claytoni, Tylenchorhynchus dubius and other Tylenchorhynchus species and Merlinius species; citrus nematodes, Tylenchulus semipenetrans and other Tylenchulus species; dagger nematodes, Xiphinema americanum, Xiphinema index, Xiphinema diversicaudatum and other Xiphinema species; and other plant parasitic nematode species
  • Plant propagation materials may be treated with the mixtures and compositions of the invention prophylactically either at or before planting or transplanting.
  • the present invention relates to a method for protection of plant propagation material from pests, wherein the plant propagation material is treated with an effective amount of an inventive mixture.
  • the present invention relates to a method for protection of plant propagation material from animal pests (insects, acarids or nematodes), wherein the plant propagation material are treated with an effective amount of an inventive mixture.
  • the present invention relates to a method for protection of plant propagation material from harmful fungi, wherein the plant propagation material is treated with an effective amount of an inventive mixture.
  • pesticidally effective amount means the amount of the inventive mixtures or of compositions comprising the mixtures needed to achieve an observable effect on growth, including the effects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, and removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and activity of the target organism.
  • the pesticidally effective amount can vary for the various mixtures / compositions used in the invention.
  • a pesticidally effective amount of the mixtures / compositions will also vary according to the prevailing conditions such as desired pesticidal effect and duration, weather, target species, locus, mode of application, and the like.
  • the present invention relates to a method for improving the health of plants, wherein the plants are treated with a plant health effective amount of an inventive mixture.
  • plant health effective amount denotes an amount of the inventive mixtures, which is sufficient for achieving plant health effects as defined herein below. More exemplary information about amounts, ways of application and suitable ratios to be used is given below. Again, the skilled artisan is well aware of the fact that such an amount can vary in a broad range and is dependent on various factors, e.g. the treated cultivated plant or material and the climatic conditions.
  • Healthier plants are desirable since they result among others in better yields and/or a better quality of the plants or crops, specifically better quality of the harvested plant parts. Healthier plants also better resist to biotic and/or abiotic stress. A high resistance against biotic stresses in turn allows the person skilled in the art to reduce the quantity of pesticides applied and consequently to slow down the development of resistances against the respective pesticides.
  • the present invention relates to a method for improving the health of plants grown from said plant propagation material, wherein the plant propagation material is treated with an effective amount of an inventive mixture.
  • Each plant health indicator listed below which is selected from the groups consisting of yield, plant vigor, quality and tolerance of the plant to abiotic and/or biotic stress, is to be understood as a preferred embodiment of the present invention either each on its own or preferably in combination with each other.
  • "increased yield" of a plant means that the yield of a product of the respective plant is increased by a measurable amount over the yield of the same product of the plant produced under the same conditions, but without the application of the inventive mixture.
  • increased yield can be characterized, among others, by the following improved properties of the plant: increased plant weight; and/or increased plant height; and/or increased biomass such as higher overall fresh weight (FW); and/or increased number of flowers per plant; and/or higher grain and/or fruit yield ; and/or more tillers or side shoots (branches); and/or larger leaves; and/or increased shoot growth; and/or increased protein content; and/or increased oil content; and/or increased starch content; and/or increased pigment content; and/or increased chlorophyll content (chlorophyll content has a positive correlation with the plant's photosynthesis rate and accordingly, the higher the chlorophyll content the higher the yield of a plant) and/or increased quality of a plant.
  • Gram and “fruit” are to be understood as any plant product which is further utilized after harvesting, e.g. fruits in the proper sense, vegetables, nuts, grains, seeds, wood (e.g. in the case of silviculture plants), flowers (e.g. in the case of gardening plants, ornamentals) etc., that is anything of economic value that is produced by the plant.
  • the yield is increased by at least 4%.
  • the yield increase may even be higher, for example 5 to 10 %, more preferable by 10 to 20 %, or even 20 to 30 %
  • the yield - if measured in the absence of pest pressure - is increased by at least 2 %
  • the yield increase may even be higher, for example until 4% to 5% or even more.
  • the plant vigor becomes manifest in several aspects such as the general visual appearance.
  • improved plant vigor can be characterized, among others, by the following improved properties of the plant: improved vitality of the plant; and/or improved plant growth; and/or improved plant development; and/or improved visual appearance; and/or improved plant stand (less plant verse/lodging and/or bigger leaf blade; and/or bigger size; and/or increased plant height; and/or increased tiller number; and/or increased number of side shoots; and/or increased number of flowers per plant; and/or increased shoot growth; and/or enhanced photosynthetic activity (e.g.
  • enhanced quality means that certain plant characteristics such as the content or composition of certain ingredients are increased or improved by a measurable or noticeable amount over the same factor of the plant produced under the same conditions, but without the application of the mixtures of the present invention.
  • Enhanced quality can be characterized, among others, by following improved properties of the plant or its product: increased nutrient content; and/or increased protein content; and/or increased oil content;
  • starch content and/or increased content of fatty acids; and/or increased metabolite content; and/or increased carotenoid content; and/or increased sugar content; and/or increased amount of essential amino acids; and/or improved nutrient composition; and/or improved protein composition; and/or improved composition of fatty acids; and/or improved metabolite composition; and/or improved carotenoid composition; and/or improved sugar composition; and/or improved amino acids composition ; and/or improved or optimal fruit color; and/or improved leaf color; and/or higher storage capacity; and/or better processability of the harvested products.
  • Another indicator for the condition of the plant is the plant's tolerance or resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress factors. Biotic and abiotic stress, especially over longer terms, can have harmful effects on plants.
  • Biotic stress is caused by living organisms while abiotic stress is caused for example by environmental extremes.
  • "enhanced tolerance or resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress factors” means (1.) that certain negative factors caused by biotic and/or abiotic stress are diminished in a measurable or noticeable amount as compared to plants exposed to the same conditions, but without being treated with an inventive mixture and (2.) that the negative effects are not diminished by a direct action of the inventive mixture on the stress factors, e.g. by its fungicidal or insecticidal action which directly destroys the
  • Negative factors caused by biotic stress such as pathogens and pests are widely known and are caused by living organisms, such as competing plants (for example weeds),
  • microorganisms such as phythopathogenic fungi and/or bacteria
  • viruses viruses
  • Negative factors caused by abiotic stress are also well-known and can often be observed as reduced plant vigor (see above), for example:
  • Abiotic stress can be caused for example by: extremes in temperature such as heat or cold (heat stress / cold stress); and/or strong variations in temperature; and/or temperatures unusual for the specific season; and/or drought (drought stress); and/or extreme wetness; and/or high salinity (salt stress); and/or radiation (for example by increased UV radiation due to the decreasing ozone layer); and/or increased ozone levels (ozone stress); and/or organic pollution (for example by phythotoxic amounts of pesticides); and/or inorganic pollution (for example by heavy metal contaminants).
  • extremes in temperature such as heat or cold (heat stress / cold stress); and/or strong variations in temperature; and/or temperatures unusual for the specific season; and/or drought (drought stress); and/or extreme wetness; and/or high salinity (salt stress)
  • radiation for example by increased UV radiation due to the decreasing ozone layer
  • ozone levels ozone stress
  • organic pollution for example by phythotoxic amounts of pest
  • the above identified indicators for the health condition of a plant may be interdependent and may result from each other.
  • an increased resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress may lead to a better plant vigor, e.g. to better and bigger crops, and thus to an increased yield.
  • a more developed root system may result in an increased resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress.
  • these interdependencies and interactions are neither all known nor fully understood and therefore the different indicators are described separately.
  • inventive mixtures effectuate an increased yield of a plant or its product. In another embodiment the inventive mixtures effectuate an increased vigor of a plant or its product. In another embodiment the inventive mixtures effectuate in an increased quality of a plant or its product. In yet another embodiment the inventive mixtures effectuate an increased tolerance and/or resistance of a plant or its product against biotic stress. In yet another embodiment the inventive mixtures effectuate an increased tolerance and/or resistance of a plant or its product against abiotic stress.
  • the invention also relates to agrochemical compositions comprising an auxiliary and the mixtures according to the invention and as defined above.
  • An agrochemical composition comprises a fungicidally or insecticidally effective amount of component 2) and component 3) and a plan growth and/or seed germination enhancing amount of component 1 ).
  • Such amounts can vary in a broad range and is dependent on various factors, such as the fungal or pest species to be controlled, the treated cultivated plant or material, the climatic conditions.
  • the microorganisms as used according to the invention can be cultivated continuously or discontinuously in the batch process or in the fed batch or repeated fed batch process.
  • a review of known methods of cultivation will be found in the textbook by Chmiel (Bioreaktoren und periphere bamboo (Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 1994)).
  • the culture medium that is to be used must satisfy the requirements of the particular strains in an appropriate manner.
  • culture media for various microorganisms are given in the handbook "Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology” of the American Society for Bacteriology (Washington D. C, USA, 1981 ).
  • These culture media that can be used according to the invention generally comprise one or more sources of carbon, sources of nitrogen, inorganic salts, vitamins and/or trace elements.
  • Preferred sources of carbon are sugars, such as mono-, di- or polysaccharides.
  • Very good sources of carbon are for example glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, ribose, sorbose, ribulose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, raffinose, starch or cellulose.
  • Sugars can also be added to the media via complex compounds, such as molasses, or other by-products from sugar refining. It may also be advantageous to add mixtures of various sources of carbon.
  • Other possible sources of carbon are oils and fats such as soybean oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil and coconut oil, fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid or linoleic acid, alcohols such as glycerol, methanol or ethanol and organic acids such as acetic acid or lactic acid.
  • Sources of nitrogen are usually organic or inorganic nitrogen compounds or materials containing these compounds.
  • sources of nitrogen include ammonia gas or ammonium salts, such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate or ammonium nitrate, nitrates, urea, amino acids or complex sources of nitrogen, such as corn- steep liquor, soybean flour, soybean protein, yeast extract, meat extract and others.
  • the sources of nitrogen can be used separately or as a mixture.
  • Inorganic salt compounds that may be present in the media comprise the chloride, phosphate or sulfate salts of calcium, magnesium, sodium, cobalt, molybdenum, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron.
  • Inorganic sulfur-containing compounds for example sulfates, sulfites, dithionites, tetrathionates, thiosulfates, sulfides, but also organic sulfur compounds, such as mercaptans and thiols, can be used as sources of sulfur.
  • Phosphoric acid, potassium dihydrogenphosphate or dipotassium hydrogenphosphate or the corresponding sodium-containing salts can be used as sources of phosphorus.
  • Chelating agents can be added to the medium, in order to keep the metal ions in solution.
  • Especially suitable chelating agents comprise dihydroxyphenols, such as catechol or protocatechuate, or organic acids, such as citric acid.
  • the culture media used may also contain other growth factors, such as vitamins or growth promoters, which include for example biotin, riboflavin, thiamine, folic acid, nicotinic acid, pantothenate and pyridoxine. Growth factors and salts often come from complex components of the media, such as yeast extract, molasses, corn-steep liquor and the like. In addition, suitable precursors can be added to the culture medium. The precise composition of the compounds in the medium is strongly dependent on the particular experiment and must be decided individually for each specific case. Information on media optimization can be found in the textbook "Applied Microbiol. Physiology, A Practical Approach" (Publ. P.M. Rhodes, P.F. Stanbury, IRL Press (1997) p.
  • Growing media can also be obtained from commercial suppliers, such as Standard 1 (Merck) or BHI (Brain heart infusion, DIFCO) etc. All components of the medium are sterilized, either by heating (20 min at 2.0 bar and 121 °C) or by sterile filtration. The components can be sterilized either together, or if necessary separately. All the components of the medium can be present at the start of growing, or optionally can be added continuously or by batch feed.
  • the temperature of the culture of the respective microorganism is normally between 15°C and 45°C, preferably 25°C to 40°C and can be kept constant or can be varied during the experiment.
  • the pH value of the medium should be in the range from 5 to 8.5, preferably around 7.0.
  • the pH value for growing can be controlled during growing by adding basic compounds such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia or ammonia water or acid compounds such as phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid.
  • Antifoaming agents e.g. fatty acid polyglycol esters, can be used for controlling foaming.
  • suitable substances with selective action e.g. antibiotics
  • Oxygen or oxygen-containing gas mixtures e.g. the ambient air, are fed into the culture in order to maintain aerobic conditions.
  • the temperature of the culture is normally from 20°C to 45°C. Culture is continued until a maximum of the desired product has formed. This is normally achieved within 10 hours to 160 hours.
  • the cells can be disrupted optionally by high-frequency ultrasound, by high pressure, e.g. in a French pressure cell, by osmolysis, by the action of detergents, lytic enzymes or organic solvents, by means of homogenizers or by a combination of several of the methods listed.
  • the methodology of the present invention can further include a step of recovering individual compositions such as cell-free extracts, supernatants, metabolites or alike.
  • the term "recovering" includes extracting, harvesting, isolating or purifying of an extract, supernatant or metabolite e.g. from whole culture broth.
  • Recovering can be performed according to any conventional isolation or purification methodology known in the art including, but not limited to, treatment with a conventional resin (e.g., anion or cation exchange resin, non- ionic adsorption resin, etc.), treatment with a conventional adsorbent (e.g., activated charcoal, silicic acid, silica gel, cellulose, alumina, etc.), alteration of pH, solvent extraction (e.g., with a conventional solvent such as an alcohol, ethyl acetate, hexane and the like), distillation, dialysis, filtration, concentration, crystallization, recrystallization, pH adjustment, lyophilization and the like.
  • a conventional resin e.g., anion or cation exchange resin, non- ionic adsorption resin, etc.
  • a conventional adsorbent e.g., activated charcoal, silicic acid, silica gel, cellulose, alumina, etc.
  • solvent extraction e.
  • the agent can be recovered from culture media by first removing the microorganisms. The remaining broth is then passed through or over a cation exchange resin to remove unwanted cations and then through or over an anion exchange resin to remove unwanted inorganic anions and organic acids.
  • composition according to the invention such as parts of a kit or parts of a binary or ternary mixture may be mixed by the user himself in a spray tank or any other kind of vessel used for applications (e.g seed treater drums, seed pelleting machinery, knapsack sprayer) and further auxiliaries may be added, if
  • one embodiment of the invention is a kit for preparing a usable pesticidal composition, the kit compring a) a composition comprising component 1 ) as defined herein and at least one auxiliary; and b) a composition comprising component 2) as defined herein and at least one auxiliary; and c) a composition comprising at least one auxiliary and active component 3) as defined herein.
  • the at least one SDHI fungicide II and the at least one azole-type fungicide III can be converted into customary types of agrochemical compositions, e. g. solutions, emulsions, suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes, granules, pressings, capsules, and mixtures thereof.
  • agrochemical compositions e. g. solutions, emulsions, suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes, granules, pressings, capsules, and mixtures thereof.
  • composition types are suspensions (e.g. SC, OD, FS), emulsifiable concentrates (e.g. EC), emulsions (e.g. EW, EO, ES, ME), capsules (e.g. CS, ZC), pastes, pastilles, wettable powders or dusts (e.g.
  • WP WP
  • SP WS
  • DP DS
  • pressings e.g. BR, TB, DT
  • granules e.g. WG, SG, GR, FG, GG, MG
  • insecticidal articles e.g. LN
  • gel formulations for the treatment of plant propagation materials such as seeds (e.g. GF).
  • compositions types are defined in the "Catalogue of pesticide formulation types and
  • compositions are prepared in a known manner, such as described by Mollet and Grubemann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001 ; or Knowles, New
  • Suitable auxiliaries are solvents, liquid carriers, solid carriers or fillers, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, wetters, adjuvants, solubilizers, penetration enhancers, protective colloids, adhesion agents, thickeners, humectants, repellents, attractants, feeding stimulants, compatibilizers, bactericides, anti-freezing agents, anti-foaming agents, colorants, tackifiers and binders.
  • Suitable solvents and liquid carriers are water and organic solvents, such as mineral oil fractions of medium to high boiling point, e.g. kerosene, diesel oil; oils of vegetable or animal origin; aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e. g. toluene, paraffin,
  • tetrahydronaphthalene alkylated naphthalenes
  • alcohols e.g. ethanol, propanol, butanol, benzylalcohol, cyclohexanol
  • glycols DMSO
  • ketones e.g. cyclohexanone
  • esters e.g. lactates, carbonates, fatty acid esters, gamma-butyrolactone
  • fatty acids phosphonates
  • amines amides, e.g. N-methylpyrrolidone, fatty acid dimethylamides; and mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable solid carriers or fillers are mineral earths, e.g. silicates, silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, clays, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide; polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch; fertilizers, e.g. ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas; products of vegetable origin, e.g. cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal, nutshell meal, and mixtures thereof.
  • mineral earths e.g. silicates, silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, clays, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide
  • polysaccharides e.g. cellulose, starch
  • fertilizers
  • Suitable surfactants are surface-active compounds, such as anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants, block polymers, polyelectrolytes, and mixtures thereof. Such surfactants can be used as emusifier, dispersant, solubilizer, wetter, penetration enhancer, protective colloid, or adjuvant. Examples of surfactants are listed in McCutcheon's, Vol.1 : Emulsifiers & Detergents, McCutcheon's Directories, Glen Rock, USA, 2008 (International Ed. or North American Ed.).
  • Suitable anionic surfactants are alkali, alkaline earth or ammonium salts of sulfonates, sulfates, phosphates, carboxylates, and mixtures thereof.
  • sulfonates are alkylarylsulfonates, diphenylsulfonates, alpha-olefin sulfonates, lignine sulfonates, sulfonates of fatty acids and oils, sulfonates of ethoxylated alkylphenols, sulfonates of alkoxylated
  • tridecylbenzenes sulfonates of naphthalenes and alkylnaphthalenes, sulfosuccinates or sulfosuccinamates.
  • sulfates are sulfates of fatty acids and oils, of ethoxylated alkylphenols, of alcohols, of ethoxylated alcohols, or of fatty acid esters.
  • phosphates are phosphate esters.
  • carboxylates are alkyl carboxylates, and carboxylated alcohol or alkylphenol ethoxylates.
  • Suitable nonionic surfactants are alkoxylates, N-subsituted fatty acid amides, amine oxides, esters, sugar-based surfactants, polymeric surfactants, and mixtures thereof.
  • alkoxylates are compounds such as alcohols, alkylphenols, amines, amides, arylphenols, fatty acids or fatty acid esters which have been alkoxylated with 1 to 50 equivalents.
  • Ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide may be employed for the alkoxylation, preferably ethylene oxide.
  • N-subsititued fatty acid amides are fatty acid glucamides or fatty acid
  • esters are fatty acid esters, glycerol esters or monoglycerides.
  • sugar-based surfactants are sorbitans, ethoxylated sorbitans, sucrose and glucose esters or alkylpolyglucosides.
  • polymeric surfactants are home- or copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone, vinylalcohols, or vinylacetate.
  • Suitable cationic surfactants are quaternary surfactants, for example quaternary ammonium compounds with one or two hydrophobic groups, or salts of long-chain primary amines.
  • Suitable amphoteric surfactants are alkylbetains and imidazolines.
  • Suitable block polymers are block polymers of the A-B or A-B-A type comprising blocks of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, or of the A-B-C type comprising alkanol, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide.
  • Suitable polyelectrolytes are polyacids or polybases.
  • polyacids are alkali salts of polyacrylic acid or polyacid comb polymers.
  • polybases are polyvinylamines or polyethyleneamines.
  • Suitable adjuvants are compounds, which have a neglectable or even no pesticidal activity themselves, and which improve the biological performance of the compound I on the target.
  • Suitable thickeners are polysaccharides (e.g. xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose), anorganic clays (organically modified or unmodified), polycarboxylates, and silicates.
  • Suitable bactericides are bronopol and isothiazolinone derivatives such as alkyliso- thiazolinones and benzisothiazolinones.
  • Suitable anti-freezing agents are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea and glycerin.
  • Suitable anti-foaming agents are silicones, long chain alcohols, and salts of fatty acids.
  • Suitable colorants e.g. in red, blue, or green
  • Suitable colorants are pigments of low water solubility and water-soluble dyes. Examples are inorganic colorants (e.g. iron oxide, titan oxide, iron hexacyanoferrate) and organic colorants (e.g. alizarin-, azo- and phthalocyanine colorants).
  • Suitable tackifiers or binders are polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylates, biological or synthetic waxes, and cellulose
  • compositions When living microorganisms, such as biopesticides I, form part of the compositions, such compositions can be prepared as compositions comprising besides the active ingredients at least one auxiliary (inert ingredient) by usual means (see e.g. H.D. Burges: Formulation of Micobial Biopestcides, Springer, 1998).
  • auxiliary inert ingredient
  • Suitable customary types of such compositions are suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes, granules, pressings, capsules, and mixtures thereof.
  • composition types are suspensions (e.g. SC, OD, FS), capsules (e.g. CS, ZC), pastes, pastilles, wettable powders or dusts (e.g.
  • WP WP
  • SP WS
  • DP DS
  • pressings e.g. BR, TB, DT
  • granules e.g. WG, SG, GR, FG, GG, MG
  • insecticidal articles e.g. LN
  • gel formulations for the treatment of plant propagation materials such as seeds (e.g. GF).
  • Suitable formulations are e.g. mentioned in WO 2008/002371 , US 6955,912, US 5,422,107.
  • auxiliaries examples are those mentioned earlier herein, wherein it must be taken care that choice and amounts of such auxiliaries should not influence the viability of the microbial pesticides in the composition.
  • bactericides and solvents compatibility with the respective microorganism of the respective microbial pesticide has to be taken into account.
  • compositions with microbial pesticides may further contain stabilizers or nutrients and UV protectants.
  • Suitable stabilzers or nutrients are e.g. alpha-tocopherol, trehalose, glutamate, potassium sorbate, various sugars like glucose, sucrose, lactose and maltodextrine (H.D. Burges: Formulation of Micobial Biopestcides, Springer, 1998).
  • Suitable UV protectants are e.g. inorganic compouns like titan dioxide, zinc oxide and iron oxide pigments or organic compounds like benzophenones, benzotriazoles and phenyltriazines.
  • the compositions may in addition to auxiliaries mentioned for compositions comprising compounds I herein optionally comprise 0.1 - 80% stabilizers or nutrients and 0.1 -10% UV protectants.
  • composition types and their preparation are:
  • a pesticide II or the inventive mixture and 5-15 wt% wetting agent e.g. alcohol alkoxylates
  • a water-soluble solvent e.g. alcohols
  • a pesticide II or the inventive mixture 5-25 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture and 1 -10 wt% dispersant (e. g.
  • polyvinylpyrrolidone are dissolved in organic solvent (e.g. cyclohexanone) ad 100 wt%. Dilution with water gives a dispersion.
  • organic solvent e.g. cyclohexanone
  • emulsifiers e.g. calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate
  • water-insoluble organic sol- vent e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon
  • Emulsions (EW, EO, ES)
  • emulsifiers e.g. calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate
  • water-insoluble organic solvent e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon
  • a pesticide II or the inventive mixture are comminuted with addition of 2-10 wt% dispersants and wetting agents (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate), 0.1 -2 wt% thickener (e.g. xanthan gum) and water ad 100 wt% to give a fine active substance suspension. Dilution with water gives a stable suspension of the active substance.
  • dispersants and wetting agents e.g. sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate
  • 0.1 -2 wt% thickener e.g. xanthan gum
  • Water-dispersible granules and water-soluble granules (WG, SG) 50-80 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture are ground finely with addition of disper- sants and wetting agents (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate) ad 100 wt% and prepared as water-dispersible or water-soluble granules by means of technical appliances (e. g. extrusion, spray tower, fluidized bed). Dilution with water gives a stable dispersion or solution of the active substance.
  • disper- sants and wetting agents e.g. sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate
  • wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture are ground in a rotor-stator mill with addition of 1 -5 wt% dispersants (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate), 1 -3 wt% wetting agents (e.g. alcohol ethoxylate) and solid carrier (e.g. silica gel) ad 100 wt%. Dilution with water gives a stable dispersion or solution of the active substance.
  • dispersants e.g. sodium lignosulfonate
  • wetting agents e.g. alcohol ethoxylate
  • solid carrier e.g. silica gel
  • a pesticide II or the inventive mixture are comminuted with addition of 3-10 wt% dispersants (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate), 1 -5 wt% thickener (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose) and water ad 100 wt% to give a fine suspension of the active sub- stance. Dilution with water gives a stable suspension of the active substance.
  • dispersants e.g. sodium lignosulfonate
  • 1 -5 wt% thickener e.g. carboxymethylcellulose
  • a pesticide II or the inventive mixture are added to 5-30 wt% organic solvent blend (e.g. fatty acid dimethylamide and cyclohexanone), 10-25 wt% surfactant blend (e.g. alcohol ethoxylate and arylphenol ethoxylate), and water ad 100 %.
  • organic solvent blend e.g. fatty acid dimethylamide and cyclohexanone
  • surfactant blend e.g. alcohol ethoxylate and arylphenol ethoxylate
  • An oil phase comprising 5-50 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture, 0-40 wt% water insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon), 2-15 wt% acrylic monomers (e.g.
  • methylmethacrylate, methacrylic acid and a di- or triacrylate are dispersed into an aqueous solution of a protective colloid (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol). Radical polymerization initiated by a radical initiator results in the formation of poly(meth)acrylate microcapsules.
  • a protective colloid e.g. polyvinyl alcohol.
  • Radical polymerization initiated by a radical initiator results in the formation of poly(meth)acrylate microcapsules.
  • an oil phase comprising 5-50 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture according to the invention, 0-40 wt% water insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon), and an isocyanate monomer (e.g. diphenylmethene-4,4'-diisocyanatae) are dispersed into an aqueous solution of a protective colloid (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol).
  • a polyamine e.g.
  • hexamethylenediamine results in the formation of polyurea microcapsules.
  • the monomers amount to 1 -10 wt%.
  • the wt% relate to the total CS composition.
  • Dustable powders (DP, DS)
  • a pesticide II or the inventive mixture are ground finely and mixed intimately with solid carrier (e.g. finely divided kaolin) ad 100 wt%.
  • solid carrier e.g. finely divided kaolin
  • a pesticide II or the inventive mixture is ground finely and associated with solid carrier (e.g. silicate) ad 100 wt%.
  • Granulation is achieved by extrusion, spray-drying or fluidized bed.
  • a pesticide II or the inventive mixture are dissolved in organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon) ad 100 wt%.
  • organic solvent e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon
  • compositions types i) to xiii) may optionally comprise further auxiliaries, such as 0.1 -1 wt% bactericides, 5-15 wt% anti-freezing agents, 0.1 -1 wt% anti-foaming agents, and 0.1 -1 wt% colorants.
  • auxiliaries such as 0.1 -1 wt% bactericides, 5-15 wt% anti-freezing agents, 0.1 -1 wt% anti-foaming agents, and 0.1 -1 wt% colorants.
  • compositions types i) to vii) may optionally comprise further auxiliaries, such as 0,1 -1 wt% bactericides, 5-15 wt% anti-freezing agents, 0,1 -1 wt% anti-foaming agents, 0.1 - 80% stabilizers or nutrients, 0.1 -10% UV protectants and 0,1 -1 wt% colorants.
  • auxiliaries such as 0,1 -1 wt% bactericides, 5-15 wt% anti-freezing agents, 0,1 -1 wt% anti-foaming agents, 0.1 - 80% stabilizers or nutrients, 0.1 -10% UV protectants and 0,1 -1 wt% colorants.
  • compositions types i) to xi) may optionally comprise further auxiliaries, such as 0.1 -1 wt% bactericides, 5-15 wt% anti-freezing agents, 0.1 -1 wt% anti-foaming agents, and 0.1 -1 wt% colorants.
  • auxiliaries such as 0.1 -1 wt% bactericides, 5-15 wt% anti-freezing agents, 0.1 -1 wt% anti-foaming agents, and 0.1 -1 wt% colorants.
  • the agrochemical compositions generally are characterized in that they contain an effective quantity of the active components as defined above. Generally, they contain between 0.01 and 95%, preferably between 0.1 and 90%, and in particular between 0.5 and 75%, by weight of active components, in particular active substances.
