WO2013083936A1 - Installation agricole pour la culture des plantes ou l'elevage des animaux de rente mettant en œuvre une serre et apte a stocker et restituer l'energie calorique du soleil - Google Patents
Installation agricole pour la culture des plantes ou l'elevage des animaux de rente mettant en œuvre une serre et apte a stocker et restituer l'energie calorique du soleil Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2013083936A1 WO2013083936A1 PCT/FR2012/052856 FR2012052856W WO2013083936A1 WO 2013083936 A1 WO2013083936 A1 WO 2013083936A1 FR 2012052856 W FR2012052856 W FR 2012052856W WO 2013083936 A1 WO2013083936 A1 WO 2013083936A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- greenhouse
- flap
- chamber
- circulator
- coolant
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 title claims description 4
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 4
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 title description 2
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000013529 heat transfer fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000013039 cover film Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 5
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 4
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 101001017827 Mus musculus Leucine-rich repeat flightless-interacting protein 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007791 dehumidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004794 expanded polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009313 farming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/24—Devices or systems for heating, ventilating, regulating temperature, illuminating, or watering, in greenhouses, forcing-frames, or the like
- A01G9/243—Collecting solar energy
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/24—Devices or systems for heating, ventilating, regulating temperature, illuminating, or watering, in greenhouses, forcing-frames, or the like
- A01G9/245—Conduits for heating by means of liquids, e.g. used as frame members or for soil heating
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K1/00—Housing animals; Equipment therefor
- A01K1/0047—Air-conditioning, e.g. ventilation, of animal housings
- A01K1/0076—Arrangement of heaters or heat exchangers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/25—Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/28—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture specially adapted for farming
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/70—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in livestock or poultry
- Y02A40/76—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in livestock or poultry using renewable energy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
- Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/12—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries using renewable energies, e.g. solar water pumping
Definitions
- the present invention is in the field of buildings for agricultural use used especially for the cultivation of plants under shelter or the breeding of livestock and relates more particularly to a positive energy installation, implementing a greenhouse capable of collecting and storing l solar heat energy and store it in the form of geothermal energy for subsequent restitution to the volume of culture.
- greenhouses and other similar shelters used for the cultivation of food crops and others consist of a metal frame, typically in the form of arches and joining rails, and a transparent cover to the light applied on the metal frame.
- This type of building is able to trap in the volume of culture that it determines, the far infrared emitted notably by the ground and the vegetation. This results in a rise in temperature and maintenance of the internal volume at a temperature favorable to the development of the cultivated plants.
- This type of building usually has ventilation devices for evacuating excess heat, especially during the daytime, and heating devices, typically with fossil energy, to maintain the internal volume at the appropriate temperature during the cold period, especially during the heating period. night. So the excess heat is not recovered and fossil energy is used to bring a
- frost mainly present in the morning, opacify the cover and is a screen for the diffusion of sunlight and infrared in the greenhouse so that the greenhouse effect is significantly reduced. This effect is further reduced by the fact that this frost layer constitutes a reflective surface.
- this layer of frost turning into water draws some of the heat necessary for this phase change in the cover and causes cooling of the internal volume of the greenhouse.
- the present invention therefore aims to solve the aforementioned problems by proposing a solution for storing excess heat and restitution of this excess heat in cold period.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a solution to prevent the appearance of frost on the cover of the greenhouse.
- the plant according to the invention for agricultural use, in particular for growing plants and breeding livestock, is essentially characterized in that it implements:
- a greenhouse comprising on the one hand a supporting structure formed of arches implanted in the ground and healds joining the hoops to each other, and on the other hand a cover transparent to the light affixed to the supporting framework,
- geothermal exchanger installed in the ground, under the internal volume of the greenhouse, said geothermal exchanger being in heat exchange relation with the internal volume of the greenhouse
- At least one circulator capable of establishing a circulation of a coolant between the greenhouse and the geothermal heat exchanger.
- the installation is provided with a heat storage capacity, disposed in the ground, under the internal volume of the greenhouse, this capacity being distributed around the geothermal heat exchanger, and being in heat exchange relationship with the latter.
- the coolant is constituted by a gaseous mass in this case air.
- the storage capacity consists of a mass of earth surrounded at least laterally by thermal insulation walls. This arrangement, which does not use any specific material for the realization of the storage capacity, also has the advantage of a simple implementation and inexpensive.
- the greenhouse has at least one heat exchanger in heat exchange relationship with its internal volume, the circulation of the coolant being established by at least one circulator, between the heat exchanger of the greenhouse and the geothermal heat exchanger and through them.
- the heat exchanger (s) of the greenhouse and the geothermal heat exchanger form a closed circuit in which the coolant is set in motion.
- the heat exchanger (s) of the greenhouse are formed in the cover wall or form the latter.
