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WO2014171897A1 - Apparatus, system and method for remote detection of vehicle exhaust - Google Patents

Apparatus, system and method for remote detection of vehicle exhaust Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014171897A1
WO2014171897A1 PCT/SG2014/000171 SG2014000171W WO2014171897A1 WO 2014171897 A1 WO2014171897 A1 WO 2014171897A1 SG 2014000171 W SG2014000171 W SG 2014000171W WO 2014171897 A1 WO2014171897 A1 WO 2014171897A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
images
spectral
processor
image
unit
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SG2014/000171
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Kian Hin Victor Teo
Wei Min Willy LIANG
Chih Jie TONG
Original Assignee
Microlight Sensors Pte. Ltd.
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Publication date
Application filed by Microlight Sensors Pte. Ltd. filed Critical Microlight Sensors Pte. Ltd.
Publication of WO2014171897A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014171897A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
    • G01N21/49—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid
    • G01N21/53—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid within a flowing fluid, e.g. smoke
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N2021/1793—Remote sensing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/33—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using ultraviolet light
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
    • G01N21/3504—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light for analysing gases, e.g. multi-gas analysis
    • G01N21/3518—Devices using gas filter correlation techniques; Devices using gas pressure modulation techniques
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an apparatus, for detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles on a road.
  • the apparatus is especially suited, but not limited to detect exhaust pollution from heavy vehicles, near shore shipping vessels and will be described in such context.
  • Motor vehicle and fossil fuel engine exhaust is a major cause of atmospheric pollution in many countries and governments typically impose emission standards for the maximum amount of pollutants allowed in a vehicle exhaust, especially in heavy vehicles and laden ship vessels.
  • a first advantage of the apparatus in accordance with this invention is that it is able to remotely detect exhaust pollution from vehicles travelling on a road without the need to slow down the vehicles.
  • a second advantage of the apparatus in accordance with this invention is that it is a passive system is can be scaled up to cover multiple lanes over a distance.
  • a third advantage of the apparatus in accordance with this invention is that any evidence of exhaust pollution is captured automatically and tallied with the vehicle information to provide immediate result to the enforcing government agency.
  • a fourth advantage of the apparatus in accordance with this invention is that it is able to classify the grade density of pollutant plume from the observed spectral imagery.
  • an apparatus for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles comprising a spectral imaging unit, a scene camera, a fusion unit and a processor, whereby the spectral imaging unit and the processor detects the presence of exhaust pollution, the fusion unit is operable to combine an image from the processor with an image from the scene camera to form a fusion image.
  • the fusion image can be used to form an evidential picture of pollution graded density of a polluting vehicle.
  • the spectral imaging unit and processor detects the presence of exhaust pollution by suppressing certain wavelengths of light.
  • the spectral imaging unit comprises a spectral optic with suppressed of eliminated visible band coupled to a spectral camera.
  • the spectral imaging unit comprises of a spectral unit and a spectral camera.
  • the spectral imaging unit comprises of a spectral unit in combination with the scene camera.
  • the spectral unit captures UV and IR images and processes these to determine whether there is exhaust pollution.
  • the image from the spectral imaging unit is sent to the processor and the processor identifies pollution grading, and the image is fused with scene camera and identification cameras as evidence.
  • the information from the processor is transmitted to a central processor and storage. In some embodiments, the information from the processor is transmitted to a handheld device. In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the images and information is stored in a storage device.
  • a system for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles comprising a spectral imaging unit, a scene camera, a fusion unit, a processor and a storage device, whereby the spectral imaging unit and the processor detects the presence of exhaust pollution, the fusion unit is operable to combine an image from the processor with an image from the scene camera to form a fusion image, the fusion image can be used to form an evidential picture of pollution graded density of a polluting vehicle, the processor determines the presence of exhaust pollution and identifies the vehicle, and information relating to the vehicle is stored in the storage device.
  • the imaging unit comprises of a spectral unit and a spectral camera.
  • the spectral imaging unit comprises a spectral unit in combination with the scene camera.
  • the spectral unit captures UV and IR images and processes these to determine whether there is exhaust pollution.
  • the information from the processor is transmitted to a handheld device.
  • the information from the processor is transmitted to a central processor and storage.
  • a method for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles traveling on the road comprising the following steps: Obtaining a first set of images from a spectral image acquisition unit and a second set of images from a scene acquisition unit; the spectral image acquisition unit capture images indicating the location of the exhaust pollution and the scene acquisition unit capture colour images of the surrounding conditions;
  • the method comprises a step of identifying the vehicle upon detection that exhaust pollution is present.
  • a system or apparatus for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles travelling on a road comprising a spectral imaging acquisition unit, a fusion unit, a processor and a storage device, the spectral image acquisition unit operable to obtaining a first set of images and derive from the first set of images a second set of images; the first set of images indicating the location of the exhaust pollution and the derived second set of images are colour images of the surrounding conditions; whereby the fusion unit is operable to combine the first set of images and the second set of images and the processor determines the presence of exhaust pollution and identifies the vehicle, and information relating to the vehicle is stored in the storage device.