  • the compositions contain the micororganisms in an amount from 1 x 10 5 to 1 x 10 12 CFU, preferably from 1 x 10 7 CFU to 1 x 10 12 CFU, more preferably from 1 x 10 9 CFU to 1 x 10 12 CFU per gram total weight of the composition.
  • Colony forming unit is a measure of viable microbial cells, in particular bacterial and/or fungal cells or spores.
  • Solutions for seed treatment (LS), suspoemulsions (SE), flowable concentrates (FS), powders for dry treatment (DS), water-dispersible powders for slurry treatment (WS), water- soluble powders (SS), emulsions (ES), emulsifiable concentrates (EC) and gels (GF) are usually employed for the purposes of treatment of plant propagation materials, particularly seeds.
  • Preferred examples of seed treatment formulation types or soil application for pre-mix compositions are of WS, LS, ES, FS, WG or CS-type.
  • compositions in question give, after two-to-tenfold dilution, active components concentrations of from 0.01 to 60% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 40%, in the ready-to-use preparations. Application can be carried out before or during sowing.
  • Methods for applying or treating the mixtures and compositions of the invention, respectively, on to plant propagation material, especially seeds include dressing, coating, pelleting, dusting, soaking and in-furrow application methods of the propagation material.
  • mixtures and compositions of the invention, respectively are applied on to the plant propagation material by a method such that germination is not induced, e. g. by seed dressing, pelleting, coating and dusting.
  • a pre-mix formulation for seed treatment application comprises 0.5 to 99.9 percent, especially 1 to 95 percent, of the desired ingredients, and 99.5 to 0.1 percent, especially 99 to 5 percent, of a solid or liquid adjuvant (including, for example, a solvent such as water), where the auxiliaries can be a surfactant in an amount of 0 to 50 percent, especially 0.5 to 40 percent, based on the pre-mix formulation.
  • a solid or liquid adjuvant including, for example, a solvent such as water
  • the auxiliaries can be a surfactant in an amount of 0 to 50 percent, especially 0.5 to 40 percent, based on the pre-mix formulation.
  • the end user will normally employ dilute formulations (e.g., tank mix composition).
  • Seed treatment methods for applying or treating inventive mixtures and compositions thereof to plant propagation material, especially seeds, are known in the art, and include dressing, coating, filmcoating, pelleting and soaking application methods of the propagation material.
  • inventive mixture is applied or treated on to the plant propagation material by a method such that the germination is not negatively impacted.
  • suitable methods for applying (or treating) a plant propagation material, such as a seed is seed dressing, seed coating or seed pelleting and alike.
  • the plant propagation material is a seed, seed piece (i.e. stalk) or seed bulb, in particular a seed.
  • the present method can be applied to a seed in any physiological state, it is preferred that the seed be in a sufficiently durable state that it incurs no damage during the treatment process.
  • the seed would be a seed that had been harvested from the field; removed from the plant; and separated from any cob, stalk, outer husk, and surrounding pulp or other non-seed plant material.
  • the seed would preferably also be biologically stable to the extent that the treatment would cause no biological damage to the seed. It is believed that the treatment can be applied to the seed at any time between harvest of the seed and sowing of the seed or during the sowing process (seed directed applications).
  • the seed may also be primed either before or after the treatment.
  • Treatment could vary from a thin film
  • dressing of the formulation containing the combination, for example, a mixture of active ingredient(s), on a plant propagation material, such as a seed, where the original size and/or shape are recognizable to an intermediary state (such as a coating) and then to a thicker film (such as pelleting with many layers of different materials (such as carriers, for example, clays; different formulations, such as of other active ingredients; polymers; and colourants) where the original shape and/or size of the seed is no longer recognizable.
  • an intermediary state such as a coating
  • a thicker film such as pelleting with many layers of different materials (such as carriers, for example, clays; different formulations, such as of other active ingredients; polymers; and colourants) where the original shape and/or size of the seed is no longer recognizable.
  • An aspect of the present invention includes application of the inventive mixtures onto the plant propagation material in a targeted fashion, including positioning the ingredients in the combination onto the entire plant propagation material or on only parts thereof, including on only a single side or a portion of a single side.
  • inventive mixtures onto the plant propagation material in a targeted fashion, including positioning the ingredients in the combination onto the entire plant propagation material or on only parts thereof, including on only a single side or a portion of a single side.
  • inventive mixtures can also be used in form of a "pill” or “pellet” or a suitable substrate and placing, or sowing, the treated pill, or substrate, next to a plant propagation material.
  • Such techniques are known in the art, particularly in EP1 124414, WO07/67042, and WO07/67044.
  • Application of the combinations described herein onto plant propagation material also includes protecting the plant propagation material treated with the combination of the present invention by placing one or more pesticide-containing particles next to a pesticide-treated seed, wherein the amount of pesticide is such that the pesticide-treated seed and the pesticide- containing particles together contain an Effective Dose of the pesticide and the pesticide dose contained in the pesticide-treated seed is less than or equal to the Maximal Non-Phytotoxic Dose of the pesticide.
  • Such techniques are known in the art, particularly in WO2005/120226.
  • Controlled release coatings on the seeds wherein the ingredients of the combinations are incorporated into materials that release the ingredients over time.
  • controlled release seed treatment technologies are generally known in the art and include polymer films, waxes, or other seed coatings, wherein the ingredients may be incorporated into the controlled release material or applied between layers of materials, or both. Seed can be treated by applying thereto the compound s present in the inventive mixtures in any desired sequence or simultaneously.
  • the seed treatment occurs to an unsown seed, and the term "unsown seed” is meant to include seed at any period between the harvest of the seed and the sowing of the seed in the ground for the purpose of germination and growth of the plant.
  • Treatment to an unsown seed is not meant to include those practices in which the active ingredient is applied to the soil but would include any application practice that would target the seed during the planting process.
  • the treatment occurs before sowing of the seed so that the sown seed has been pre-treated with the combination.
  • seed coating or seed pelleting are preferred in the treatment of the combinations according to the invention.
  • the ingredients in each combination are adhered on to the seed and therefore available for pest control.
  • the treated seeds can be stored, handled, sowed and tilled in the same manner as any other active ingredient treated seed.
  • the present invention relates to a method for protection of plant propagation material from pests and/or improving the health of plants grown from said plant propagation material, wherein the soil, wherein plant propagation material is sown, is treated with an effective amount of an inventive mixture.
  • the present invention relates to a method for protection of plant propagation material from pests, wherein the soil, wherein plant propagation material is sown, is treated with an effective amount of an inventive mixture.
  • the present invention relates to a method for protection of plant propagation material from harmful fungi, wherein the soil, wherein plant propagation material is sown, is treated with an effective amount of an inventive mixture.
  • the present invention relates to a method for protection of plant propagation material from animal pests (insects, acarids or nematodes), wherein the soil, wherein plant propagation material is sown, is treated with an effective amount of an inventive mixture.
  • the total amounts of active components applied are, depending on the kind of effect desired, from 0.001 to 10 kg per ha, preferably from 0.005 to 2 kg per ha, more preferably from 0.05 to 0.9 kg per ha, in particular from 0.1 to 0.75 kg per ha.
  • the application rates for foliar or soil e. g.
  • application methods generally range from about 1 x 10 6 to 5 x 10 15 (or more) CFU/ha, preferably from about 1 x 10 8 to about 1 x 10 13 CFU/ha, and even more preferably from about 1 x 10 9 to about 1 x 10 12 CFU/ha.
  • the amount of the inventive mixtures is in the range from 0.01 -10 kg, preferably from 0.1 -1000 g, more preferably from 1 -100 g per 100 kilogram of plant propagation material (preferably seeds).
  • the application rates with respect to plant propagation material preferably range from about 1 x 10 6 to 1 x 10 12 (or more) CFU/seed.
  • the concentration is about 1 x 10 6 to about 1 x 10 11 CFU/seed.
  • the application rates with respect to plant propagation material also preferably range from about 1 x 10 7 to 1 x 10 14 (or more) CFU per 100 kg of seed, preferably from 1 x 10 9 to about 1 x 10 12 CFU per 100 kg of seed.
  • Amounts customarily applied in the protection of materials are 0.001 g to 2 kg, preferably 0.005 g to 1 kg, of active components per cubic meter of treated material.
  • oils, wetters, adjuvants, fertilizer, or micronutrients, and further pesticides may be added to the mictures or the compositions comprising them as premix or, if appropriate not until immediately prior to use (tank mix).
  • pesticides e.g. herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, growth regulators, safeners, biopesticides
  • These agents can be admixed with the compositions according to the invention in a weight ratio of 1 :100 to 100:1 , preferably 1 :10 to 10:1.
  • These further useful active compounds can be fertilizers or micronutrient donors (such as Mo, Zn and / or Co), especially when applied to plant propagation materials.
  • a polyether polymethylsiloxane copolymer may be added to the composition accoding to the invention, preferably in a weight ratio of 1 :100 to 100:1 , more preferably in a weight ratio of 1 :10 to 10:1 , in particular in a weight ratio of 1 :5 to 5:1 based on the total weight of the component 1 ) and component 2).
  • a mineral oil or a vegetable oil may be added to the composition according to the invention, preferably in a weight ratio of 1 :100 to 100:1 , more preferably in a weight ratio of 1 :10 to 10:1 , in particular in a weight ratio of 1 :5 to 5:1 based on the total weight of component 1 ) and component 2).
  • the user applies the composition according to the invention usually from a predosage device, a knapsack sprayer, a spray tank, a spray plane, or an irrigation system.
  • the agrochemical composition is made up with water, buffer, and/or further auxiliaries to the desired application concentration and the ready-to-use spray liquor or the agrochemical composition according to the invention is thus obtained.
  • 20 to 2000 liters, preferably 50 to 400 liters, of the ready-to-use spray liquor are applied per hectare of agricultural useful area.
  • the compound ratios are advantageously chosen so as to produce a synergistic effect.
  • the solid material (dry matter) of the biopesticides are considered as active components (e.g. to be obtained after drying or evaporation of the extraction medium or filtration of the suspension medium in case of liquid formulations of the microbial pesticides).
  • the total weight ratios of compositions comprising at least one microbial pesticide in the form of viable microbial cells including dormant forms can be determined using the amount of CFU of the respective microorganism to calclulate the total weight of the respective active component using the following equation that 1 x 10 10 CFU equals one gram of total weight of the respective active component.
  • the weight ratio of the component 1) and the component 2) generally depends from the properties of the active components used, usually it is in the range of from 1:10,000 to 10,000:1, regularly in the range of from 1:100 to 10,000:1, preferably in the range of from 1:100 to 5,000:1, more preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 1,000:1, even more preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 500:1 and in particular in the range of from 10:1 to 300: 1.
  • the weight ratio of the component 1) and the component 2) usually is in the range of from 20,000:1 to 1:10, often in the range of from 10,000:1 to 1:1, regularly in the range of from 5,000:1 to 5:1, preferably in the range of from 5,000:1 to 10:1, more preferably in the range of from 2,000:1 to 30:1, even more preferably in the range of from 2,000:1 to 100:1 and in particular in the range of from 1,000:1 to 100:1.
  • the weight ratio of the component 1) and the component 2) usually is in the range of from 1:1 to 1:1000, often in the range of from 1:1 to 1:100, regularly in the range of from 1:1 to 1:50, preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 1:20, more preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 1:10, even more preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 1:4 and in particular in the range of from 1:1 to 1:2.
  • the weight ratio of the component 1) and the component 3) generally depends from the properties of the active components used, usually it is in the range of from 1:10,000 to 10,000:1, regularly in the range of from 1:100 to 10,000:1, preferably in the range of from 1:100 to 5,000:1, more preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 1,000:1, even more preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 500:1 and in particular in the range of from 10:1 to 300: 1.
  • the weight ratio of the component 1) and the component 3) usually is in the range of from 20,000:1 to 1:10, often in the range of from 10,000:1 to 1:1, regularly in the range of from 5,000:1 to 5:1, preferably in the range of from 5,000:1 to 10:1, more preferably in the range of from 2,000:1 to 30:1, even more preferably in the range of from 2,000:1 to 100:1 and in particular in the range of from 1,000:1 to 100:1.
  • the weight ratio of the component 1) and the component 3) usually is in the range of from 1:1 to 1:1000, often in the range of from 1:1 to 1:100, regularly in the range of from 1:1 to 1:50, preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 1:20, more preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 1:10, even more preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 1:4 and in particular in the range of from 1:1 to 1:2.
  • the weight ratio of the component 2) and the component 3) generally depends from the properties of the active components used, usually it is in the range of from 1:100 to 100:1, regularly in the range of from 1:50 to 50:1, preferably in the range of from 1:20 to 20:1, more preferably in the range of from 1:10 to 10:1, even more preferably in the range of from 1:4 to 4:1 and in particular in the range of from 1:2 to 2:1.
  • the weight ratio of the component 2) and the component 3) usually is in the range of from 1000:1 to 1 :1 , often in the range of from 100: 1 to 1 :1 , regularly in the range of from 50:1 to 1 :1 , preferably in the range of from 20:1 to 1 :1 , more preferably in the range of from 10:1 to 1 :1 , even more preferably in the range of from 4:1 to 1 :1 and in particular in the range of from 2:1 to 1 :1.
  • the weight ratio of the component 2) and the component 3) usually is in the range of from 1 :1 to 1 :1000, often in the range of from 1 :1 to 1 :100, regularly in the range of from 1 :1 to 1 :50, preferably in the range of from 1 :1 to 1 :20, more preferably in the range of from 1 :1 to 1 :10, even more preferably in the range of from 1 :1 to 1 :4 and in particular in the range of from 1 :1 to 1 :2.
  • component 1 ) and component 2) are present in a total weight ratio of from 10,000:1 to 1 :100
  • component 1 ) and component 3) are present in a total weight ratio of from 10,000:1 to 1 :100
  • component 2) and component 3) are present in a total weight ratio of from 100:1 to 1 :100; wherein the total weight of component 1 ) in case of microorganisms is calculated on the basis of of the amount of CFU of component 1 ), wherein 1 x 10 10 CFU equals one gram of total weight of component 1 ).
  • ratios are also suitable for inventive mixtures applied by seed treatment.
  • the CFU ratio of both nitrogen-fixing bacteria usually is in the range of from 1 :1000 to 1000:1 , regularly in the range of from 1 :100 to 100:1 , preferably in the range of from 1 :20 to 20:1 , more preferably in the range of from 1 :5 to 5:1 and in particular in the range of from 1 :2 to 2:1.
  • the CFU ratio of both microbial pesticides usually is in the range of from 1 :1000 to 1000:1 , regularly in the range of from 1 :100 to 100:1 , preferably in the range of from 1 :20 to 20:1 , more preferably in the range of from 1 :5 to 5:1 and in particular in the range of from 1 :2 to 2:1.
  • the SDHI fungicides II and azole-type fungicides III were formulated separately as a stock solution having a concentration of 10000 ppm in dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • the stock solutions of the SDHI fungicides II and azole-type fungicides III were mixed according to the ratio, diluted to the stated concentrations and pipetted onto a filter micro titer plate (MTP).
  • MTP filter micro titer plate
  • a spore suspension of the pathogen e.g. Botrytis cinerea, Septoria tritici, etc.
  • aqueous biomalt solution was added as well as different concentrations of spores or cells of the biopesticides I.
  • the measured parameters were compared to the growth of the active compound-free control variant (100%) and the fungus-free and active compound-free blank value to determine the relative growth in % of the pathogens in the respective active compounds.
  • the expected efficacies of active compound combinations were determined using Colby's formula (Colby, S.R., Calculating synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations, Weeds, 1J5, pp. 20-22, 1967) and compared with the observed efficacies.
  • y efficacy expressed in % of the untreated control, when using the active component B at the concentration b.
  • the SDHI fungicides II and azole-type fungicides III were formulated separately or together as a stock solution comprising 25 mg of active substance which was made up to 10 ml using a mixture of acetone and/or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the emulsifier Wettol EM 31 (wetting agent having emulsifying and dispersing action based on ethoxylated alkylphenols) in a volume ratio of solvent/emulsifier of 99 to 1. This solution was then made up to 100 ml using water. This stock solution was diluted with the solvent/emulsifier/water mixture described to the active substance concentration given below.
  • the microorganisms of biopesticides I were cultivated as described herein or earlier elsewhere and were diluted with water to the concentration given below.
  • Young seedlings of tomato plants were grown in pots. The plants were sprayed to runoff with an aqueous suspension containing the concentration of SDHI fungicides II and azole-type fungicide III stated below. Simultaneously or up to 6 hours later, the plants were sprayed with an aquous suspension containg the concentration of the biopesticides I. The next day, the treated plants were inoculated with an aqueous suspension of sporangia of Phytophthora infestans. After inoculation, the trial plants were immediately transferred to a humid chamber. After 6 days at 18 to 20°C and a relative humidity close to 100%, the extent of fungal attack on the leaves was visually assessed as % diseased leaf area.
  • biopesticides I e.g. as SC formulation of spores with CFU of about 10 11 per ml
  • pathogens Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia
  • the application of the different products was done as seed treatment and the seeds were treated in the BASF Seed Solutions Technology Center (SSTC) Limburgerhof using a batch lab treater. The respective amount of seeds was placed in the bowl of the treater and the slurry was dosed on the spinning disk.
  • rye kernels inoculated with Fusarium graminearum were used. The trial was sown in 8 cm pots and Vermiculite was used as a substrate. The pots were filled with the substrate and the rye kernels inoculated with Fusarium graminearum were placed directly adjacent to the corn seeds. After the sowing, the pots were irigateded with fertilized water and placed according the randomization plan in a greenhouse cabin (16 h light, relative humidity ⁇ 95 %) for 7 days at 16°C, then 14 days at 20°C, followed for 7 days at 23°C. When necessary, they were irrigated with fertilized water.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to ternary mixtures comprising, as active components at least one biopesticide and a SDHI fungicide and an azole-type fungicide as defined herein and their use in crop protection especially as treatment of plant propagation materials.

Description

Ternary mixtures comprising biopesticides and SDHI fungicides and azole-type fungicides
Description The present invention relates to mixtures comprising, as active components at least one biopesticide and at least one SDHI fungicide and at least one azole-type fungicide as defined herein and their use in crop protection especially as treatment of plant propagation materials.
A pesticide is generally a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial or disinfectant) that through its effect deters, incapacitates, kills or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, spread disease or are vectors for disease. The term "pesticide" includes also plant growth regulators that alter the expected growth, flowering, or reproduction rate of plants; defoliants that cause leaves or other foliage to drop from a plant, usually to facilitate harvest; desiccants that promote drying of living tissues, such as unwanted plant tops; plant activators that activate plant physiology for defense of against certain pests; safeners that reduce unwanted herbicidal action of pesticides on crop plants; and plant growth promoters that affect plant physiology e.g. to increase plant growth, biomass, yield or any other quality parameter of the harvestable goods of a crop plant.
Biopesticides have been defined as a form of pesticides based on micro-organisms
(bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, etc.) or natural products (compounds, such as metabolites, proteins, or extracts from biological or other natural sources) (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/). Biopesticides fall into two major classes, microbial and biochemical pesticides:
(1 ) Microbial pesticides consist of bacteria, fungi or viruses (and often include the metabolites that bacteria and fungi produce). Entomopathogenic nematodes are also classified as microbial pesticides, even though they are multi-cellular.
(2) Biochemical pesticides are naturally occurring substances or or structurally-similar and functionally identical to a naturally-occurring substance and extracts from biological sources that control pests or provide other crop protection uses as defined below, but have non-toxic mode of actions (such as growth or developmental regulation, attractents, repellents or defence activators (e.g. induced resistance) and are relatively non-toxic to mammals.
Examples for biochemical pesticides include, but are not limited to semiochemicals (insect pheromones and kairomones), natural plant and insect regulators, naturally-occurring repellents and attractants, and proteins (e.g. enzymes).
Inoculants also known as microbial or soil inoculants are agricultural amendments that use beneficial endophytes (microbes) to promote plant health. The rhizobacteria commonly applied as inoculants include nitrogen-fixers and phosphate-solubilisers which enhance the availability of the macronutrients nitrogen and phosphorus to the host plant. Such bacteria are commonly referred to as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR).
Biopesticides for use against crop diseases have already established themselves on a variety of crops. For example, biopesticides already play an important role in controlling downy mildew diseases. Their benefits include: a 0-Day Pre-Harvest Interval, the ability to use under moderate to severe disease pressure, and the ability to use in mixture or in a rotational program with other registered pesticides.
A major growth area for biopesticides is in the area of seed treatments and soil amendments. Biopesticidal seed treatments are e.g. used to control soil borne fungal pathogens that cause seed rots, damping-off, root rot and seedling blights. They can also be used to control internal seed borne fungal pathogens as well as fungal pathogens that are on the surface of the seed. Many biopesticidal products also show capacities to stimulate plant host defenses and other physiological processes that can make treated crops more resistant to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses or can regulate plant growth. Many biopesticidal products also show capacities to stimulate plant health, plant growth and/or yield enhancing activity.
The term "plant health" is to be understood to denote a condition of the plant and/or its products which is determined by several indicators alone or in combination with each other such as yield (e. g. increased biomass and/or increased content of valuable ingredients), plant vigor (e. g. improved plant growth and/or greener leaves ("greening effect")), quality (e. g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients) and tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress. The above identified indicators for the health condition of a plant may be interdependent, or may result from each other.
Fungicidal mixtures comprising an SDHI fungicide and an azole-type fungicide are known inter alia from WO 99/031979, WO 07/017416, WO 05/034628 and WO 06/015865.
However, biopesticides under certain conditions can also have disadvantages such as high specificity: which may require an exact identification of the pest/pathogen and the use of multiple products to be used, slow speed of action (thus making them unsuitable if a pest outbreak is an immediate threat to a crop), variable efficacy due to the influences of various biotic and abiotic factors (since biopesticides are usually living organisms, which bring about pest/pathogen control by multiplying within the target insect pest/pathogen) and resistance development.
Practical agricultural experience has shown that the repeated and exclusive application of an individual active component in the control of harmful fungi, insects or other pests leads in many cases to a rapid selection of those fungus strains or pest isolates which have developed natural or adapted resistance against the active component in question. Effective control of these fungi, insects or other pests with the active component in question is then no longer possible. Another typical problem arising in the field of pest control lies in the need to reduce the dosage rates of the active ingredient in order to reduce or avoid unfavorable environmental or toxicological effects whilst still allowing effective pest control.
It is an object of the present invention overcome the abovementioned disadvantages and to provide, with a view to effective resistance management and effective control of phytopatho- genic harmful fungi, insects or other pests or to effective plant growth promotion, plant stress tolerance and/or seed germination, at application rates which are as low as possible, compositions which, at a reduced total amount of active compounds applied, have improved activity against the harmful fungi, insects or other pests or improved plant growth promoting, stress tolerance inducing and/or improved seeed germination activity (synergistic mixtures) and a broadened activity spectrum, in particular for certain indications. This is particularly visible if application rates for the beforementioned mixtures of pesticides are used where the individual components show no or virtually no activity.
We have accordingly found that this object is achieved by the mixtures and compositions defined herein, as active components at least one nitrogen-fixing bacterium and at least one biopesticide and a chemical pesticide as defined herein.
Thus, the present invention relates to mixtures comprising, as active components,
1 ) at least one biopesticide I from groups IA) and IB) selected from:
IA) other microbial and biochemical pesticides selected from: with Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum, B. firmus, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, B. simplex, B. megaterium, B. altitudinis, B. mojavensis, B. mycoides, B. solisalsi, Burkholderia spp., Coniothyrium minitans, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Paenibacillus alvei, Pasteuria nishizawa, Pasteuria usage, Penicillium bilaiae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida; abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, its salts and derivatives thereof, cis- jasmone, methyl jasmonate; harpin protein;
IB) nitrogen-fixing bacteria selected from: Bradyrhizobium japonicum, B. elkanii,
Bradyrhizobium spp., Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis), Bradyrhizobium sp. (Vigna), B.
liaoningense, B. lupine; Azospirillum brasilense, A. amazonense, A. lipoferum, A.
irakense, A. halopraeferens; Delftia acidovorans, Glomus intraradices; Mesorhizobium spp., Mesorhizobium ciceri, M. huakii, M. /of/; Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli, R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii, R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, R. tropici, Sinorhizobium melilotr, and
2) at least one SDHI fungicide II selected from: fluxapyroxad, boscalid, benzovindiflupyr,
penflufen, penthiopyrad, sedaxane, fluopyram, bixafen, isofetamid, isopyrazam; carboxin, benodanil, fenfuram, flutolanil, furametpyr, mepronil, oxycarboxin and thifluzamide;
and
3) at least one azole-type fungicide III selected from: ipconazole, difenoconazole, prothio- conazole, prochloraz, triticonazole, flutriafol, cyproconazole, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, hexaconazole, imazalil, imibenconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, simeconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol, uniconazole and thiabendazole.
Herein, the other microbial and biochemical pesticides IA are considered biopesticides that do not belong to the nitrogen-fixing bacteria IB and have some kind of pesticidal activity.
As regards the activity of the mixtures of the invention and compositions thereof, preference is given to the following embodiments defining the nitrogen-fixing bacteria IB and the other microbial and biochemical pesticides IB, the SDHI fungicides II, the azole-type fungicides III, their ratios and application rates, wherein the embodiments have independently of each other or more preferably in combination including also each combination of meanings for any subset of embodiments:
According to one embodiment, the mixtures comprise at least one biopesticide I and at least one SDHI fungicide II and at least one azole-type fungicide III in a synergistically effective amount. According to another embodiment, the mixtures comprise one biopoesticide I and one SDHI fungicide II and one azole-type fungicide III in a synergistically effective amount.
The invention also relates to a method for controlling phytopathogenic harmful fungi, insects, nematodes or other pests using mixtures of at least one biopesticide I and at least one SDHI fungicide II and at least one azole-type fungicide III and to the use of biopesticides I, SDHI fungicides II and azole-type fungicides III for preparing such mixtures, and to compositions comprising these mixtures and plant propagation materials, in particular seeds, comprising these mixtures respectively coated with such mixtures.
Moreover, we have found that simultaneous, that is joint or separate, application of at least one biopesticide I and at least one SDHI fungicide II and at least one azole-type fungicide III or successive application of at least one biopesticide I and at least one SDHI fungicide II and at least one azole-type fungicide III allows better control of harmful pests than is possible with the individual components alone (synergistic mixtures).
When applying at least one biopesticide I and at least one SDHI fungicide II and at least one azole-type fungicide III sequentially, the time between the applications may vary e. g. between 2 hours to 7 days. Also a broader range is possible ranging from 0.25 hour to 30 days, preferably from 0.5 hour to 14 days, particularly from 1 hour to 7 days or from 1.5 hours to 5 days, even more preferred from 2 hours to 1 day. Preferably, the biopesticide I is applied as last treatment. Component 1 ) in the mixtures comprise biopesticides I which can be separated into the microbial pesticides which comprise bacterial and fungal microorganisms and biochemical pesticides selected from abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, its salts and derivatives thereof, cis- jasmone, methyl jasmonate; and harpin protein.
In case component 1 ) is a microbial pesticide, component 1 ) in the mixtures embraces not only the isolated, pure cultures of the biopesticide I as defined herein, but also its cell-free extract having pesticidal activity, preferably an alcohol- or ketone-based extract, its suspensions in a whole broth culture or as a metabolite-containing supernatant or a purified metabolite obtained from a whole broth culture of the microorganism or microorganism strain.
Jasmonic acid, its salts (jasmonates) or derivatives include without limitation potassium, sodium, lithium, ammonium, dimethylammonium, isopropylammonium, diolammonium and diethtriethanolammonium jasmonate; and also jasmonic acid methyl ester, jasmonic acid amide, jasmonic acid methylamide, jasmonic acid-L-amino acid (amide-linked) conjugates (e. g. conjugates with L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-leucine, or L-phenylalanine), 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, coronatine, coronalon, coronafacoyl-L-serine, coronafacoyl-L-threonine, methyl esters of 1 -oxo- indanoyl-isoleucine, methyl esters of 1 -oxo-indanoyl-leucine, cis-jasmone, linoleic acid or derivatives thereof, and combinations of any of the above.