- the properties of a radiator or a heat absorber in thermal exchange relation with the internal volume of the greenhouse and the geothermal heat exchanger are conferred on the roof.
- this provision gives the cover of the greenhouse, in the cold season, effective protection against the formation of frost.
- such an arrangement has the advantage of a regular distribution of heat exchangers of the greenhouse and consequently a regular distribution of heat exchange between the internal volume of the greenhouse and the cover wall.
- the internal volume of the greenhouse will be heated or cooled relatively uniformly without creating hot spots or cold, local.
- the greenhouse comprises a plurality of heat exchangers and the latter are formed by tubular sleeves juxtaposed, transparent to light.
- each sheath is flexible and is shaped under the effect of the pressure of the coolant.
- the sheaths are distributed in functional groups and each group, by one end of each sheath, is connected to an upstream air distributor manifold and the other end of each sheath to a downstream distributor manifold, these distributor manifolds being traversed by the coolant , being in communication relationship with the geothermal heat exchanger and being placed for one upstream of the latter and the other downstream.
- the geothermal heat exchanger is in the form of a Canadian well and is formed of one or more horizontal pipes, parallel, distributed in at least one depth level.
- the pipes of the Canadian well are distributed in two depth levels.
- the pipes forming the geothermal heat exchanger are divided into functional groups, each functional group having at least one pipe of a greater depth level and at least one pipe of a lower depth level and each functional group being connected by one end of each pipe to an upstream manifold manifold and the other end of each pipe to a downstream manifold manifold.
- each distributor manifold integrates a circulation member or circulator adapted to draw the coolant in the associated sheaths and in the associated pipes of the geothermal heat exchanger, said circulator comprising a suction orifice. heat transfer fluid and a heat transfer fluid discharge port, these orifices being in communication relationship with the internal volume of the distributor manifold to draw the coolant, ducts to the pipes, and vice versa.
- each distributor manifold is formed of a watertight box comprising:
- a first chamber receiving the circulator, said chamber being in communication relation through first heat transfer fluid orifices with the corresponding group of ducts,
- this second chamber being in communication relation through second heat transfer fluid passage orifices, opposite to the preceding ones, with the corresponding pipes of the geothermal heat exchanger, this second chamber being in communication relation with the first chamber through an orifice practiced in the partition wall,
- this reversing means being suitable for control to ensure either a communication between the suction orifice of the circulator and the first fluid passage orifices; coolant and simultaneously a communication between the discharge port of the circulator and at least one second heat transfer fluid passage orifice, a communication between the discharge port of the circulator and the first heat transfer fluid orifices and simultaneously a communication between the suction port of the circulator and at least one of the second heat transfer fluid passage orifices.
- the circulator comprises a tubular element connected to a blower, the suction orifice being formed at the end of the tubular element, away from the blower, the latter comprising the discharge orifice.
- the means for inverting the flow of coolant fluid is formed of a tilting flap mounted to tilt on the tubular element and between the suction port and the discharge port of the circulator, this shutter dividing the volume of the first chamber into two compartments, one of which receives the suction port of the circulator and the other the delivery port, each compartment, depending on the position of the flap being in communication relationship, or with the first coolant passage orifices with the second chamber.
- the second orifices of heat transfer fluid passages that each distributor manifold comprises are divided into two groups spaced from each other, one of the groups receiving the pipes of the higher depth level, the other group the lower depth level pipes, and the second chamber is equipped with a bypass device adapted to ensure communication communication piercing of the two chambers with each other or with one of the groups or with the other group.
- the bypass is constituted by a flap pivotally mounted around its lower edge.
- said flap by pivoting being brought against one of the lips or the other to ensure communication between one of the compartments of the first chamber and one or the other group orifices.
- a third compartment separated from the latter two by a partition provided with a through orifice comprising two opposite lips each provided to receive in support the upper edge of the pivoting flap according to the position of the latter, the third compartment being in communication relationship with a pressurizing circuit and maintaining the pressure of the coolant.
- the pressurizing circuit is connected to the third compartment of each upstream distributor manifold or each downstream distributor manifold.
- the pressurizing circuit comprises a motorized turbine comprising a heat transfer fluid suction port and a coolant delivery port, the turbine, via its suction port, being connected to a pressurized heat transfer fluid supply line connected to the third compartment of each distributor manifold upstream or downstream.
- the pressurizing circuit is associated with means for controlling and regulating the pressure, this means, when the value of the pressure in the ducts becomes greater than a set value, being suitable on the one hand, to deactivate the motor of the turbine and on the other hand to activate a timing circuit capable, after a predetermined period of time, of reactivating the turbine motor.
- the hoops of the greenhouse are provided with cavities through which are provided to receive the tubular sleeves forming the heat exchanger. This arrangement provides a simple solution to the support and the fixing of the ducts on the frame of the greenhouse.