  • Figures 1A and 1 B show are illustrative side views of the apparatus as described.
  • Figure 2 is an illustrative perspective view of the apparatus in use.
  • Figure 3 is an illustrative top-down view of the apparatus in use.
  • Figure 4 is a system block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the apparatus.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of evidential data fusion using a preferred embodiment of the apparatus.
  • Figures 6A, 6B and 6C are illustrative pictures of the optical image, the spectral image and the fusion image respectively.
  • Figure 7 is an illustrative design of the sensor element.
  • FIG. 1 In accordance with a first embodiment of the invention there is an apparatus 1 10 for remotely detecting exhaust pollution 130 from vehicles travelling on a road 120 as shown in Figures 1A and 1 B.
  • the concept of deployment is to view oncoming traffic from a near horizontal view, where polluting smoke plumes will be captured over a time window as the vehicle approaches the sensor.
  • the apparatus can also be deployed to view the traffic for vehicles moving away from the sensor.
  • the field of view for either direction traffic is sufficiently wide and clear to identify and locate the vehicles. This increases the probability of detection as the view line of sight 160 will be able to cover an increased area of pollutants (such as smoke) as the vehicle moves forward.
  • the apparatus can be mounted directly over the road via a stand or mounted on existing structures such as overhead bridges and sign gantries.
  • a main consideration factor for deployment is the dispersion patterns of smoke arising from atmospheric disturbance such as vehicle motion and wind. Although such dispersion patterns are not known when the apparatus 1 10 is first deployed, the smoke detection system will provide an initial data of dispersion for feedback and adjustment of the deployment method and positioning of the various elements to enhance smoke detection rates.
  • the apparatus 1 10 can also be mounted on the side of a road and this is shown in Figure 2, which provides a perspective view from the apparatus. It is shown preferably mounted sufficiently high up in Figure 2 in order to capture a wide field of view 160 and this is typically above the height of 4.5m, preferable between 5- 10 m high depending on the optical set up.
  • Figure 2 shows a height of 6-7m using an exemplary set up of the apparatus. This captures the worst case scenario where the traffic condition is heavy with most of the vehicles being trucks and the exhaust pipes are protruded from the top of the vehicles.
  • the polluting exhaust plumes 130 tend to be above or near the offending vehicle and the apparatus is able to visually detect this through the wide field of view 60 and angle of coverage.
  • a top down view of the same scene is shown in Figure 3, showing the area 310 being monitored.
  • the heavy vehicles 321 are shown travelling in a specific lane, although the system can monitor multiple lanes at the same time depending on the optical setup.
  • Figure 4 shows the system block diagram of one embodiment of the apparatus.
  • a scene comprising the area of view is captured using a UV spectra unit 401 and an IR spectra unit 402, these feed into a polluting plume sensor 403 which detects whether a polluting exhaust plume is present in the scene (Figure 6B), and this data is saved in storage and the scene is sent on to a characterization processor 404 as well as a fusion unit 407.
  • a separate scene camera 406 captures and saves the image (Figure 6A) in storage and the fusion unit 407 combines these two images 601 , 602 to form a fusion image 603 ( Figure 6C).
  • the spectral camera optical train 501 suppresses the spectrum from visible colour wavebands.
  • the suppression is required because visible colour wavebands is the main cause of false alarms and contributes greatly to false alarm analysis by spectrum. This is because vehicle objects are artificial and can vary in colours, thus, by suppressing or blocking this waveband, the polluting plumes are highlighted in this apparatus.
  • the resulting spectra band is UV and IR band, as the spectral discrimination constituent; relatively free from visible band impact.
  • the smoke discrimination snap imagery is fused with the day camera imagery to provide the final evidentiary image. There are two cameras used for the fusion of images: the spectral camera produces plots indicating the location of the smoke, and the colour image of the day colour camera. If required, a camera equipped with night vision can also be used to capture night environmental lighting conditions instead of the normal camera suited for capturing day conditions.
  • This information is fed into an enforcement processor 405 that determines the presence of pollutant plume in the emission and all the graded density data is stored in the archive storage 408.
  • Another embodiment of this invention would use only one camera in combination with the UV spectra unit and an IR spectra unit with an optical splitter. Each of the sub-spectra are then processed in the detailed UV or NIR discrimination sub-bands.
  • the principle detector in the system is a smoke target sensor spectral detector, which snaps or captures image frames of objects with high selective spectral discrimination.
  • optical component can be fashioned by design from etalons or diffractive elements. Spectral discrimination is required in order to eliminate the noise from the scene that impacts the detection and grading of smoke plume density and size.
  • the spectral sensor captures images for the processing of smoke signatures and comprises of an optical spectral separator, a sensor array unit, and snap imagery electronics. The optical spectral separator is tasked with the elimination of non- related spectral bands.