As used herein, "whole culture broth" refers to a liquid culture of a microorganism containing vegetative cells and/or spores suspended in the culture medium and optionally metabolites produced by the respective microorganism.
As used herein, "cell-free extract" refers to an extract of the vegetative cells, spores and/or the whole culture broth of a microorganism comprising cellular metabolites produced by the respective microorganism obtainable by cell disruption methods known in the art such as solvent-based (e. g. organic solvents such as alcohols sometimes in combination with suitable salts), temperature-based, application of shear forces, cell disruption with an ultrasonicator. The desired extract may be concentrated by conventional concentration techniques such as drying, evaporation, and centrifugation or alike. Certain washing steps using organic solvents and/or water-based media may also be applied to the crude extract preferably prior to use.
As used herein, the term "metabolite" refers to any component, compound, substance or byproduct (including but not limited to small molecule secondary metabolites, polyketides, fatty acid synthase products, non-ribosomal peptides, ribosomal peptides, proteins and enzymes) produced by a microorganism (such as fungi and bacteria, in particular the strains of the invention) that has any beneficial effect as described herein such as pesticidal activity or improvement of plant growth, water use efficiency of the plant, plant health, plant appearance, or the population of beneficial microorganisms in the soil around the plant activity herein.
According to a further embodiment, component 1 ) is selected from Bacillus amylolique- faciens, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum, B. firmus, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, B. simplex, B. megaterium; Burkholderia spp., Coniothyrium minitans, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Paenibacillus alvei, Penicillium bilaiae, Pasteuria nishizawa; cis-jasmone, methyl jasmonate and harpin protein.
According to a further embodiment, component 1 ) is selected from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum, B. pumilus, B. subtilis and B. simplex.
According to a further embodiment, component 1 ) is selected from Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium elkanii and Azospirillum brasilense.
According to a further embodiment, the mixtures comprise at least four active cmponents, wherein component 1 ) is selected from Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium elkanii, Azospirillum brasilense; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum, B. firmus, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, B. simplex, B. megaterium; Burkholderia spp., Coniothyrium minitans, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Paenibacillus alvei, Penicillium bilaiae, Pasteuria nishizawa; and wherein components 2) and 3) are as defined herein; and wherein component 4) is at least one biochemical pesticide selected from abscisic acid, harpin protein, cis-jasmone and methyl- jasmonate; more preferably cis-jasmone or methyl-jasmonate, in particular methyl jasmonate.
As used herein, "isolate" refers to a pure microbial culture separated from its natural origin, such an isolate obtained by culturing a single microbial colony. An isolate is a pure culture derived from a heterogeneous, wild population of microorganisms.
As used herein, "strain" refers to isolate or a group of isolates exhibiting phenotypic and/or genotypic traits belonging to the same lineage, distinct from those of other isolates or strains of the same species.
The biopesticides I, their preparation and their pesticidal activity e. g. against harmful fungi or insects are known (e-Pesticide Manual V 5.2 (ISBN 978 1 901396 85 0) (2008-201 1 );
http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/biopesticides/, see product lists therein; http://www.omri.org/omri- lists, see lists therein; Bio-Pesticides Database BPDB http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/bpdb/, see A to Z link therein). The biopesticides I may have fungicidal, bactericidal, viricidal, plant defense activator, insecticidal, acaricidal, molluscidal, pheromone, nematicidal, plant stress reducing, plant growth regulator, plant growth promoting and/or yield enhancing activity. Many of these biopesticides have been deposited under deposition numbers mentioned herein (the prefices refer to the acronym of the respective culture collection), are referred to in literature, registered and/or are commercially available: Bacillus altitudinis 41 KF2b (DSM 21631 ; Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56(7), 1465-1473, 2006), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains AP-136 (NRRL B-50614 and B-50330), AP-188 (NRRL B-50615 and B-50331 ), AP-218 (NRRL B- 50618), AP-219 (NRRL B-50619 and B-50332), and AP-295 (NRRL B-50620 and B-50333) all known from US 8,445,255; B. amyloliquefaciens IT-45 (CNCM I-3800) (e. g. Rhizocell C from ITHEC, France), B. amyloliquefaciens IN937a (J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17(2), 280-286, 2007; e. g. BioYield® from Gustafson LLC, TX, USA), B. amyloliquefaciens spp. plantarum D747 (US 20130236522 A1 ; FERM BP-8234; e. g. Double Nickel™ 55 WDG or Double Nickel™ LC from Certis LLC, USA), B. amyloliquefaciens spp. plantarum FZB24 isolated from plant pathogen-infested soil of a sugar beet field in Brandenburg, Germany (also called SB3615; DSM ID 96-2; J. Plant Dis. Prot. 105, 181-197, 1998; e. g. Taegro® from Novozyme Biologicals, Inc., USA), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum FZB42 isolated from plant pathogen-infested soil of a sugar beet field in Brandenburg, Germany (J. Plant Dis. Prot. 105, 181-197, 1998;
DSM 231 17; e. g. RhizoVital® 42 from AbiTEP GmbH, Berlin, Germany), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum GB03 (also called GB03; ATCC SD-1397; Phytopathol. 86(1 1 ), S36, 1996; e. g. Kodiak® or BioYield® from Gustafson, Inc., USA; or Companion® from Growth Products, Ltd., White Plains, NY 10603, USA), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum MBI600 also referred to as 1430 (NRRL B-50595; Int. J. Microbiol. Res. 3(2) (201 1 ), 120-130; US 2012/0149571 A1 ; e. g. Integral®, Subtilex® NG from BASF Corp., USA), B. amyloliquefaciens spp. plantarum TJ1000 (also called 1 BE; CA 2471555 A1 ; ATCC BAA-390; e. g. QuickRoots™ from TJ Technologies, Watertown, SD, USA), B. cereus CNCM 1-1562 (US 6,406,690), B. chitinosporus AQ746 isolated from roots in Saskatchewan, Canada (NRRL B-21618; US 5,733,544; AgraQuest now Bayer CropScience LP, USA), B. firmus CNCM 1-1582 (WO 2009/126473, WO 2009/124707, US 6,406,690; e. g. Votivo® from Bayer CropScience LP, USA), B. megaterium strains H491 (NRRL B-50769), M018 (NRRL B-50770) and J142 (NRRL B-50771 ) all known from US
2014/0051571 A1 from Marrone Biolnnovations, Inc., USA; B. mojavensis AP-209 (NRRL B- 50616; US 8,445,255), B. mycoides AQ726 (NRRL B-21664; US 5,906,818; from Bayer Crop Science, Germany), B. mycoides strain J (e.g. BmJ WG from Certis, USA against potato virus Y), B. pumilus GB34 (ATCC 700814; e. g. YieldShield® from Gustafson LLC, TX, USA), B. pumilus GHA 180 isolated from apple tree rhizosphere in Mexico (IDAC 260707-01 ; e. g. in PRO-MIX® BX from Premier Horticulture, 1 , avenue Premier, Rivie>e-du-Loup, Quebec, Canada G5R6C1 ), B. pumilus KFP9F (NRRL B-50754; WO 2014/029697; e. g. BAC-UP or FUSION-P from BASF Agricultural Specialities (Pty) Ltd., South Africa), B. pumilus INR-7 otherwise referred to as BU-F22 and BU-F33 (NRRL B-50185, NRRL B-50153; US 8,445,255), B. pumilus QST 2808 (NRRL B-30087; e. g. Sonata® or Ballad® Plus from AgraQuest Inc., USA), B. solisalsi AP-217 (NRRL B-50617; US 8,445,255), B. subtilis CX-9060 (Federal Register 77(7), 1633-1637; by Certis U.S.A., L.L.C.), B. subtilis FB17 also called UD 1022 or UD10-22 isolated from red beet roots in North America (ATCC PTA-1 1857; System. Appl.
Microbiol. 27, 372-379, 2004; US 2010/0260735; WO 201 1/109395); B. subtilis GB07
(Phytopathol. 86(1 1 ), S36, 1996; Epic® from Gustafson, Inc., USA), B. subtilis QST-713 isolated from a California peach orchard in 1995 (NRRL B-21661 ; e. g. Rhapsody®, Serenade® MAX or Serenade® ASO from AgraQuest Inc., USA); Bradyrhizobium sp. (e. g. Vault® from BASF Corp., USA), B. sp. (Arachis) CB1015 presumably originally collected in India (IITA 1006, USDA 3446; from Australian Inoculants Research Group;
http://www.qaseeds.com.au/inoculant_applic.php). B. sp. (Vigna) PNL01 (Bisson and Mason, April 29, 2010, Project report, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA:
http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042810-163614/; e. g. Vault® Peanut Liquid from BASF Corp., USA ), B. elkanii USDA 76, B. elkanii USDA 946. elkanii USDA 3254, B. elkanii U-1301 and U-1302 (e. g. Nitragin® Optimize from Novozymes Bio As S.A., Brazil, or Nlitrasec for soybean from LAGE y Cia, Brazil), B. japonicum (e. g. VAULT® from BASF Corp., USA), B. japonicum G49 (MSDJ G49; C. R. Acad. Agric. Fr. 73, 163-171 , 1987); B. japonicum TA-1 1 (TA1 1 NOD+) (NRRL B-18466; US 5,021 ,076; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 2399-2403, 1990; e. g. VAULT® NP, from BASF Corp., USA), B. japonicum strains deposited at USDA known from US 7,262,151 and Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 940-94, 1994: USDA 3 isolated from Glycine max in Virginia (USA) in 1914, USDA 31 (= Nitragin 61A164) od Serogroup 31 isolated from Glycine max in Wisconsin (USA) in 1941 , USDA 76 isolated from plant passage of strain USDA 74 (Serogroup 76) which has been isolated from G. max in California (USA) in 1956, USDA 121 isolated from G. max in Ohio (USA) in 1965 (Crop Science 26(5), 91 1 -916, 1986); B. japonicum WB74 (e. g. Eco-Rhiz Soya from Plant Health Products (Pty) Ltd, South Africa; or Soybean inoculant from Stimuplant CC, South Africa), B. lupini LL13 isolated from Lupinus iuteus nodules from French soils (deposited at INRA, France;
http://agriculture.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/ch20060216.pdf), B. lupini strains from Australia and known from Palta J.A., Berger J.B. (eds), Proceed. 12th International Lupin Conference, 14-18 Sept. 2008, Fremantle, Western Australia, International Lupin Association, Canterbury, New Zealand, 47-50, http://www.lupins.org/pdf/conference/2008/Agronomy%20and%20Production/John%20 Howieson%20and%20G%20OHara.pdf; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 , 7041 -7052, 2005;
Australian J. Exp. Agricult. 36(1 ), 63-70, 1996: strains WU425 isolated in Esperance, Western Australia from a non-Australian legume Ornithopus compressus, WSM471 isolated from
Ornithopus pinnatus in Oyster Harbour, Western Australia, and WSM4024 isolated from lupins in Australia by CRS during a 2005 survey; Burkholderia sp. A396 (NRRL B-50319;
WO 2013/032693; Marrone Bio Innovations, Inc., USA), Coniothyrium minitans CON/M/91 -08 (WO 1996/021358; DSM 9660; e. g. Contans® WG, Intercept® WG from Prophyta Biologischer Pflanzenschutz GmbH, Germany), Delftia acidovorans RAY209 (ATCC PTA-4249;
WO 2003/57861 ; e. g. BioBoost® from Brett Young, Winnipeg, Canada), Glomus intraradices (e. g. Myc® 4000 from ITHEC, France), Glomus intraradices RTI-801 (e. g. MYKOS from Xtreme Gardening, USA or RTI Reforestation Technologies International; USA), harpin preferably alpha-beta protein (Science 257, 85-88, 1992; e. g. Messenger™ or HARP-N-Tek from Plant Health Care pic, U.K.), Mesorhizobium ciceri CC1 192 collected in Israel from Cicer arietinum nodules (UPM 848, CECT 5549; Can. J. Microbiol. 48, 279-284, 2002; from
Horticultural Research Station, Gosford, Australia), M. huakuii HN3015 isolated from Astralagus sinicus in a rice-growing field of Southern China (World J. Microbiol. Biotechn. 23(6), 845-851 , 2007, ISSN 0959-3993), M. /of/' CC829 isolated from L. ulginosus nodules in USA (NZP 2012; commerical inoculant for Lotus pedunculatus and L. ulginosus in Australia), and M. loti SU343 isolated from host nodules in USA (commercial inoculant for Lotus corniculatus in Australia); Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 isolated from infected nematode eggs in the Philippines (AGAL 89/030550; W01991/02051 ; Crop Protection 27, 352-361 , 2008; e. g. BioAct®/MeloCon® from Prophyta, Germany), P. lilacinus DSM 15169 (e. g. Nemata® SC from Live Systems
Technology S.A., Colombia), P. lilacinus BCP2 (NRRL 50756; Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 101 - 2, 263-275, 2013; e. g. PL Gold from BASF Agricultural Specialities (Pty) Ltd., South Africa), Paenibacillus alvei NAS6G6 (WO 2014/029697; NRRL B-50755; e.g. BAC-UP from BASF Agricultural Specialities (Pty) Ltd., South Africa in mixture with Bacillus pumilus KFP9F), Pasteuria sp. ATCC PTA-9643 (WO 2010/085795), Pasteuria sp. Ph3 isolated from turfgrass soil samples collected at the DeBary Golf Course in central Florida (ATCC SD-5832;
WO 2012/064527; for control of Hoplolaimus galeatus nematode from Pasteuria Bioscience, Inc. now Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, USA), Pasteuria sp. Pr3 isolated from soil samples collected in the southeastern United States (ATCC SD-5834; for control of Rotylenchulus reniformis nematode potentially of species P. ramosa; Naviva® ST from Syngenta Crop
Protection, LLC, USA), P. nishizawae (WO 2010/80619), P. nishizawae Pn1 (Federal Register 76(22), 5808, February 2, 201 1 ; ATCC SD-5833; e.g. Clariva™ PN from Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, USA), P. penetrans (US 5,248,500; Del Monte Corp.), P. ramosa
(WO 2010/080619), P. thornea (WO 2010/080619), P. usgae BL1 (ATCC SD-5835; J. Nematol. 42(2): 87-90, 2010; ibid. 43(2), 101-109, 201 1 ; e. g. Econem™ for control of Belonolaimus longicaudatus from Pasteuria Bioscience now Syngenta sold by HarelPs LLC, Florida, USA for use on turf for management of Belonolaimus longicaudatus), Penicillium bilaiae (also called P. bilaii) strains ATCC 18309 (= ATCC 74319), ATCC 20851 and/or ATCC 22348 (= ATCC 74318) originally isolated from soil in southern Alberta (Fertilizer Res. 39, 97-103, 1994; Can. J. Plant Sci. 78(1 ), 91 -102, 1998; US 5,026,417, WO 1995/017806; e. g. Jump Start®, Provide® from Novozymes Biologicals BioAg Group, Canada), P. bilaiae NRRL 50162 and NRRL 50169 (W0 2010/037228); Pseudomonas fluorescens (e.g. in Bio Cure-B from T. Stanes & Company Limited, India; or in Blight-End from Agri Naturals, Mumbai, India), P. fluorescens A506
(Phytopathol 97(2), 244-249, 2007; ATCC 31948; e. g. BlightBan® from NuFarm Americas, Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA), P. fluorescens CHA0 (Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 5(1 ), 4-13, 1992), P. fluorescens CL 145A (J. Invertebr. Pathol. 1 13(1 ), 104-14, 2013; e. g. Zequanox® from Marrone Biolnnovations, Davis, CA, USA), P. fluorescens NCIB 12089 (EP 0210734 A1 ; Victus® from Mauri Laboratories, 9 Moorebank Ave., Moorebank, NSW 2170, Australia), P. fluorescens Pf-5 isolated from root surface of cotton (ATCC BAA-477), P. fluorescens WCS374 isolated from potato rhizosphere (Biol. Control 85(10), 1301 -1305, 1995; e.g. BioCoat® from S & G Seeds, The Netherlands, e.g. to suppress Fusarium wilt), P. putida ATCC 202153 of biotype B
(Embrapa Trigo Accession No. 63/88 4 B; WO 2004/024865), Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli (e. g. RHIZO-STICK from BASF Corp., USA), R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli RG-B10 (USDA 9041 ; from Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46(1 ), 240-244, 1996; Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50, 159-170, 2000; e. g. Nodulator® Dry Bean in Africa, HiStick NT Dry bean in US, and Nodu- lator® Dry Bean in Canada from BASF Corp., USA, or BASF Agricultural Specialties Ltd., Canada), R. I. bv. trifolii CB782 (Nodulaid® peat for Kenya white clover from BASF Agricultural Specialties Pty Ltd, Australia), R. I. bv. trifolii CC275e (Nodulaid® peat for NZ white clover from BASF Agricultural Specialties Pty Ltd, Australia), R. I. bv. trifolii CC283b (ICMP 4073b; Proc. New Zealand Grassland Assoc. 56, 101 -105, 1994; Microbiol. 153, 3184-3195, 2007; Nodul- aid® peat for Caucasian clover from BASF Agricultural Specialties Pty Ltd, Australia), R. I. bv. fr/fo/// CC 1099 (Inoculating Legumes: A Practical Guide, ed. Grain Research and Development Corporation, 2012, ISBN 978-1 -921779-45-9; e. g. Nodulaid® peat for sainfoin from BASF Agricultural Specialties Pty Ltd, Australia), R. I. bv. trifolii RP1 13-7 (Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44(5), 1096-1 101 , 1982; e. g. Dormal® from BASF Corp., USA), R. I. bv. trifolii TA1 (Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 49(1 ), 127-131 , 1985; e. g. Nodulaid® peat for white clover from BASF Agricultural Specialties Pty Ltd, Australia), R. I. bv. trifolii strain WSM1325 isolated in 1993 from the Greek Island of Serifos (Stand. Genomic Sci. 2(3), 347-356, 2010; Inoculating Legumes: A Practical Guide, ed. Grain Research and Development Corporation, 2012, ISBN 978-1 -921779- 45-9; Nodulaid® peat for sub clover and Nodulator® granules for sub clover both from BASF Agricultural Specialties Pty Ltd, Australia, for a broad range of annual clovers of Mediterranean origin), R. I. bv. trifolii strain WSM2304 isolated from Trifolium polymorphum in Uruguay in 1998 (Stand. Genomic Sci. 2(1 ), 66-76, 2010), R. I. bv. viciae P1 NP3Cst being a Streptomycin-resistant mutant of P1 NP3C isolated from pea root nodules in Breteniere, France (also referred to as 1435; New Phytol. 176, 680-690, 2007; ibid. 179(1 ), 224-235, 2008; e. g. Nodulator® PL Peat Granule from BASF Corp., USA; or Nodulator® XL PL from BASF Agricultural Specialties Ltd., Canada), R. I. bv. viciae RG-P2 also called P2 isolated from pea root nodules in Sakatchewan, Canada (e. g RhizUP peat for peas and lentils in Canada from BASF Agricultural Specialties Ltd., Canada), R. I. bv. viciae SU303 (e. g. Nodulaid® Group E from BASF Agricultural Special- ties Pty Ltd, Australia), R. I. bv. viciae WSM1455 (e. g. Nodulaid® Group F from BASF Agricultural Specialties Pty Ltd, Australia), R. tropici 1 (Agronomy, N.Z. 36, 4-35, 2006; e. g. Nodulaid® peat for common bean from BASF Agricultural Specialties Pty Ltd, Australia), Sinorhizobium meliloti RCR201 1 also called 201 1 or SU47 (MSDJ0848; Mol. Gen. Genomics 272, 1-17, 2004; e. g. Dormal® Alfalfa & Luzerne from BASF Corp., USA; Nitragin® Gold from Novozymes Biologicals BioAg Group, Canada).
Strains can be obtained from culture collections and deposition centers (listed by their acronym = strain prefix here: http://www.wfcc.info/ccinfo/collection/by_acronym/) such as strains with prefices AGAL or NMI from: National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3207; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, VA 201 10-2209, USA; BR: Embrapa Agrobiology Diazothrophic Microbial Culture Collection, P.O.Box 74.505, Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro, 23.851 -970, Brazil; CABI or I Ml : CABI Europe - International Mycological Institute, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9TYNRRL, UK; CB: The CB Rhizobium Collection, School of Environment and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, Locked Bag 1797, South Penrith Distribution Centre, NSW 1797, Australia; CBS: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalaan 8, PO Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, Netherlands; CC: Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia; CNCM: Collection Nationale de Cultures de Microorga- nismes, Institute Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75724 PARIS Cedex 15; CPAC: Embra- pa-Cerrados, CX.Postal 08223, Planaltina,DF, 73301 -970, Brazil; DSM: Leibniz-lnstitut DSMZ- Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Inhoffenst^e 7 B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; IDAC: International Depositary Authority of Canada Collection, Canada; ICMP: Interntional Collection of Micro-organisms from Plants, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1 142, New Zealand; IITA: IITA, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria; INTA: Agriculture Collection Laboratory of the Instituto de Microbiologia y Zoologia Agncola (IMYZA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnologi'a Agropecuaria (INTA), Castelar, Argentina; MSDJ: Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Sols, INRA, Dijon, France; MUCL: Mycotheque de I'Universite catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Bel- gium; NCIMB or NICB: The National Collections of Industrial and Marine Bacteria Ltd., Torry Research Station, P.O. Box 31 , 135 Abbey Road, Aberdeen, AB9 8DG, Scotland; Nitragin: Nitragin strain collection, The Nitragin Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, NRRL or ARSEF (collection of entomopathogenic fungi): ARS Culture Collection of the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA; NZP: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Culture Collection, Applied Biochemistry Division, Palmerston North, New Zealand; PPRI: ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Queenswood Pretoria, Gauteng, 0121 , South Africa; SEMIA: FEPAGRO-Fundagao Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Rua Gongalves Dias, 570, Bairro Menino Deus, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil; SRDI: SARDI, Adelaide, South Australia; USDA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean and Alfalfa Research Laboratory, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Boulevard, Building 01 1 , Beltsville, MD 20705, USA (Beltsville Rhiz. Cult. Catalog: http://pdf.usaid.gov/ pdf_docs/PNAAW891.pdf); and WSM: Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia. Further strains may be found at: http://gcm.wfcc.info/; http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/resources/ collections/ icmp.
According to a further embodiment, component 1 ) in the mixtures comprises at least one biopesticides I strain from group IA) selected from Bacillus altitudinis 41 KF2b (IA.1 ), B.
amyloliquefaciens AP-136 (IA.2), B. amyloliquefaciens AP-188 (IA.3), B. amyloliquefaciens AP- 218 (IA.4), B. amyloliquefaciens AP-219 (IA.5), B. amyloliquefaciens AP-295 (IA.6), B.
amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum D747 (IA.7), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum FZB24
(IA.8), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum FZB42 (IA.9), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum GB03 (IA.10), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum MBI600 (IA.1 1 ), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum QST-713 (IA.12), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum TJ 1000 (IA.13), B. firmus CNCM 1-1582 (IA.14), B. megaterium H491 (IA.15), B. megaterium J142 (IA.16), B. megaterium M018 (IA.17), B. mojavensis AP-209 (IA.18), B. mojavensis SR1 1 (IA.19), B. mycoides AQ726 (IA.20), B. mycoides J (IA.21 ), B. pumilus GB34 (IA.22), B. pumilus GHA 180 (IA.23), B. pumilus INR-7 (IA.24), B. pumilus KFP9F (IA.25), B. pumilus QST 2808 (IA.26), B. simplex ABU 288 (IA.27), B. subtilis CX-9060 (IA.28), B. subtilis FB17 (IA.29), B. subtilis GB07 (IA.30),
Burkholderia sp. A396 (IA.31 ), Coniothyrium minitans CON/M/91 -08 (IA.32), Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 (IA.33), Paecilomyces lilacinus BCP2 (IA.34), Paenibacillus alvei NAS6G6 (IA.35), Paenibacillus polymyxa PKB1 (IA.36), Paenibacilllus popilliae 14F-D80 (IA.37), P. popilliae KLN 3 (IA.38), Pasteuria nishizawae Pn1 (IA.39), Pasteuria sp, Ph3 (IA.40), Pasteuria sp. Pr3 (IA.41 ), Pasteuria sp. ATCC PTA-9643 (IA.42), Pasteuria usgae BL1 (IA.43), Penicillium bilaiae NRRL 50162 (IA.44), P. bilaiae NRRL 50169 (IA.45), P. bilaiae ATCC 18309 (IA.46), P. bilaiae ATCC 20851 (IA.47), P. bilaiae ATCC 22348 (IA.48), Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 (IA.49), P. fluorescens ATCC 13525 (IA.50), P. fluorescens CHA0 (IA.51 ), P. fluorescens CL 145A (IA.52), P. fluorescens NCIB 12089 (IA.53), P. fluorescens Pf-5 (IA.54), P. fluorescens WCS374 (IA.55), P. fluorescens (IA.56) and P. putida ATCC 202153 (IA.57). According to a further embodiment, component 1 ) in the mixtures comprises at least one biopesticides I strain from group IA) selected from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum D747 (IA.7), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum FZB24 (IA.8), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp.
plantarum FZB42 (IA.9), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum MBI600 (IA.1 1 ), B.
amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum QST-713 (IA.12), B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum
TJ1000 (IA.13), B. f/rmus CNCM 1-1582 (IA.14), B. pumilus GHA 180 (IA.23), B. pumilus INR-7 (IA.24), B. pumilus QST 2808 (IA.26), B. simplex ABU 288 (IA.27), B. subtilis FB17 (IA.29), Burkholderia sp. A396 (IA.31 ), Coniothyrium minitans CON/M/91 -08 (IA.32), Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 (IA.33), Paenibacillus alvei NAS6G6 (IA.35), Pasteuria nishizawae P (IA.39), P. b/'/a/'ae ATCC 18309 (IA.46), P. bilaiae ATCC 20851 (IA.47) and P. bilaiae ATCC 22348 (IA.48). According to a further embodiment, component 1 ) in the mixtures comprises at least one biopesticide I from group IA) selected from abscisic acid (IA.58), harpin protein (IA.59), cis- jasmone (IA.60) and methyl-jasmonate (IA.61 ); more preferably selected from harpin protein, cis-jasmone and methyl-jasmonate; in particular methyl jasmonate.
According to a further embodiment, component 1 ) in the mixtures comprises at least one biopesticides I strain from group IB) selected from: Bradyrhizobium elkanii U-1301 (IB.1 1 ), B. e// an// U-1302 (IB.12), B. elkanii USDA 3254 (IB.13), B. elkanii USDA 76 (IB.14), B. elkanii USDA 94 (IB.15), B. japonicum G49 (IB.18), B. japonicum TA-1 1 (IB.23), B. japonicum USDA 121 (IB.25), B. japonicum USDA 3 (IB.26), B. japonicum USDA 31 (IB.27), B. japonicum USDA 76 (IB.28), Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis) CB1015 (IB.29), Bradyrhizobium sp. (Vigna) PNL1
(IB.33), Mesorhizobium sp. WSM1497 (IB.34), Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli RG-B 10 (IB.35), R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli (IB.36), R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii 095 (IB.37), R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii CB782 (IB.38), R. leguminosarum bv. info///' CC1099 (IB.39), R.
leguminosarum bv. trifolii CC275e (IB.40), R leguminosarum bv. frifo//'/' CC283b (IB.41 ), R leguminosarum bv. frifo//'/' RP1 13-7 (IB.42), R leguminosarum bv. frifo//'/' TA1 (IB.43), R leguminosarum bv. frifo//'/' WSM 1325 (IB.44), R leguminosarum bv. trifolii WSM2304 (IB.45), R leguminosarum bv. v/'c/'ae P1 NP3Cst (IB.46), R leguminosarum bv. viciae RG-P2 (IB.47), R leguminosarum bv. viciae SU303 (IB.48), R leguminosarum bv. v/'c/'ae WSM 1455 (IB.49), R irop/c/' CC51 1 (IB.50), Sinorhizobium meliloti NRG185 (IB.54), S. me//'/of/' RCR201 1 (IB.55) and S. me/Z/of/' RRI 128 (IB.56).