- the sheaths forming the heat exchangers of the greenhouse support a light-transparent covering film in the form of a sheet and keep it spaced from the elements of the frame.
- FIG. 1 is a cutaway perspective view of an installation according to the invention
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view along a vertical plane of a distributor manifold of the installation according to the invention
- FIG. 3 is a cutaway perspective view of a distributor manifold of the installation according to the invention.
- FIG. 4 schematically shows a means for controlling and regulating the air pressure
- FIG. 5 is a front view of an asymmetric greenhouse fitted to an installation according to the invention.
- FIGS. 1 and 5 show an installation according to the invention.
- This installation comprises a greenhouse 1 with a metal frame formed of a succession of arches 10 joined to each other by longitudinal rails not shown, parallel to the summit line of the greenhouse.
- This frame supports a cover 3 transparent to light, in order to create in the volume of said greenhouse, a so-called greenhouse effect leading to a rise in temperature by trapping far infrared rays.
- the greenhouse 1 preferably has a height sufficient for people to enter by standing and so that farm machinery, tractor type can evolve there. As a purely indicative example, the height of the greenhouse is between four and eight meters.
- the or each tunnel or chapel that forms the greenhouse may have a vertical central plane of symmetry as in the example shown in Figure 1.
- the or each tunnel or chapel of the greenhouse may be asymmetrically shaped and have a shed roof.
- This installation implements moreover a geothermal heat exchanger 4 in the form of a Canadian well installed in the ground, under the volume of the greenhouse, as well as a heat storage capacity 5, in heat exchange relation with the Canadian well. 4, this storage capacity being in intimate contact with the Canadian well.
- the installation also uses circulators 6 able to force the circulation of a coolant such as air or other, between the greenhouse 1 and the Canadian well 4 so as to ensure a transfer of heat between the storage capacity 5 and the internal volume of the greenhouse 1 and vice versa.
- a coolant such as air or other
- the latter will be filled with fine-grained sand to ensure intimate contact with the pipes.
- the pipes 40 of the Canadian well are made of a material having good thermal conduction.
- these pipes will be made of a synthetic material capable of conducting heat and also to resist corrosion.
- these pipes are distributed in two depth levels distant from each other by a few decimeters.
- the end portions of each pipe are bent upwards and are connected above ground respectively to an upstream manifold 61 and a downstream manifold 62.
- these lines 40 are divided into groups
- Each functional group is connected to an upstream distributor manifold 61 and a downstream distributor manifold 62.
- the storage capacity 5 is, at least in part, thermally insulated from the ground.
- This capacity 5 is distributed around the Canadian well 4, more precisely around the pipes forming the latter.
- This storage capacity 5 is constituted by a mass of earth 50 laterally surrounded by vertical walls 51 of thermal insulation comprising, for example, expanded polystyrene thermal insulation boards or any other suitable material.
- thermal insulation comprising, for example, expanded polystyrene thermal insulation boards or any other suitable material.
- the walls 51 form a continuous belt around the storage capacity opposing the heat losses. To further minimize heat losses it is expected that the storage capacity 5 and the vertical insulation walls 51 are based on horizontal thermally insulating slabs.
- the greenhouse has one or more heat exchangers 30.
- the or each heat exchanger is in heat exchange relationship on the one hand with the internal volume of the greenhouse and on the other hand with the storage mass 5 via the Canadian well 4
- the greenhouse comprises a plurality of heat exchangers 30.
- each heat exchanger 30 is each in the form of a flexible tubular sheath, shaped under the effect of the pressure of the heat transfer fluid.
- the constituent sheath of each heat exchanger is formed of a flexible wall transparent to light.
- the or each heat exchanger will be formed by a system with double flexible walls.
- the heat exchangers 30 are regularly distributed in the greenhouse in order to standardize the thermal exchanges with the internal volume of the latter.
- these heat exchangers 30 are arranged in functional groups, each functional group being formed of several sheaths or exchangers arranged in parallel on the heat transfer fluid circuit.
- the sheaths 30 of each group are connected by their upstream end to an upstream air distributor manifold 61 and their downstream end to a downstream air distributor manifold 62.
- each manifold 61, 62 is connected to a group of ducts. 30 and a single and a group of conduits 40 and only one.
- the heat exchangers 30 are formed in the blanket of the greenhouse, advantageously they constitute in part.
- the heat exchangers 30 are parallel to the top line of the greenhouse and the cover of the latter is provided with a cover film 33 transparent to light, affixed to the heat exchangers 30 or sheaths.
- the covering film 33 is held by the sheaths 30 spaced elements of the frame of the greenhouse and is no longer subjected to the abrasive action of the latter.
- These heat exchangers or sheaths 30 are in juxtaposition relationship with each other.
- these sheaths 30 under the effect of the pressure of the flow of air passing through them, are brought firmly into contact with each other, this contact being surface.
- this contact being surface.