  • the apparatus is also equipped with a viewer camera with field of view and sensor format view fit to the smoke target sensor, specifically, the imagery is for the recognition of the vehicle, colour, shape and make manufacture. This is not related to the processing analysis of smoke plumes, but for the image scene capturing the presence of the offending polluting vehicle. This image can then be used as evidence to prosecute the driver or owner of the offending polluting vehicle based on the pollution graded density and size.
  • An additional second scene camera provides the same view-sized formatted day imagery where the vehicle can be readily identified by registration plate in addition to the vehicular shape and form, colour make or manufacture recognition. Additional software can be incorporated to read and recognise the vehicle number plate or vehicle registration number (VRN) for better identification of the vehicle.
  • VRN vehicle registration number
  • the smoke target sensor will provide a continuous snapshot imagery field of view to monitor the area of interest.
  • the smoke exhaust detector can provide a real time representation of the smoke plume within the time exposure of moving vehicle drive paths intersecting the detection paths. The point where the smoke originates and the direction of dispersal can also be identified.
  • the smoke exhaust detector utilizes optical spectra selectivity unit coupled to sensor array.
  • the optical unit with sensor capable of detecting and imaging spectra bands of UV to Near IR (NIR) -the optical unit captures imagery at spectra band that discriminates the indicative bands of diesel smoke spectra, attenuates all other wavebands (including visible band that generates most of the imagery motion noise) to low or close to elimination.
  • NIR Near IR
  • the optical unit captures imagery at spectra band that discriminates the indicative bands of diesel smoke spectra, attenuates all other wavebands (including visible band that generates most of the imagery motion noise) to low or close to elimination.
  • NIR Near IR
  • the optical architecture of the spectrally selective elements and optical train prescription is customised specifically for this purpose.
  • the result is suppressed ambient snap imagery but increased smoke target discrimination contrast.
  • the smoke discrimination snap imagery is fused with the day camera imagery to provide the final information for target evidence.
  • the spectral camera will produce plots indicating the location of the smoke and will be fused with the colour image of the day colour camera. This image can then be used as evidence to prosecute the driver or owner of the offending polluting vehicle based on the pollution graded density and size.
  • the spectral camera optical train 501 processes the designed wavelength imagery and separates this from the zeroth order image by a spectral discrimination constituent 502. It is to be appreciated that the zeroth order image may be used as an alternative to the image captured by the scene camera 406 and hence possibly negating the need for a scene camera 406, although the quality of the zeroth order image may not be comparable with that of the images captured by the scene camera 406 in terms of quality, contrast or intensity but nevertheless meet the requirements in accordance with the purpose of the present invention.
  • a spectral imagery unit can consist of scene viewing optics 51 1 , which can be equipped with an appropriate lens, and creates the optical zoom and internal optics to align line of sight and view angles to fit the UV & NIR pollution plume detection optics, frame sizing to fit the images of the three (3) spectra bands for image fusion at optimized fastest time taken.
  • This entire package is also know as a spectral imagery acquisition unit, and can optically fit image format 512 and send this to the imager unit 513 before its usage by the fusion unit 516.
  • the imager unit processes the imagery data with 1 telescopic lens in day spectrum collecting pollution emission appearances over the scene and 2 or more optical lens and elements spectrum in the significant pollution content spectra by imagery, being scene in low detail by spectral suppression and pollution emission in high contrast.
  • the fusion unit 516 overlays the images and an automatic tracker unit 517 traces the imagery and sends this storage in record and archive 518.
  • the vehicular ID and recognition sensor 521 feeds the image into an ID and recognition processor 522, which enables the vehicle to be identified and stores this information in the record and archive 518.
  • the information is accessed and validated 519 from the trace imagery and the information recorded, and evidence with information of the offending vehicle is sent to the central enforcement process unit 520.
  • This process can occur in a short space of time such that an enforcement agency can use this information to prosecute the polluting vehicle before it leaves the scene.
  • Figure 7 shows one exemplary possible design for the optical spectral separator 701.
  • the spectral element 702 processes the designed wavelength imagery to be imaged at separated location 703 from the zeroth order image 704(full spectral colour transmission image).
  • the 1 st order image is designed according to the designated spectral colour, the wavelength used for the imagery with the UV wavelength or IR wavelength is selected for the response of the target.
  • Such knowledge on microscopy is well discussed and is not the subject of the present application. All other wavelength colours are suppressed at the imagery plane.
  • This image segment is fused with the day camera image for overlay of polluting smoke plume and vehicle evidence.
  • a deployed system using the apparatus comprises: a smoke detection optical assembly, data capturing electronics and characterization processor; coupled with system application software to enable operator to view the system operation parameters and directly view the data capture and display.
  • the application software also flags polluting vehicles during operation by plume detection processing and time stamp; and a video management system to provide the operator direct access to the archive and video clips of the traffic smoke emission conditions linked to time flags of pollution triggers.