The term "mutant" refers a microorganism obtained by direct mutant selection but also includes microorganisms that have been further mutagenized or otherwise manipulated (e. g., via the introduction of a plasmid). Accordingly, embodiments include mutants, variants, and or derivatives of the respective microorganism, both naturally occurring and artificially induced mutants. For example, mutants may be induced by subjecting the microorganism to known mutagens, such as X-ray, UV radiation or N-methyl-nitrosoguanidine, using conventional methods. Subsequent to said treatments a screening for mutant strains showing the desired characteristics may be performed.
Mutant strains may be obtained by any methods known in the art such as direct mutant selection, chemical mutagenesis or genetic manipulation (e. g., via the introduction of a plasmid). For example, such mutants are obtainable by applying a known mutagen, such as X-ray, UV radiation or N-methyl-nitrosoguanidine. Subsequent to said treatments a screening for mutant strains showing the desired characteristics may be performed.
According to a further embodiment, component 1 ) in the mixtures is a microbial pesticide strain of group IA) or a mutant thereof having any pesticidal or other activity as defined herein. According to a further embodiment, the mutant of is obtained by direct mutant selection optionally after being subjected to mutagens.
According to a further embodiment, component 1 ) in the mixtures is a nitrogen fixing- bacterium strain of group IB) as defined herein or a mutant thereof having nitrogen-fixing activity as defined herein. According to a further embodiment, the mutant of is obtained by direct mutant selection optionally after being subjected to mutagens.
The SDHI fungicides II and the azole-type fungicides III described by common names, their preparation and their activity against pests is known (cf.: http://www.alanwood.net/
pesticides/); these pesticides are often commercially available.
According to a further embodiment, component 2) comprises in the mixtures at least one SDHI fungicide II selected from: fluxapyroxad (11.1 ), boscalid (II.2), benzovindiflupyr (II.3), penflufen (II.4), penthiopyrad (II.5), sedaxane (II.6), fluopyram (II.7), bixafen (II.8) and
isopyrazam (II.9).
According to a further embodiment, component 2) comprises in the mixtures at least one SDHI fungicide II selected from: carboxin (11.10), benodanil, fenfuram, flutolanil (11.1 1 ), furametpyr, mepronil, oxycarboxin, and thifluzamide.
According to a further embodiment, component 2) comprises in the mixtures at least one SDHI fungicide II selected from: fluxapyroxad, benzovindiflupyr, penflufen, sedaxane, fluopyram, bixafen, isopyrazam and carboxin.
According to a further embodiment, component 2) comprises in the mixtures at least one SDHI fungicide II selected from: fluxapyroxad, penflufen, sedaxane, and fluopyram.
According to a further embodiment, component 2) comprises in the mixtures at least one SDHI fungicide II selected from: fluxapyroxad, penflufen and sedaxane; in particular fluxaproxad.
According to a further embodiment, component 3) in the mixtures comprises at least one azole-type fungicide III selected from the DMI fungicides selected from: ipconazole,
difenoconazole, prothioconazole, prochloraz, triticonazole, flutriafol, cyproconazole,
diniconazole, diniconazole-M, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, hexaconazole, imazalil,
imibenconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, simeconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol and uniconazole.
According to a further embodiment, component 3) in the mixtures comprises at least one azole-type fungicide III selected from: ipconazole, difenoconazole, prothioconazole, prochloraz, triticonazole, flutriafol, cyproconazole, fluquinconazole, tebuconazole and triadimenol.
According to a further embodiment, component 3) in the mixtures comprises at least one azole-type fungicide III selected from: ipconazole, prothioconazole, prochloraz, triticonazole, fluquinconazole and tebuconazole.
According to a further embodiment, component 3) in the mixtures comprises at least one azole-type fungicide III selected from: ipconazole, prothioconazole and tebuconazole; in particular ipconazole. Thus, the present invention relates to mixtures comprising, as active components,
1 ) at least one biopesticide I selected from: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum D747, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum FZB24, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum FZB42, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum MBI600, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum QST-713, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum TJ1000, B. firmus CNCM 1-1582, B. pumilus GHA 180, B. pumilus INR-7, B. pumilus QST 2808, B. simplex ABU 288, B. subtilis FB17, Burkholderia sp. A396, Coniothyrium minitans CON/M/91 -08, Paecilomyces lilacinus 25'\ , Paenibacillus alvei NAS6G6, Pasteuria nishizawae Pn1 , P. bilaiae ATCC 18309 , P. bilaiae ATCC 20851 , P. bilaiae ATCC 22348; cis-jasmone, methyl jasmonate; and harpin protein;
and
2) at least one SDHI fungicide II selected from: fluxapyroxad, boscalid, benzovindiflupyr,
penflufen, penthiopyrad, sedaxane, fluopyram, bixafen, and isopyrazam;
and
3) at least one azole-type fungicide III selected from: ipconazole, difenoconazole,
prothioconazole, prochloraz, triticonazole, flutriafol, cyproconazole, fluquinconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol and thiabendazole;
in a synergistically effective amount. According to a further embodiment, component 2) in the mixtures is fluxapyroxad, and component 3) in the mixtures is fluxapyroxad.
According to a further embodiment, component 2) in the mixtures is fluxapyroxad, penflufen, sedaxane or fluopyram, and component 3) in the mixtures is ipconazole, prothioconazole or tebuconazole.
The present invention furthermore relates to agrochemical compositions comprising a mixture of component 1 ), component 2) and component 3) as described above, and if desired at least one suitable auxiliary.
Table 1 : Compositions comprising as active components: as component 1 ) one biopesticide Column Co. 1 ) and as component 2) (in Column Co. 2) one SDHI fungicide II.
Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2 Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2 Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2
1 (IA.1 ) (I ■1 ) 12 (IA.12) (I ■1 ) 23 (IA.23) (I ■1 )
2 (IA.2) (I ■1 ) 13 (IA.13) (I ■1 ) 24 (IA.24) (I ■1 )
3 (IA.3) (I ■1 ) 14 (IA.14) (I ■1 ) 25 (IA.25) (I ■1 )
4 (IA.4) (I ■1 ) 15 (IA.15) (I ■1 ) 26 (IA.26) (I ■1 )
5 (IA.5) (I ■1 ) 16 (IA.16) (I ■1 ) 27 (IA.27) (I ■1 )
6 (IA.6) (I ■1 ) 17 (IA.17) (I ■1 ) 28 (IA.28) (I ■1 )
7 (IA.7) (I ■1 ) 18 (IA.18) (I ■1 ) 29 (IA.29) (I ■1 )
8 (IA.8) (I ■1 ) 19 (IA.19) (I ■1 ) 30 (IA.30) (I ■1 )
9 (IA.9) (I ■1 ) 20 (IA.20) (I ■1 ) 31 (IA.31 ) (I ■1 )
10 (IA.10) (I ■1 ) 21 (IA.21 ) (I ■1 ) 32 (IA.32) (I ■1 )
1 1 (IA.1 1 ) (I ■1 ) 22 (IA.22) (I ■1 ) 33 (IA.33) (I ■1 ) Mixt. Co.1 Co.2 Mixt. Co.1 Co.2 Mixt. Co.1 Co.24 (IA.34) (11.1) 75 (IB.34) (11.1) 116 (IA.22) (II.2)5 (IA.35) (11.1) 76 (IB.35) (11.1) 117 (IA.23) (II.2)6 (IA.36) (11.1) 77 (IB.36) (11.1) 118 (IA.24) (II.2)7 (IA.37) (11.1) 78 (IB.37) (11.1) 119 (IA.25) (II.2)8 (IA.38) (11.1) 79 (IB.38) (11.1) 120 (IA.26) (II.2)9 (IA.39) (11.1) 80 (IB.39) (11.1) 121 (IA.27) (II.2)0 (IA.40) (11.1) 81 (IB.40) (11.1) 122 (IA.28) (II.2)1 (IA.41) (11.1) 82 (IB.41) (11.1) 123 (IA.29) (II.2)2 (IA.42) (11.1) 83 (IB.42) (11.1) 124 (IA.30) (II.2)3 (IA.43) (11.1) 84 (IB.43) (11.1) 125 (IA.31) (II.2)4 (IA.44) (11.1) 85 (IB.44) (11.1) 126 (IA.32) (II.2)5 (IA.45) (11.1) 86 (IB.45) (11.1) 127 (IA.33) (II.2)6 (IA.46) (11.1) 87 (IB.46) (11.1) 128 (IA.34) (II.2)7 (IA.47) (11.1) 88 (IB.47) (11.1) 129 (IA.35) (II.2)8 (IA.48) (11.1) 89 (IB.48) (11.1) 130 (IA.36) (II.2)9 (IA.49) (11.1) 90 (IB.49) (11.1) 131 (IA.37) (II.2)0 (IA.50) (11.1) 91 (IB.50) (11.1) 132 (IA.38) (II.2)1 (IA.51) (11.1) 92 (IB.54) (11.1) 133 (IA.39) (II.2)2 (IA.52) (11.1) 93 (IB.55) (11.1) 134 (IA.40) (II.2)3 (IA.53) (11.1) 94 (IB.56) (11.1) 135 (IA.41) (II.2)4 (IA.54) (11.1) 95 (IA.1) (II.2) 136 (IA.42) (II.2)5 (IA.55) (11.1) 96 (IA.2) (II.2) 137 (IA.43) (II.2)6 (IA.56) (11.1) 97 (IA.3) (II.2) 138 (IA.44) (II.2)7 (IA.57) (11.1) 98 (IA.4) (II.2) 139 (IA.45) (II.2)8 (IA.58) (11.1) 99 (IA.5) (II.2) 140 (IA.46) (II.2)9 (IA.59) (11.1) 100 (IA.6) (II.2) 141 (IA.47) (II.2)0 (IA.60) (11.1) 101 (IA.7) (II.2) 142 (IA.48) (II.2)1 (IA.61) (11.1) 102 (IA.8) (II.2) 143 (IA.49) (II.2)2 (IB.11) (11.1) 103 (IA.9) (II.2) 144 (IA.50) (II.2)3 (IB.12) (11.1) 104 (IA.10) (II.2) 145 (IA.51) (II.2)4 (IB.13) (11.1) 105 (IA.11) (II.2) 146 (IA.52) (II.2)5 (IB.14) (11.1) 106 (IA.12) (II.2) 147 (IA.53) (II.2)6 (IB.15) (11.1) 107 (IA.13) (II.2) 148 (IA.54) (II.2)7 (IB.18) (11.1) 108 (IA.14) (II.2) 149 (IA.55) (II.2)8 (IB.23) (11.1) 109 (IA.15) (II.2) 150 (IA.56) (II.2)9 (IB.25) (11.1) 110 (IA.16) (II.2) 151 (IA.57) (II.2)0 (IB.26) (11.1) 111 (IA.17) (II.2) 152 (IA.58) (II.2)1 (IB.27) (11.1) 112 (IA.18) (II.2) 153 (IA.59) (II.2)2 (IB.28) (11.1) 113 (IA.19) (II.2) 154 (IA.60) (II.2)3 (IB.29) (11.1) 114 (IA.20) (II.2) 155 (IA.61) (II.2)4 (IB.33) (11.1) 115 (IA.21) (II.2) 156 (IB.11) (II.2) Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2 Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2 Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2
157 (IB.12) (II.2) 198 (IA.10) (II.3) 239 (IA.51 ) (II.3)
158 (IB.13) (II.2) 199 (IA.1 1 ) (II.3) 240 (IA.52) (II.3)
159 (IB.14) (II.2) 200 (IA.12) (II.3) 241 (IA.53) (II.3)
160 (IB.15) (II.2) 201 (IA.13) (II.3) 242 (IA.54) (II.3)
161 (IB.18) (II.2) 202 (IA.14) (II.3) 243 (IA.55) (II.3)
162 (IB.23) (II.2) 203 (IA.15) (II.3) 244 (IA.56) (II.3)
163 (IB.25) (II.2) 204 (IA.16) (II.3) 245 (IA.57) (II.3)
164 (IB.26) (II.2) 205 (IA.17) (II.3) 246 (IA.58) (II.3)
165 (IB.27) (II.2) 206 (IA.18) (II.3) 247 (IA.59) (II.3)
166 (IB.28) (II.2) 207 (IA.19) (II.3) 248 (IA.60) (II.3)
167 (IB.29) (II.2) 208 (IA.20) (II.3) 249 (IA.61 ) (II.3)
168 (IB.33) (II.2) 209 (IA.21 ) (II.3) 250 (IB.1 1 ) (II.3)
169 (IB.34) (II.2) 210 (IA.22) (II.3) 251 (IB.12) (II.3)
170 (IB.35) (II.2) 21 1 (IA.23) (II.3) 252 (IB.13) (II.3)
171 (IB.36) (II.2) 212 (IA.24) (II.3) 253 (IB.14) (II.3)
172 (IB.37) (II.2) 213 (IA.25) (II.3) 254 (IB.15) (II.3)
173 (IB.38) (II.2) 214 (IA.26) (II.3) 255 (IB.18) (II.3)
174 (IB.39) (II.2) 215 (IA.27) (II.3) 256 (IB.23) (II.3)
175 (IB.40) (II.2) 216 (IA.28) (II.3) 257 (IB.25) (II.3)
176 (IB.41 ) (II.2) 217 (IA.29) (II.3) 258 (IB.26) (II.3)
177 (IB.42) (II.2) 218 (IA.30) (II.3) 259 (IB.27) (II.3)
178 (IB.43) (II.2) 219 (IA.31 ) (II.3) 260 (IB.28) (II.3)
179 (IB.44) (II.2) 220 (IA.32) (II.3) 261 (IB.29) (II.3)
180 (IB.45) (II.2) 221 (IA.33) (II.3) 262 (IB.33) (II.3)
181 (IB.46) (II.2) 222 (IA.34) (II.3) 263 (IB.34) (II.3)
182 (IB.47) (II.2) 223 (IA.35) (II.3) 264 (IB.35) (II.3)
183 (IB.48) (II.2) 224 (IA.36) (II.3) 265 (IB.36) (II.3)
184 (IB.49) (II.2) 225 (IA.37) (II.3) 266 (IB.37) (II.3)
185 (IB.50) (II.2) 226 (IA.38) (II.3) 267 (IB.38) (II.3)
186 (IB.54) (II.2) 227 (IA.39) (II.3) 268 (IB.39) (II.3)
187 (IB.55) (II.2) 228 (IA.40) (II.3) 269 (IB.40) (II.3)
188 (IB.56) (II.2) 229 (IA.41 ) (II.3) 270 (IB.41 ) (II.3)
189 (IA.1 ) (II.3) 230 (IA.42) (II.3) 271 (IB.42) (II.3)
190 (IA.2) (II.3) 231 (IA.43) (II.3) 272 (IB.43) (II.3)
191 (IA.3) (II.3) 232 (IA.44) (II.3) 273 (IB.44) (II.3)
192 (IA.4) (II.3) 233 (IA.45) (II.3) 274 (IB.45) (II.3)
193 (IA.5) (II.3) 234 (IA.46) (II.3) 275 (IB.46) (II.3)
194 (IA.6) (II.3) 235 (IA.47) (II.3) 276 (IB.47) (II.3)
195 (IA.7) (II.3) 236 (IA.48) (II.3) 277 (IB.48) (II.3)
196 (IA.8) (II.3) 237 (IA.49) (II.3) 278 (IB.49) (II.3)
197 (IA.9) (II.3) 238 (IA.50) (II.3) 279 (IB.50) (II.3) Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2 Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2 Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2
280 (IB.54) (II.3) 321 (IA.39) (II.4) 362 (IB.39) (I ■4)
281 (IB.55) (II.3) 322 (IA.40) (II.4) 363 (IB.40) (I ■4)
282 (IB.56) (II.3) 323 (IA.41 ) (II.4) 364 (IB.41 ) (I ■4)
283 (IA.1 ) (II.4) 324 (IA.42) (II.4) 365 (IB.42) (I ■4)
284 (IA.2) (II.4) 325 (IA.43) (II.4) 366 (IB.43) (I ■4)
285 (IA.3) (II.4) 326 (IA.44) (II.4) 367 (IB.44) (I ■4)
286 (IA.4) (II.4) 327 (IA.45) (II.4) 368 (IB.45) (I ■4)
287 (IA.5) (II.4) 328 (IA.46) (II.4) 369 (IB.46) (I ■4)
288 (IA.6) (II.4) 329 (IA.47) (II.4) 370 (IB.47) (I ■4)
289 (IA.7) (II.4) 330 (IA.48) (II.4) 371 (IB.48) (I ■4)
290 (IA.8) (II.4) 331 (IA.49) (II.4) 372 (IB.49) (I ■4)
291 (IA.9) (II.4) 332 (IA.50) (II.4) 373 (IB.50) (I ■4)
292 (IA.10) (II.4) 333 (IA.51 ) (II.4) 374 (IB.54) (I ■4)
293 (IA.1 1 ) (II.4) 334 (IA.52) (II.4) 375 (IB.55) (I ■4)
294 (IA.12) (II.4) 335 (IA.53) (II.4) 376 (IB.56) (I ■4)
295 (IA.13) (II.4) 336 (IA.54) (II.4) 377 (IA.1 ) (I .5)
296 (IA.14) (II.4) 337 (IA.55) (II.4) 378 (IA.2) (I .5)
297 (IA.15) (II.4) 338 (IA.56) (II.4) 379 (IA.3) (I .5)
298 (IA.16) (II.4) 339 (IA.57) (II.4) 380 (IA.4) (I .5)
299 (IA.17) (II.4) 340 (IA.58) (II.4) 381 (IA.5) (I .5)
300 (IA.18) (II.4) 341 (IA.59) (II.4) 382 (IA.6) (I .5)
301 (IA.19) (II.4) 342 (IA.60) (II.4) 383 (IA.7) (I .5)
302 (IA.20) (II.4) 343 (IA.61 ) (II.4) 384 (IA.8) (I .5)
303 (IA.21 ) (II.4) 344 (IB.1 1 ) (II.4) 385 (IA.9) (I .5)
304 (IA.22) (II.4) 345 (IB.12) (II.4) 386 (IA.10) (I .5)
305 (IA.23) (II.4) 346 (IB.13) (II.4) 387 (IA.1 1 ) (I .5)
306 (IA.24) (II.4) 347 (IB.15) (II.4) 388 (IA.12) (I .5)
307 (IA.25) (II.4) 348 (IB.18) (II.4) 389 (IA.13) (I .5)
308 (IA.26) (II.4) 349 (IB.23) (II.4) 390 (IA.14) (I .5)
309 (IA.27) (II.4) 350 (IB.24) (II.4) 391 (IA.15) (I .5)
310 (IA.28) (II.4) 351 (IB.25) (II.4) 392 (IA.16) (I .5)
31 1 (IA.29) (II.4) 352 (IB.26) (II.4) 393 (IA.17) (I .5)
312 (IA.30) (II.4) 353 (IB.27) (II.4) 394 (IA.18) (I .5)
313 (IA.31 ) (II.4) 354 (IB.28) (II.4) 395 (IA.19) (I .5)
314 (IA.32) (II.4) 355 (IB.29) (II.4) 396 (IA.20) (I .5)
315 (IA.33) (II.4) 356 (IB.33) (II.4) 397 (IA.21 ) (I .5)
316 (IA.34) (II.4) 357 (IB.34) (II.4) 398 (IA.22) (I .5)
317 (IA.35) (II.4) 358 (IB.35) (II.4) 399 (IA.23) (I .5)
318 (IA.36) (II.4) 359 (IB.36) (II.4) 400 (IA.24) (I .5)
319 (IA.37) (II.4) 360 (IB.37) (II.4) 401 (IA.25) (I .5)
320 (IA.38) (II.4) 361 (IB.38) (II.4) 402 (IA.26) (I .5) Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2 Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2 Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2
403 (IA.27) (II.5) 444 (IB.23) (I .5) 485 (IA.15) (II.6)
404 (IA.28) (II.5) 445 (IB.25) (I .5) 486 (IA.16) (II.6)
405 (IA.29) (II.5) 446 (IB.26) (I .5) 487 (IA.17) (II.6)
406 (IA.30) (II.5) 447 (IB.27) (I .5) 488 (IA.18) (II.6)
407 (IA.31 ) (II.5) 448 (IB.28) (I .5) 489 (IA.19) (II.6)
408 (IA.32) (II.5) 449 (IB.29) (I .5) 490 (IA.20) (II.6)
409 (IA.33) (II.5) 450 (IB.33) (I .5) 491 (IA.21 ) (II.6)
410 (IA.34) (II.5) 451 (IB.34) (I .5) 492 (IA.22) (II.6)
41 1 (IA.35) (II.5) 452 (IB.35) (I .5) 493 (IA.23) (II.6)
412 (IA.36) (II.5) 453 (IB.36) (I .5) 494 (IA.24) (II.6)
413 (IA.37) (II.5) 454 (IB.37) (I .5) 495 (IA.25) (II.6)
414 (IA.38) (II.5) 455 (IB.38) (I .5) 496 (IA.26) (II.6)
415 (IA.39) (II.5) 456 (IB.39) (I .5) 497 (IA.27) (II.6)
416 (IA.40) (II.5) 457 (IB.40) (I .5) 498 (IA.28) (II.6)
417 (IA.41 ) (II.5) 458 (IB.41 ) (I .5) 499 (IA.29) (II.6)
418 (IA.42) (II.5) 459 (IB.42) (I .5) 500 (IA.30) (II.6)
419 (IA.43) (II.5) 460 (IB.43) (I .5) 501 (IA.31 ) (II.6)
420 (IA.44) (II.5) 461 (IB.44) (I .5) 502 (IA.32) (II.6)
421 (IA.45) (II.5) 462 (IB.45) (I .5) 503 (IA.33) (II.6)
422 (IA.46) (II.5) 463 (IB.46) (I .5) 504 (IA.34) (II.6)
423 (IA.47) (II.5) 464 (IB.47) (I .5) 505 (IA.35) (II.6)
424 (IA.48) (II.5) 465 (IB.48) (I .5) 506 (IA.36) (II.6)
425 (IA.49) (II.5) 466 (IB.49) (I .5) 507 (IA.37) (II.6)
426 (IA.50) (II.5) 467 (IB.50) (I .5) 508 (IA.38) (II.6)
427 (IA.51 ) (II.5) 468 (IB.54) (I .5) 509 (IA.39) (II.6)
428 (IA.52) (II.5) 469 (IB.55) (I .5) 510 (IA.40) (II.6)
429 (IA.53) (II.5) 470 (IB.56) (I .5) 51 1 (IA.41 ) (II.6)
430 (IA.54) (II.5) 471 (IA.1 ) (I .6) 512 (IA.42) (II.6)
431 (IA.55) (II.5) 472 (IA.2) (I .6) 513 (IA.43) (II.6)
432 (IA.56) (II.5) 473 (IA.3) (I .6) 514 (IA.44) (II.6)
433 (IA.57) (II.5) 474 (IA.4) (I .6) 515 (IA.45) (II.6)
434 (IA.58) (II.5) 475 (IA.5) (I .6) 516 (IA.46) (II.6)
435 (IA.59) (II.5) 476 (IA.6) (I .6) 517 (IA.47) (II.6)
436 (IA.60) (II.5) 477 (IA.7) (I .6) 518 (IA.48) (II.6)
437 (IA.61 ) (II.5) 478 (IA.8) (I .6) 519 (IA.49) (II.6)
438 (IB.1 1 ) (II.5) 479 (IA.9) (I .6) 520 (IA.50) (II.6)
439 (IB.12) (II.5) 480 (IA.10) (I .6) 521 (IA.51 ) (II.6)
440 (IB.13) (II.5) 481 (IA.1 1 ) (I .6) 522 (IA.52) (II.6)
441 (IB.14) (II.5) 482 (IA.12) (I .6) 523 (IA.53) (II.6)
442 (IB.15) (II.5) 483 (IA.13) (I .6) 524 (IA.54) (II.6)
443 (IB.18) (II.5) 484 (IA.14) (I .6) 525 (IA.55) (II.6) Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2 Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2 Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2
526 (IA.56) (I .6) 567 (IA.3) (I ■7) 608 (IA.44) (II.7)
527 (IA.57) (I .6) 568 (IA.4) (I ■7) 609 (IA.45) (II.7)
528 (IA.58) (I .6) 569 (IA.5) (I ■7) 610 (IA.46) (II.7)
529 (IA.59) (I .6) 570 (IA.6) (I ■7) 61 1 (IA.47) (II.7)
530 (IA.60) (I .6) 571 (IA.7) (I ■7) 612 (IA.48) (II.7)
531 (IA.61 ) (I .6) 572 (IA.8) (I ■7) 613 (IA.49) (II.7)
532 (IB.1 1 ) (I .6) 573 (IA.9) (I ■7) 614 (IA.50) (II.7)
533 (IB.12) (I .6) 574 (IA.10) (I ■7) 615 (IA.51 ) (II.7)
534 (IB.13) (I .6) 575 (IA.1 1 ) (I ■7) 616 (IA.52) (II.7)
535 (IB.14) (I .6) 576 (IA.12) (I ■7) 617 (IA.53) (II.7)
536 (IB.15) (I .6) 577 (IA.13) (I ■7) 618 (IA.54) (II.7)
537 (IB.18) (I .6) 578 (IA.14) (I ■7) 619 (IA.55) (II.7)
538 (IB.23) (I .6) 579 (IA.15) (I ■7) 620 (IA.56) (II.7)
539 (IB.25) (I .6) 580 (IA.16) (I ■7) 621 (IA.57) (II.7)
540 (IB.26) (I .6) 581 (IA.17) (I ■7) 622 (IA.58) (II.7)
541 (IB.27) (I .6) 582 (IA.18) (I ■7) 623 (IA.59) (II.7)
542 (IB.28) (I .6) 583 (IA.19) (I ■7) 624 (IA.60) (II.7)
543 (IB.29) (I .6) 584 (IA.20) (I ■7) 625 (IA.61 ) (II.7)
544 (IB.33) (I .6) 585 (IA.21 ) (I ■7) 626 (IB.1 1 ) (II.7)
545 (IB.34) (I .6) 586 (IA.22) (I ■7) 627 (IB.12) (II.7)
546 (IB.35) (I .6) 587 (IA.23) (I ■7) 628 (IB.13) (II.7)
547 (IB.36) (I .6) 588 (IA.24) (I ■7) 629 (IB.14) (II.7)
548 (IB.37) (I .6) 589 (IA.25) (I ■7) 630 (IB.15) (II.7)
549 (IB.38) (I .6) 590 (IA.26) (I ■7) 631 (IB.18) (II.7)
550 (IB.39) (I .6) 591 (IA.27) (I ■7) 632 (IB.23) (II.7)
551 (IB.40) (I .6) 592 (IA.28) (I ■7) 633 (IB.25) (II.7)
552 (IB.41 ) (I .6) 593 (IA.29) (I ■7) 634 (IB.26) (II.7)
553 (IB.42) (I .6) 594 (IA.30) (I ■7) 635 (IB.27) (II.7)
554 (IB.43) (I .6) 595 (IA.31 ) (I ■7) 636 (IB.28) (II.7)
555 (IB.44) (I .6) 596 (IA.32) (I ■7) 637 (IB.29) (II.7)
556 (IB.45) (I .6) 597 (IA.33) (I ■7) 638 (IB.33) (II.7)
557 (IB.46) (I .6) 598 (IA.34) (I ■7) 639 (IB.34) (II.7)
558 (IB.47) (I .6) 599 (IA.35) (I ■7) 640 (IB.35) (II.7)
559 (IB.48) (I .6) 600 (IA.36) (I ■7) 641 (IB.36) (II.7)
560 (IB.49) (I .6) 601 (IA.37) (I ■7) 642 (IB.37) (II.7)
561 (IB.50) (I .6) 602 (IA.38) (I ■7) 643 (IB.38) (II.7)
562 (IB.54) (I .6) 603 (IA.39) (I ■7) 644 (IB.39) (II.7)
563 (IB.55) (I .6) 604 (IA.40) (I ■7) 645 (IB.40) (II.7)
564 (IB.56) (I .6) 605 (IA.41 ) (I ■7) 646 (IB.41 ) (II.7)
565 (IA.1 ) (I ■7) 606 (IA.42) (I ■7) 647 (IB.42) (II.7)
566 (IA.2) (I ■7) 607 (IA.43) (I ■7) 648 (IB.43) (II.7) Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2 Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2 Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2
649 (IB.44) (II.7) 690 (IA.32) (II.8) 731 (IB.29) (I .8)
650 (IB.45) (II.7) 691 (IA.33) (II.8) 732 (IB.33) (I .8)
651 (IB.46) (II.7) 692 (IA.34) (II.8) 733 (IB.34) (I .8)
652 (IB.47) (II.7) 693 (IA.35) (II.8) 734 (IB.35) (I .8)
653 (IB.48) (II.7) 694 (IA.36) (II.8) 735 (IB.36) (I .8)
654 (IB.49) (II.7) 695 (IA.37) (II.8) 736 (IB.37) (I .8)
655 (IB.50) (II.7) 696 (IA.38) (II.8) 737 (IB.38) (I .8)
656 (IB.54) (II.7) 697 (IA.39) (II.8) 738 (IB.39) (I .8)
657 (IB.55) (II.7) 698 (IA.40) (II.8) 739 (IB.40) (I .8)
658 (IB.56) (II.7) 699 (IA.41 ) (II.8) 740 (IB.41 ) (I .8)
659 (IA.1 ) (II.8) 700 (IA.42) (II.8) 741 (IB.42) (I .8)
660 (IA.2) (II.8) 701 (IA.43) (II.8) 742 (IB.43) (I .8)
661 (IA.3) (II.8) 702 (IA.44) (II.8) 743 (IB.44) (I .8)
662 (IA.4) (II.8) 703 (IA.45) (II.8) 744 (IB.45) (I .8)
663 (IA.5) (II.8) 704 (IA.46) (II.8) 745 (IB.46) (I .8)
664 (IA.6) (II.8) 705 (IA.47) (II.8) 746 (IB.47) (I .8)
665 (IA.7) (II.8) 706 (IA.48) (II.8) 747 (IB.48) (I .8)
666 (IA.8) (II.8) 707 (IA.49) (II.8) 748 (IB.49) (I .8)
667 (IA.9) (II.8) 708 (IA.50) (II.8) 749 (IB.50) (I .8)
668 (IA.10) (II.8) 709 (IA.51 ) (II.8) 750 (IB.54) (I .8)
669 (IA.1 1 ) (II.8) 710 (IA.52) (II.8) 751 (IB.55) (I .8)
670 (IA.12) (II.8) 71 1 (IA.53) (II.8) 752 (IB.56) (I .8)
671 (IA.13) (II.8) 712 (IA.54) (II.8) 753 (IA.1 ) (I .9)
672 (IA.14) (II.8) 713 (IA.55) (II.8) 754 (IA.2) (I .9)
673 (IA.15) (II.8) 714 (IA.56) (II.8) 755 (IA.3) (I .9)
674 (IA.16) (II.8) 715 (IA.57) (II.8) 756 (IA.4) (I .9)
675 (IA.17) (II.8) 716 (IA.58) (II.8) 757 (IA.5) (I .9)
676 (IA.18) (II.8) 717 (IA.59) (II.8) 758 (IA.6) (I .9)
677 (IA.19) (II.8) 718 (IA.60) (II.8) 759 (IA.7) (I .9)
678 (IA.20) (II.8) 719 (IA.61 ) (II.8) 760 (IA.8) (I .9)
679 (IA.21 ) (II.8) 720 (IB.1 1 ) (II.8) 761 (IA.9) (I .9)
680 (IA.22) (II.8) 721 (IB.12) (II.8) 762 (IA.10) (I .9)
681 (IA.23) (II.8) 722 (IB.13) (II.8) 763 (IA.1 1 ) (I .9)
682 (IA.24) (II.8) 723 (IB.14) (II.8) 764 (IA.12) (I .9)
683 (IA.25) (II.8) 724 (IB.15) (II.8) 765 (IA.13) (I .9)
684 (IA.26) (II.8) 725 (IB.18) (II.8) 766 (IA.14) (I .9)
685 (IA.27) (II.8) 726 (IB.23) (II.8) 767 (IA.15) (I .9)
686 (IA.28) (II.8) 727 (IB.25) (II.8) 768 (IA.16) (I .9)
687 (IA.29) (II.8) 728 (IB.26) (II.8) 769 (IA.17) (I .9)
688 (IA.30) (II.8) 729 (IB.27) (II.8) 770 (IA.18) (I .9)