- the heat exchangers 30 are advantageously carried by the hoops 10 of the frame of the greenhouse 1 (Figs 1 and 5). For this purpose, these arches are provided with through cavities 10a designed to receive the exchangers 30.
- each manifold 61, 62 integrates a circulator 6 which has an air suction port 6a and an air discharge port 6b.
- This circulator 6 comprises a tubular element 6c connected to a blower 6d powered by an electric motor 6e.
- the suction port 6a is formed at the end of the tubular element 6c, away from the blower 6d, the latter comprising the discharge port 6b.
- each distributor manifold 61, 62 is formed of a metal or parallelepipedal or cuboid box, comprising a horizontal bottom wall, two vertical side walls parallel to one another, a vertical front wall, a vertical rear wall parallel to the previous one and a horizontal upper wall.
- the internal volume of the box comprises a first chamber 63 in communication relationship through first air passage holes 63a with the corresponding group of ducts 30, these air passage holes 63a being formed in the upper wall.
- the volume also comprises a second chamber 64 separated from the previous by a horizontal partition 65, fixed to the front, rear and side walls of the box.
- This second chamber 64 is in communication relation with the corresponding conduits 40 of the Canadian well, through second air passage holes 64a opposite to the preceding and made in the bottom wall of the box.
- This second chamber 64 is also in communication relation with the first chamber 63 through an orifice 65a made in the partition wall 65.
- the internal volume of the box receives a means 66 for reversing the flow of air between the first 63a and second 64a orifices, this reversing means being adapted, at the command, to ensure either a communication between the orifice 6a of suction of the circulator 6 and the first orifices 63a and a communication between the air discharge orifice 6b and at least one second orifice 64a, ie a communication between the discharge orifice 6b of the circulator 6 and the first orifices 63a and a communication between the suction port 6a of the circulator and at least one of the second orifices 64a.
- each orifice 63a is associated with a valve, not shown, with a sliding shutter, by action on which the corresponding sheath 30 can be isolated from the distributor manifold.
- the means 66 for reversing the air flow is formed by a tilting flap tiltably mounted on the tubular element 6c, around a horizontal geometric axis, normal to the two side walls, and this between the suction port 6a and the delivery port 6b of the circulator 6.
- This flap 66 divides the volume of the first chamber 63 into two lateral compartments, each in communication relationship, depending on the position of the flap, either with the first air passage holes 63a or with the second chamber 64 through the bore 65a.
- the suction port 6a is located in one of the compartments while the discharge port 6b is located in the other compartment.
- the shutter 66 of rectangular shape, is provided with an elliptical central bore whose small axis value is equal to the functional clearance close to that of the diameter of the tubular element 6c.
- This flap 66 is engaged by this piercing on the tubular element 6c.
- a seal, elastically deformable, is disposed between the tubular element and the edge of the bore.
- the flap 66 is also mounted in fixing on a tree
- actuator 66a diametrically traversing the tubular element 6c.
- This shaft is engaged in guide bearings respectively fixed to the side walls.
- the shaft passes right through one of the bearings that supports it and the corresponding wall of the box, to be coupled externally to the box, to a control means.
- the flap 66 is tilted in one position or the other.
- This control means can be manually operated and is then constituted by an operating lever. It can also be constituted by a motor known in itself.
- the wall 65 is located under and away from the tubular element 6c of the circulator 6.
- the orifice 65a is formed in line with the axis of pivoting of the flap 66 and comprises two opposite rectilinear lips, parallel to the axis pivoting of the tilting flap 66. These lips are provided to receive in turn the lower edge of the tilting flap. It should be noted that the lips of the orifice 65a extend from the front wall to the rear wall of the box and that the width of the flap, measured along its pivot axis, is equal to the functional clearance, to the value the gap between the side walls.
- the shutter, along its borders located opposite the front and rear walls of the box, may include sealing beads.
- the chamber 63 in the upper part, between the first orifices 63a and the two lateral compartments, comprises a third compartment 67 separated from the first two by a horizontal partition 68 extending above and at a distance from the tubular element 6c of the circulator 6.
- This horizontal partition 68 at the right of the axis of pivoting of the flap 66 is provided with a through hole 68a having two opposite lips each provided to receive bearing the upper edge of the pivoting flap 66 according to the position of the latter.
- the lips of the through hole 68a are parallel to the axis of pivoting of the flap 66 and extend from the front wall to the rear wall of the box.
- the second orifices 64a of air passages are distributed in two groups, spaced apart from each other, one of the groups receiving the pipes 40 of the level of greater depth, the other group, the pipes 40 of the level of lower depth. Considering a vertical geometric plane, normal to the side and median walls to the box, one of the orifice groups 64a is located below this plane and the other beyond this plane. Additionally, the second chamber 64 is equipped with a bypass device 69 capable of ensuring the
- the communication opening 65a between the two chambers 63 and 64 of the box is provided with two other opposite lips, parallel to the preceding ones, and the bypass 69 comprises a flap 690 supported by its lower edge on the wall bottom of the box and this between the two sets of holes, this flap 690 being pivotally mounted around its lower horizontal edge.