  • the passive system does not require the need to emit lasers, light sources, UV or infrared to a detector for analysis. This allows for a longer time window for detection over a larger traversing distance of the vehicle on road. As such, it can detect polluting exhaust in the following scenario. Say at Point A (at the detection station), the driver does not rev the engine of his vehicle and smoke does not emit. However at point B (after the detection station), the vehicle begins to emit smoke. Since the system detects over an area, eventually the driver will have to rev his engine, thus emitting the smoke. During the time window for detection of exhaust emissions, the data captured will be generated into video imagery for the presentation of evidential archive. Also, since it is a passive system, it will not intercept traffic flow for the collection of detection findings.
  • the focus is the detection of smoke pollution emitted by vehicles. It is anticipated that several methods of vehicle identification can be used for tagging the offending vehicle and the detected smoke emission evidential archive.
  • the commonly used vehicle license plate identification method may be used together with the smoke discrimination sensor.
  • the system can be integrated for deployment at street-side.
  • Data network can be established to provide transmission of information relating to vehicular smoke detection to central control station or to enforcement agents or further down the traffic flow.

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Abstract

An apparatus for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles comprising a spectral imaging unit, a scene camera, a fusion unit and a processor, whereby the spectral imaging unit and the processor detects the presence of exhaust pollution, the fusion unit is operable to combine an image from the processor with an image from the scene camera to form a fusion image. The spectral unit captures UV and IR images and processes these to determine whether there is exhaust pollution and the scene camera identifies the vehicle and captures the image for evidence. The information can be transmitted to a handheld device or stored for use by enforcement agencies.

Description

APPARATUS, SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR REMOTE DETECTION OF
VEHICLE EXHAUST
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to an apparatus, for detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles on a road. The apparatus is especially suited, but not limited to detect exhaust pollution from heavy vehicles, near shore shipping vessels and will be described in such context.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
The following discussion of the background to the invention is intended to facilitate an understanding of the present invention. However, it should be appreciated that the discussion is not an acknowledgment or admission that any of the material referred to was published, known or part of the common general knowledge in any jurisdiction as at the priority date of the application.
Motor vehicle and fossil fuel engine exhaust is a major cause of atmospheric pollution in many countries and governments typically impose emission standards for the maximum amount of pollutants allowed in a vehicle exhaust, especially in heavy vehicles and laden ship vessels.
One method currently use by some government agencies requires the laden vehicle that is spewing polluting exhaust plumes to be identified, singled out and moved to a specially prepared location where a direct gas channel probe is inserted into the static vehicle's exhaust pipe, and exhaust gas is sent to a measurement chamber. This can lead to inconsistencies as a static vehicle with an unladen engine emits exhaust with much reduced pollutants and plumes. There is no way to correlate measurements from a static or controlled measurement to the smoke pollution exhaust spewing conditions when the vehicles are travelling on the road. Another typical way of testing a vehicle's emissions is to channel or slow down traffic flow such that polluting gases are collected or channelled to a predetermined space and then fed into a sampling pipe channel. An infrared (IR), laser or ultraviolent (UV) light source is then emitted through the sample and a plurality of detectors determine the amount of pollutants such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, water, and nitrous oxides.
To effectively detect the amount of pollutants from the emitted wavelengths, regulation of traffic is required, including slowing it down in order to channel the polluting gases. It can be difficult to implement if there is more than one lane of traffic to be regulated. An active component in the form of an infrared or light source or a laser is also needed to interrogate the polluting gases for analysis, thereby requiring specific alignment to ensure that the light source or laser is pointing in the general direction of the polluting gases or at the polluting gases. Further, these active systems have a short detection window and would need to be active at the point in time when the offending vehicle is revving his engine. The variations of exhaust configurations also make it difficult for active systems to focus in on the exhaust plume automatically.
There exists a need to be able to quickly determine exhaust pollution from a moving vehicle automatically and remotely to at least alleviate one or more of the above mentioned problems, and capture this evidence for enforcement agencies to follow up upon.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Throughout this document, unless otherwise indicated to the contrary, the terms "comprising", "consisting of", and the like, are to be construed as non-exhaustive, or in other words, as meaning "including, but not limited to".
The above and other problems are solved and an improvement in the art is made by an apparatus in accordance with this invention. A first advantage of the apparatus in accordance with this invention is that it is able to remotely detect exhaust pollution from vehicles travelling on a road without the need to slow down the vehicles. A second advantage of the apparatus in accordance with this invention is that it is a passive system is can be scaled up to cover multiple lanes over a distance. A third advantage of the apparatus in accordance with this invention is that any evidence of exhaust pollution is captured automatically and tallied with the vehicle information to provide immediate result to the enforcing government agency. A fourth advantage of the apparatus in accordance with this invention is that it is able to classify the grade density of pollutant plume from the observed spectral imagery.