689 (IA.31 ) (II.8) 730 (IB.28) (II.8) 771 (IA.19) (I .9) Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2 Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2 Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2
772 (IA.20) (II.9) 813 (IA.61 ) (I .9) 854 (IA.8) (I .10)
773 (IA.21 ) (II.9) 814 (IB.1 1 ) (I .9) 855 (IA.9) (I .10)
774 (IA.22) (II.9) 815 (IB.12) (I .9) 856 (IA.10) (I .10)
775 (IA.23) (II.9) 816 (IB.13) (I .9) 857 (IA.1 1 ) (I .10)
776 (IA.24) (II.9) 817 (IB.14) (I .9) 858 (IA.12) (I .10)
111 (IA.25) (II.9) 818 (IB.15) (I .9) 859 (IA.13) (I .10)
778 (IA.26) (II.9) 819 (IB.18) (I .9) 860 (IA.14) (I .10)
779 (IA.27) (II.9) 820 (IB.23) (I .9) 861 (IA.15) (I .10)
780 (IA.28) (II.9) 821 (IB.25) (I .9) 862 (IA.16) (I .10)
781 (IA.29) (II.9) 822 (IB.26) (I .9) 863 (IA.17) (I .10)
782 (IA.30) (II.9) 823 (IB.27) (I .9) 864 (IA.18) (I .10)
783 (IA.31 ) (II.9) 824 (IB.28) (I .9) 865 (IA.19) (I .10)
784 (IA.32) (II.9) 825 (IB.29) (I .9) 866 (IA.20) (I .10)
785 (IA.33) (II.9) 826 (IB.33) (I .9) 867 (IA.21 ) (I .10)
786 (IA.34) (II.9) 827 (IB.34) (I .9) 868 (IA.22) (I .10)
787 (IA.35) (II.9) 828 (IB.35) (I .9) 869 (IA.23) (I .10)
788 (IA.36) (II.9) 829 (IB.36) (I .9) 870 (IA.24) (I .10)
789 (IA.37) (II.9) 830 (IB.37) (I .9) 871 (IA.25) (I .10)
790 (IA.38) (II.9) 831 (IB.38) (I .9) 872 (IA.26) (I .10)
791 (IA.39) (II.9) 832 (IB.39) (I .9) 873 (IA.27) (I .10)
792 (IA.40) (II.9) 833 (IB.40) (I .9) 874 (IA.28) (I .10)
793 (IA.41 ) (II.9) 834 (IB.41 ) (I .9) 875 (IA.29) (I .10)
794 (IA.42) (II.9) 835 (IB.42) (I .9) 876 (IA.30) (I .10)
795 (IA.43) (II.9) 836 (IB.43) (I .9) 877 (IA.31 ) (I .10)
796 (IA.44) (II.9) 837 (IB.44) (I .9) 878 (IA.32) (I .10)
797 (IA.45) (II.9) 838 (IB.45) (I .9) 879 (IA.33) (I .10)
798 (IA.46) (II.9) 839 (IB.46) (I .9) 880 (IA.34) (I .10)
799 (IA.47) (II.9) 840 (IB.47) (I .9) 881 (IA.35) (I .10)
800 (IA.48) (II.9) 841 (IB.48) (I .9) 882 (IA.36) (I .10)
801 (IA.49) (II.9) 842 (IB.49) (I .9) 883 (IA.37) (I .10)
802 (IA.50) (II.9) 843 (IB.50) (I .9) 884 (IA.38) (I .10)
803 (IA.51 ) (II.9) 844 (IB.54) (I .9) 885 (IA.39) (I .10)
804 (IA.52) (II.9) 845 (IB.55) (I .9) 886 (IA.40) (I .10)
805 (IA.53) (II.9) 846 (IB.56) (I .9) 887 (IA.41 ) (I .10)
806 (IA.54) (II.9) 847 (IA.1 ) (11.10) 888 (IA.42) (I .10)
807 (IA.55) (II.9) 848 (IA.2) (11.10) 889 (IA.43) (I .10)
808 (IA.56) (II.9) 849 (IA.3) (11.10) 890 (IA.44) (I .10)
809 (IA.57) (II.9) 850 (IA.4) (11.10) 891 (IA.45) (I .10)
810 (IA.58) (II.9) 851 (IA.5) (11.10) 892 (IA.46) (I .10)
81 1 (IA.59) (II.9) 852 (IA.6) (11.10) 893 (IA.47) (I .10)
812 (IA.60) (II.9) 853 (IA.7) (11.10) 894 (IA.48) (I .10) Mixt. Co.1 Co.2 Mixt. Co.1 Co.2 Mixt. Co.1 Co.2
895 (IA.49) (11.10) 936 (IB.49) (11.10) 977 (IA.37) (11.11)
896 (IA.50) (11.10) 937 (IB.50) (11.10) 978 (IA.38) (11.11)
897 (IA.51) (11.10) 938 (IB.54) (11.10) 979 (IA.39) (11.11)
898 (IA.52) (11.10) 939 (IB.55) (11.10) 980 (IA.40) (11.11)
899 (IA.53) (11.10) 940 (IB.56) (11.10) 981 (IA.41) (11.11)
900 (IA.54) (11.10) 941 (IA.1) (11.11) 982 (IA.42) (11.11)
901 (IA.55) (11.10) 942 (IA.2) (11.11) 983 (IA.43) (11.11)
902 (IA.56) (11.10) 943 (IA.3) (11.11) 984 (IA.44) (11.11)
903 (IA.57) (11.10) 944 (IA.4) (11.11) 985 (IA.45) (11.11)
904 (IA.58) (11.10) 945 (IA.5) (11.11) 986 (IA.46) (11.11)
905 (IA.59) (11.10) 946 (IA.6) (11.11) 987 (IA.47) (11.11)
906 (IA.60) (11.10) 947 (IA.7) (11.11) 988 (IA.48) (11.11)
907 (IA.61) (11.10) 948 (IA.8) (11.11) 989 (IA.49) (11.11)
908 (IB.11) (11.10) 949 (IA.9) (11.11) 990 (IA.50) (11.11)
909 (IB.12) (11.10) 950 (IA.10) (11.11) 991 (IA.51) (11.11)
910 (IB.13) (11.10) 951 (IA.11) (11.11) 992 (IA.52) (11.11)
911 (IB.15) (11.10) 952 (IA.12) (11.11) 993 (IA.53) (11.11)
912 (IB.18) (11.10) 953 (IA.13) (11.11) 994 (IA.54) (11.11)
913 (IB.23) (11.10) 954 (IA.14) (11.11) 995 (IA.55) (11.11)
914 (IB.24) (11.10) 955 (IA.15) (11.11) 996 (IA.56) (11.11)
915 (IB.25) (11.10) 956 (IA.16) (11.11) 997 (IA.57) (11.11)
916 (IB.26) (11.10) 957 (IA.17) (11.11) 998 (IA.58) (11.11)
917 (IB.27) (11.10) 958 (IA.18) (11.11) 999 (IA.59) (11.11)
918 (IB.28) (11.10) 959 (IA.19) (11.11) 1000 (IA.60) (11.11)
919 (IB.29) (11.10) 960 (IA.20) (11.11) 1001 (IA.61) (11.11)
920 (IB.33) (11.10) 961 (IA.21) (11.11) 1002 (IB.11) (11.11)
921 (IB.34) (11.10) 962 (IA.22) (11.11) 1003 (IB.12) (11.11)
922 (IB.35) (11.10) 963 (IA.23) (11.11) 1004 (IB.13) (11.11)
923 (IB.36) (11.10) 964 (IA.24) (11.11) 1005 (IB.14) (11.11)
924 (IB.37) (11.10) 965 (IA.25) (11.11) 1006 (IB.15) (11.11)
925 (IB.38) (11.10) 966 (IA.26) (11.11) 1007 (IB.18) (11.11)
926 (IB.39) (11.10) 967 (IA.27) (11.11) 1008 (IB.23) (11.11)
927 (IB.40) (11.10) 968 (IA.28) (11.11) 1009 (IB.25) (11.11)
928 (IB.41) (11.10) 969 (IA.29) (11.11) 1010 (IB.26) (11.11)
929 (IB.42) (11.10) 970 (IA.30) (11.11) 1011 (IB.27) (11.11)
930 (IB.43) (11.10) 971 (IA.31) (11.11) 1012 (IB.28) (11.11)
931 (IB.44) (11.10) 972 (IA.32) (11.11) 1013 (IB.29) (11.11)
932 (IB.45) (11.10) 973 (IA.33) (11.11) 1014 (IB.33) (11.11)
933 (IB.46) (11.10) 974 (IA.34) (11.11) 1015 (IB.34) (11.11)
934 (IB.47) (11.10) 975 (IA.35) (11.11) 1016 (IB.35) (11.11)
935 (IB.48) (11.10) 976 (IA.36) (11.11) 1017 (IB.36) (11.11) Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2 Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2 Mixt. Co.1 Co. 2
1018 (IB.37) (11.1 1 ) 1024 (IB.43) (11.1 1 ) 1030 (IB.49) (11.1 1 )
1019 (IB.38) (11.1 1 ) 1025 (IB.44) (11.1 1 ) 1031 (IB.50) (11.1 1 )
1020 (IB.39) (11.1 1 ) 1026 (IB.45) (11.1 1 ) 1032 (IB.54) (11.1 1 )
1021 (IB.40) (11.1 1 ) 1027 (IB.46) (11.1 1 ) 1033 (IB.55) (11.1 1 )
1022 (IB.41 ) (11.1 1 ) 1028 (IB.47) (11.1 1 ) 1034 (IB.56) (11.1 1 )
1023 (IB.42) (11.1 1 ) 1029 (IB.48) (11.1 1 )
Especially preferred are compositions 1.1 to 1.1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise ipconazole as component 3).
Also especially preferred are compositions 2.1 to 2.1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise difenoconazole as component 3).
Also especially preferred are compositions 3.1 to 3.1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise prothioconazole as component 3).
Also especially preferred are compositions 4.1 to 4.1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise prochloraz as component 3).
Also especially preferred are compositions 5.1 to 5.1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise triticonazole as component 3).
Also especially preferred are compositions 6.1 to 6.1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise flutriafol as component 3).
Also especially preferred are compositions 7.1 to 7.1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise cyproconazole as component 3).
Also especially preferred are compositions 8.1 to 8.1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise fluquinconazole as component 3).
Also especially preferred are compositions 9.1 to 9.1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise flutolanil as component 3).
Also especially preferred are compositions 10.1 to 10.1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise flusilazole as component 3).
Also especially preferred are compositions 1 1.1 to 1 1 .1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise imazalil as component 3). Also especially preferred are compositions 12.1 to 12.1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise metconazole as component 3).
Also especially preferred are compositions 13.1 to 13.1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise tebuconazole as component 3).
Also especially preferred are compositions 14.1 to 14.1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise uniconazole as component 3).
Also especially preferred are compositions 15.1 to 15.1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise triadimenol as component 3).
Also especially preferred are compositions 16.1 to 16.1034, which differ from the corresponding compositions 1 to 1034 of Table 1 only in that they additionally comprise thiabendazole as component 3).
Preferably, the compositions 1.1 to 16.1034 described above comprise the active components in synergistically effective amounts. Ratios are defined below.
The abovementioned microorganisms in the group of biopesticides I may be isolated or substantially purified. The terms "isolated" or "substantially purified" refers to microorganisms that have been removed from a natural environment and have been isolated or separated, and are at least 60% free, preferably at least 75% free, and more preferably at least 90% free, even more preferably at least 95% free, and most preferably at least 100% free from other components with which they were naturally associated. An "isolated culture" or "substantially purified culture" refers to a culture of the microbial pesticides that does not include significant amounts of other materials such as other materials which normally are found in natural habitat in which the microbial pesticides grows and/or from which the microbial pesticides normally may be obtained. An "isolated culture" may be a culture that does not include any other biological, microorganism, and/or bacterial species in quantities sufficient to interfere with the replication of the isolated culture. Isolated cultures of microbial pesticides may, however, be combined to prepare a mixed culture of microbial pesticides.
Herein, the microorganisms may be supplied in any physiological state such as active or dormant. Dormant microbial pesticides may be supplied for example frozen, dried, or lyophilized or partly desiccated (procedures to produce partly desiccated organisms are given in
WO 2008/002371 ) or in form of spores.
The microorganisms in the groups of biopesticides I used as organism in an active state can be delivered in a growth medium without any additional additives or materials or in combination with suitable nutrient mixtures.
The microorganisms in biopesticides I are preferably delivered and formulated in a dormant stage, more preferably in form of spores.
The mixtures and compositions thereof according to the invention can, in the use form as pesticides, fungicides and/or insecticides, also be present together with further pesticides, e. g. with herbicides, insecticides, growth regulators, fungicides, biopesticides, preferably any of those mentioned in this text; or else with fertilizers, as pre-mix or, if appropriate, not until immeadiately prior to use (tank mix).
The mixtures and compositions according to the invention are suitable as fungicides. They are distinguished by an outstanding effectiveness against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenic fungi, including soil-borne fungi, which derive especially from the classes of the
Plasmodiophoromycetes, Peronosporomycetes (syn. Oomycetes), Chytridiomycetes,
Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes (syn. Fungi imperfecti). Some are systemically effective and they can be used in crop protection as foliar fungicides, fungicides for seed dressing and soil fungicides. Moreover, they are suitable for controlling harmful fungi, which inter alia occur in wood or roots of plants.
The mixtures and compositions according to the invention are particularly important in the control of a multitude of phytopathogenic fungi on various cultivated plants, such as cereals, e. g. wheat, rye, barley, triticale, oats or rice; beet, e. g. sugar beet or fodder beet; fruits, such as pomes, stone fruits or soft fruits, e. g. apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries or gooseberries; leguminous plants, such as lentils, peas, alfalfa or soybeans; oil plants, such as rape, mustard, olives, sunflowers, coconut, cocoa beans, castor oil plants, oil palms, ground nuts or soybeans; cucurbits, such as squashes, cucumber or melons; fiber plants, such as cotton, flax, hemp or jute; citrus fruit, such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits or mandarins; vegetables, such as spinach, lettuce, asparagus, cabbages, carrots, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, cucurbits or paprika; lauraceous plants, such as avocados, cinnamon or camphor; energy and raw material plants, such as corn, soybean, rape, sugar cane or oil palm; corn; tobacco; nuts; coffee; tea; bananas; vines (table grapes and grape juice grape vines); hop; turf; natural rubber plants or ornamental and forestry plants, such as flowers, shrubs, broad-leaved trees or evergreens, e. g. conifers; and on the plant propagation material, such as seeds, and the crop material of these plants.
Preferably the inventive mixtures and compositions are used for controlling a multitude of fungi on field crops, such as potatoes sugar beets, tobacco, wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, corn, cotton, soybeans, rape, legumes, sunflowers, coffee or sugar cane; fruits; vines; ornamentals; or vegetables, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, beans or squashes.
The term "plant propagation material" is to be understood to denote all the generative parts of the plant such as seeds and vegetative plant material such as cuttings and tubers (e. g. potatoes), which can be used for the multiplication of the plant. This includes seeds, roots, fruits, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, shoots, sprouts and other parts of plants, including seedlings and young plants, which are to be transplanted after germination or after emergence from soil.
These young plants may also be protected before transplantation by a total or partial treatment by immersion or pouring.
Preferably, treatment of plant propagation materials with the inventive mixtures and compositions thereof, respectively, is used for controlling a multitude of fungi on cereals, such as wheat, rye, barley and oats; rice, corn, cotton and soybeans.
The term "cultivated plants" is to be understood as including plants which have been modified by breeding, mutagenesis or genetic engineering including but not limiting to agricultural biotech products on the market or in development (cf. http://cera-gmc.org/, see GM crop database therein). Genetically modified plants are plants, which genetic material has been so modified by the use of recombinant DNA techniques that under natural circumstances cannot readily be obtained by cross breeding, mutations or natural recombination. Typically, one or more genes have been integrated into the genetic material of a genetically modified plant in order to improve certain properties of the plant. Such genetic modifications also include but are not limited to targeted post-transtional modification of protein(s), oligo- or polypeptides e. g. by glycosylation or polymer additions such as prenylated, acetylated or farnesylated moieties or PEG moieties.
Plants that have been modified by breeding, mutagenesis or genetic engineering, e. g. have been rendered tolerant to applications of specific classes of herbicides, such as
hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors; acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, such as sulfonyl ureas (see e. g. US 6,222,100, WO 01/82685, WO 00/26390, WO 97/41218, WO 98/02526, WO 98/02527, WO 04/106529, WO 05/20673, WO 03/14357, WO 03/13225, WO 03/14356, WO 04/16073) or imidazolinones (see e. g. US 6,222,100, WO 01/82685, WO 00/026390, WO 97/41218, WO 98/002526, WO 98/02527, WO 04/106529, WO 05/20673, WO 03/014357, WO 03/13225, WO 03/14356, WO 04/16073); enolpyruvylshikimate-3- phosphate synthase (EPSPS) inhibitors, such as glyphosate (see e. g. WO 92/00377);
glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitors, such as glufosinate (see e.g. EP-A 242 236, EP-A 242 246) or oxynil herbicides (see e. g. US 5,559,024) as a result of conventional methods of breeding or genetic engineering. Several cultivated plants have been rendered tolerant to herbicides by conventional methods of breeding (mutagenesis), e. g. Clearfield® summer rape (Canola, BASF SE, Germany) being tolerant to imidazolinones, e. g. imazamox. Genetic engineering methods have been used to render cultivated plants such as soybean, cotton, corn, beets and rape, tolerant to herbicides such as glyphosate and glufosinate, some of which are commercially available under the trade names RoundupReady® (glyphosate-tolerant, Monsanto, U.S.A.) and LibertyLink® (glufosinate-tolerant, Bayer CropScience, Germany).
Furthermore, plants are also covered that are by the use of recombinant DNA techniques capable to synthesize one or more insecticidal proteins, especially those known from the bacterial genus Bacillus, particularly from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as δ-endotoxins, e. g. CrylA(b), CrylA(c), CrylF, CrylF(a2), CryllA(b), CrylllA, CrylllB(bl ) or Cry9c; vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP), e. g. VIP1 , VIP2, VIP3 or VIP3A; insecticidal proteins of bacteria colonizing nematodes, e. g. Photorhabdus spp. or Xenorhabdus spp.; toxins produced by animals, such as scorpion toxins, arachnid toxins, wasp toxins, or other insect-specific neurotoxins; toxins produced by fungi, such Streptomycetes toxins, plant lectins, such as pea or barley lectins; agglutinins; proteinase inhibitors, such as trypsin inhibitors, serine protease inhibitors, patatin, cystatin or papain inhibitors; ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP), such as ricin, maize-RIP, abrin, luffin, saporin or bryodin; steroid metabolism enzymes, such as 3- hydroxysteroid oxidase, ecdysteroid-IDP-glycosyl-transferase, cholesterol oxidases, ecdysone inhibitors or HMG-CoA-reductase; ion channel blockers, such as blockers of sodium or calcium channels; juvenile hormone esterase; diuretic hormone receptors (helicokinin receptors); stilben synthase, bibenzyl synthase, chitinases or glucanases. In the context of the present invention these insecticidal proteins or toxins are to be understood expressly also as pre-toxins, hybrid proteins, truncated or otherwise modified proteins. Hybrid proteins are characterized by a new combination of protein domains, (see, e. g. WO 02/015701 ). Further examples of such toxins or genetically modified plants capable of synthesizing such toxins are disclosed, e. g., in
EP-A 374 753, WO 93/007278, WO 95/34656, EP-A 427 529, EP-A 451 878, WO 03/18810 und WO 03/52073. The methods for producing such genetically modified plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, e. g. in the publications mentioned above. These insecticidal proteins contained in the genetically modified plants impart to the plants producing these proteins tolerance to harmful pests from all taxonomic groups of athropods, especially to beetles (Coeloptera), two-winged insects (Diptera), and moths (Lepidoptera) and to nematodes (Nematoda). Genetically modified plants capable to synthesize one or more insecticidal proteins are, e. g., described in the publications mentioned above, and some of which are commercially available such as YieldGard® (corn cultivars producing the Cry1 Ab toxin), YieldGard® Plus (corn cultivars producing CrylAb and Cry3Bb1 toxins), Starlink® (corn cultivars producing the Cry9c toxin), Herculex® RW (corn cultivars producing Cry34Ab1 , Cry35Ab1 and the enzyme Phosphinothricin-A/-Acetyltransferase [PAT]); NuCOTN® 33B (cotton cultivars producing the CrylAc toxin), Bollgard® I (cotton cultivars producing the CrylAc toxin), Bollgard® II (cotton cultivars producing CrylAc and Cry2Ab2 toxins); VIPCOT® (cotton cultivars producing a VIP-toxin); NewLeaf® (potato cultivars producing the Cry3A toxin); Bt-Xtra®, NatureGard®, KnockOut®, BiteGard®, Protecta®, Bt1 1 (e. g. Agrisure® CB) and Bt176 from Syngenta Seeds SAS, France, (corn cultivars producing the CrylAb toxin and PAT enyzme), MIR604 from Syngenta Seeds SAS, France (corn cultivars producing a modified version of the Cry3A toxin, c.f. WO 03/018810), MON 863 from Monsanto Europe S.A., Belgium (corn cultivars producing the Cry3Bb1 toxin), IPC 531 from Monsanto Europe S.A., Belgium (cotton cultivars producing a modified version of the CrylAc toxin) and 1507 from Pioneer Overseas
Corporation, Belgium (corn cultivars producing the Cry1 F toxin and PAT enzyme).
Furthermore, plants are also covered that are by the use of recombinant DNA techniques capable to synthesize one or more proteins to increase the resistance or tolerance of those plants to bacterial, viral or fungal pathogens. Examples of such proteins are the so-called "pathogenesis-related proteins" (PR proteins, see, e. g. EP-A 392 225), plant disease resistance genes (e. g. potato cultivars, which express resistance genes acting against Phytophthora infestans derived from the mexican wild potato Solanum bulbocastanum) or T4-lysozym (e. g. potato cultivars capable of synthesizing these proteins with increased resistance against bacteria such as Erwinia amylvora). The methods for producing such genetically modified plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, e. g. in the publications mentioned above.
Furthermore, plants are also covered that are by the use of recombinant DNA techniques capable to synthesize one or more proteins to increase the productivity (e. g. bio mass production, grain yield, starch content, oil content or protein content), tolerance to drought, salinity or other growth-limiting environmental factors or tolerance to pests and fungal, bacterial or viral pathogens of those plants.
Furthermore, plants are also covered that contain by the use of recombinant DNA techniques a modified amount of substances of content or new substances of content, specifically to improve human or animal nutrition, e. g. oil crops that produce health-promoting long-chain omega-3 fatty acids or unsaturated omega-9 fatty acids (e. g. Nexera® rape, DOW Agro Sciences, Canada).
Furthermore, plants are also covered that contain by the use of recombinant DNA techniques a modified amount of substances of content or new substances of content, specifically to improve raw material production, e. g. potatoes that produce increased amounts of amylopectin (e. g. Amflora® potato, BASF SE, Germany).
The inventive mixtures and compositions are particularly suitable for controlling the following plant diseases:
Albugo spp. (white rust) on ornamentals, vegetables (e. g. A. Candida) and sunflowers (e. g. A. tragopogonis); Altemaria spp. (Alternaria leaf spot) on vegetables, rape (A. brassicola or brassicae), sugar beets (A. tenuis), fruits, rice, soybeans, potatoes (e. g. A. solani or A.
alternata), tomatoes (e. g. A. solani or A. alternata) and wheat; Aphanomyces spp. on sugar beets and vegetables; Ascochyta spp. on cereals and vegetables, e. g. A. tritici (anthracnose) on wheat and A. hordei on barley; Bipolaris and Drechslera spp. (teleomorph: Cochliobolus spp.) on corn (e. g. D. maydis), cereals (e. g. B. sorokiniana: spot blotch), rice (e. g. B. oryzae) and turfs; Blumeria (formerly Erysiphe) graminis (powdery mildew) on cereals (e. g. on wheat or barley); Botrytis cinerea (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana: grey mold) on fruits and berries (e. g. strawberries), vegetables (e. g. lettuce, carrots, celery and cabbages), rape, flowers, vines, forestry plants and wheat; Bremia lactucae (downy mildew) on lettuce;
Ceratocystis (syn. Ophiostoma) spp. (rot or wilt) on broad-leaved trees and evergreens, e. g. C. ulmi (Dutch elm disease) on elms; Cercospora spp. (Cercospora leaf spots) on corn, rice, sugar beets (e. g. C. beticola), sugar cane, vegetables, coffee, soybeans (e. g. C. sojina or C. kikuchii) and rice; Cladosporium spp. on tomatoes (e. g. C. fulvum: leaf mold) and cereals, e. g. C. herbarum (black ear) on wheat; Claviceps purpurea (ergot) on cereals; Cochliobolus
(anamorph: Helminthosporium of Bipolaris) spp. (leaf spots) on corn (C. carbonum), cereals (e. g. C. sativus, anamorph: B. sorokiniana) and rice (e. g. C. miyabeanus, anamorph: H.
oryzae); Colletotrichum (teleomorph: Glomerella) spp. (anthracnose) on cotton (e. g. C.
gossypii), corn (e. g. C. graminicola), soft fruits, potatoes (e. g. C. coccodes: black dot), beans (e. g. C. lindemuthianum) and soybeans (e. g. C. truncatum or C. gloeosporioides); Corticium spp., e. g. C. sasakii (sheath blight) on rice; Corynespora cassiicola (leaf spots) on soybeans and ornamentals; Cycloconium spp., e. g. C. oleaginum on olive trees; Cylindrocarpon spp. (e. g. fruit tree canker or young vine decline, teleomorph: Nectria or Neonectria spp.) on fruit trees, vines (e. g. C. liriodendri, teleomorph: Neonectria liriodendri: Black Foot Disease) and ornamentals; Dematophora (teleomorph: Rosellinia) necatrix (root and stem rot) on soybeans; Diaporthe spp., e. g. D. phaseolorum (damping off) on soybeans; Drechslera (syn.
Helminthosporium, teleomorph: Pyrenophora) spp. on corn, cereals, such as barley (e. g. D. teres, net blotch) and wheat (e. g. D. tritici-repentis: tan spot), rice and turf; Esca (dieback, apoplexy) on vines, caused by Formitiporia (syn. Phellinus) punctata, F. mediterranea,
Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (earlier Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum),
Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and/or Botryosphaeria obtusa; Elsinoe spp. on pome fruits (£. pyn), soft fruits (£. veneta: anthracnose) and vines (£. ampelina: anthracnose); Entyloma oryzae (leaf smut) on rice; Epicoccum spp. (black mold) on wheat; Erysiphe spp. (powdery mildew) on sugar beets (£. betae), vegetables (e. g. E. pisi), such as cucurbits (e. g. E.
cichoracearum), cabbages, rape (e. g. E. cruciferarum); Eutypa lata (Eutypa canker or dieback, anamorph: Cytosporina lata, syn. Libertella blepharis) on fruit trees, vines and ornamental woods; Exserohilum (syn. Helminthosporium) spp. on corn (e. g. E. turcicum); Fusarium
(teleomorph: Gibberella) spp. (wilt, root or stem rot) on various plants, such as F. graminearum or F. culmorum (root rot, scab or head blight) on cereals (e. g. wheat or barley), F. oxysporum on tomatoes, F. solani on soybeans and F. verticillioides on corn; Gaeumannomyces graminis (take-all) on cereals (e. g. wheat or barley) and corn; Gibberella spp. on cereals (e. g. G. zeae) and rice (e. g. G. fujikuroi: Bakanae disease); Glomerella cingulata on vines, pome fruits and other plants and G. gossypii on cotton; Grainstaining complex on rice; Guignardia bidwellii (black rot) on vines; Gymnosporangium spp. on rosaceous plants and junipers, e. g. G. sabinae (rust) on pears; Helminthosporium spp. (syn. Drechslera, teleomorph: Cochliobolus) on corn, cereals and rice; Hemileia spp., e. g. H. vastatrix (coffee leaf rust) on coffee; Isariopsis clavispora (syn. Cladosporium vitis) on vines; Macrophomina phaseolina (syn. phaseoli) (root and stem rot) on soybeans and cotton; Microdochium (syn. Fusarium) nivale (pink snow mold) on cereals (e. g. wheat or barley); Microsphaera diffusa (powdery mildew) on soybeans;
Monilinia spp., e. g. M. laxa, M. fructicola and M. fructigena (bloom and twig blight, brown rot) on stone fruits and other rosaceous plants; Mycosphaerella spp. on cereals, bananas, soft fruits and ground nuts, such as e. g. M. graminicola (anamorph: Septoria tritici, Septoria blotch) on wheat; Peronospora spp. (downy mildew) on cabbage (e. g. P. brassicae), rape (e. g. P.
parasitica), onions (e. g. P. destructor), tobacco (P. tabacina) and soybeans (e. g. P.
manshurica); Phakopsora pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae (soybean rust) on soybeans;
Phialophora spp. e. g. on vines (e. g. P. tracheiphila and P. tetraspora) and soybeans (e. g. P. gregata: stem rot); Phoma lingam (root and stem rot) on rape and cabbage and P. betae (root rot, leaf spot and damping-off) on sugar beets; Phomopsis spp. on sunflowers, vines (e. g. P. viticola: can and leaf spot) and soybeans (e. g. stem rot: P. phaseoli, teleomorph: Diaporthe phaseolorum); Physoderma maydis (brown spots) on corn; Phytophthora spp. (wilt, root, leaf, fruit and stem root) on various plants, such as paprika and cucurbits (e. g. P. capsici), soybeans (e. g. P. megasperma, syn. P. sojae), potatoes and tomatoes (e. g. P. infestans: late blight) and broad-leaved trees (e. g. P. ramorum: sudden oak death); Plasmodiophora brassicae (club root) on cabbage, rape, radish and other plants; Plasmopara spp., e. g. P. viticola (grapevine downy mildew) on vines and P. halstedii on sunflowers; Podosphaera spp. (powdery mildew) on rosaceous plants, hop, pome and soft fruits, e. g. P. leucotricha on apples; Polymyxa spp., e. g. on cereals, such as barley and wheat (P. graminis) and sugar beets (P. betae) and thereby transmitted viral diseases; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (eyespot, teleomorph: Tapesia yallundae) on cereals, e. g. wheat or barley; Pseudoperonospora (downy mildew) on various plants, e. g. P. cubensis on cucurbits or P. humili on hop; Pseudopezicula tracheiphila (red fire disease or .rotbrenner', anamorph: Phialophora) on vines; Puccinia spp. (rusts) on various plants, e. g. P. triticina (brown or leaf rust), P. striiformis (stripe or yellow rust), P. hordei (dwarf rust), P. graminis (stem or black rust) or P. recondita (brown or leaf rust) on cereals, such as e. g. wheat, barley or rye, and asparagus (e. g. P. asparagi); Pyrenophora (anamorph:
Drechslera) tritici-repentis (tan spot) on wheat or P. feres (net blotch) on barley; Pyricularia spp., e. g. P. oryzae (teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea, rice blast) on rice and P. grisea on turf and cereals; Pythium spp. (damping-off) on turf, rice, corn, wheat, cotton, rape, sunflowers, soybeans, sugar beets, vegetables and various other plants (e. g. P. ultimum or P. aphani- dermatum); Ramularia spp., e. g. R. collo-cygni (Ram ularia leaf spots, Physiological leaf spots) on barley and R. beticola on sugar beets; Rhizoctonia spp. on cotton, rice, potatoes, turf, corn, rape, potatoes, sugar beets, vegetables and various other plants, e. g. R. solani (root and stem rot) on soybeans, R. solani (sheath blight) on rice or R. cerealis (Rhizoctonia spring blight) on wheat or barley; Rhizopus stolonifer (black mold, soft rot) on strawberries, carrots, cabbage, vines and tomatoes; Rhynchosporium secalis (scald) on barley, rye and triticale; Sarocladium oryzae and S. attenuatum (sheath rot) on rice; Sclerotinia spp. (stem rot or white mold) on vegetables and field crops, such as rape, sunflowers (e. g. S. sclerotiorum) and soybeans (e. g. S. rolfsii or S. sclerotiorum); Septoria spp. on various plants, e. g. S. glycines (brown spot) on soybeans, S. tritici (Septoria blotch) on wheat and S. (syn. Stagonospora) nodorum
(Stagonospora blotch) on cereals; Uncinula (syn. Erysiphe) necator (powdery mildew, anamorph: Oidium tuckeri) on vines; Setospaeria spp. (leaf blight) on corn (e. g. S. turcicum, syn. Helminthosporium turcicum) and turf; Sphacelotheca spp. (smut) on corn, (e. g. S. reiliana: head smut), sorghum und sugar cane; Sphaerotheca fuliginea (powdery mildew) on cucurbits; Spongospora subterranea (powdery scab) on potatoes and thereby transmitted viral diseases; Stagonospora spp. on cereals, e. g. S. nodorum (Stagonospora blotch, teleomorph:
Leptosphaeria [syn. Phaeosphaeria] nodorum) on wheat; Synchytrium endobioticum on potatoes (potato wart disease); Taphrina spp., e. g. T. deformans (leaf curl disease) on peaches and T. pruni (plum pocket) on plums; Thielaviopsis spp. (black root rot) on tobacco, pome fruits, vegetables, soybeans and cotton, e. g. T. basicola (syn. Chalara elegans); Tilletia spp.
(common bunt or stinking smut) on cereals, such as e. g. T. tritici (syn. T. caries, wheat bunt) and T. controversa (dwarf bunt) on wheat; Typhula incarnata (grey snow mold) on barley or wheat; Urocystis spp., e. g. U. occulta (stem smut) on rye; Uromyces spp. (rust) on vegetables, such as beans (e. g. U. appendiculatus, syn. U. phaseoli) and sugar beets (e. g. U. betae); Ustilago spp. (loose smut) on cereals (e. g. U. nuda and U. avaenae), corn (e. g. U. maydis: corn smut) and sugar cane; Venturia spp. (scab) on apples (e. g. V. inaequalis) and pears; and Verticillium spp. (wilt) on various plants, such as fruits and ornamentals, vines, soft fruits, vegetables and field crops, e. g. V. dahliae on strawberries, rape, potatoes and tomatoes.
In particular, the mixtures and compositions of the present invention are effective against plant pathogens in speciality crops such as vine, fruits, hop, vegetables and tabacco.
Bacteria pathogenic for plants are responsible for devastating losses in agriculture. The use of antibiotics to control such infections is restricted in many countries due to worries over the evolution and transmission of antibiotic resistance.
The mixtures and compositions according to the invention are also suitable as bactericides. They are distinguished by an outstanding effectiveness against a broad spectrum of
phytopathogenic bacteria, including soil-borne bacteria, which derive especially from the genera of Agrobacterium, Clavibacter, Corynebacterium, Erwinia, Leifsonia, Pectobacterium,
Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Xanthomonas (e.g. Xanthomonas oryzae causing bacterial blight on rice) and Xylella; preferably Erwinia; even more preferably Erwinia amylovora causing fire blight on apples, pears and other memb er of the family Rosaceae.
The mixtures according to the present invention and compositions thereof, respectively, are also suitable for controlling harmful fungi in the protection of stored products or harvest and in the protection of materials. The term "protection of materials" is to be understood to denote the protection of technical and non-living materials, such as adhesives, glues, wood, paper and paperboard, textiles, leather, paint dispersions, plastics, colling lubricants, fiber or fabrics, against the infestation and destruction by harmful microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria. As to the protection of wood and other materials, the particular attention is paid to the following harmful fungi: Ascomycetes such as Ophiostoma spp., Ceratocystis spp., Aureobasidium pullu- lans, Sclerophoma spp., Chaetomium spp., Humicola spp., Petriella spp., Trichurus spp.;
Basidiomycetes such as Coniophora spp., Coriolus spp., Gloeophyllum spp., Lentinus spp., Pleurotus spp., Poria spp., Serpula spp. and Tyromyces spp., Deuteromycetes such as
Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Trichorma spp., Altemaria spp.,
Paecilomyces spp. and Zygomycetes such as Mucor spp., and in addition in the protection of stored products and harvest the following yeast fungi are worthy of note: Candida spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisae.
The method of treatment according to the invention can also be used in the field of protecting stored products or harvest against attack of fungi and microorganisms. According to the present invention, the term "stored products" is understood to denote natural substances of plant or animal origin and their processed forms, which have been taken from the natural life cycle and for which long-term protection is desired. Stored products of crop plant origin, such as plants or parts thereof, for example stalks, leafs, tubers, seeds, fruits or grains, can be protected in the freshly harvested state or in processed form, such as pre-dried, moistened, comminuted, ground, pressed or roasted, which process is also known as post-harvest treatment. Also falling under the definition of stored products is timber, whether in the form of crude timber, such as construction timber, electricity pylons and barriers, or in the form of finished articles, such as furniture or objects made from wood. Stored products of animal origin are hides, leather, furs, hairs and the like. The combinations according the present invention can prevent
disadvantageous effects such as decay, discoloration or mold. Preferably "stored products" is understood to denote natural substances of plant origin and their processed forms, more preferably fruits and their processed forms, such as pomes, stone fruits, soft fruits and citrus fruits and their processed forms.
The mixtures and compositions according to the invention are particularly important in the control of a multitude of phytopathogenic insects or other pests (e.g. lepidopterans, beetles, dipterans, thrips, heteropterans, hemiptera, homoptera, termites, orthopterans, arachnids, and nematodes) on various cultivated plants, such as cereals, e. g. wheat, rye, barley, triticale, oats or rice; beet, e. g. sugar beet or fodder beet; fruits, such as pomes, stone fruits or soft fruits, e. g. apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries or gooseberries; leguminous plants, such as lentils, peas, alfalfa or soybeans; oil plants, such as rape, mustard, olives, sunflowers, coconut, cocoa beans, castor oil plants, oil palms, ground nuts or soybeans; cucurbits, such as squashes, cucumber or melons; fiber plants, such as cotton, flax, hemp or jute; citrus fruit, such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits or mandarins;
vegetables, such as spinach, lettuce, asparagus, cabbages, carrots, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, cucurbits or paprika; lauraceous plants, such as avocados, cinnamon or camphor; energy and raw material plants, such as corn, soybean, rape, sugar cane or oil palm; corn; tobacco; nuts; coffee; tea; bananas; vines (table grapes and grape juice grape vines); hop; turf; natural rubber plants or ornamental and forestry plants, such as flowers, shrubs, broad-leaved trees or evergreens, e. g. conifers; and on the plant propagation material, such as seeds, and the crop material of these plants.
Preferably the inventive mixtures and compositions are used for controlling a multitude of pests on field crops, such as potatoes sugar beets, tobacco, wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, corn, cotton, soybeans, rape, legumes, sunflowers, coffee or sugar cane; fruits; vines; ornamentals; or vegetables, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, beans or squashes.
The inventive mixtures and the compositions thereof, respectively, are particularly suitable for controlling the following harmful insects from the order of the
lepidopterans (Lepidoptera), for example Agrotis ypsilon, Agrotis segetum, Alabama argillacea, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Argyresthia conjugella, Autographa gamma, Bupalus piniarius, Cacoecia murinana, Capua reticulana, Cheimatobia brumata, Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis, Cirphis unipuncta, Cydia pomonella, Dendrolimus pini, Diaphania nitidalis, Diatraea grandiosella, Earias insulana, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Eupoecilia ambiguella, Evetria bouliana, Feltia subterranea, Galleria mellonella, Grapholitha funebrana, Grapholitha molesta, Heliothis armigera, Heliothis virescens, Heliothis zea, Hellula undalis, Hibernia defoliaria, Hyphantria cunea, Hyponomeuta malinellus, Keiferia lycopersicella, Lambdina fiscellaria, Laphygma exigua, Leucoptera coffeella, Leucoptera scitella, Lithocolletis blancardella, Lobesia botrana, Loxostege sticticalis, Lymantria dispar, Lymantria monacha, Lyonetia clerkella, Malacosoma neustria, Mamestra brassicae, Orgyia pseudotsugata, Ostrinia nubilalis, Panolis flammea, Pectinophora gossypiella, Peridroma saucia, Phalera bucephala, Phthorimaea operculella, Phyllocnistis citrella, Pieris brassicae, Plathypena scabra, Plutella xylostella, Pseudoplusia includens, Rhyacionia frustrana, Scrobipalpula absoluta, Sitotroga cerealella, Sparganothis pilleriana, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera litura, Thaumatopoea pityocampa, Tortrix viridana, Trichoplusia ni and Zeiraphera canadensis, beetles (Coleoptera), for example Agrilus sinuatus, Agriotes lineatus, Agriotes obscurus, Amphimallus solstitialis, Anisandrus dispar, Anthonomus grandis, Anthonomus pomorum, Atomaria linearis, Blastophagus piniperda, Blitophaga undata, Bruchus rufimanus, Bruchus pisorum, Bruchus lentis, Byctiscus betulae, Cassida nebulosa, Cerotoma trifurcata,
Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Ceuthorrhynchus napi, Chaetocnema tibialis, Conoderus vespertinus, Crioceris asparagi, Diabrotica longicornis, Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica 12- punctata, Diabrotica virgifera, Diloboderus abderus, Epilachna varivestis, Epitrix hirtipennis, Eutinobothrus brasiliensis, Hylobius abietis, Hypera brunneipennis, Hypera postica, Ips typographus, Lema bilineata, Lema melanopus, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Limonius californicus, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Melanotus communis, Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha hippocastani, Melolontha melolontha, Oulema oryzae, Ortiorrhynchus sulcatus, Oryazophagus oryzae, Otiorrhynchus ovatus, Phaedon cochleariae, Phyllotreta chrysocephala, Phyllophaga sp., Phyllophaga cuyabana, Phyllophaga triticophaga, Phyllopertha horticola, Phyllotreta nemorum, Phyllotreta striolata, Popillia japonica, Sitona lineatus and Sitophilus granaria,
dipterans (Diptera), for example Aedes aegypti, Aedes vexans, Anastrepha ludens,
Anopheles maculipennis, Ceratitis capitata, Chrysomya bezziana, Chrysomya hominivorax,
Chrysomya macellaria, Contarinia sorghicola, Cordylobia anthropophaga, Culex pipiens, Dacus cucurbitae, Dacus oleae, Dasineura brassicae, Fannia canicularis, Gasterophilus intestinalis, Glossina morsitans, Haematobia irritans, Haplodiplosis equestris, Hylemyia platura, Hypoderma lineata, Liriomyza sativae, Liriomyza trifolii, Lucilia caprina, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, Lycoria pectoralis, Mayetiola destructor, Musca domestica, Muscina stabulans, Oestrus ovis, Oscinella frit, Pegomya hysocyami, Phorbia antiqua, Phorbia brassicae, Phorbia coarctata, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhagoletis pomonella, Tabanus bovinus, Tipula oleracea and Tipula paludosa,
thrips (Thysanoptera), e.g. Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella tritici, Scirtothrips citri, Thrips oryzae, Thrips palmi and Thrips tabaci,
hymenopterans (Hymenoptera), e.g. Acromyrmex ambuguus, Acromyrmex crassispinus, Acromyrmex heiery, Acromyrmex landolti, Acromyrmex subterraneus, Athalia rosae, Atta capiguara, Atta cephalotes, Atta laevigata, Atta robusta, Atta sexdens, Atta texana,
Hoplocampa minuta, Hoplocampa testudinea, Monomorium pharaonis, Solenopsis geminata and Solenopsis invicta,
heteropterans (Heteroptera), e.g. Acrosternum hilare, Blissus leucopterus, Cyrtopeltis notatus, Dichelops furcatus, Dysdercus cingulatus, Dysdercus intermedius, Euchistos heros, Eurygaster integriceps, Euschistus impictiventris, Leptoglossus phyllopus, Lygus lineolaris, Lygus pratensis, Nezara viridula, Piesma quadrata, Piezodorus guildini, Solubea insularis and Thyanta perditor,
Hemiptera and Homoptera, e.g. Acrosternum hilare, Blissus leucopterus, Cyrtopeltis notatus, Diaphorina citri, Dysdercus cingulatus, Dysdercus intermedius, Eurygaster integriceps,
Euschistus impictiventris, Leptoglossus phyllopus, Lygus lineolaris, Lygus pratensis, Nezara viridula, Piesma quadrata, Solubea insularis , Thyanta perditor, Acyrthosiphon onobrychis, Adelges laricis, Aphidula nasturtii, Aphis fabae, Aphis forbesi, Aphis pomi, Aphis gossypii, Aphis grossulariae, Aphis schneideri, Aphis spiraecola, Aphis sambuci, Acyrthosiphon pisum,
Aulacorthum solani, Brachycaudus cardui, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Brachycaudus persicae, Brachycaudus prunicola, Brevicoryne brassicae, Capitophorus horni, Cerosipha gossypii, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Cryptomyzus ribis, Dreyfusia nordmannianae, Dreyfusia piceae, Dysaphis radicola, Dysaulacorthum pseudosolani, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysaphis pyri, Empoasca fabae, Hyalopterus pruni, Hyperomyzus lactucae, Macrosiphum avenae,
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphon rosae, Megoura viciae, Melanaphis pyrarius,
Metopolophium dirhodum, Myzodes persicae, Myzus ascalonicus, Myzus cerasi, Myzus varians, Nasonovia ribis-nigri, Nilaparvata lugens, Pemphigus bursarius, Perkinsiella saccharicida, Phorodon humuli, Psylla mail, Psylla piri, Rhopalomyzus ascalonicus, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Rhopalosiphum insertum, Sappaphis mala, Sappaphis mail, Schizaphis graminum, Schizoneura lanuginosa, Sitobion avenae, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Toxoptera aurantiiand, Viteus vitifolii, Cimex lectularius, Cimex hemipterus, Reduvius senilis, Triatoma spp., and Aril us critatus,
termites (Isoptera), e.g. Calotermes flavicollis, Cornitermes cumulans, Heterotermes tenuis, Leucotermes flavipes, Neocapritemes opacus, Procomitermes triacifer; Reticulitermes lucifugus, Syntermes molestus, and Termes natalensis,
orthopterans (Orthoptera), e.g. Acheta domestica, Blatta orientalis, Blattella germanica, Forficula auricularia, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Locusta migratoria, Melanoplus bivittatus,
Melanoplus femur-rubrum, Melanoplus mexicanus, Melanoplus sanguinipes, Melanoplus spretus, Nomadacris septemfasciata, Periplaneta americana, Schistocerca americana,
Schistocerca peregrina, Stauronotus maroccanus and Tachycines asynamorus,
Arachnoidea, such as arachnids, e.g. of the families Argasidae, Ixodidae and Sarcoptidae, such as Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma variegatum, Argas persicus, Boophilus annulatus, Boophilus decoloratus, Boophilus microplus, Dermacentor silvarum, Hyalomma truncatum, Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes rubicundus, Ornithodorus moubata, Otobius megnini, Dermanyssus gallinae, Psoroptes ovis, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, Sarcoptes scabiei, and Eriophyidae spp. such as Aculus schlechtendali, Phyllocoptrata oleivora and Eriophyes sheldoni; Tarsonemidae spp. such as Phytonemus pallidus and
Polyphagotarsonemus latus; Tenuipalpidae spp. such as Brevipalpus phoenicis; Tetranychidae spp. such as Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Tetranychus kanzawai, Tetranychus pacificus, Tetranychus telarius and Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus ulmi, Panonychus citri, and
Oligonychus pratensis.
In particular, the inventive mixtures are suitable for combating pests of the orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Thysanoptera, Homoptera, Isoptera, and Orthoptera.
They are also suitable for controlling the following plant parasitic nematodes such as root- knot nematodes, Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, Meloidogyne exigua,
Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica and other Meloidogyne species; cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis, Globodera pallida, Globodera tabacum and other Globodera species, Heterodera avenae, Heterodera glycines, Heterodera schachtii, Heterodera trifolii, and other Heterodera species; seed gall nematodes, Anguina funesta, Anguina tritici and other Anguina species; stem and foliar nematodes, Aphelenchoides besseyi, Aphelenchoides fragariae, Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi and other Aphelenchoides species; sting nematodes, Belonolaimus longicaudatus and other Belonolaimus species; pine nematodes, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and other Bursaphelenchus species; ring nematodes, Criconema species, Criconemella species, Criconemoides species, and Mesocriconema species; stem and bulb nematodes, Ditylenchus destructor, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Ditylenchus myceliophagus and other Ditylenchus species; awl nematodes, Dolichodorus species; spiral nematodes, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Helicotylenchus multicinctus and other Helicotylenchus species, Rotylenchus robustus and other Rotylenchus species; sheath nematodes,
Hemicycliophora species and Hemicriconemoides species; Hirshmanniella species; lance nematodes, Hoplolaimus columbus, Hoplolaimus galeatus and other Hoplolaimus species; false root-knot nematodes, Nacobbus aberrans and other Nacobbus species; needle nematodes, Longidorus elongates and other Longidorus species; pin nematodes, Paratylenchus species; lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus coffeae, Pratylenchus curvitatus, Pratylenchus goodeyi, Pratylencus neglectus, Pratylenchus penetrans, Pratylenchus scribneri, Pratylenchus vulnus, Pratylenchus zeae and other Pratylenchus species; Radinaphelenchus cocophilus and other Radinaphelenchus species; burrowing nematodes, Radopholus similis and other Radopholus species; reniform nematodes, Rotylenchulus reniformis and other
Rotylenchulus species; Scutellonema species; stubby root nematodes, Trichodorus primitivus and other Trichodorus species; Paratrichodorus minor and other Paratrichodorus species; stunt nematodes, Tylenchorhynchus claytoni, Tylenchorhynchus dubius and other Tylenchorhynchus species and Merlinius species; citrus nematodes, Tylenchulus semipenetrans and other Tylenchulus species; dagger nematodes, Xiphinema americanum, Xiphinema index, Xiphinema diversicaudatum and other Xiphinema species; and other plant parasitic nematode species
Plant propagation materials may be treated with the mixtures and compositions of the invention prophylactically either at or before planting or transplanting.
In particular, the present invention relates to a method for protection of plant propagation material from pests, wherein the plant propagation material is treated with an effective amount of an inventive mixture.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for protection of plant propagation material from animal pests (insects, acarids or nematodes), wherein the plant propagation material are treated with an effective amount of an inventive mixture.
In an equally preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for protection of plant propagation material from harmful fungi, wherein the plant propagation material is treated with an effective amount of an inventive mixture.
In general, "pesticidally effective amount" means the amount of the inventive mixtures or of compositions comprising the mixtures needed to achieve an observable effect on growth, including the effects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, and removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and activity of the target organism. The pesticidally effective amount can vary for the various mixtures / compositions used in the invention. A pesticidally effective amount of the mixtures / compositions will also vary according to the prevailing conditions such as desired pesticidal effect and duration, weather, target species, locus, mode of application, and the like.
In an equally preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for improving the health of plants, wherein the plants are treated with a plant health effective amount of an inventive mixture.
The term "plant health effective amount" denotes an amount of the inventive mixtures, which is sufficient for achieving plant health effects as defined herein below. More exemplary information about amounts, ways of application and suitable ratios to be used is given below. Anyway, the skilled artisan is well aware of the fact that such an amount can vary in a broad range and is dependent on various factors, e.g. the treated cultivated plant or material and the climatic conditions.
Healthier plants are desirable since they result among others in better yields and/or a better quality of the plants or crops, specifically better quality of the harvested plant parts. Healthier plants also better resist to biotic and/or abiotic stress. A high resistance against biotic stresses in turn allows the person skilled in the art to reduce the quantity of pesticides applied and consequently to slow down the development of resistances against the respective pesticides.
It has to be emphasized that the above mentioned effects of the inventive mixtures, i.e. enhanced health of the plant, are also present when the plant is not under biotic stress and in particular when the plant is not under pest pressure.
For example, for seed treatment and soil applications, it is evident that a plant suffering from fungal or insecticidal attack shows reduced germination and emergence leading to poorer plant or crop establishment and vigor, and consequently, to a reduced yield as compared to a plant propagation material which has been subjected to curative or preventive treatment against the relevant pest and which can grow without the damage caused by the biotic stress factor. However, the methods according to the invention lead to an enhanced plant health even in the absence of any biotic stress. This means that the positive effects of the mixtures of the invention cannot be explained just by the activities of the components 1 ), 2) and 3) separately, but are based on further activity profiles. Accordingly, the application of the inventive mixtures can also be carried out in the absence of pest pressure.
In an equally preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for improving the health of plants grown from said plant propagation material, wherein the plant propagation material is treated with an effective amount of an inventive mixture.
Each plant health indicator listed below, which is selected from the groups consisting of yield, plant vigor, quality and tolerance of the plant to abiotic and/or biotic stress, is to be understood as a preferred embodiment of the present invention either each on its own or preferably in combination with each other.
According to the present invention, "increased yield" of a plant means that the yield of a product of the respective plant is increased by a measurable amount over the yield of the same product of the plant produced under the same conditions, but without the application of the inventive mixture.
For seed treatment e.g. as inoculant and/or foliar application forms, increased yield can be characterized, among others, by the following improved properties of the plant: increased plant weight; and/or increased plant height; and/or increased biomass such as higher overall fresh weight (FW); and/or increased number of flowers per plant; and/or higher grain and/or fruit yield ; and/or more tillers or side shoots (branches); and/or larger leaves; and/or increased shoot growth; and/or increased protein content; and/or increased oil content; and/or increased starch content; and/or increased pigment content; and/or increased chlorophyll content (chlorophyll content has a positive correlation with the plant's photosynthesis rate and accordingly, the higher the chlorophyll content the higher the yield of a plant) and/or increased quality of a plant.
"Grain" and "fruit" are to be understood as any plant product which is further utilized after harvesting, e.g. fruits in the proper sense, vegetables, nuts, grains, seeds, wood (e.g. in the case of silviculture plants), flowers (e.g. in the case of gardening plants, ornamentals) etc., that is anything of economic value that is produced by the plant.
According to the present invention, the yield is increased by at least 4%. In general, the yield increase may even be higher, for example 5 to 10 %, more preferable by 10 to 20 %, or even 20 to 30 %
According to the present invention, the yield - if measured in the absence of pest pressure - is increased by at least 2 % In general, the yield increase may even be higher, for example until 4% to 5% or even more.
Another indicator for the condition of the plant is the plant vigor. The plant vigor becomes manifest in several aspects such as the general visual appearance.
For foliar applications, improved plant vigor can be characterized, among others, by the following improved properties of the plant: improved vitality of the plant; and/or improved plant growth; and/or improved plant development; and/or improved visual appearance; and/or improved plant stand (less plant verse/lodging and/or bigger leaf blade; and/or bigger size; and/or increased plant height; and/or increased tiller number; and/or increased number of side shoots; and/or increased number of flowers per plant; and/or increased shoot growth; and/or enhanced photosynthetic activity (e.g. based on increased stomatal conductance and/or increased CO2 assimilation rate)); and/or earlier flowering; and/or earlier fruiting;; and/or earlier grain maturity; and/or less non-productive tillers; and/or less dead basal leaves; and/or less input needed (such as fertilizers or water); and/or greener leaves; and/or complete maturation under shortened vegetation periods; and/or easier harvesting; and/or faster and more uniform ripening; and/or longer shelf-life; and/or longer panicles; and/or delay of senescence ; and/or stronger and/or more productive tillers; and/or better extractability of ingredients; and/or improved quality of seeds (for being seeded in the following seasons for seed production);
and/or reduced production of ethylene and/or the inhibition of its reception by the plant.
Another indicator for the condition of the plant is the "quality" of a plant and/or its products. According to the present invention, enhanced quality means that certain plant characteristics such as the content or composition of certain ingredients are increased or improved by a measurable or noticeable amount over the same factor of the plant produced under the same conditions, but without the application of the mixtures of the present invention. Enhanced quality can be characterized, among others, by following improved properties of the plant or its product: increased nutrient content; and/or increased protein content; and/or increased oil content;
and/or increased starch content; and/or increased content of fatty acids; and/or increased metabolite content; and/or increased carotenoid content; and/or increased sugar content; and/or increased amount of essential amino acids; and/or improved nutrient composition; and/or improved protein composition; and/or improved composition of fatty acids; and/or improved metabolite composition; and/or improved carotenoid composition; and/or improved sugar composition; and/or improved amino acids composition ; and/or improved or optimal fruit color; and/or improved leaf color; and/or higher storage capacity; and/or better processability of the harvested products.
Another indicator for the condition of the plant is the plant's tolerance or resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress factors. Biotic and abiotic stress, especially over longer terms, can have harmful effects on plants.
Biotic stress is caused by living organisms while abiotic stress is caused for example by environmental extremes. According to the present invention, "enhanced tolerance or resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress factors" means (1.) that certain negative factors caused by biotic and/or abiotic stress are diminished in a measurable or noticeable amount as compared to plants exposed to the same conditions, but without being treated with an inventive mixture and (2.) that the negative effects are not diminished by a direct action of the inventive mixture on the stress factors, e.g. by its fungicidal or insecticidal action which directly destroys the
microorganisms or pests, but rather by a stimulation of the plants' own defensive reactions against said stress factors.
Negative factors caused by biotic stress such as pathogens and pests are widely known and are caused by living organisms, such as competing plants (for example weeds),
microorganisms (such as phythopathogenic fungi and/or bacteria) and/or viruses.
Negative factors caused by abiotic stress are also well-known and can often be observed as reduced plant vigor (see above), for example:
less yield and/or less vigor, for both effects examples can be burned leaves, less flowers, pre-mature ripening, later crop maturity, reduced nutritional value amongst others. Abiotic stress can be caused for example by: extremes in temperature such as heat or cold (heat stress / cold stress); and/or strong variations in temperature; and/or temperatures unusual for the specific season; and/or drought (drought stress); and/or extreme wetness; and/or high salinity (salt stress); and/or radiation (for example by increased UV radiation due to the decreasing ozone layer); and/or increased ozone levels (ozone stress); and/or organic pollution (for example by phythotoxic amounts of pesticides); and/or inorganic pollution (for example by heavy metal contaminants).
As a result of biotic and/or abiotic stress factors, the quantity and the quality of the stressed plants decrease. As far as quality (as defined above) is concerned, reproductive development is usually severely affected with consequences on the crops which are important for fruits or seeds. Synthesis, accumulation and storage of proteins are mostly affected by temperature; growth is slowed by almost all types of stress; polysaccharide synthesis, both structural and storage is reduced or modified: these effects result in a decrease in biomass (yield) and in changes in the nutritional value of the product.
As pointed out above, the above identified indicators for the health condition of a plant may be interdependent and may result from each other. For example, an increased resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress may lead to a better plant vigor, e.g. to better and bigger crops, and thus to an increased yield. Inversely, a more developed root system may result in an increased resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress. However, these interdependencies and interactions are neither all known nor fully understood and therefore the different indicators are described separately.
In one embodiment the inventive mixtures effectuate an increased yield of a plant or its product. In another embodiment the inventive mixtures effectuate an increased vigor of a plant or its product. In another embodiment the inventive mixtures effectuate in an increased quality of a plant or its product. In yet another embodiment the inventive mixtures effectuate an increased tolerance and/or resistance of a plant or its product against biotic stress. In yet another embodiment the inventive mixtures effectuate an increased tolerance and/or resistance of a plant or its product against abiotic stress. The invention also relates to agrochemical compositions comprising an auxiliary and the mixtures according to the invention and as defined above.
An agrochemical composition comprises a fungicidally or insecticidally effective amount of component 2) and component 3) and a plan growth and/or seed germination enhancing amount of component 1 ). Such amounts can vary in a broad range and is dependent on various factors, such as the fungal or pest species to be controlled, the treated cultivated plant or material, the climatic conditions.
In the case of mixtures comprising microorganisms, the microorganisms as used according to the invention can be cultivated continuously or discontinuously in the batch process or in the fed batch or repeated fed batch process. A review of known methods of cultivation will be found in the textbook by Chmiel (Bioprozesstechnik 1. Einfuhrung in die Bioverfahrenstechnik (Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1991 )) or in the textbook by Storhas (Bioreaktoren und periphere Einrichtungen (Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 1994)). The culture medium that is to be used must satisfy the requirements of the particular strains in an appropriate manner. Descriptions of culture media for various microorganisms are given in the handbook "Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology" of the American Society for Bacteriology (Washington D. C, USA, 1981 ). These culture media that can be used according to the invention generally comprise one or more sources of carbon, sources of nitrogen, inorganic salts, vitamins and/or trace elements. Preferred sources of carbon are sugars, such as mono-, di- or polysaccharides. Very good sources of carbon are for example glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, ribose, sorbose, ribulose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, raffinose, starch or cellulose. Sugars can also be added to the media via complex compounds, such as molasses, or other by-products from sugar refining. It may also be advantageous to add mixtures of various sources of carbon. Other possible sources of carbon are oils and fats such as soybean oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil and coconut oil, fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid or linoleic acid, alcohols such as glycerol, methanol or ethanol and organic acids such as acetic acid or lactic acid. Sources of nitrogen are usually organic or inorganic nitrogen compounds or materials containing these compounds. Examples of sources of nitrogen include ammonia gas or ammonium salts, such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate or ammonium nitrate, nitrates, urea, amino acids or complex sources of nitrogen, such as corn- steep liquor, soybean flour, soybean protein, yeast extract, meat extract and others. The sources of nitrogen can be used separately or as a mixture. Inorganic salt compounds that may be present in the media comprise the chloride, phosphate or sulfate salts of calcium, magnesium, sodium, cobalt, molybdenum, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron.
Inorganic sulfur-containing compounds, for example sulfates, sulfites, dithionites, tetrathionates, thiosulfates, sulfides, but also organic sulfur compounds, such as mercaptans and thiols, can be used as sources of sulfur. Phosphoric acid, potassium dihydrogenphosphate or dipotassium hydrogenphosphate or the corresponding sodium-containing salts can be used as sources of phosphorus. Chelating agents can be added to the medium, in order to keep the metal ions in solution. Especially suitable chelating agents comprise dihydroxyphenols, such as catechol or protocatechuate, or organic acids, such as citric acid. The culture media used may also contain other growth factors, such as vitamins or growth promoters, which include for example biotin, riboflavin, thiamine, folic acid, nicotinic acid, pantothenate and pyridoxine. Growth factors and salts often come from complex components of the media, such as yeast extract, molasses, corn-steep liquor and the like. In addition, suitable precursors can be added to the culture medium. The precise composition of the compounds in the medium is strongly dependent on the particular experiment and must be decided individually for each specific case. Information on media optimization can be found in the textbook "Applied Microbiol. Physiology, A Practical Approach" (Publ. P.M. Rhodes, P.F. Stanbury, IRL Press (1997) p. 53-73, ISBN 0 19 963577 3). Growing media can also be obtained from commercial suppliers, such as Standard 1 (Merck) or BHI (Brain heart infusion, DIFCO) etc. All components of the medium are sterilized, either by heating (20 min at 2.0 bar and 121 °C) or by sterile filtration. The components can be sterilized either together, or if necessary separately. All the components of the medium can be present at the start of growing, or optionally can be added continuously or by batch feed. The temperature of the culture of the respective microorganism is normally between 15°C and 45°C, preferably 25°C to 40°C and can be kept constant or can be varied during the experiment. The pH value of the medium should be in the range from 5 to 8.5, preferably around 7.0. The pH value for growing can be controlled during growing by adding basic compounds such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia or ammonia water or acid compounds such as phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid. Antifoaming agents, e.g. fatty acid polyglycol esters, can be used for controlling foaming. To maintain the stability of plasmids, suitable substances with selective action, e.g. antibiotics, can be added to the medium. Oxygen or oxygen-containing gas mixtures, e.g. the ambient air, are fed into the culture in order to maintain aerobic conditions. The temperature of the culture is normally from 20°C to 45°C. Culture is continued until a maximum of the desired product has formed. This is normally achieved within 10 hours to 160 hours. To obtain cell-free extracts, the cells can be disrupted optionally by high-frequency ultrasound, by high pressure, e.g. in a French pressure cell, by osmolysis, by the action of detergents, lytic enzymes or organic solvents, by means of homogenizers or by a combination of several of the methods listed. The methodology of the present invention can further include a step of recovering individual compositions such as cell-free extracts, supernatants, metabolites or alike. The term "recovering" includes extracting, harvesting, isolating or purifying of an extract, supernatant or metabolite e.g. from whole culture broth. Recovering can be performed according to any conventional isolation or purification methodology known in the art including, but not limited to, treatment with a conventional resin (e.g., anion or cation exchange resin, non- ionic adsorption resin, etc.), treatment with a conventional adsorbent (e.g., activated charcoal, silicic acid, silica gel, cellulose, alumina, etc.), alteration of pH, solvent extraction (e.g., with a conventional solvent such as an alcohol, ethyl acetate, hexane and the like), distillation, dialysis, filtration, concentration, crystallization, recrystallization, pH adjustment, lyophilization and the like. For example the agent can be recovered from culture media by first removing the microorganisms. The remaining broth is then passed through or over a cation exchange resin to remove unwanted cations and then through or over an anion exchange resin to remove unwanted inorganic anions and organic acids.
According to one embodiment, individual components of the composition according to the invention such as parts of a kit or parts of a binary or ternary mixture may be mixed by the user himself in a spray tank or any other kind of vessel used for applications (e.g seed treater drums, seed pelleting machinery, knapsack sprayer) and further auxiliaries may be added, if
appropriate. When living microorganisms, such as biopesticides I strains, form part of such kit, it must be taken care that choice and amounts of the other parts of the kit (e.g. chemcial pesticidal agents) and of the further auxiliaries should not influence the viability of the microbial pesticides in the composition mixed by the user. Especially for bactericides and solvents, compatibility with the respective microbial pesticide has to be taken into account.
Consequently, one embodiment of the invention is a kit for preparing a usable pesticidal composition, the kit compring a) a composition comprising component 1 ) as defined herein and at least one auxiliary; and b) a composition comprising component 2) as defined herein and at least one auxiliary; and c) a composition comprising at least one auxiliary and active component 3) as defined herein.
The at least one SDHI fungicide II and the at least one azole-type fungicide III can be converted into customary types of agrochemical compositions, e. g. solutions, emulsions, suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes, granules, pressings, capsules, and mixtures thereof. Examples for composition types are suspensions (e.g. SC, OD, FS), emulsifiable concentrates (e.g. EC), emulsions (e.g. EW, EO, ES, ME), capsules (e.g. CS, ZC), pastes, pastilles, wettable powders or dusts (e.g. WP, SP, WS, DP, DS), pressings (e.g. BR, TB, DT), granules (e.g. WG, SG, GR, FG, GG, MG), insecticidal articles (e.g. LN), as well as gel formulations for the treatment of plant propagation materials such as seeds (e.g. GF). These and further
compositions types are defined in the "Catalogue of pesticide formulation types and
international coding system", Technical Monograph No. 2, 6th Ed. May 2008, CropLife
International.
The compositions are prepared in a known manner, such as described by Mollet and Grubemann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001 ; or Knowles, New
developments in crop protection product formulation, Agrow Reports DS243, T&F Informa, London, 2005.
Suitable auxiliaries are solvents, liquid carriers, solid carriers or fillers, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, wetters, adjuvants, solubilizers, penetration enhancers, protective colloids, adhesion agents, thickeners, humectants, repellents, attractants, feeding stimulants, compatibilizers, bactericides, anti-freezing agents, anti-foaming agents, colorants, tackifiers and binders.
Suitable solvents and liquid carriers are water and organic solvents, such as mineral oil fractions of medium to high boiling point, e.g. kerosene, diesel oil; oils of vegetable or animal origin; aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e. g. toluene, paraffin,
tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes; alcohols, e.g. ethanol, propanol, butanol, benzylalcohol, cyclohexanol; glycols; DMSO; ketones, e.g. cyclohexanone; esters, e.g. lactates, carbonates, fatty acid esters, gamma-butyrolactone; fatty acids; phosphonates; amines; amides, e.g. N-methylpyrrolidone, fatty acid dimethylamides; and mixtures thereof.
Suitable solid carriers or fillers are mineral earths, e.g. silicates, silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, clays, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide; polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch; fertilizers, e.g. ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas; products of vegetable origin, e.g. cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal, nutshell meal, and mixtures thereof.
Suitable surfactants are surface-active compounds, such as anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants, block polymers, polyelectrolytes, and mixtures thereof. Such surfactants can be used as emusifier, dispersant, solubilizer, wetter, penetration enhancer, protective colloid, or adjuvant. Examples of surfactants are listed in McCutcheon's, Vol.1 : Emulsifiers & Detergents, McCutcheon's Directories, Glen Rock, USA, 2008 (International Ed. or North American Ed.).
Suitable anionic surfactants are alkali, alkaline earth or ammonium salts of sulfonates, sulfates, phosphates, carboxylates, and mixtures thereof. Examples of sulfonates are alkylarylsulfonates, diphenylsulfonates, alpha-olefin sulfonates, lignine sulfonates, sulfonates of fatty acids and oils, sulfonates of ethoxylated alkylphenols, sulfonates of alkoxylated
arylphenols, sulfonates of condensed naphthalenes, sulfonates of dodecyl- and
tridecylbenzenes, sulfonates of naphthalenes and alkylnaphthalenes, sulfosuccinates or sulfosuccinamates. Examples of sulfates are sulfates of fatty acids and oils, of ethoxylated alkylphenols, of alcohols, of ethoxylated alcohols, or of fatty acid esters. Examples of phosphates are phosphate esters. Examples of carboxylates are alkyl carboxylates, and carboxylated alcohol or alkylphenol ethoxylates.
Suitable nonionic surfactants are alkoxylates, N-subsituted fatty acid amides, amine oxides, esters, sugar-based surfactants, polymeric surfactants, and mixtures thereof. Examples of alkoxylates are compounds such as alcohols, alkylphenols, amines, amides, arylphenols, fatty acids or fatty acid esters which have been alkoxylated with 1 to 50 equivalents. Ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide may be employed for the alkoxylation, preferably ethylene oxide.
Examples of N-subsititued fatty acid amides are fatty acid glucamides or fatty acid
alkanolamides. Examples of esters are fatty acid esters, glycerol esters or monoglycerides. Examples of sugar-based surfactants are sorbitans, ethoxylated sorbitans, sucrose and glucose esters or alkylpolyglucosides. Examples of polymeric surfactants are home- or copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone, vinylalcohols, or vinylacetate.
Suitable cationic surfactants are quaternary surfactants, for example quaternary ammonium compounds with one or two hydrophobic groups, or salts of long-chain primary amines. Suitable amphoteric surfactants are alkylbetains and imidazolines. Suitable block polymers are block polymers of the A-B or A-B-A type comprising blocks of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, or of the A-B-C type comprising alkanol, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide.
Suitable polyelectrolytes are polyacids or polybases. Examples of polyacids are alkali salts of polyacrylic acid or polyacid comb polymers. Examples of polybases are polyvinylamines or polyethyleneamines.
Suitable adjuvants are compounds, which have a neglectable or even no pesticidal activity themselves, and which improve the biological performance of the compound I on the target.
Examples are surfactants, mineral or vegetable oils, and other auxilaries. Further examples are listed by Knowles, Adjuvants and additives, Agrow Reports DS256, T&F Informa UK, 2006, chapter 5.
Suitable thickeners are polysaccharides (e.g. xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose), anorganic clays (organically modified or unmodified), polycarboxylates, and silicates.
Suitable bactericides are bronopol and isothiazolinone derivatives such as alkyliso- thiazolinones and benzisothiazolinones. Suitable anti-freezing agents are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea and glycerin. Suitable anti-foaming agents are silicones, long chain alcohols, and salts of fatty acids. Suitable colorants (e.g. in red, blue, or green) are pigments of low water solubility and water-soluble dyes. Examples are inorganic colorants (e.g. iron oxide, titan oxide, iron hexacyanoferrate) and organic colorants (e.g. alizarin-, azo- and phthalocyanine colorants). Suitable tackifiers or binders are polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylates, biological or synthetic waxes, and cellulose ethers.
When living microorganisms, such as biopesticides I, form part of the compositions, such compositions can be prepared as compositions comprising besides the active ingredients at least one auxiliary (inert ingredient) by usual means (see e.g. H.D. Burges: Formulation of Micobial Biopestcides, Springer, 1998). Suitable customary types of such compositions are suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes, granules, pressings, capsules, and mixtures thereof. Examples for composition types are suspensions (e.g. SC, OD, FS), capsules (e.g. CS, ZC), pastes, pastilles, wettable powders or dusts (e.g. WP, SP, WS, DP, DS), pressings (e.g. BR, TB, DT), granules (e.g. WG, SG, GR, FG, GG, MG), insecticidal articles (e.g. LN), as well as gel formulations for the treatment of plant propagation materials such as seeds (e.g. GF). Herein, it has to be taken into account that each formulation type or choice of auxiliary should not influence the viability of the microorganism during storage of the composition and when finally applied to the soil, plant or plant propagation material. Suitable formulations are e.g. mentioned in WO 2008/002371 , US 6955,912, US 5,422,107.
Examples for suitable auxiliaries are those mentioned earlier herein, wherein it must be taken care that choice and amounts of such auxiliaries should not influence the viability of the microbial pesticides in the composition. Especially for bactericides and solvents, compatibility with the respective microorganism of the respective microbial pesticide has to be taken into account. In addition, compositions with microbial pesticides may further contain stabilizers or nutrients and UV protectants. Suitable stabilzers or nutrients are e.g. alpha-tocopherol, trehalose, glutamate, potassium sorbate, various sugars like glucose, sucrose, lactose and maltodextrine (H.D. Burges: Formulation of Micobial Biopestcides, Springer, 1998). Suitable UV protectants are e.g. inorganic compouns like titan dioxide, zinc oxide and iron oxide pigments or organic compounds like benzophenones, benzotriazoles and phenyltriazines. The compositions may in addition to auxiliaries mentioned for compositions comprising compounds I herein optionally comprise 0.1 - 80% stabilizers or nutrients and 0.1 -10% UV protectants.
Examples for composition types and their preparation are:
i) Water-soluble concentrates (SL, LS)
10-60 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture and 5-15 wt% wetting agent (e.g. alcohol alkoxylates) are dissolved in water and/or in a water-soluble solvent (e.g. alcohols) ad 100 wt%. The active substance dissolves upon dilution with water.
ii) Dispersible concentrates (DC)
5-25 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture and 1 -10 wt% dispersant (e. g.
polyvinylpyrrolidone) are dissolved in organic solvent (e.g. cyclohexanone) ad 100 wt%. Dilution with water gives a dispersion.
iii) Emulsifiable concentrates (EC)
15-70 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture and 5-10 wt% emulsifiers (e.g. calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate) are dissolved in water-insoluble organic sol- vent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon) ad 100 wt%. Dilution with water gives an emulsion.
iv) Emulsions (EW, EO, ES)
5-40 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture and 1 -10 wt% emulsifiers (e.g. calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate) are dissolved in 20-40 wt% water-insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon). This mixture is introduced into water ad 100 wt% by means of an emulsifying machine and made into a homogeneous emulsion. Dilution with water gives an emulsion.
v) Suspensions (SC, OD, FS)
In an agitated ball mill, 20-60 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture are comminuted with addition of 2-10 wt% dispersants and wetting agents (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate), 0.1 -2 wt% thickener (e.g. xanthan gum) and water ad 100 wt% to give a fine active substance suspension. Dilution with water gives a stable suspension of the active substance. For FS type composition up to 40 wt% binder (e.g. polyvinylalcohol) is added.
vi) Water-dispersible granules and water-soluble granules (WG, SG) 50-80 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture are ground finely with addition of disper- sants and wetting agents (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate) ad 100 wt% and prepared as water-dispersible or water-soluble granules by means of technical appliances (e. g. extrusion, spray tower, fluidized bed). Dilution with water gives a stable dispersion or solution of the active substance.
vii) Water-dispersible powders and water-soluble powders (WP, SP, WS)
50-80 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture are ground in a rotor-stator mill with addition of 1 -5 wt% dispersants (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate), 1 -3 wt% wetting agents (e.g. alcohol ethoxylate) and solid carrier (e.g. silica gel) ad 100 wt%. Dilution with water gives a stable dispersion or solution of the active substance.
viii) Gel (GW, GF)
In an agitated ball mill, 5-25 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture are comminuted with addition of 3-10 wt% dispersants (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate), 1 -5 wt% thickener (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose) and water ad 100 wt% to give a fine suspension of the active sub- stance. Dilution with water gives a stable suspension of the active substance.
ix) Microemulsion (ME)
5-20 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture are added to 5-30 wt% organic solvent blend (e.g. fatty acid dimethylamide and cyclohexanone), 10-25 wt% surfactant blend (e.g. alcohol ethoxylate and arylphenol ethoxylate), and water ad 100 %. This mixture is stirred for 1 h to produce spontaneously a thermodynamically stable microemulsion.
x) Microcapsules (CS)
An oil phase comprising 5-50 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture, 0-40 wt% water insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon), 2-15 wt% acrylic monomers (e.g.
methylmethacrylate, methacrylic acid and a di- or triacrylate) are dispersed into an aqueous solution of a protective colloid (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol). Radical polymerization initiated by a radical initiator results in the formation of poly(meth)acrylate microcapsules. Alternatively, an oil phase comprising 5-50 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture according to the invention, 0-40 wt% water insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon), and an isocyanate monomer (e.g. diphenylmethene-4,4'-diisocyanatae) are dispersed into an aqueous solution of a protective colloid (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol). The addition of a polyamine (e.g.
hexamethylenediamine) results in the formation of polyurea microcapsules. The monomers amount to 1 -10 wt%. The wt% relate to the total CS composition.
xi) Dustable powders (DP, DS)
1 -10 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture are ground finely and mixed intimately with solid carrier (e.g. finely divided kaolin) ad 100 wt%.
xii) Granules (GR, FG)
0.5-30 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture is ground finely and associated with solid carrier (e.g. silicate) ad 100 wt%. Granulation is achieved by extrusion, spray-drying or fluidized bed.
xiii) Ultra-low volume liquids (UL)
1 -50 wt% of a pesticide II or the inventive mixture are dissolved in organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon) ad 100 wt%.
The compositions types i) to xiii) may optionally comprise further auxiliaries, such as 0.1 -1 wt% bactericides, 5-15 wt% anti-freezing agents, 0.1 -1 wt% anti-foaming agents, and 0.1 -1 wt% colorants.
The compositions types i) to vii) may optionally comprise further auxiliaries, such as 0,1 -1 wt% bactericides, 5-15 wt% anti-freezing agents, 0,1 -1 wt% anti-foaming agents, 0.1 - 80% stabilizers or nutrients, 0.1 -10% UV protectants and 0,1 -1 wt% colorants.
The compositions types i) to xi) may optionally comprise further auxiliaries, such as 0.1 -1 wt% bactericides, 5-15 wt% anti-freezing agents, 0.1 -1 wt% anti-foaming agents, and 0.1 -1 wt% colorants.
The agrochemical compositions generally are characterized in that they contain an effective quantity of the active components as defined above. Generally, they contain between 0.01 and 95%, preferably between 0.1 and 90%, and in particular between 0.5 and 75%, by weight of active components, in particular active substances.
According to one embodiment, the compositions contain the micororganisms in an amount from 1 x 105 to 1 x 1012 CFU, preferably from 1 x 107 CFU to 1 x 1012 CFU, more preferably from 1 x 109 CFU to 1 x 1012 CFU per gram total weight of the composition. Colony forming unit is a measure of viable microbial cells, in particular bacterial and/or fungal cells or spores.
Solutions for seed treatment (LS), suspoemulsions (SE), flowable concentrates (FS), powders for dry treatment (DS), water-dispersible powders for slurry treatment (WS), water- soluble powders (SS), emulsions (ES), emulsifiable concentrates (EC) and gels (GF) are usually employed for the purposes of treatment of plant propagation materials, particularly seeds.
Preferred examples of seed treatment formulation types or soil application for pre-mix compositions are of WS, LS, ES, FS, WG or CS-type.
The compositions in question give, after two-to-tenfold dilution, active components concentrations of from 0.01 to 60% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 40%, in the ready-to-use preparations. Application can be carried out before or during sowing. Methods for applying or treating the mixtures and compositions of the invention, respectively, on to plant propagation material, especially seeds include dressing, coating, pelleting, dusting, soaking and in-furrow application methods of the propagation material. Preferably, mixtures and compositions of the invention, respectively, are applied on to the plant propagation material by a method such that germination is not induced, e. g. by seed dressing, pelleting, coating and dusting.
Typically, a pre-mix formulation for seed treatment application comprises 0.5 to 99.9 percent, especially 1 to 95 percent, of the desired ingredients, and 99.5 to 0.1 percent, especially 99 to 5 percent, of a solid or liquid adjuvant (including, for example, a solvent such as water), where the auxiliaries can be a surfactant in an amount of 0 to 50 percent, especially 0.5 to 40 percent, based on the pre-mix formulation. Whereas commercial products will preferably be formulated as concentrates (e.g., pre- mix composition (formulation)), the end user will normally employ dilute formulations (e.g., tank mix composition).
Seed treatment methods for applying or treating inventive mixtures and compositions thereof to plant propagation material, especially seeds, are known in the art, and include dressing, coating, filmcoating, pelleting and soaking application methods of the propagation material.
Such methods are also applicable to the combinations according to the invention. In a preferred embodiment, the inventive mixture is applied or treated on to the plant propagation material by a method such that the germination is not negatively impacted. Accordingly, examples of suitable methods for applying (or treating) a plant propagation material, such as a seed, is seed dressing, seed coating or seed pelleting and alike.
It is preferred that the plant propagation material is a seed, seed piece (i.e. stalk) or seed bulb, in particular a seed.
Although it is believed that the present method can be applied to a seed in any physiological state, it is preferred that the seed be in a sufficiently durable state that it incurs no damage during the treatment process. Typically, the seed would be a seed that had been harvested from the field; removed from the plant; and separated from any cob, stalk, outer husk, and surrounding pulp or other non-seed plant material. The seed would preferably also be biologically stable to the extent that the treatment would cause no biological damage to the seed. It is believed that the treatment can be applied to the seed at any time between harvest of the seed and sowing of the seed or during the sowing process (seed directed applications). The seed may also be primed either before or after the treatment.
Even distribution of the ingredients in inventive mixtures and adherence thereof to the seeds is desired during propagation material treatment. Treatment could vary from a thin film
(dressing) of the formulation containing the combination, for example, a mixture of active ingredient(s), on a plant propagation material, such as a seed, where the original size and/or shape are recognizable to an intermediary state (such as a coating) and then to a thicker film (such as pelleting with many layers of different materials (such as carriers, for example, clays; different formulations, such as of other active ingredients; polymers; and colourants) where the original shape and/or size of the seed is no longer recognizable.
An aspect of the present invention includes application of the inventive mixtures onto the plant propagation material in a targeted fashion, including positioning the ingredients in the combination onto the entire plant propagation material or on only parts thereof, including on only a single side or a portion of a single side. One of ordinary skill in the art would understand these application methods from the description provided in EP954213B1 and WO06/1 12700.
The inventive mixtures can also be used in form of a "pill" or "pellet" or a suitable substrate and placing, or sowing, the treated pill, or substrate, next to a plant propagation material. Such techniques are known in the art, particularly in EP1 124414, WO07/67042, and WO07/67044. Application of the combinations described herein onto plant propagation material also includes protecting the plant propagation material treated with the combination of the present invention by placing one or more pesticide-containing particles next to a pesticide-treated seed, wherein the amount of pesticide is such that the pesticide-treated seed and the pesticide- containing particles together contain an Effective Dose of the pesticide and the pesticide dose contained in the pesticide-treated seed is less than or equal to the Maximal Non-Phytotoxic Dose of the pesticide. Such techniques are known in the art, particularly in WO2005/120226.
Application of the combinations onto the seed also includes controlled release coatings on the seeds, wherein the ingredients of the combinations are incorporated into materials that release the ingredients over time. Examples of controlled release seed treatment technologies are generally known in the art and include polymer films, waxes, or other seed coatings, wherein the ingredients may be incorporated into the controlled release material or applied between layers of materials, or both. Seed can be treated by applying thereto the compound s present in the inventive mixtures in any desired sequence or simultaneously.
The seed treatment occurs to an unsown seed, and the term "unsown seed" is meant to include seed at any period between the harvest of the seed and the sowing of the seed in the ground for the purpose of germination and growth of the plant.
Treatment to an unsown seed is not meant to include those practices in which the active ingredient is applied to the soil but would include any application practice that would target the seed during the planting process.
Preferably, the treatment occurs before sowing of the seed so that the sown seed has been pre-treated with the combination. In particular, seed coating or seed pelleting are preferred in the treatment of the combinations according to the invention. As a result of the treatment, the ingredients in each combination are adhered on to the seed and therefore available for pest control.
The treated seeds can be stored, handled, sowed and tilled in the same manner as any other active ingredient treated seed.
In particular, the present invention relates to a method for protection of plant propagation material from pests and/or improving the health of plants grown from said plant propagation material, wherein the soil, wherein plant propagation material is sown, is treated with an effective amount of an inventive mixture.
In particular, the present invention relates to a method for protection of plant propagation material from pests, wherein the soil, wherein plant propagation material is sown, is treated with an effective amount of an inventive mixture.
In particular, the present invention relates to a method for protection of plant propagation material from harmful fungi, wherein the soil, wherein plant propagation material is sown, is treated with an effective amount of an inventive mixture.
In particular, the present invention relates to a method for protection of plant propagation material from animal pests (insects, acarids or nematodes), wherein the soil, wherein plant propagation material is sown, is treated with an effective amount of an inventive mixture. When employed in plant protection, the total amounts of active components applied are, depending on the kind of effect desired, from 0.001 to 10 kg per ha, preferably from 0.005 to 2 kg per ha, more preferably from 0.05 to 0.9 kg per ha, in particular from 0.1 to 0.75 kg per ha. In the case of microorganisms as biopesticides I, the application rates for foliar or soil (e. g. in furrow) application methods generally range from about 1 x 106 to 5 x 1015 (or more) CFU/ha, preferably from about 1 x 108 to about 1 x 1013 CFU/ha, and even more preferably from about 1 x 109 to about 1 x 1012 CFU/ha.
When employed in plant protection by seed treatment, the amount of the inventive mixtures (based on total weight of active components) is in the range from 0.01 -10 kg, preferably from 0.1 -1000 g, more preferably from 1 -100 g per 100 kilogram of plant propagation material (preferably seeds). In the case of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria IB and microbial pesticides IA, the application rates with respect to plant propagation material preferably range from about 1 x 106 to 1 x 1012 (or more) CFU/seed. Preferably, the concentration is about 1 x 106 to about 1 x 1011 CFU/seed. In the case of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria IB and microbial pesticides IA, the application rates with respect to plant propagation material also preferably range from about 1 x 107 to 1 x 1014 (or more) CFU per 100 kg of seed, preferably from 1 x 109 to about 1 x 1012 CFU per 100 kg of seed.
When used in the protection of materials or stored products, the amount of active
components applied depends on the kind of application area and on the desired effect. Amounts customarily applied in the protection of materials are 0.001 g to 2 kg, preferably 0.005 g to 1 kg, of active components per cubic meter of treated material.
Various types of oils, wetters, adjuvants, fertilizer, or micronutrients, and further pesticides (e.g. herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, growth regulators, safeners, biopesticides) may be added to the mictures or the compositions comprising them as premix or, if appropriate not until immediately prior to use (tank mix). These agents can be admixed with the compositions according to the invention in a weight ratio of 1 :100 to 100:1 , preferably 1 :10 to 10:1.
These further useful active compounds can be fertilizers or micronutrient donors (such as Mo, Zn and / or Co), especially when applied to plant propagation materials.
According to one embodiment, a polyether polymethylsiloxane copolymer may be added to the composition accoding to the invention, preferably in a weight ratio of 1 :100 to 100:1 , more preferably in a weight ratio of 1 :10 to 10:1 , in particular in a weight ratio of 1 :5 to 5:1 based on the total weight of the component 1 ) and component 2).
According to a further embodiment, a mineral oil or a vegetable oil may be added to the composition according to the invention, preferably in a weight ratio of 1 :100 to 100:1 , more preferably in a weight ratio of 1 :10 to 10:1 , in particular in a weight ratio of 1 :5 to 5:1 based on the total weight of component 1 ) and component 2).
The user applies the composition according to the invention usually from a predosage device, a knapsack sprayer, a spray tank, a spray plane, or an irrigation system. Usually, the agrochemical composition is made up with water, buffer, and/or further auxiliaries to the desired application concentration and the ready-to-use spray liquor or the agrochemical composition according to the invention is thus obtained. Usually, 20 to 2000 liters, preferably 50 to 400 liters, of the ready-to-use spray liquor are applied per hectare of agricultural useful area. In the mixtures and compositions, the compound ratios are advantageously chosen so as to produce a synergistic effect.
The term "synergstic effect" is understood to refer in particular to that defined by Colby's formula (Colby, S. R., "Calculating synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations", Weeds, 15, pp. 20-22, 1967).
The term "synergistic effect" is also understood to refer to that defined by application of the Tammes method, (Tammes, P. M. L, "Isoboles, a graphic representation of synergism in pesticides", Netherl. J. Plant Pathol. 70, 1964).
According to the invention, the solid material (dry matter) of the biopesticides are considered as active components (e.g. to be obtained after drying or evaporation of the extraction medium or filtration of the suspension medium in case of liquid formulations of the microbial pesticides).
The total weight ratios of compositions comprising at least one microbial pesticide in the form of viable microbial cells including dormant forms, can be determined using the amount of CFU of the respective microorganism to calclulate the total weight of the respective active component using the following equation that 1 x 1010 CFU equals one gram of total weight of the respective active component.
In the mixtures and compositions according to the invention the weight ratio of the component 1) and the component 2) generally depends from the properties of the active components used, usually it is in the range of from 1:10,000 to 10,000:1, regularly in the range of from 1:100 to 10,000:1, preferably in the range of from 1:100 to 5,000:1, more preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 1,000:1, even more preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 500:1 and in particular in the range of from 10:1 to 300: 1.
According to further embodiments of the mixtures and compositions, the weight ratio of the component 1) and the component 2) usually is in the range of from 20,000:1 to 1:10, often in the range of from 10,000:1 to 1:1, regularly in the range of from 5,000:1 to 5:1, preferably in the range of from 5,000:1 to 10:1, more preferably in the range of from 2,000:1 to 30:1, even more preferably in the range of from 2,000:1 to 100:1 and in particular in the range of from 1,000:1 to 100:1.
According to further embodiments of the mixtures and compositions, the weight ratio of the component 1) and the component 2) usually is in the range of from 1:1 to 1:1000, often in the range of from 1:1 to 1:100, regularly in the range of from 1:1 to 1:50, preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 1:20, more preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 1:10, even more preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 1:4 and in particular in the range of from 1:1 to 1:2.
In the mixtures and compositions according to the invention the weight ratio of the component 1) and the component 3) generally depends from the properties of the active components used, usually it is in the range of from 1:10,000 to 10,000:1, regularly in the range of from 1:100 to 10,000:1, preferably in the range of from 1:100 to 5,000:1, more preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 1,000:1, even more preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 500:1 and in particular in the range of from 10:1 to 300: 1.
According to further embodiments of the mixtures and compositions, the weight ratio of the component 1) and the component 3) usually is in the range of from 20,000:1 to 1:10, often in the range of from 10,000:1 to 1:1, regularly in the range of from 5,000:1 to 5:1, preferably in the range of from 5,000:1 to 10:1, more preferably in the range of from 2,000:1 to 30:1, even more preferably in the range of from 2,000:1 to 100:1 and in particular in the range of from 1,000:1 to 100:1.
According to further embodiments of the mixtures and compositions, the weight ratio of the component 1) and the component 3) usually is in the range of from 1:1 to 1:1000, often in the range of from 1:1 to 1:100, regularly in the range of from 1:1 to 1:50, preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 1:20, more preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 1:10, even more preferably in the range of from 1:1 to 1:4 and in particular in the range of from 1:1 to 1:2.
In the mixtures and compositions according to the invention the weight ratio of the component 2) and the component 3) generally depends from the properties of the active components used, usually it is in the range of from 1:100 to 100:1, regularly in the range of from 1:50 to 50:1, preferably in the range of from 1:20 to 20:1, more preferably in the range of from 1:10 to 10:1, even more preferably in the range of from 1:4 to 4:1 and in particular in the range of from 1:2 to 2:1.
According to further embodiments of the mixtures and compositions, the weight ratio of the component 2) and the component 3) usually is in the range of from 1000:1 to 1 :1 , often in the range of from 100: 1 to 1 :1 , regularly in the range of from 50:1 to 1 :1 , preferably in the range of from 20:1 to 1 :1 , more preferably in the range of from 10:1 to 1 :1 , even more preferably in the range of from 4:1 to 1 :1 and in particular in the range of from 2:1 to 1 :1.
According to further embodiments of the mixtures and compositions, the weight ratio of the component 2) and the component 3) usually is in the range of from 1 :1 to 1 :1000, often in the range of from 1 :1 to 1 :100, regularly in the range of from 1 :1 to 1 :50, preferably in the range of from 1 :1 to 1 :20, more preferably in the range of from 1 :1 to 1 :10, even more preferably in the range of from 1 :1 to 1 :4 and in particular in the range of from 1 :1 to 1 :2.
In the ternary mixtures, i.e. compositions according to the invention comprising the component 1 ) and component 2) and component 3) as defined herein, component 1 ) and component 2) are present in a total weight ratio of from 10,000:1 to 1 :100, component 1 ) and component 3) are present in a total weight ratio of from 10,000:1 to 1 :100, and component 2) and component 3) are present in a total weight ratio of from 100:1 to 1 :100; wherein the total weight of component 1 ) in case of microorganisms is calculated on the basis of of the amount of CFU of component 1 ), wherein 1 x 1010 CFU equals one gram of total weight of component 1 ). These ratios are also suitable for inventive mixtures applied by seed treatment.
In the mixtures, i.e. compositions according to the invention comprising the component 1 ) and component 2) and component 3), wherein two different nitrogen-fixing bacteria of group IB) are used as component 1 ), the CFU ratio of both nitrogen-fixing bacteria usually is in the range of from 1 :1000 to 1000:1 , regularly in the range of from 1 :100 to 100:1 , preferably in the range of from 1 :20 to 20:1 , more preferably in the range of from 1 :5 to 5:1 and in particular in the range of from 1 :2 to 2:1.
In the mixtures, i.e. compositions according to the invention comprising the component 1 ) and component 2) and component 3), wherein two different microbial pesticides of group IA) are used as component 1 ), the CFU ratio of both microbial pesticides usually is in the range of from 1 :1000 to 1000:1 , regularly in the range of from 1 :100 to 100:1 , preferably in the range of from 1 :20 to 20:1 , more preferably in the range of from 1 :5 to 5:1 and in particular in the range of from 1 :2 to 2:1.
A) Microtiter plate tests
The SDHI fungicides II and azole-type fungicides III were formulated separately as a stock solution having a concentration of 10000 ppm in dimethyl sulfoxide.
The stock solutions of the SDHI fungicides II and azole-type fungicides III were mixed according to the ratio, diluted to the stated concentrations and pipetted onto a filter micro titer plate (MTP). A spore suspension of the pathogen (e.g. Botrytis cinerea, Septoria tritici, etc.) in e.g. aqueous biomalt solution was added as well as different concentrations of spores or cells of the biopesticides I.
The measured parameters were compared to the growth of the active compound-free control variant (100%) and the fungus-free and active compound-free blank value to determine the relative growth in % of the pathogens in the respective active compounds. The expected efficacies of active compound combinations were determined using Colby's formula (Colby, S.R., Calculating synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations, Weeds, 1J5, pp. 20-22, 1967) and compared with the observed efficacies.
Colby's formula: E = x + y - x »y/100 E expected efficacy, expressed in % of the untreated control, when using the mixture of the active components A and B at the concentrations a and b
x efficacy, expressed in % of the untreated control, when using the active component A at the concentration a
y efficacy, expressed in % of the untreated control, when using the active component B at the concentration b.
B) Greenhouse tests
The SDHI fungicides II and azole-type fungicides III were formulated separately or together as a stock solution comprising 25 mg of active substance which was made up to 10 ml using a mixture of acetone and/or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the emulsifier Wettol EM 31 (wetting agent having emulsifying and dispersing action based on ethoxylated alkylphenols) in a volume ratio of solvent/emulsifier of 99 to 1. This solution was then made up to 100 ml using water. This stock solution was diluted with the solvent/emulsifier/water mixture described to the active substance concentration given below. The microorganisms of biopesticides I were cultivated as described herein or earlier elsewhere and were diluted with water to the concentration given below.
Use example FG-1 : Activity against early blight on tomatoes caused by Phytophthora infestans with protective application
Young seedlings of tomato plants were grown in pots. The plants were sprayed to runoff with an aqueous suspension containing the concentration of SDHI fungicides II and azole-type fungicide III stated below. Simultaneously or up to 6 hours later, the plants were sprayed with an aquous suspension containg the concentration of the biopesticides I. The next day, the treated plants were inoculated with an aqueous suspension of sporangia of Phytophthora infestans. After inoculation, the trial plants were immediately transferred to a humid chamber. After 6 days at 18 to 20°C and a relative humidity close to 100%, the extent of fungal attack on the leaves was visually assessed as % diseased leaf area.
Use example FG-2: Action against Fusarium graminearum on lower roots in corn using pot trials
In pot tests in the greenhouse, biopesticides I, e.g. as SC formulation of spores with CFU of about 1011 per ml, was tested in the crops corn and against different pathogens (Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia) as solo product and in combination with SDHI fungicides II and azole- type fungicides III. The application of the different products was done as seed treatment and the seeds were treated in the BASF Seed Solutions Technology Center (SSTC) Limburgerhof using a batch lab treater. The respective amount of seeds was placed in the bowl of the treater and the slurry was dosed on the spinning disk.
For the infection, rye kernels inoculated with Fusarium graminearum were used. The trial was sown in 8 cm pots and Vermiculite was used as a substrate. The pots were filled with the substrate and the rye kernels inoculated with Fusarium graminearum were placed directly adjacent to the corn seeds. After the sowing, the pots were irigateded with fertilized water and placed according the randomization plan in a greenhouse cabin (16 h light, relative humidity < 95 %) for 7 days at 16°C, then 14 days at 20°C, followed for 7 days at 23°C. When necessary, they were irrigated with fertilized water.
For the assessment, the roots were washed out to evaluate the disease symptoms at the lower part of the roots. The visually determined percentages of infected areas were converted into efficacies in % of the untreated control and the efficacy (E) was calculated as follows using Abbot's formula.

Claims

We claim:
1 . A mixture comprising, as active components: 1 ) at least one biopesticide I from groups IA) and IB) selected from:
IA) other microbial and biochemical pesticides selected from: with Bacillus amylo- liquefaciens, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum, B. firmus, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, B. simplex, B. megaterium, B. altitudinis, B. mojavensis, B. mycoides, B. solisalsi, Burkholderia spp., Coniothyrium minitans, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Paenibacillus al- vei, Pasteuria nishizawa, Pasteuria usage, Penicillium bilaiae, Pseudomonas fluo- rescens, Pseudomonas putida; abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, its salts and derivatives thereof, cis-jasmone, methyl jasmonate; harpin protein;
IB) nitrogen-fixing bacteria selected from: Bradyrhizobium japonicum, B. elkanii, Bradyrhizobium spp., Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis), Bradyrhizobium sp. (Vigna), B. liaoningense, B. lupine; Azospirillum brasilense, A. amazonense, A. lipoferum, A. irakense, A. halopraeferens; Delftia acidovorans, Glomus intraradices; Mesorhizobi- um spp., Mesorhizobium ciceri, M. huakii, M. /of/; Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli, R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii, R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, R. tropici, Sino- rhizobium meliloti;
and
2) at least one SDHI fungicide II selected from: fluxapyroxad, boscalid, ben- zovindiflupyr, penflufen, penthiopyrad, sedaxane, fluopyram, bixafen, isofetamid, isopyrazam; carboxin, benodanil, fenfuram, flutolanil, furametpyr, mepronil, oxycar- boxin and thifluzamide;
and
3) at least one azole-type fungicide III selected from: ipconazole, difenoconazole, prothioconazole, prochloraz, triticonazole, flutriafol, cyproconazole, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, hexaconazole, imazalil, imiben- conazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, simeconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol, uni- conazole and thiabendazole.
2. The mixture according to claim 1 , wherein component 1 ) and component 2) and component 3) are present in a synergistically effective amount.
The mixture according to any of the claims 1 to 2, wherein component 1 ) and component 2) are present in a total weight ratio of from 10,000:1 to 1 :100, component 1 ) and component 3) are present in a total weight ratio of from 10,000:1 to 1 :100, and component 2) and component 3) are present in a total weight ratio of from 100:1 to 1 :100; wherein the total weight of component 1 ) in case of microorganisms is calculated on the basis of of the amount of CFU of component 1 ), wherein 1 x 1010 CFU equals one gram of total weight of component 1 ).
4. The mixture according to any of the claims 1 to 3, wherein component 1 ) is at least one biopesticide I from group IA) selected from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum MBI600, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum D747, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum FZB24, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum FZB42, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum GB03, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum QST-713, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. planta- rum TJ 1000, B. amyloliquefaciens AP-136, 6. amyloliquefaciens AP-188, 6. amyloliquefaciens AP-218, 6. amyloliquefaciens AP-219, 6. amyloliquefaciens AP-295, 6. altitudinis 41 KF2b, 6. f/rmus CNCM 1-1582, 6. megaterium H491 , 6. mega fer/'um J 142, 6. megateri- um M018, B. mojavensis AP-209, 6. mojavensis SR1 1 , 6. mycoides AQ726, 6. mycoides J, 6. pumilus GB34, 6. pumilus GHA 180, B. pumilus I NR-7, 6. pumilus KFP9F, 6. pu- m/Vus QST 2808, 6. simplex ABU 288, 6. subf/7/s CX-9060, 6. subf/7/s FB17, 6. subf/7/s GB07, Burkholderia sp. A396, Coniothyrium minitans CON/M/91 -08, Paecilomyces lilaci- nus 251 , Paecilomyces lilacinus BCP2, Paenibacillus alvei NAS6G6, Paenibacillus poly- myxa PKB1 , Paenibacilllus popilliae 14F-D80, P. popilliae KLN 3, Pasteuria nishizawae Pn1 , Pasteuria sp, Ph3, Pasteuria sp. Pr3, Pasteuria sp. ATCC PTA-9643, Pasteuria usgae BL1 , Penicillium bilaiae NRRL 50162, P. bilaiae NRRL 50169, P. bilaiae ATCC 18309, P. bilaiae ATCC 20851 , P. bilaiae ATCC 22348, Pseudomonas fluorescens A506, P. fluorescens ATCC 13525, P. fluorescens CHA0, P. fluorescens CL 145A, P. fluorescens NCI B 12089, P. fluorescens Pf-5, P. fluorescens WCS374, P. fluorescens and P. putida ATCC 202153; cis-jasmone, methyl jasmonate and harpin protein;
or wherein component 1 ) is at least one biopesticide I from group I B) selected from Brady- rhizobium elkanii U-1301 , 6. e// an/7 U-1302, 6. e// an/7 USDA 3254, 6. e// an/7 USDA 76, 6. e// an/7 USDA 94, 6. japonicum G49, 6. japonicum TA-1 1 , 6. japonicum USDA 121 , 6. ya- ponicum USDA 3, 6. japonicum USDA 31 , 6. japonicum USDA 76, Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis) CB1015, Bradyrhizobium sp. (Vigna) PNL1 , Mesorhizobium sp. WSM 1497, Rri/- zobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli RG-B10, R leguminosarum bv. phaseoli, R. legumi- nosarum bv. trifolii 095, R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii CB782, R leguminosarum bv. trifolii CC1099, R leguminosarum by. trifolii CC275e, R leguminosarum by. trifolii CC283b, R leguminosarum bv. info// RP1 13-7, R leguminosarum bv. frifo/// TA1 , R leguminosarum bv. trifolii WSM1325, R leguminosarum bv. frifo/// WSM2304, R leguminosarum bv. v/c/ae P1 NP3Cst, R leguminosarum bv. viciae RG-P2, R leguminosarum bv. viciae SU303, R leguminosarum bv. v/c/ae WSM 1455, R frop/c/ CC51 1 , Sinorhizobium meliloti NRG 185, S. me//7of/ RCR201 1 and S. me//7of/ RRI 128.
The mixture according to any of the claims 1 to 3, wherein component 1 ) i is at least one biopesticide I from group IA) selected from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. firmus, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, B. simplex, B. megaterium; Burkholderia spp., Coniothyrium minitans, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Paenibacillus alvei, Penicillium bilaiae, Pasteuria nishizawa; cis-jasmone, methyl jasmonate, harpin protein;
or wherein component 1 ) is at least one biopesticide I from group IB) selected from Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium elkanii and Azospirillum brasilense.
The mixture according to claim 5, wherein component 1 ) is at least one biopesticide I from group IA) selected from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum MBI600, B. amylolique- faciens ssp. plantarum FZB24, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum FZB42, B. amyloliq- uefaciens ssp. plantarum D747, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum QST-713, B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum TJ1000, B. firmus CNCM 1-1582, B. pumilus GHA 180, B. pumilus INR-7, B. pumilus QST 2808, B. simplex ABU 288, 6. su //s FB17, Burkholderia sp. A396, Coniothyrium minitans CON/M/91 -08, Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 , Paenibacillus alvei NAS6G6, Pasteuria nishizawae Pn1 , P. bilaiae ATCC 18309, P. bilaiae ATCC 20851 , P. bilaiae ATCC 22348; cis-jasmone, methyl jasmonate and harpin protein.
7. The mixture according to any of the claims 1 to 6, wherein component 2) is at least one SDHI fungicide II selected from: fluxapyroxad, benzovindiflupyr, penflufen, sedaxane, fluopyram, bixafen, isopyrazam and carboxin.
8. The mixture according to claim7, wherein component 2) is at least one SDHI fungicide II selected from: fluxapyroxad, penflufen, sedaxane and fluopyram.
9. The mixture according to any of the claims 1 to 8, wherein component 3) is at least one azole-type fungicide III selected from: ipconazole, prothioconazole, prochloraz, triticona- zole, fluquinconazole and tebuconazole. 10. The mixture according to claim 9, wherein component 2) is fluxapyroxad, penflufen,
sedaxane or fluopyram, and component 3) is ipconazole.
1 1 . An agrochemical composition, comprising an auxiliary and a mixture as defined in any one of claims 1 to 10.
12. The agrochemical composition according to claim 1 1 , further comprising as active component 4) a further pesticide.
13. A kit for preparing a usable agrochemical composition, the kit compring
a) a composition comprising component 1 ) as defined in any of the claims 1 to 6 and at least one auxiliary; and
b) a composition comprising component 2) as defined in any of the claims 1 , 2, 3, 7, 8 and 10 and at least one auxiliary; and
c) a composition comprising component 3) as defined in any of the claims 1 , 2, 3, 9 and 10 and at least one auxiliary.
A method for controlling phytopathogenic fungi, insects or other pests and/or improving the health of plants and/or regulating plant growth, comprising treating the plants, the plant propagation material or the soil with an effective amount of the mixture as defined in any one of claims 1 to 10 or of the composition as defined in any of the claims 1 1 to 12 or of the kit as defined in claim 13.
15. A plant propagation material, comprising the mixture as defined in any one of claims 1 to or the composition as defined in any of the claims 1 1 to 12 or the kit as defined in claim in an amount of from 0.01 g to 10000 g per 100 kg of plant propagation material.
PCT/EP2015/060953 2014-05-27 2015-05-19 Ternary mixtures comprising biopesticides and sdhi fungicides and azole-type fungicides WO2015180999A1 (en)

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