- the shutter 690 is mounted by its lower zone in an elongate housing extending from one side wall to the other and defined for example by the intrados faces of a section metal profile. U-shaped faces will advantageously be lined with seals in the form of foam cord.
- this flap 690 comprises a maneuvering shaft 691 extending along its horizontal lower edge and forming the latter, this operating shaft being engaged in guide bearings respectively fixed to the two side walls of the box.
- This operating shaft 691 passes right through the two bearings that support it and the two side walls.
- This operating shaft 691 is hollow to receive an actuating means and comprises externally to the box, a lever for maneuvering
- the upstream distributor manifolds are configured to provide the upstream distributor manifolds
- Each actuating means is constituted by a control bar
- This control bar 693 comprises a series of actuating levers 694 provided to cooperate respectively drive with the levers 692 of the operating shafts. More specifically, each lever 694 cooperates in drive with lever 692 and only one and by means of an elastic member 695 mounted in tension between the two levers. This coil spring mainly for the purpose of maintaining the support of the flap in turn against each lip of the orifice 65a. Finally the control bar is coupled to a motor unit not shown. By activation of the drive member, the control bar 693 is pivotally driven along its longitudinal axis in one direction or the other.
- the third compartment 67 of the first chamber 64 is in communication relation with a circuit 8 for pressurizing and maintaining the pressure.
- This pressurizing circuit is common to all the upstream and / or downstream distributor manifolds and is connected to the third compartment 67 of each upstream distributor manifold or downstream distributor manifold.
- This pressurizing circuit comprises a motorized turbine 80 comprising an air suction orifice and a discharge orifice of an air flow, and a dispensing line 81 in communication relation on the one hand with the discharge orifice of the turbine, and on the other hand with the third
- This pressurizing circuit is to compensate for the air and pressure losses in the circuits formed by the exchangers, the distributor manifolds and the Canadian well pipes.
- the pressurizing circuit means 85 for controlling and regulating the pressure, this means being able to act on the motor of the turbine 80 to deactivate it when the value of the pressure in the ducts 30 becomes greater than a set value and activate it otherwise. Deflation of the tubular sheaths 30 is thus avoided, leading to a loss of leaktightness of the cover or over-inflation of the latter, which can lead to their deterioration.
- the means for controlling and regulating the pressure comprises a body 851 of control means, comprising a vertical bore 852 in which is slidably mounted an actuating float 853, a calibrated leak of air being formed in the bore around the float 853.
- the working chamber formed by the bore 852 and the float 853 is connected to the distribution line 81 or the compartment 67 of one of the distribution manifolds and the corresponding face of the float thus receives an axial thrust directed upwards. This axial thrust is compensated in whole or in part by the weight of the float.
- the other side of the float 853 or upper face is subjected to atmospheric pressure.
- a contactor 854 stopping the turbine 80.
- This contactor is also used to activate a timing circuit 855 capable, after a predetermined period of time, of reactivating the turbine 80.
- the upper part of the greenhouse is advantageously provided with a ventilation means 7, for example of the mobile-wheel-type, in translation under the effect of the action of a motor member between a position of closure of a longitudinal mouth of aeration 12 and an open position of this mouth.
- This aeration means 7 constitutes a cold zone of condensation of water vapor.
- the resulting condensate will advantageously be recovered by chutes installed under the ventilation opening 12 for some at the right of the latter and for others laterally offset from the mouth 12 and in contact with the cover to recover the flows of water from
- the installation as described will be equipped with a control and control unit capable of controlling the different motor members such as the motors of the circulators 6, the actuating motor of the control rod and
- control and control unit will be associated probes for measuring the temperature of the air in the greenhouse and outside the greenhouse, probes measuring the wind velocity, probes for measuring the temperature of the heat transfer fluid, probes for measuring the temperature of the storage capacity and probes for measuring the hygrometry in the greenhouse and outside the tight. Depending on these values and a preset programming, the control and control unit will control the motor units accordingly.
- the greenhouse 1 of the installation as described may be equipped with shading nets that can be arranged on the covering cover 33.
- the shading nets may be arranged under and in contact with the tubular sleeves 30 so that to create a black background capable of absorbing heat. This provision, in hot period enhances the absorbency of the heat exchangers 30 so that a greater amount of heat is transferred to the storage capacity 5.
- the tunnel or each tunnel formed by the greenhouse 1 of the installation according to the invention has a roof forming two slopes with equal slope separated from each other by a horizontal top line.
- the vertical geometric plane containing this summit line constitutes a plane of symmetry of the roof of the tunnel considered.