In accordance with a first aspect of the invention there is an apparatus for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles comprising a spectral imaging unit, a scene camera, a fusion unit and a processor, whereby the spectral imaging unit and the processor detects the presence of exhaust pollution, the fusion unit is operable to combine an image from the processor with an image from the scene camera to form a fusion image. In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the fusion image can be used to form an evidential picture of pollution graded density of a polluting vehicle. In other embodiments of the invention, the spectral imaging unit and processor detects the presence of exhaust pollution by suppressing certain wavelengths of light. In yet further embodiments of the invention, the spectral imaging unit comprises a spectral optic with suppressed of eliminated visible band coupled to a spectral camera. In accordance with another embodiment, the spectral imaging unit comprises of a spectral unit and a spectral camera. In accordance with another embodiment, the spectral imaging unit comprises of a spectral unit in combination with the scene camera. In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the spectral unit captures UV and IR images and processes these to determine whether there is exhaust pollution. In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the image from the spectral imaging unit is sent to the processor and the processor identifies pollution grading, and the image is fused with scene camera and identification cameras as evidence. In accordance with further embodiments of the invention, the information from the processor is transmitted to a central processor and storage. In some embodiments, the information from the processor is transmitted to a handheld device. In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the images and information is stored in a storage device.
In accordance with a second aspect of the invention, there is system for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles comprising a spectral imaging unit, a scene camera, a fusion unit, a processor and a storage device, whereby the spectral imaging unit and the processor detects the presence of exhaust pollution, the fusion unit is operable to combine an image from the processor with an image from the scene camera to form a fusion image, the fusion image can be used to form an evidential picture of pollution graded density of a polluting vehicle, the processor determines the presence of exhaust pollution and identifies the vehicle, and information relating to the vehicle is stored in the storage device. In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the imaging unit comprises of a spectral unit and a spectral camera. In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, the spectral imaging unit comprises a spectral unit in combination with the scene camera.
In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the spectral unit captures UV and IR images and processes these to determine whether there is exhaust pollution. In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the information from the processor is transmitted to a handheld device. In accordance with further embodiments of the invention, the information from the processor is transmitted to a central processor and storage.
In accordance with a third aspect of the invention there is a method for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles traveling on the road comprising the following steps: Obtaining a first set of images from a spectral image acquisition unit and a second set of images from a scene acquisition unit; the spectral image acquisition unit capture images indicating the location of the exhaust pollution and the scene acquisition unit capture colour images of the surrounding conditions;
Combining the obtained first set of images and second set of images to form a fusion image, the fusion image enhancing the exhaust pollution emitted from the vehicles; and
Determining at a processor the presence of exhaust pollution based on the fusion image.
Preferably, the method comprises a step of identifying the vehicle upon detection that exhaust pollution is present.
In accordance with a fourth aspect of the invention there is a method for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles traveling on the road comprising the following steps:
Obtaining a first set of images from a spectral image acquisition unit and deriving from the first set of images a second set of images; the first set of images indicating the location of the exhaust pollution and the derived second set of images are colour images of the surrounding conditions; Combining the obtained first set of images and second set of images to form a fusion image, the fusion image enhancing the exhaust pollution emitted from the vehicles; and
Determining at a processor the presence of exhaust pollution based on the fusion image. In accordance with a fifth aspect of the invention, there is a system or apparatus for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles travelling on a road comprising a spectral imaging acquisition unit, a fusion unit, a processor and a storage device, the spectral image acquisition unit operable to obtaining a first set of images and derive from the first set of images a second set of images; the first set of images indicating the location of the exhaust pollution and the derived second set of images are colour images of the surrounding conditions; whereby the fusion unit is operable to combine the first set of images and the second set of images and the processor determines the presence of exhaust pollution and identifies the vehicle, and information relating to the vehicle is stored in the storage device.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figures 1A and 1 B show are illustrative side views of the apparatus as described.
Figure 2 is an illustrative perspective view of the apparatus in use. Figure 3 is an illustrative top-down view of the apparatus in use.
Figure 4 is a system block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the apparatus.
Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of evidential data fusion using a preferred embodiment of the apparatus.
Figures 6A, 6B and 6C are illustrative pictures of the optical image, the spectral image and the fusion image respectively.
Figure 7 is an illustrative design of the sensor element.
Other arrangements of the invention are possible and, consequently, the accompanying drawings are not to be understood as superseding the generality of the preceding description of the invention. PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
Particular embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompany drawings. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Additionally, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one or ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Where possible, the same reference numerals are used throughout the figures for clarity and consistency. In accordance with a first embodiment of the invention there is an apparatus 1 10 for remotely detecting exhaust pollution 130 from vehicles travelling on a road 120 as shown in Figures 1A and 1 B. The concept of deployment is to view oncoming traffic from a near horizontal view, where polluting smoke plumes will be captured over a time window as the vehicle approaches the sensor. Alternatively, the apparatus can also be deployed to view the traffic for vehicles moving away from the sensor. In all cases, the field of view for either direction traffic is sufficiently wide and clear to identify and locate the vehicles. This increases the probability of detection as the view line of sight 160 will be able to cover an increased area of pollutants (such as smoke) as the vehicle moves forward. The apparatus can be mounted directly over the road via a stand or mounted on existing structures such as overhead bridges and sign gantries.