- this plan will also constitute a plane of symmetry of the greenhouse.
- FIG. 5 shows an installation according to the invention equipped with a greenhouse 1, said to be asymmetrical.
- This greenhouse 1 is multi-tunnels but the teaching of the invention also applies to an asymmetric mono-tunnel greenhouse.
- tunnel or each tunnel that forms this greenhouse 1 has a roof forming two slopes separated by a horizontal deformation line contained in a vertical geometric plane, not occupying a central position, but a laterally offset position.
- the slope of the largest slope of the roof of each tunnel is opposite the sloping slope of the roof of the adjacent tunnel.
- the roof of the adjacent tunnel can not constitute, in the early hours of the morning, a screen with the sunshine of the slope of greater slope.
- the slope of greater slope will be hit by solar radiation at a low incidence angle of incidence so that most of the solar energy can enter the greenhouse during these first hours. It goes without saying that the greenhouse will be geographically oriented appropriately.
- the slope of greater slope of the roof of each tunnel is provided with a rectangular opening 15 associated with a shutter 16 which can occupy an open position, ventilation, away from the plane of the opening 15 and a closed position, closing the opening 15.
- This flap 16 is preferably mounted in an articulated manner, along a horizontal axis to one of the horizontal sides of the opening or near one of its ratings. Preferably, this flap 16 is articulated to the lower horizontal side of the rectangular opening or close to the latter.
- This shutter flap 16 preferably opens to the inside of the greenhouse, but alternatively it can open to the outside.
- the opening 15 is defined in particular by two horizontal spars, upper and lower, fixed by any known means to the frame of the greenhouse.
- the flap 16 is formed of a rigid metal frame and a panel of filling tightly fixed to the rigid frame.
- the rigid frame is formed of two horizontal spars, lower and upper, joined to each other by sleepers.
- the lower spar of the shutter receives elements of joints provided to cooperate in articulation with elements
- the filler panel is transparent to light and can be rigid but preferably is flexible.
- this filling panel is formed by two parallel flexible walls.
- the two flexible walls By emptying the air contained in the sealed volume, the two flexible walls, under the effect of atmospheric pressure, are brought into contact with one another. Such an arrangement by promoting the deposition of condensation on the panel promotes dehumidification.
- the sealed volume will be connected by a line to an air filling and emptying circuit.
- the shutter 16 can be operated between its closed position and its full open position and vice versa and kept open, semi open or closed by an operating mechanism.
- maneuvering mechanism may be formed of at least one link articulated on the one hand to the flap 16 and secondly to a horizontal bar, maneuver, linear displacement, moved in translation by a rack in meshing relationship with a motor pinion fixed on the output shaft of an electrically controlled motor member.
- an air permeable net with very fine mesh 17 is disposed between the ventilation aperture 15 and the shutter 16 between the ventilation aperture 15 and the shutter 16 disposed an air permeable net with very fine mesh 17, this net being fixed on the one hand to said shutter and on the other hand to at least one borders of the said opening.
- This net aims to oppose the passage of insects.
- This net 17 can be fixed by one of its longitudinal edges to the flap 16 and its other edge longitudinal to the corresponding spar of the opening 15, this spar being the opposite to the hinge elements of the flap 1 6.
- This anti-insect net 17 will also have two lateral bellows fastened by any known means to the lateral sides of the opening 15 and to the lateral sides of the flap 16.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Greenhouses (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
TNP2015000248A TN2015000248A1 (fr) | 2011-12-08 | 2015-06-05 | Installation agricole pour la culture des plantes ou l'elevage des animaux de rente mettant en œuvre une serre et apte a stocker et restituer l'energie calorique du soleil |
MA38383A MA38383A1 (fr) | 2011-12-08 | 2015-09-08 | Installation agricole pour la culture des plantes ou l'elevage des animaux de rente mettant en œuvre une serre et apte a stocker et restituer l'energie calorique du soleil |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1161324 | 2011-12-08 | ||