A main consideration factor for deployment is the dispersion patterns of smoke arising from atmospheric disturbance such as vehicle motion and wind. Although such dispersion patterns are not known when the apparatus 1 10 is first deployed, the smoke detection system will provide an initial data of dispersion for feedback and adjustment of the deployment method and positioning of the various elements to enhance smoke detection rates.
The apparatus 1 10 can also be mounted on the side of a road and this is shown in Figure 2, which provides a perspective view from the apparatus. It is shown preferably mounted sufficiently high up in Figure 2 in order to capture a wide field of view 160 and this is typically above the height of 4.5m, preferable between 5- 10 m high depending on the optical set up. Figure 2 shows a height of 6-7m using an exemplary set up of the apparatus. This captures the worst case scenario where the traffic condition is heavy with most of the vehicles being trucks and the exhaust pipes are protruded from the top of the vehicles. The polluting exhaust plumes 130 tend to be above or near the offending vehicle and the apparatus is able to visually detect this through the wide field of view 60 and angle of coverage. A top down view of the same scene is shown in Figure 3, showing the area 310 being monitored. In particular, the heavy vehicles 321 are shown travelling in a specific lane, although the system can monitor multiple lanes at the same time depending on the optical setup.
Figure 4 shows the system block diagram of one embodiment of the apparatus. A scene comprising the area of view is captured using a UV spectra unit 401 and an IR spectra unit 402, these feed into a polluting plume sensor 403 which detects whether a polluting exhaust plume is present in the scene (Figure 6B), and this data is saved in storage and the scene is sent on to a characterization processor 404 as well as a fusion unit 407. A separate scene camera 406 captures and saves the image (Figure 6A) in storage and the fusion unit 407 combines these two images 601 , 602 to form a fusion image 603 (Figure 6C). The spectral camera optical train 501 suppresses the spectrum from visible colour wavebands. The suppression is required because visible colour wavebands is the main cause of false alarms and contributes greatly to false alarm analysis by spectrum. This is because vehicle objects are artificial and can vary in colours, thus, by suppressing or blocking this waveband, the polluting plumes are highlighted in this apparatus. The resulting spectra band is UV and IR band, as the spectral discrimination constituent; relatively free from visible band impact. The smoke discrimination snap imagery is fused with the day camera imagery to provide the final evidentiary image. There are two cameras used for the fusion of images: the spectral camera produces plots indicating the location of the smoke, and the colour image of the day colour camera. If required, a camera equipped with night vision can also be used to capture night environmental lighting conditions instead of the normal camera suited for capturing day conditions. This information is fed into an enforcement processor 405 that determines the presence of pollutant plume in the emission and all the graded density data is stored in the archive storage 408. Another embodiment of this invention would use only one camera in combination with the UV spectra unit and an IR spectra unit with an optical splitter. Each of the sub-spectra are then processed in the detailed UV or NIR discrimination sub-bands.
In a preferred embodiment of the apparatus, the principle detector in the system is a smoke target sensor spectral detector, which snaps or captures image frames of objects with high selective spectral discrimination. Typically optical component can be fashioned by design from etalons or diffractive elements. Spectral discrimination is required in order to eliminate the noise from the scene that impacts the detection and grading of smoke plume density and size. The spectral sensor captures images for the processing of smoke signatures and comprises of an optical spectral separator, a sensor array unit, and snap imagery electronics. The optical spectral separator is tasked with the elimination of non- related spectral bands. The apparatus is also equipped with a viewer camera with field of view and sensor format view fit to the smoke target sensor, specifically, the imagery is for the recognition of the vehicle, colour, shape and make manufacture. This is not related to the processing analysis of smoke plumes, but for the image scene capturing the presence of the offending polluting vehicle. This image can then be used as evidence to prosecute the driver or owner of the offending polluting vehicle based on the pollution graded density and size. An additional second scene camera provides the same view-sized formatted day imagery where the vehicle can be readily identified by registration plate in addition to the vehicular shape and form, colour make or manufacture recognition. Additional software can be incorporated to read and recognise the vehicle number plate or vehicle registration number (VRN) for better identification of the vehicle.
The smoke target sensor will provide a continuous snapshot imagery field of view to monitor the area of interest. The smoke exhaust detector can provide a real time representation of the smoke plume within the time exposure of moving vehicle drive paths intersecting the detection paths. The point where the smoke originates and the direction of dispersal can also be identified.
Taking into consideration of the absorption band of the smoke and the transmission band of the atmosphere, the smoke exhaust detector utilizes optical spectra selectivity unit coupled to sensor array.