FR1161324A FR2983679B1 (fr) | 2011-12-08 | 2011-12-08 | Installation agricole pour la culture des plantes ou l'elevage des animaux de rente, mettant en oeuvre une serre et apte a stocker et a restituer l'energie calorifique solaire |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2013083936A1 true WO2013083936A1 (fr) | 2013-06-13 |
Family
ID=47628295
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2012/052856 WO2013083936A1 (fr) | 2011-12-08 | 2012-12-10 | Installation agricole pour la culture des plantes ou l'elevage des animaux de rente mettant en œuvre une serre et apte a stocker et restituer l'energie calorique du soleil |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
FR (1) | FR2983679B1 (fr) |
MA (1) | MA38383A1 (fr) |
TN (1) | TN2015000248A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2013083936A1 (fr) |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103583377A (zh) * | 2013-09-05 | 2014-02-19 | 北京凡元兴科技有限公司 | 一种生态牛羊舍 |
CN103672722A (zh) * | 2013-12-24 | 2014-03-26 | 深圳市东方风光新能源技术有限公司 | 一种建筑物照明及标识系统 |
CN105165639A (zh) * | 2015-09-29 | 2015-12-23 | 重庆市畜牧科学院 | 一种降温猪床 |
CN107318663A (zh) * | 2017-09-01 | 2017-11-07 | 农业部环境保护科研监测所 | 奶牛场调温系统及奶牛场 |
US20180177141A1 (en) * | 2014-11-19 | 2018-06-28 | Normand LAMOUREUX | Method and system for increasing days for the cultivation of particular fruit bearing vines in unfavourable climatic regions |
US10426103B2 (en) * | 2015-02-24 | 2019-10-01 | Gaïa Écosystèmes Inc. | Multilevel closed ecosystem greenhouse |
CN111149709A (zh) * | 2020-02-19 | 2020-05-15 | 中国农业大学 | 一种结合太阳能和地热能的养殖舍温控及减排系统 |
CN116369099A (zh) * | 2023-06-07 | 2023-07-04 | 青州市金鑫温室材料有限公司 | 农业温室换气热回收节能装置 |
CN117515635A (zh) * | 2024-01-05 | 2024-02-06 | 河北中实新能源设备制造有限公司 | 一种空气源热泵可移动式智慧能源站 |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL2017689B1 (en) * | 2016-10-31 | 2018-05-18 | Koppert Cress Ip B V | Roof energy system |
CN107704000B (zh) * | 2017-11-30 | 2023-05-26 | 榆林市三农养殖服务有限公司 | 一种养殖舍温湿度控制装置 |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3470943A (en) * | 1967-04-21 | 1969-10-07 | Allen T Van Huisen | Geothermal exchange system |
FR2384443A1 (fr) * | 1977-03-25 | 1978-10-20 | Filclair | Entree d'air automatique pour serres |
US4215672A (en) * | 1977-12-14 | 1980-08-05 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique | Method and an installation for the air-conditioning of greenhouses and frames |
US4316450A (en) * | 1978-05-16 | 1982-02-23 | Kerteszeti Egyetem | Process and apparatus for the utilization of solar and geothermal energy in double wall structures |
US20040194929A1 (en) * | 2003-01-21 | 2004-10-07 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Vapor-lift pump heat transport apparatus |
US20090158647A1 (en) * | 2006-02-24 | 2009-06-25 | Juergen Kleinwaechter | Greenhouse, Greenhouse Covering, Filter System, Lighting System, Conducting System, Use and Feeder Apparatus |
-
2011
- 2011-12-08 FR FR1161324A patent/FR2983679B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2012
- 2012-12-10 WO PCT/FR2012/052856 patent/WO2013083936A1/fr active Application Filing
-
2015
- 2015-06-05 TN TNP2015000248A patent/TN2015000248A1/fr unknown
- 2015-09-08 MA MA38383A patent/MA38383A1/fr unknown
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3470943A (en) * | 1967-04-21 | 1969-10-07 | Allen T Van Huisen | Geothermal exchange system |
FR2384443A1 (fr) * | 1977-03-25 | 1978-10-20 | Filclair | Entree d'air automatique pour serres |
US4215672A (en) * | 1977-12-14 | 1980-08-05 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique | Method and an installation for the air-conditioning of greenhouses and frames |
US4316450A (en) * | 1978-05-16 | 1982-02-23 | Kerteszeti Egyetem | Process and apparatus for the utilization of solar and geothermal energy in double wall structures |
US20040194929A1 (en) * | 2003-01-21 | 2004-10-07 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Vapor-lift pump heat transport apparatus |
US20090158647A1 (en) * | 2006-02-24 | 2009-06-25 | Juergen Kleinwaechter | Greenhouse, Greenhouse Covering, Filter System, Lighting System, Conducting System, Use and Feeder Apparatus |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103583377B (zh) * | 2013-09-05 | 2015-08-19 | 周庆芬 | 一种生态牛羊舍 |
CN103583377A (zh) * | 2013-09-05 | 2014-02-19 | 北京凡元兴科技有限公司 | 一种生态牛羊舍 |
CN103672722A (zh) * | 2013-12-24 | 2014-03-26 | 深圳市东方风光新能源技术有限公司 | 一种建筑物照明及标识系统 |