The optical unit with sensor capable of detecting and imaging spectra bands of UV to Near IR (NIR) -the optical unit captures imagery at spectra band that discriminates the indicative bands of diesel smoke spectra, attenuates all other wavebands (including visible band that generates most of the imagery motion noise) to low or close to elimination. For example, at the spectral colour green at a wavelength of 555nm, smoke signature billowing over vehicles' chassis body do not provide significant high discrimination between smoke and surrounding noise or vehicle motion, and hence this waveband will not be used as part of the smoke sensor unit collection band. In contrast, UV spectral band is significantly advantageous in smoke discrimination; this band is processed for capture by the optical spectra unit and sensor array assembly. The optical architecture of the spectrally selective elements and optical train prescription is customised specifically for this purpose. The result is suppressed ambient snap imagery but increased smoke target discrimination contrast. The smoke discrimination snap imagery is fused with the day camera imagery to provide the final information for target evidence. There are 2 cameras used for fusion of images. The spectral camera will produce plots indicating the location of the smoke and will be fused with the colour image of the day colour camera. This image can then be used as evidence to prosecute the driver or owner of the offending polluting vehicle based on the pollution graded density and size.
A schematic of how the evidential data is fused is shown in Figure 5 using a preferred embodiment of the apparatus. The spectral camera optical train 501 processes the designed wavelength imagery and separates this from the zeroth order image by a spectral discrimination constituent 502. It is to be appreciated that the zeroth order image may be used as an alternative to the image captured by the scene camera 406 and hence possibly negating the need for a scene camera 406, although the quality of the zeroth order image may not be comparable with that of the images captured by the scene camera 406 in terms of quality, contrast or intensity but nevertheless meet the requirements in accordance with the purpose of the present invention. The wavelength is selected for the response of the target and all other wavelength colours are suppressed at the imagery plane allowing the discrimination of plume and particulates from the rest of the image. The desired spectral image is then processed by the spectral sensory processor 503 and sent to the fusion unit 516. A spectral imagery unit can consist of scene viewing optics 51 1 , which can be equipped with an appropriate lens, and creates the optical zoom and internal optics to align line of sight and view angles to fit the UV & NIR pollution plume detection optics, frame sizing to fit the images of the three (3) spectra bands for image fusion at optimized fastest time taken. This entire package is also know as a spectral imagery acquisition unit, and can optically fit image format 512 and send this to the imager unit 513 before its usage by the fusion unit 516. The imager unit processes the imagery data with 1 telescopic lens in day spectrum collecting pollution emission appearances over the scene and 2 or more optical lens and elements spectrum in the significant pollution content spectra by imagery, being scene in low detail by spectral suppression and pollution emission in high contrast. The fusion unit 516 overlays the images and an automatic tracker unit 517 traces the imagery and sends this storage in record and archive 518. The vehicular ID and recognition sensor 521 feeds the image into an ID and recognition processor 522, which enables the vehicle to be identified and stores this information in the record and archive 518. The information is accessed and validated 519 from the trace imagery and the information recorded, and evidence with information of the offending vehicle is sent to the central enforcement process unit 520. This process can occur in a short space of time such that an enforcement agency can use this information to prosecute the polluting vehicle before it leaves the scene.
Figure 7 shows one exemplary possible design for the optical spectral separator 701. The spectral element 702 processes the designed wavelength imagery to be imaged at separated location 703 from the zeroth order image 704(full spectral colour transmission image). The 1 st order image is designed according to the designated spectral colour, the wavelength used for the imagery with the UV wavelength or IR wavelength is selected for the response of the target. Such knowledge on microscopy is well discussed and is not the subject of the present application. All other wavelength colours are suppressed at the imagery plane.
This image segment is fused with the day camera image for overlay of polluting smoke plume and vehicle evidence.
A deployed system using the apparatus comprises: a smoke detection optical assembly, data capturing electronics and characterization processor; coupled with system application software to enable operator to view the system operation parameters and directly view the data capture and display. The application software also flags polluting vehicles during operation by plume detection processing and time stamp; and a video management system to provide the operator direct access to the archive and video clips of the traffic smoke emission conditions linked to time flags of pollution triggers.
The passive system does not require the need to emit lasers, light sources, UV or infrared to a detector for analysis. This allows for a longer time window for detection over a larger traversing distance of the vehicle on road. As such, it can detect polluting exhaust in the following scenario. Say at Point A (at the detection station), the driver does not rev the engine of his vehicle and smoke does not emit. However at point B (after the detection station), the vehicle begins to emit smoke. Since the system detects over an area, eventually the driver will have to rev his engine, thus emitting the smoke. During the time window for detection of exhaust emissions, the data captured will be generated into video imagery for the presentation of evidential archive. Also, since it is a passive system, it will not intercept traffic flow for the collection of detection findings.
The focus is the detection of smoke pollution emitted by vehicles. It is anticipated that several methods of vehicle identification can be used for tagging the offending vehicle and the detected smoke emission evidential archive.
The commonly used vehicle license plate identification method may be used together with the smoke discrimination sensor. The system can be integrated for deployment at street-side. Data network can be established to provide transmission of information relating to vehicular smoke detection to central control station or to enforcement agents or further down the traffic flow.
The above is a description of embodiment(s) of an apparatus, system for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles travelling on a road.
The above is a description of embodiment(s) of an apparatus, system for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles that can be travelling on a road. It is envisioned that those skilled in the art can and will design an alternative embodiment(s) of this invention without departing from the scope of the present invention. It is further envisioned that the invention may be used for the remote detection of exhaust pollution from different types of vehicles including vehicles traveling on sea, for example. It is to be further appreciated that features from one or more embodiments as described may be combined to form further embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention.

Claims

Claims
1. An apparatus for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles comprising:
a spectral imaging unit;
a scene camera;
a fusion unit and
a processor,
wherein the spectral imaging unit and the processor detects the presence of exhaust pollution, the fusion unit is operable to combine an image from the processor with an image from the scene camera to form a fusion image.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the fusion image can be used to form an evidential picture of pollution graded density of a polluting vehicle.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the spectral imaging unit and processor detects the presence of exhaust pollution by suppressing certain wavelengths of light.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the spectral imaging unit comprises a spectral optic with suppressed of eliminated visible band coupled to a spectral camera.
5. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the spectral imaging unit comprises a spectral unit in combination with the scene camera.
6. The apparatus according to any one of claims 4 or 5, wherein the spectral unit captures UV and IR images and processes the UV and IR images to determine whether there is exhaust pollution.
7. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein an image from the spectral imaging unit is sent to the processor and the processor identifies pollution grading, and the image is fused with scene camera and identification cameras as evidence.
8. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the information from the processor is transmitted to a central processor and storage.
9. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the information from the processor is transmitted to a handheld device.
10. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein images and information are stored in a storage device.
1 1. A system for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles comprising:
a spectral imaging unit;
a scene camera;
a fusion unit;
a processor and
a storage device;
wherein the spectral imaging unit and the processor detects the presence of exhaust pollution, the fusion unit is operable to combine an image from the processor with an image from the scene camera to form a fusion image,
the fusion image can be used to form an evidential picture of pollution graded density of a polluting vehicle
the processor determines the presence of exhaust pollution and identifies the vehicle, and
information relating to the vehicle is stored in the storage device.
12. The system according to claim 1 1 , wherein the spectral imaging unit comprises of a spectral unit and a spectral camera.
13. The system according to claim 1 1 , wherein the spectral imaging unit comprises a spectral unit in combination with the scene camera.
14. The system according to claim 1 1 , wherein the spectral unit captures UV and IR images and processes these to determine whether there is exhaust pollution.
15. The system according to claim 11 , wherein the information from the processor is transmitted to a handheld device.
16. The system according to claim 11 , wherein the information from the processor is transmitted to a central processor and storage.
17. A method for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles comprising the following steps:
obtaining a first set of images from a spectral image acquisition unit and a second set of images from a scene acquisition Unit, wherein the spectral image acquisition unit captures images indicating the location of the exhaust pollution and the scene acquisition unit captures colour images of the surrounding conditions;
combining the obtained first set of images and second set of images to form a set of fusion images, wherein the fusion image enhances the exhaust pollution emitted from the vehicles; and
determining at a processor the presence of exhaust pollution based on the fusion image.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the method further comprises a step of identifying the vehicle upon detection that exhaust pollution is present.
19. A method for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles traveling on the road comprising the following steps:
obtaining a first set of images from a spectral image acquisition unit and deriving from the first set of images a second set of images, wherein the first set of images indicates the location of the exhaust pollution and the derived second set of images are colour images of the surrounding conditions;
combining the obtained first set of images and second set of images to form a set of fusion images, the fusion image enhancing the exhaust pollution emitted from the vehicles; and
determining at a processor the presence of exhaust pollution based on the fusion image.
20. A system for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles comprising
a spectral imaging acquisition unit;
a fusion unit;
a processor and a storage device,
the spectral image acquisition unit is operable to obtain a first set of images and derive from the first set of images a second set of images, wherein the first set of images indicating the location of the exhaust pollution and the derived second set of images are colour images of the surrounding conditions; wherein the fusion unit is operable to combine the first set of images and the second set of images and the processor determines the presence of exhaust pollution and identifies the vehicle, and information relating to the vehicle is stored in the storage device.21. An apparatus for remotely detecting exhaust pollution from vehicles comprising
a spectral imaging acquisition unit;
a fusion unit;
a processor and
a storage device,
the spectral image acquisition unit is operable to obtain a first set of images and derive from the first set of images a second set of images, wherein the first set of images indicating the location of the exhaust pollution and the derived second set of images are colour images of the surrounding conditions; wherein the fusion unit is operable to combine the first set of images and the second set of images and the processor determines the presence of exhaust pollution and identifies the vehicle, and information relating to the vehicle is stored in the storage device.
PCT/SG2014/000171 2013-04-19 2014-04-17 Apparatus, system and method for remote detection of vehicle exhaust WO2014171897A1 (en)

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