CN103672722B (zh) * | 2013-12-24 | 2016-03-02 | 深圳市东方风光新能源技术有限公司 | 一种建筑物照明及标识系统 |
US10631471B2 (en) * | 2014-11-19 | 2020-04-28 | Normand Lamoureux | Method and system for increasing days for the cultivation of particular fruit bearing vines in unfavourable climatic regions |
US20180177141A1 (en) * | 2014-11-19 | 2018-06-28 | Normand LAMOUREUX | Method and system for increasing days for the cultivation of particular fruit bearing vines in unfavourable climatic regions |
US10426103B2 (en) * | 2015-02-24 | 2019-10-01 | Gaïa Écosystèmes Inc. | Multilevel closed ecosystem greenhouse |
CN105165639A (zh) * | 2015-09-29 | 2015-12-23 | 重庆市畜牧科学院 | 一种降温猪床 |
CN107318663A (zh) * | 2017-09-01 | 2017-11-07 | 农业部环境保护科研监测所 | 奶牛场调温系统及奶牛场 |
CN111149709A (zh) * | 2020-02-19 | 2020-05-15 | 中国农业大学 | 一种结合太阳能和地热能的养殖舍温控及减排系统 |
CN116369099A (zh) * | 2023-06-07 | 2023-07-04 | 青州市金鑫温室材料有限公司 | 农业温室换气热回收节能装置 |
CN116369099B (zh) * | 2023-06-07 | 2023-08-25 | 青州市金鑫温室材料有限公司 | 农业温室换气热回收节能装置 |
CN117515635A (zh) * | 2024-01-05 | 2024-02-06 | 河北中实新能源设备制造有限公司 | 一种空气源热泵可移动式智慧能源站 |
CN117515635B (zh) * | 2024-01-05 | 2024-03-12 | 河北中实新能源设备制造有限公司 | 一种空气源热泵可移动式智慧能源站 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
TN2015000248A1 (fr) | 2016-10-03 |
FR2983679B1 (fr) | 2015-05-01 |
MA38383A1 (fr) | 2016-10-31 |
FR2983679A1 (fr) | 2013-06-14 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
WO2013083936A1 (fr) | Installation agricole pour la culture des plantes ou l'elevage des animaux de rente mettant en œuvre une serre et apte a stocker et restituer l'energie calorique du soleil | |
CA2385304C (fr) | Dispositif de transfert thermique entre deux parois | |
US20080047547A1 (en) | Composite translucent thermal solar collector | |
CA2322698C (fr) | Dispositif de transfert de chaleur entre un panneau chauffe par rayonnement solaire et une paroi | |
FR2912443A1 (fr) | Systeme de support mobile pour dispositif de recuperation d'energie. | |
WO2006090060A1 (fr) | Capteur solaire hybride thermique et photovoltaique | |
WO2001088312A1 (fr) | Cadre orientable muni d'un capteur thermique ou d'un capteur photovoltaique | |
FR2917158A1 (fr) | Systeme de capteur atmospherique sans vitrage couple a une pompe a chaleur | |
FR2471564A1 (fr) | Collecteur de rayonnement solaire | |
WO1992012765A1 (fr) | Mur d'escalade en glace | |
CH701001B1 (fr) | Citerne solaire. | |
EP2219485A2 (fr) | Procede d 'isolation thermique d'une serre recouverte d'enveloppes gonflables | |
FR2557763A1 (fr) | Serre a ventilation variable. | |
FR2994371A1 (fr) | Dispositif de regulation thermique pour serre agricole | |
FR2611112A1 (fr) | Serre chaude de culture | |
EP4432817A1 (fr) | Système passif de régulation thermique passive pour serre agricole | |
FR2896858A1 (fr) | Systeme de production de chaleur avec capteur mixte solaire et atmospherique couple a une pompe a chaleur | |
FR2476805A1 (fr) | Installation de chauffage de locaux et de production d'eau chaude par captage et stockage de calories solaires ainsi que par stockage de calories electriques economiques | |
WO1986002989A1 (fr) | Dispositif pour tuyau d'arrosage ou de lavage permettant la production d'eau chaude par l'energie solaire, l'enroulement de ce tuyau, son transport et un rangement facile | |
FR2896857A1 (fr) | Systeme de production de chaleur avec capteur mixte solaire et atmospherique couple a une pompe a chaleur | |
FR3129271A1 (fr) | Système passif de régulation thermique passive pour serre agricole | |
FR2642823A1 (fr) | Procede pour le conditionnement d'air d'espaces eventuellement clos et installation mettant en oeuvre ce procede | |
FR2486634A1 (fr) | Perfectionnements apportes aux appareils de chauffage d'un fluide sous l'action du rayonnement solaire | |
FR2464440A1 (fr) | Procede et installation pour l'obtention d'air chaud par capteurs solaires | |
FR2629677A1 (fr) | Installation de serre a recuperation d'energie solaire |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 12819077 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
WPC | Withdrawal of priority claims after completion of the technical preparations for international publication |
Ref document number: 1161324 Country of ref document: FR Date of ref document: 20140606 Free format text: WITHDRAWN AFTER TECHNICAL PREPARATION FINISHED |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 38383 Country of ref document: MA |
|
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 12819077 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |