WO2012161138A1 - 静電荷像現像剤 - Google Patents
静電荷像現像剤 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012161138A1 WO2012161138A1 PCT/JP2012/062865 JP2012062865W WO2012161138A1 WO 2012161138 A1 WO2012161138 A1 WO 2012161138A1 JP 2012062865 W JP2012062865 W JP 2012062865W WO 2012161138 A1 WO2012161138 A1 WO 2012161138A1
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- fine particles
- particles
- developer
- particle size
- colored resin
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/097—Plasticisers; Charge controlling agents
- G03G9/09708—Inorganic compounds
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/097—Plasticisers; Charge controlling agents
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/097—Plasticisers; Charge controlling agents
- G03G9/09708—Inorganic compounds
- G03G9/09725—Silicon-oxides; Silicates
Definitions
- the present invention is an electrostatic charge image developer (hereinafter, simply referred to as “developer”) used for developing an electrostatic latent image in electrophotography, electrostatic recording method, electrostatic printing method or the like. About.
- desired fluidity and charging characteristics can be obtained by attaching an external additive to the surface of the colored resin particles.
- an external additive fine particles made of inorganic or organic substances are widely used.
- metal oxide particles As such external additives, metal oxide particles, resin particles, materials obtained by surface treatment of these, and the like have been widely used. Among these, particles of metal oxides such as silica, titania and alumina, and materials obtained by hydrophobizing these particles are particularly often used.
- silica fine particles having various particle diameters are generally used.
- many inventions using alumina fine particles are also known.
- Patent Document 1 discloses that an alumina powder for toner additive having a prescribed shape, particle size, and particle size distribution is used as an electrophotographic developer.
- Paragraph [0035] of the specification of the document describes that by using the alumina powder, an electrophotographic developer having no drum filming and excellent in image quality and durability can be obtained.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a toner for non-magnetic one-component development in which alumina fine particles having an Al 2 O 3 content of 90% by mass or more adhere to the toner surface.
- the toner using the alumina fine particles is a toner that has low fog, excellent black solid reproducibility, and good image characteristics. ing.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a toner in which alumina particles having specific purity, primary particle size, and specific ion content are externally added to colored particles having a specific shape and particle size distribution.
- evaluation regarding image fogging, transfer failure, charging failure, and image streaks is described for a printout image using the toner.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a developer for developing an electrostatic image in which hexahedral calcium carbonate is externally added to colored particles. On pages 14 to 15 of the specification of the document, the developer has good cleaning and transferability, does not cause filming on the photosensitive member, and forms an image free from fogging and blurring. It is stated that it can be done.
- Patent Documents 5 and 6 describe that alumina fine particles having an aspect ratio of 3 or less are excellent in dispersibility.
- paragraphs [0021] to [0034] of the specification of Patent Document 1 examples relating to evaluation of toner drum filming are described.
- paragraphs [0020] to [0028] of the specification of Patent Document 2 describe examples relating to evaluation of toner image density and the like.
- paragraphs [0151] to [0214] of the specification of Patent Document 3 describe examples relating to evaluation of image fogging and the like as described above.
- examples relating to the evaluation of the cleaning property and the like are described.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a static environment with excellent environmental stability, in which the change in charge amount is small and fog does not occur in any of a low temperature and low humidity environment, a normal temperature and normal humidity environment, and a high temperature and high humidity environment. It is to provide a charge image developer.
- the external additive has a number average primary particle size of 20 to 120 nm.
- An electrostatic charge image developer characterized by being part by mass is provided.
- the particle size corresponding to 10% of the cumulative volume calculated from the small particle size side is Dv10, and the particle size corresponding to 90% is Dv90.
- Dv90 / Dv10 is preferably 1.5 to 3.0.
- the external additive contains silica fine particles A having a number average primary particle size of 5 to 30 nm, and the content of the silica fine particles A is 100 parts by mass of the colored resin particles.
- the amount is preferably 0.1 to 2 parts by mass.
- the external additive contains silica fine particles B having a number average primary particle size of 35 to 80 nm, and the content of the silica fine particles B is based on 100 parts by mass of the colored resin particles.
- the amount is preferably 0.2 to 3 parts by mass.
- the alumina fine particles may be produced by firing and hydrophobizing boehmite particles obtained by a hydrothermal reaction.
- the boehmite particles may be produced by adding a fatty acid salt to aluminum hydroxide particles and causing a hydrothermal reaction.
- the change in charge amount is small, no fogging occurs, and the environmental stability is excellent.
- An electrostatic charge image developer is obtained.
- the electrostatic charge image developer of the present invention is an electrostatic charge image developer containing colored resin particles containing a binder resin and a colorant, and an external additive, wherein the external additive has a number average primary particle size of 20. It contains plate-like alumina fine particles hydrophobized and having an aspect ratio of 3 to 15 and a content of the alumina fine particles of 0.05 to 100 parts by mass of the colored resin particles. It is characterized by being 1 part by mass.
- the developer of the present invention contains a specific amount of colored resin particles containing a binder resin and a colorant and the alumina fine particles satisfying a specific condition as an external additive.
- the developer of the present invention is preferably obtained by adhering and adding the alumina fine particles as an external additive to the surface of the colored resin particles.
- the manufacturing method of the colored resin particles used in the present invention the colored resin particles obtained by the manufacturing method, the manufacturing method of the developer of the present invention using the colored resin particles and the alumina fine particles, and the developer of the present invention Will be described in order.
- the production method of colored resin particles is roughly classified into dry methods such as a pulverization method, and wet methods such as an emulsion polymerization aggregation method, a suspension polymerization method, and a dissolution suspension method.
- the wet method is preferable because a developer excellent in printing characteristics such as the property is easily obtained.
- a polymerization method such as emulsion polymerization aggregation method and suspension polymerization method is preferable because it is easy to obtain a developer having a relatively small particle size distribution on the order of microns, and among these polymerization methods, suspension polymerization method is preferable. More preferred.
- an emulsified polymerizable monomer is polymerized to obtain a resin fine particle emulsion, which is aggregated with a colorant dispersion or the like to produce colored resin particles.
- a solution in which a developer component such as a binder resin or a colorant is dissolved or dispersed in an organic solvent is formed into droplets in an aqueous medium, and the organic solvent is removed to obtain colored resin particles. It is a manufacturing method and can use a well-known method, respectively.
- the colored resin particles of the present invention can be produced by employing a wet method or a dry method. In the case of adopting a preferred suspension polymerization method among the wet methods, it is carried out by the following process.
- A) Suspension polymerization method (A-1) Preparation step of polymerizable monomer composition First, a polymerizable monomer and a colorant, and a release agent and a charge control agent added as necessary Other additives are mixed to prepare a polymerizable monomer composition. The mixing at the time of preparing the polymerizable monomer composition is performed using, for example, a media type dispersing machine or an inline type emulsifying dispersing machine.
- the polymerizable monomer means a monomer having a polymerizable functional group, and the polymerizable monomer is polymerized to become a binder resin. It is preferable to use a monovinyl monomer as the main component of the polymerizable monomer.
- the monovinyl monomer examples include styrene; styrene derivatives such as vinyl toluene and ⁇ -methylstyrene; acrylic acid and methacrylic acid; methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, acrylic acid 2
- Acrylic esters such as ethylhexyl and dimethylaminoethyl acrylate
- methacrylic esters such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate
- acrylonitrile And nitrile compounds such as methacrylonitrile
- amide compounds such as acrylamide and methacrylamide
- olefins such as ethylene, propylene, and butylene.
- a crosslinkable polymerizable monomer means a monomer having two or more polymerizable functional groups.
- the crosslinkable polymerizable monomer include aromatic divinyl compounds such as divinylbenzene, divinylnaphthalene, and derivatives thereof; alcohols having two or more hydroxyl groups such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
- Examples include ester compounds in which two or more carboxylic acids are ester-bonded; other divinyl compounds such as N, N-divinylaniline and divinyl ether; compounds having three or more vinyl groups.
- the crosslinkable polymerizable monomer is usually used in a proportion of 0.1 to 5 parts by mass, preferably 0.3 to 2 parts by mass, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the monovinyl monomer. desirable.
- a macromonomer as a part of the polymerizable monomer because the balance between the storage stability of the developer obtained and the fixing property at low temperature is improved.
- the macromonomer has a polymerizable carbon-carbon unsaturated double bond at the end of the molecular chain, and is a reactive oligomer or polymer having a number average molecular weight of usually 1,000 to 30,000.
- the macromonomer is preferably one that gives a polymer having a higher Tg than the glass transition temperature of the polymer obtained by polymerizing the monovinyl monomer (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “Tg”).
- the macromonomer is preferably used in an amount of 0.03 to 5 parts by mass, more preferably 0.05 to 1 part by mass, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the monovinyl monomer.
- a colorant is used, but when producing a color developer, black, cyan, yellow, and magenta colorants can be used.
- black colorant carbon black, titanium black, magnetic powders such as iron zinc oxide and nickel iron oxide can be used.
- cyan colorant for example, a copper phthalocyanine compound, a derivative thereof, and an anthraquinone compound can be used. Specifically, C.I. I. Pigment blue 2, 3, 6, 15, 15: 1, 15: 2, 15: 3, 15: 4, 16, 17: 1, 60, and the like.
- yellow colorant examples include compounds such as monoazo pigments, azo pigments such as disazo pigments, and condensed polycyclic pigments.
- monoazo pigments examples include compounds such as monoazo pigments, azo pigments such as disazo pigments, and condensed polycyclic pigments.
- azo pigments such as disazo pigments
- condensed polycyclic pigments examples include compounds such as monoazo pigments, azo pigments such as disazo pigments, and condensed polycyclic pigments.
- magenta colorant monoazo pigments, azo pigments such as disazo pigments, and compounds such as condensed polycyclic pigments are used.
- monoazo pigments such as disazo pigments
- compounds such as condensed polycyclic pigments are used.
- each colorant can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the colorant is preferably 1 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the monovinyl monomer.
- a release agent to the polymerizable monomer composition.
- Any release agent can be used without particular limitation as long as it is generally used as a release agent for a developer.
- the release agent preferably contains at least one of ester wax and hydrocarbon wax. By using at least one of these waxes as a release agent, the balance between low-temperature fixability and storage stability can be made suitable.
- the ester wax suitably used as a release agent in the present invention includes, for example, monoester compounds such as stearyl stearate and behenyl behenate; pentaerythritol tetrapalinate, pentaerythritol tetrabehenate, pentaerythritol tetrastearate Pentaerythritol ester compounds such as hexaglycerin tetrabehenate tetrapalinate, hexaglycerin octabehenate, pentaglycerin heptabehenate, tetraglycerin hexabehenate, triglycerin pentabehenate, diglycerin tetrabehe Glycerin ester compounds such as glycerol and glycerol tribehenate; dipentaerythritol such as dipentaerythritol hexamyristate and dipentaerythr
- hydrocarbon wax suitably used as a release agent in the present invention examples include polyethylene wax, polypropylene wax, Fischer-Tropsch wax, petroleum-based wax, etc. Among them, Fischer-Tropsch wax and petroleum-based wax are preferable, and petroleum-based wax. Is more preferable.
- the number average molecular weight of the hydrocarbon wax is preferably 300 to 800, more preferably 400 to 600. Further, the penetration of the hydrocarbon wax measured by JIS K2235 5.4 is preferably 1 to 10, and more preferably 2 to 7.
- mold release agent for example, natural wax such as jojoba; mineral wax such as ozokerite;
- the mold release agent may be used in combination of one or more kinds of waxes as described above.
- the above releasing agent is preferably used in an amount of 0.1 to 30 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 20 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the monovinyl monomer.
- a positively or negatively chargeable charge control agent can be used to improve the chargeability of the developer.
- the charge control agent is not particularly limited as long as it is generally used as a charge control agent for a developer.
- the charge control agent is highly compatible with a polymerizable monomer and has a stable charge.
- a positively chargeable or negatively chargeable charge control resin is preferable.
- a control resin is more preferably used.
- positively chargeable charge control agents include nigrosine dyes, quaternary ammonium salts, triaminotriphenylmethane compounds and imidazole compounds, polyamine resins as charge control resins that are preferably used, and quaternary ammonium group-containing copolymers. , And quaternary ammonium base-containing copolymers.
- Negatively chargeable charge control agents include azo dyes containing metals such as Cr, Co, Al, and Fe, salicylic acid metal compounds and alkylsalicylic acid metal compounds, and sulfonic acid group containing charge control resins that are preferably used Examples thereof include a copolymer, a sulfonate group-containing copolymer, a carboxylic acid group-containing copolymer, and a carboxylic acid group-containing copolymer.
- the charge control agent in a proportion of usually 0.01 to 10 parts by mass, preferably 0.03 to 8 parts by mass, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the monovinyl monomer. If the addition amount of the charge control agent is less than 0.01 parts by mass, fog may occur. On the other hand, when the addition amount of the charge control agent exceeds 10 parts by mass, printing stains may occur.
- a molecular weight modifier when polymerizing a polymerizable monomer that is polymerized to become a binder resin.
- the molecular weight modifier is not particularly limited as long as it is generally used as a molecular weight modifier for a developer.
- the molecular weight modifier in a proportion of usually 0.01 to 10 parts by mass, preferably 0.1 to 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the monovinyl monomer.
- A-2 Suspension step for obtaining a suspension (droplet formation step)
- a polymerizable monomer composition containing at least a polymerizable monomer and a colorant is dispersed in an aqueous medium containing a dispersion stabilizer, and after adding a polymerization initiator, a polymerizable monomer It is preferable to form droplets of the body composition.
- the method for forming droplets is not particularly limited.
- an (in-line type) emulsifying disperser (trade name “Milder” manufactured by Ebara Seisakusho Co., Ltd.), a high-speed emulsifying disperser (made by Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co., Ltd., trade name “TK”). .. Homomixer MARK type II)) etc.
- persulfates such as potassium persulfate and ammonium persulfate: 4,4′-azobis (4-cyanovaleric acid), 2,2′-azobis (2-methyl-N- (2- Hydroxyethyl) propionamide), 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, 2,2′-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), and 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile Azo compounds such as: di-t-butyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, t-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, t-hexylperoxy-2-ethylbutanoate, diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, di- -Organic peroxides such as t-butyl peroxyisophthalate and t-butyl peroxyisobutyrate It is. These can be used alone or in combination of two or
- peroxyesters are preferable because non-aromatic peroxyesters, that is, peroxyesters having no aromatic ring, are preferable because initiator efficiency is good and the amount of remaining polymerizable monomers can be reduced. More preferred.
- the polymerization initiator may be added before the droplet formation after the polymerizable monomer composition is dispersed in the aqueous medium. However, the polymerization initiator is not dispersed in the aqueous medium. It may be added to the monomer composition.
- the addition amount of the polymerization initiator used for the polymerization of the polymerizable monomer composition is preferably 0.1 to 20 parts by mass, more preferably 0.3 to 100 parts by mass of the monovinyl monomer. Is 15 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 1 to 10 parts by mass.
- the aqueous medium refers to a medium containing water as a main component.
- the aqueous medium preferably contains a dispersion stabilizer.
- the dispersion stabilizer include sulfates such as barium sulfate and calcium sulfate; carbonates such as barium carbonate, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate; phosphates such as calcium phosphate; metals such as aluminum oxide and titanium oxide. Oxides; metal hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and ferric hydroxide; inorganic compounds such as; water-soluble polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, methylcellulose, and gelatin; anionic surfactants; Organic compounds such as nonionic surfactants; amphoteric surfactants;
- the said dispersion stabilizer can be used 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- inorganic compounds particularly colloids of poorly water-soluble metal hydroxides are preferred.
- a colloid of an inorganic compound, particularly a poorly water-soluble metal hydroxide the particle size distribution of the colored resin particles can be narrowed, and the residual amount of the dispersion stabilizer after washing can be reduced.
- the polymerized developer can reproduce an image clearly and does not deteriorate environmental stability.
- the polymerization temperature of the polymerizable monomer composition is preferably 50 ° C. or higher, more preferably 60 to 95 ° C.
- the polymerization reaction time is preferably 1 to 20 hours, and more preferably 2 to 15 hours.
- the colored resin particles may be used as a polymerization developer by adding an external additive as it is, but the so-called core shell obtained by using the colored resin particles as a core layer and forming a shell layer different from the core layer on the outside thereof. It is preferable to use colored resin particles of a type (or “capsule type”).
- the core-shell type colored resin particles balance the reduction of the fixing temperature and the prevention of aggregation during storage by coating the core layer made of a material having a low softening point with a material having a higher softening point. be able to.
- the above-described method for producing core-shell type colored resin particles using the colored resin particles is not particularly limited, and can be produced by a conventionally known method.
- An in situ polymerization method and a phase separation method are preferable from the viewpoint of production efficiency.
- the same monomers as the aforementioned polymerizable monomers can be used.
- monomers such as styrene, acrylonitrile, and methyl methacrylate, which can obtain a polymer having a Tg exceeding 80 ° C., alone or in combination of two or more.
- polymerization initiator used for polymerization of the polymerizable monomer for shell examples include persulfate metal salts such as potassium persulfate and ammonium persulfate; 2,2′-azobis (2-methyl-N- (2-hydroxyethyl) Water-soluble such as azo initiators such as) propionamide) and 2,2′-azobis- (2-methyl-N- (1,1-bis (hydroxymethyl) 2-hydroxyethyl) propionamide); A polymerization initiator can be mentioned. These can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the polymerization initiator is preferably 0.1 to 40 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 30 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer for shell.
- the polymerization temperature of the shell layer is preferably 50 ° C. or higher, more preferably 60 to 95 ° C.
- the polymerization reaction time is preferably 1 to 20 hours, and more preferably 2 to 15 hours.
- the dispersion stabilizer when an inorganic compound is used as the dispersion stabilizer, the dispersion stabilizer can be dissolved in water and removed by adding an acid or alkali to the aqueous dispersion of colored resin particles. preferable.
- a colloid of a poorly water-soluble inorganic hydroxide is used as the dispersion stabilizer, it is preferable to adjust the pH of the colored resin particle aqueous dispersion to 6.5 or less by adding an acid.
- the acid to be added inorganic acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, and organic acids such as formic acid and acetic acid can be used. Is preferred.
- dehydration and filtration methods there are no particular limitations on the dehydration and filtration methods, and various known methods can be used. Examples thereof include a centrifugal filtration method, a vacuum filtration method, and a pressure filtration method. Also, the drying method is not particularly limited, and various methods can be used.
- a binder resin, a colorant, and other additives such as a release agent and a charge control agent that are added as necessary are mixed in a mixer such as a ball mill, a V-type mixer, a Henschel mixer (trade name). Mix using a high-speed dissolver, internal mixer, Fallberg, etc.
- a mixer such as a ball mill, a V-type mixer, a Henschel mixer (trade name). Mix using a high-speed dissolver, internal mixer, Fallberg, etc.
- the mixture obtained as described above is kneaded while being heated using a pressure kneader, a twin-screw extrusion kneader, a roller or the like.
- the obtained kneaded material is coarsely pulverized using a pulverizer such as a hammer mill, a cutter mill, or a roller mill.
- a pulverizer such as a jet mill or a high-speed rotary pulverizer
- a classifier such as an air classifier or an airflow classifier
- colored resin particles obtained by a pulverization method.
- the binder resin and colorant used in the pulverization method, and other additives such as a release agent and a charge control agent that are added as necessary are those mentioned in the above (A) suspension polymerization method. Can be used.
- the colored resin particles obtained by the pulverization method can be made into core-shell type colored resin particles by a method such as an in situ polymerization method, similarly to the colored resin particles obtained by the suspension polymerization method (A) described above.
- binder resin other resins that have been widely used for developers can be used.
- specific examples of the binder resin used in the pulverization method include polystyrene, styrene-butyl acrylate copolymer, polyester resin, and epoxy resin.
- Colored resin particles are obtained by a production method such as the above-described (A) suspension polymerization method or (B) pulverization method.
- the colored resin particles constituting the developer will be described.
- the colored resin particles described below include both core-shell type and non-core type.
- the volume average particle diameter (Dv) of the colored resin particles is preferably 4 to 12 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 to 10 ⁇ m.
- Dv volume average particle diameter
- the volume average particle diameter (Dv) of the colored resin particles is preferably 4 to 12 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 to 10 ⁇ m.
- Dv is less than 4 ⁇ m, the fluidity of the polymerization developer is lowered, and transferability may be deteriorated or the image density may be lowered.
- Dv exceeds 12 ⁇ m the resolution of the image may decrease.
- the ratio (Dv / Dn) of the volume average particle diameter (Dv) to the number average particle diameter (Dn) of the colored resin particles is preferably 1.0 to 1.3, and more preferably 1. 0 to 1.2. If Dv / Dn exceeds 1.3, transferability, image density, and resolution may decrease.
- the volume average particle diameter and the number average particle diameter of the colored resin particles can be measured using, for example, a particle size distribution measuring device (trade name “Multisizer” manufactured by Beckman Coulter).
- the average circularity of the colored resin particles of the present invention is preferably 0.96 to 1.00, more preferably 0.97 to 1.00, and more preferably 0.98 to 1.00 from the viewpoint of image reproducibility. More preferably, it is 1.00.
- the average circularity of the colored resin particles is less than 0.96, the fine line reproducibility of printing may be deteriorated.
- the circularity is defined as a value obtained by dividing the circumference of a circle having the same projected area as the particle image by the circumference of the projected image of the particle.
- the average circularity in the present invention is used as a simple method for quantitatively expressing the shape of the particles, and is an index indicating the degree of unevenness of the colored resin particles.
- the average circularity is 1 when the colored resin particles are perfectly spherical, and becomes smaller as the surface shape of the colored resin particles becomes more complicated.
- the colored resin particles obtained by the above-described (A) suspension polymerization method or (B) pulverization method are mixed and stirred together with an external additive containing alumina fine particles, which will be described later.
- the particles can be uniformly and suitably added (externally added) to the particle surface.
- the method for attaching (externally adding) an external additive such as alumina fine particles, which will be described later, to the surface of the colored resin particles is not particularly limited, and can be performed using an apparatus capable of mixing and stirring.
- Henschel mixer trade name, manufactured by Mitsui Mining
- Super mixer trade name, manufactured by Kawada Manufacturing
- Q mixer trade name, manufactured by Mitsui Mining
- high-speed stirrers such as Mechano-Fusion System (trade name, manufactured by Hosokawa Micron), Mechano Mill (trade name, manufactured by Okada Seiko), and Nobilta (: Trade name, manufactured by Hosokawa Micron).
- hydrophobized plate-like alumina fine particles having a number average primary particle size of 20 to 120 nm and an aspect ratio of 3 to 15 as external additives are added to 100 parts by mass of the colored resin particles. On the other hand, 0.05 to 1 part by mass is contained.
- the method for producing alumina fine particles used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the above conditions are satisfied, but becomes acidic when dissolved in water such as aluminum nitrate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride containing hydrate.
- An aluminum hydroxide compound (hereinafter also referred to as “acidic aluminum compound”) and an alkali hydroxide compound that becomes alkaline when dissolved in water, such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, are neutralized to form an aluminum hydroxide compound.
- a hydrothermal reaction is performed, followed by filtration, washing with water, and drying to obtain boehmite fine particles, and then a high temperature treatment is preferably performed because alumina fine particles satisfying the above conditions can be easily obtained.
- the hydrothermal reaction is a reaction in which crystals are precipitated and grown in the presence of high-temperature and high-pressure hot water, and the reaction temperature is preferably 100 ° C. or higher, more preferably 200 to 400 ° C.
- the reaction pressure is preferably 0.1 MPa or more, more preferably 20 to 40 MPa
- the reaction time is preferably 30 seconds or more, and more preferably 30 seconds to 8 hours.
- the treatment temperature of the high temperature treatment is preferably 500 to 1000 ° C., and the treatment time is preferably 0.01 to 8 hours. By selecting such conditions, alumina fine particles that can be used in the present invention can be preferably obtained.
- the plate-like alumina fine particles may be somewhat deformed, for example, the plate-like apex is rounded as long as it has a substantially plate-like solid shape, preferably a square plate shape.
- plate-like alumina fine particles as an external additive has the effect of accelerating the charge transfer between the developers and making the charge amount of the developer uniform.
- the number average primary particle size of the alumina fine particles used in the present invention is smaller than 20 nm, the charge amount under a high-temperature and high-humidity (H / H) environment is remarkably reduced, and print fogging occurs.
- the number average primary particle size of the alumina fine particles is larger than 120 nm, the charge amount is remarkably increased in a low-temperature and low-humidity (L / L) environment, and print fogging occurs.
- the number average primary particle size of the alumina fine particles used in the present invention is preferably 30 to 100 nm, more preferably 40 to 80 nm, and still more preferably 50 to 70 nm.
- the number average primary particle size can be measured, for example, as follows. First, for each particle, the major axis of the particle is measured by a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or the like, and the major axis is set as the particle diameter of the alumina fine particle. Next, the particle diameter of 200 or more alumina fine particles is measured, and the average value is defined as the number average primary particle diameter of the alumina fine particles.
- the alumina fine particles used in the present invention are considered to have a plate-shaped apex that is rounded or a side that is rounded. For fine particles, the particle size is measured after assuming that the particles are almost rectangular parallelepiped.
- the number average primary particle diameter of the alumina fine particles tends to increase as the hydrothermal temperature in the hydrothermal reaction method is increased or the residence time is increased.
- the residence time is preferably 0.2 to 60 minutes. If the residence time is shorter than 0.2 minutes, the number average primary particle size may be too small. On the other hand, if the residence time is longer than 60 minutes, the number average primary particle size may be too large.
- the residence time is more preferably 0.5 to 30 minutes.
- the aspect ratio of the alumina fine particles is smaller than 3, the change in the charge amount increases, and the fluctuation due to the environmental difference also increases.
- the aspect ratio is greater than 15, the shape of the alumina fine particles is no longer plate-like, but needle-like, so that it is easily detached from the toner particles and the effect of the present invention is not achieved.
- the aspect ratio is preferably 3 to 10, more preferably 3.5 to 8, and still more preferably 4 to 6.
- the aspect ratio can be measured as follows, for example. First, the short diameter of each particle is measured by TEM or the like, and the short diameter is set as the thickness of the alumina fine particles. Next, the thickness of 200 or more alumina fine particles is measured, and the average value is defined as the average thickness of the alumina fine particles. A value obtained by dividing the number average primary particle diameter by the average thickness is defined as the aspect ratio of the alumina fine particles.
- the aspect ratio of alumina fine particles tends to decrease as the hydrothermal temperature in the hydrothermal reaction method increases, and increases as the degree of neutralization increases.
- the hydrothermal temperature is preferably 100 to 450 ° C.
- the neutralization degree is preferably 0.8 to 2.0. If the hydrothermal temperature is less than 100 ° C., the aspect ratio may be too large. On the other hand, if the hydrothermal temperature exceeds 450 ° C., the aspect ratio may be too small. On the other hand, if the degree of neutralization is less than 0.8, the aspect ratio may be too small. On the other hand, if the degree of neutralization exceeds 2.0, the aspect ratio may be too large.
- the hydrothermal temperature is more preferably 250 to 400 ° C., and the neutralization degree is more preferably 0.9 to 1.2.
- the degree of neutralization is the number of equivalents of hydroxyl groups of the alkali hydroxide compound used for neutralization relative to the number of aluminum equivalents of the acidic aluminum compound.
- the content of the alumina fine particles used in the present invention is less than 0.05 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the colored resin particles, an increase in charge amount in a low temperature and low humidity (L / L) environment becomes significant. Print fog occurs.
- the content is more than 1 part by mass, the charge amount under a high-temperature and high-humidity (H / H) environment is significantly reduced, and print fogging occurs.
- the content of the alumina fine particles used in the present invention is preferably 0.1 to 0.5 parts by mass, and preferably 0.2 to 0.4 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the colored resin particles. It is more preferable.
- Dv90 / Dv10 where Dv10 is a particle diameter corresponding to 10% of the cumulative volume from the small particle diameter side and Dv90 is a particle diameter corresponding to 90% of the cumulative volume. Is preferably from 1.5 to 3.0.
- Alumina fine particles having Dv90 / Dv10 smaller than 1.5 are difficult to produce with the current technology.
- alumina fine particles having a Dv90 / Dv10 larger than 3.0 are used, the adhesion of the alumina fine particles to the colored resin particles becomes non-uniform, and there is a possibility that variations in the external addition effect may occur.
- Dv10 and Dv90 can be measured by a particle size measuring device such as a dynamic light scattering particle size distribution measuring device.
- the alumina fine particles used as an external additive in the present invention must be hydrophobized, and are hydrophobized by a hydrophobizing agent such as a silane coupling agent, silicone oil, fatty acid, and fatty acid metal salt. Preferably it is.
- a silane coupling agent and silicone oil are more preferable from the viewpoint of obtaining high image quality.
- silane coupling agent examples include disilazane such as hexamethyldisilazane; cyclic silazane; trimethylsilane, trimethylchlorosilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, methyltrichlorosilane, allyldimethylchlorosilane, benzyldimethylchlorosilane, methyltrimethoxysilane.
- Methyltriethoxysilane isobutyltrimethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, trimethylmethoxysilane, hydroxypropyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, n-butyltrimethoxysilane, n-hexadecyltrimethoxysilane, n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, ⁇ -methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane And alkylsilane compounds such as vinyltriacetoxysilane, and ⁇ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane, ⁇ - (2-aminoethyl) aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, ⁇ - (2-aminoethyl) aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, amino
- silicone oil examples include dimethylpolysiloxane, methylhydrogenpolysiloxane, methylphenylpolysiloxane, and amino-modified silicone oil.
- hydrophobic treatment agent only one type of hydrophobic treatment agent may be used, or two or more types may be used.
- an amino group-containing silicon compound such as an aminosilane compound or an amino-modified silicone oil because a developer having good positive chargeability is easily obtained. It is particularly preferable to use a modified silicone oil.
- a silicon compound containing an amino group and a silicon compound not containing an amino group are used in combination as a hydrophobizing agent.
- the hydrophobizing treatment can be performed by a known method in the same manner as silica used as an external additive for toner.
- silane coupling agent and silicone oil react with the aluminol group on the surface of the alumina fine particles.
- the alumina fine particles used in the present invention can be produced by baking and hydrophobizing boehmite (Boehmite: alumina monohydrate) particles obtained by a hydrothermal reaction method.
- hydrophobized alumina fine particles An example of production of hydrophobized alumina fine particles is as follows. First, aluminum hydroxide as a raw material is produced by a buyer method or the like. Next, boehmite particles are produced by the hydrothermal reaction method using the obtained aluminum hydroxide.
- the details of the hydrothermal reaction method are not particularly limited. For example, a crystal control agent such as NaOH may be added to aluminum hydroxide to cause a hydrothermal reaction, or an aluminum salt aqueous solution and an alkaline aqueous solution may be added to aluminum hydroxide. It may be added to cause a hydrothermal reaction. Moreover, you may use apparatuses, such as a continuous hydrothermal reaction apparatus, for a hydrothermal reaction.
- the obtained boehmite particles are fired at a high temperature to produce alumina fine particles.
- the treatment temperature is preferably 500 to 1000 ° C.
- the treatment time is preferably 0.01 to 8 hours.
- alumina fine particles are treated with the hydrophobizing agent described above to obtain hydrophobized alumina fine particles.
- the aluminum hydroxide particles before the hydrothermal reaction are nearly amorphous, and it is difficult to remove impurities derived from the raw materials (eg, Cl, S, Na, etc.) even if washed with water.
- impurities derived from the raw materials eg, Cl, S, Na, etc.
- the crystallinity of the alumina fine particles can be increased and the crystal grain size can be increased. Further, impurities can be removed during crystal growth, and high purity can be achieved. Moreover, the dispersibility of the alumina fine particles is improved by increasing the crystallinity.
- a fatty acid salt such as sodium oleate may be added.
- the amount of fatty acid salt added in the hydrothermal reaction is preferably 0.01 to 5% by mass with respect to the theoretical amount of boehmite particles.
- silica fine particles A having a number average primary particle size of 5 to 30 nm are contained as external additives in addition to alumina fine particles.
- the number average primary particle size of the silica fine particles A is less than 5 nm, the silica fine particles are easily embedded from the surface to the inside of the colored resin particles, and the fluidity can be sufficiently imparted to the developer particles. This may not be possible and may adversely affect printing performance.
- the number average primary particle diameter of the silica fine particles A exceeds 30 nm, the ratio (coverage) of the silica fine particles to the surface of the developer particles decreases, so that the flowability of the developer particles is reduced. May not be sufficiently imparted.
- the number average primary particle size of the silica fine particles A is more preferably 10 to 30 nm, and further preferably 15 to 25 nm.
- the silica fine particles A are preferably fumed silica, and more preferably hydrophobized.
- silica fine particles B having a number average primary particle size of 35 to 80 nm are contained as an external additive in addition to alumina fine particles.
- the spacer effect is lowered, and the printing performance such as fogging may be adversely affected.
- the number average primary particle size of the silica fine particles B exceeds 80 nm, the silica fine particles are easily released from the surface of the developer particles, the function as an external additive is lowered, and the printing performance is adversely affected. May affect.
- the number average primary particle size of the silica fine particles B is more preferably 40 to 60 nm, and further preferably hydrophobized.
- the content of the silica fine particles A is preferably 0.1 to 2 parts by mass, more preferably 0.2 to 1.5 parts by mass, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the colored resin particles. More preferably, it is ⁇ 1 part by mass.
- the content of the silica fine particles B is preferably 0.2 to 3 parts by mass, more preferably 0.3 to 2 parts by mass, and more preferably 0.5 to 1 with respect to 100 parts by mass of the colored resin particles. More preferably, it is 5 parts by mass.
- the silica fine particles A When the content of the silica fine particles A is less than 0.1 parts by mass, the function as an external additive cannot be sufficiently exerted, and the fluidity is lowered or the storage stability and durability are lowered. There is. On the other hand, when the content of the silica fine particles A exceeds 2 parts by mass, the silica fine particles are easily released from the surface of the developer particles, and the chargeability in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment is reduced and fogging occurs. There is.
- the function as an external additive cannot be fully exhibited, and the printing performance may be adversely affected.
- the silica fine particles B exceeds 3 parts by mass, the silica fine particles are likely to be liberated from the surface of the developer particles, the function as an external additive is lowered, and the printing performance may be adversely affected. is there. *
- hydrophobizing agent for obtaining a more preferable hydrophobized silica fine particle A and silica fine particle B
- the same hydrophobizing agent as can be used for the hydrophobizing treatment of the alumina fine particles described above can be used.
- the hydrophobizing agent for example, a silane coupling agent and silicone oil are preferably used.
- the hydrophobizing agent may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- silica fine particles A various commercially available products can be used.
- HDK2150 manufactured by Clariant (trade name, number average primary particle size: 12 nm); R504 manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd. (: trade name, number average) Primary particle size: 12 nm), RA200HS (: trade name, number average primary particle size: 12 nm); MSP-012 (: trade name, number average primary particle size: 16 nm), MSP-013 (: trade name) TG820F (: trade name, number average primary particle size: 7 nm), TG7120 (: trade name, number average primary particle size: 20 nm) and the like manufactured by Cabot Corporation.
- silica fine particles B Various commercially available products can be used as the silica fine particles B.
- NA50Y trade name, number average primary particle size: 35 nm
- VPNA50H trade name, number average primary particle size: manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd .: 40 nm
- H05TA manufactured by Clariant trade name, number average primary particle size: 50 nm
- NA50Y trade name, number average primary particle size: 35 nm
- VPNA50H trade name, number average primary particle size: manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd .: 40 nm
- H05TA manufactured by Clariant trade name, number average primary particle size: 50 nm
- Clariant trade name, number average primary particle size: 50 nm
- silica fine particles A in addition to the alumina fine particles, only the silica fine particles A may be added and used as an external additive, or only the silica fine particles B may be added, but the silica fine particles A and the silica fine particles may be used. More preferably, B is used in combination.
- Electrostatic image developer of the present invention The electrostatic image developer of the present invention obtained through the above steps has a number average primary particle size of 20 to 120 nm and an aspect ratio of 3 to 15 as an external additive.
- the treated plate-like alumina fine particles and the content of the alumina fine particles is 0.05 to 1 part by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the colored resin particles, In any environment of normal humidity and high-temperature and high-humidity environment, the change in charge amount is small, no fog is generated, and the environmental stability is excellent.
- test methods performed in the examples and comparative examples are as follows.
- magnesium hydroxide colloid lightly water-soluble metal hydroxide colloid
- the above polymerizable monomer composition was charged into the magnesium hydroxide colloid dispersion at room temperature and stirred. 6 parts of t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate (manufactured by NOF Corp., trade name: Perbutyl O) was added as a polymerization initiator, and then an in-line type emulsifying disperser (trade name, manufactured by Ebara Corporation) : Ebara Milder) was dispersed by high-speed shearing and stirring at a rotational speed of 15,000 rpm for 10 minutes to form droplets of the polymerizable monomer composition.
- t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate manufactured by NOF Corp., trade name: Perbutyl O
- an in-line type emulsifying disperser trade name, manufactured by Ebara Corporation
- Ebara Milder Ebara Milder
- a suspension (polymerizable monomer composition dispersion) in which droplets of the polymerizable monomer composition are dispersed is placed in a reactor equipped with a stirring blade, heated to 90 ° C., and polymerized.
- the reaction was started.
- 2,2′-azobis shell polymerization initiator dissolved in 1 part of methyl methacrylate and 10 parts of ion-exchanged water as a shell polymerizable monomer
- 2-methyl-N- (2-hydroxyethyl) -propionamide) manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., trade name: VA-086, water-soluble
- the aqueous dispersion of the colored resin particles was dropped at room temperature while stirring sulfuric acid, and acid washing was performed until the pH was 6.5 or lower. Subsequently, filtration separation was performed, 500 parts of ion-exchanged water was added to the obtained solid content to make a slurry again, and water washing treatment (washing, filtration, and dehydration) was repeated several times. Next, filtration separation was performed, and the obtained solid content was put in a container of a dryer and dried at 45 ° C. for 48 hours to obtain dried colored resin particles.
- the obtained colored resin particles were examined for volume average particle size (Dv), number average particle size (Dn), and particle size distribution (Dv / Dn).
- Aperture diameter 100 ⁇ m
- medium Isoton II
- number of measured particles volume average particle diameter (Dv)
- the volume average particle size (Dv) of the obtained colored resin particles was 9.7 ⁇ m, the number average particle size (Dn) was 8.5 ⁇ m, and the particle size distribution (Dv / Dn) was 1.14.
- a surfactant alkylbenzene sulfonic acid
- a measurement sample colored resin particles
- an ultrasonic disperser is added.
- the colored resin particle concentration at the time of measurement is adjusted to 3,000 to 10,000 particles / ⁇ L, and 1,000 to 10,000 colored resin particles having an equivalent circle diameter of 0.4 ⁇ m or more are flow-type particle images. Measurement was performed using an analyzer (trade name: FPIA-2100, manufactured by Simex Corporation). The average circularity was determined from the measured value.
- the circularity is shown in the following calculation formula 1, and the average circularity is the average.
- This prepared raw material was subjected to a hydrothermal reaction with a continuous hydrothermal reactor at a temperature of 350 ° C., a pressure of 28 MPa, and a residence time of 1.3 min, and then filtered, washed with water, and dried to obtain plate-like boehmite fine particles.
- the obtained boehmite fine particles were heat-treated at a temperature of 600 ° C. for 2 hours, and plate-like ⁇ -alumina fine particles having a number average primary particle diameter of 66 nm, an aspect ratio of 5.2, and a specific surface area of 71.0 m 2 / g ( Alumina fine particles 1) were obtained.
- Alumina fine particles 1 and alumina fine particles 2 were observed with a transmission electron microscope (Hitachi: H-7600) at an acceleration voltage of 100 kV at a magnification of 200,000 times to confirm the shape of the particles.
- the average primary particle size and aspect ratio were calculated.
- FIG. 1 is a TEM image of alumina fine particles 1. From FIG. 1, it can be confirmed that the alumina fine particles 1 are plate-shaped.
- the major axis and minor axis of the particle were measured, the major axis of the particle was taken as the particle size of the alumina fine particle, and the minor axis of the particle was taken as the thickness of the alumina fine particle.
- the particle diameter of 200 or more alumina fine particles was measured, and the average value was defined as the number average primary particle diameter of the alumina fine particles.
- the thickness of 200 or more alumina fine particles was measured, and the average value was defined as the average thickness of the alumina fine particles. Further, the value obtained by dividing the number average primary particle size by the average thickness was defined as the aspect ratio of the alumina fine particles.
- the number average primary particle size, shape, and aspect ratio of the obtained alumina fine particles 1 and alumina fine particles 2 are shown in Table 1 described later.
- the particle size distribution of alumina fine particles 1 and alumina fine particles 2 was measured by the following method.
- alumina fine particles were dispersed in an aqueous dispersion to prepare a slurry.
- the slurry dispersed in the aqueous dispersion was measured with a dynamic light scattering particle size distribution measuring device (manufactured by Horiba: LB-550), and the particle size distribution (Dv90 / Dv10) was calculated.
- the particle size distribution (Dv90 / Dv10) of the obtained alumina fine particles 1 and alumina fine particles 2 is shown in Table 1 described later.
- Example 1 Number average primary particle size subjected to hydrophobization treatment with 0.2 parts of alumina fine particles 2 and silica fine particles A with respect to 100 parts of colored resin particles described in the section “1. Production Examples and Evaluation of Colored Resin Particles” above. Hydrophobized silica fine particles having a number average primary particle size of 50 nm (manufactured by Clariant, trade name: H05TA) having 20 parts of silica fine particles (Cabot, trade name: TG7120) as 0.8 parts and silica fine particles B are obtained.
- Comparative Example 1 A developer of Comparative Example 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.2 part of alumina fine particle 2 was changed to 0.2 part of alumina fine particle 1 in Example 1.
- Example 2 In Example 1, except that 0.2 part of alumina fine particles 2 was changed to 0.2 part of amorphous alumina fine particles (manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd .: AKP-50) having a number average primary particle size of 130 nm.
- the developer of Comparative Example 2 was produced in the same manner as Example 1.
- Example 3 In Example 1, 0.2 part of alumina fine particles 2 was subjected to hydrophobized calcium carbonate fine particles (manufactured by Maruo Calcium Co., Ltd., trade name: CUBE-) having a number average primary particle size of 300 nm and an aspect ratio of 1.1. 03BHS) A developer of Comparative Example 3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the content was changed to 0.5 part.
- hydrophobized calcium carbonate fine particles manufactured by Maruo Calcium Co., Ltd., trade name: CUBE-
- the fog test and the measurement of the charge amount were performed in a low temperature and low humidity (L / L) environment, a normal temperature and normal humidity (N / N) environment, and a high temperature and high humidity (H / H) environment. Details are as follows.
- a commercially available non-magnetic one-component developing printer (HL-3040CN) was used. After the developer was filled in the toner cartridge of the developing device, the printing paper was set and left in a high temperature and high humidity (H / H) environment at a temperature of 35 ° C. and a relative humidity of 80% for 24 hours.
- H / H high temperature and high humidity
- the developer of Comparative Example 1 will be examined. From Table 1, the developer of Comparative Example 1 has a number average primary particle size of 66 nm, a particle shape of plate, an aspect ratio of 5.2, a particle size distribution (Dv90 / Dv10) of 1.7, and Alumina fine particles 1 that are not hydrophobized are contained as external additives.
- the developer of Comparative Example 1 has a developer charge value of 40 ⁇ C / g in a low-temperature, low-humidity (L / L) environment, and a print fog value of 0.6 in the same environment. Therefore, for the developer of Comparative Example 1, there is no problem with the developer characteristics at least in a low temperature and low humidity (L / L) environment.
- the developer of Comparative Example 1 has a low developer charge amount value of 22 ⁇ C / g in a high temperature and high humidity (H / H) environment and a high print fog value of 7.0 in the same environment.
- the developer of Comparative Example 1 has a low developer charge amount value of 26 ⁇ C / g in a normal temperature and normal humidity (N / N) environment, and a high print fog value of 1.5 in the same environment.
- the developer of Comparative Example 1 containing the alumina fine particles 1 that have not been hydrophobized as an external additive is a developer in a high temperature and high humidity (H / H) environment and a normal temperature and normal humidity (N / N) environment. It turns out that it is inferior to a characteristic.
- the developer of Comparative Example 2 will be examined. From Table 1, the developer of Comparative Example 2 has a number average primary particle size of 130 nm, the particle shape varies depending on the particle, the particle size distribution (Dv90 / Dv10) is 3.2, and has been hydrophobized. Alumina fine particles (manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd .: AKP-50) as an external additive. The aspect ratio of the alumina fine particles used in Comparative Example 2 was not measured.
- the developer of Comparative Example 2 has a developer charge amount of 30 ⁇ C / g under a high temperature and high humidity (H / H) environment, and a print fog value of 0.8 under the same environment. .
- the developer of Comparative Example 2 has a developer charge amount of 40 ⁇ C / g in a normal temperature and normal humidity (N / N) environment, and a print fog value of 0.8 in the same environment.
- the developer of Comparative Example 2 has a developer charge amount of 50 ⁇ C / g in a low temperature and low humidity (L / L) environment.
- the developer of Comparative Example 2 has a high print fog value of 8.0 in a low temperature and low humidity (L / L) environment.
- the value of print fogging in this low temperature and low humidity (L / L) environment is the highest among the developers in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- the developer of Comparative Example 2 containing alumina fine particles (manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd .: AKP-50) having a number average primary particle size exceeding 120 nm and having a particle shape that is not a plate shape is as follows: It can be seen that the printing durability is inferior in a low temperature and low humidity (L / L) environment.
- the developer of Comparative Example 3 will be examined. From Table 1, the developer of Comparative Example 3 has a number average primary particle size of 300 nm, a particle shape of hexahedron, an aspect ratio of 1.1, and a hydrophobized calcium carbonate instead of alumina fine particles. Contains fine particles as an external additive.
- the developer of Comparative Example 3 has a developer charge value of 45 ⁇ C / g in a low-temperature and low-humidity (L / L) environment and a print fog value of 0.6 in the same environment. Therefore, with respect to the developer of Comparative Example 3, there is no problem in at least the developer characteristics in a low temperature and low humidity (L / L) environment.
- the developer of Comparative Example 3 has a low developer charge value of 15 ⁇ C / g in a high temperature and high humidity (H / H) environment and a high print fog value of 9.8 in the same environment.
- the developer of Comparative Example 3 has a low developer charge amount value of 25 ⁇ C / g in a normal temperature and normal humidity (N / N) environment, and a high print fog value of 2.0 in the same environment.
- the value of the developer charge amount of Comparative Example 3 in a high temperature and high humidity (H / H) environment and a normal temperature and normal humidity (N / N) environment is any of the developer of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3. Is also the lowest.
- the value of the print fog of Comparative Example 3 in a high temperature and high humidity (H / H) environment and a normal temperature and normal humidity (N / N) environment is any of the developer in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3. Is also the highest.
- the developer of Comparative Example 3 containing calcium carbonate fine particles having a number average primary particle size exceeding 120 nm as an external additive is in a high temperature and high humidity (H / H) environment and at normal temperature and normal humidity (N / N). It can be seen that the developer characteristics in the environment are particularly inferior.
- the developer of Example 1 has a number average primary particle size of 59 nm, a particle shape of plate, an aspect ratio of 5.2, and a particle size distribution (Dv90 / Dv10) of 1.8.
- it contains hydrophobized alumina fine particles 2 as an external additive.
- the developer of Example 1 has a high developer charge amount value of 39 ⁇ C / g in a high-temperature and high-humidity (H / H) environment and a low print fog value of 0.6 in the same environment. . Further, the developer of Example 1 has a high developer charge amount value of 43 ⁇ C / g in a normal temperature and normal humidity (N / N) environment, and a low print fog value of 0.7 in the same environment. Further, the developer of Example 1 has a high developer charge amount value of 39 ⁇ C / g in a low-temperature and low-humidity (L / L) environment and a low print fog value of 0.6 in the same environment.
- the developer of the present invention containing alumina fine particles having a number average primary particle size in the range of 20 to 120 nm, a particle shape of a plate shape, and an aspect ratio in the range of 3 to 15. Is a developer with excellent environmental stability with little change in charge amount and no fogging in any environment of low temperature and low humidity, normal temperature and normal humidity, and high temperature and high humidity. .
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Abstract
Description
一般に、着色樹脂粒子の製造方法は、粉砕法等の乾式法、並びに乳化重合凝集法、懸濁重合法、及び溶解懸濁法等の湿式法に大別され、画像再現性等の印字特性に優れた現像剤が得られ易いことから湿式法が好ましい。湿式法の中でも、ミクロンオーダーで比較的小さい粒径分布を持つ現像剤を得やすいことから、乳化重合凝集法、及び懸濁重合法等の重合法が好ましく、重合法の中でも懸濁重合法がより好ましい。
(A-1)重合性単量体組成物の調製工程
まず、重合性単量体及び着色剤、さらに必要に応じて添加される離型剤及び帯電制御剤等のその他の添加物を混合し、重合性単量体組成物の調製を行う。重合性単量体組成物を調製する際の混合には、例えば、メディア式分散機やインライン型乳化分散機を用いて行う。
本発明においては、少なくとも重合性単量体及び着色剤を含む重合性単量体組成物を、分散安定化剤を含む水系媒体中に分散させ、重合開始剤を添加した後、重合性単量体組成物の液滴形成を行うことが好ましい。液滴形成の方法は特に限定されないが、例えば、(インライン型)乳化分散機(荏原製作所社製、商品名「マイルダー」)、高速乳化分散機(特殊機化工業製、商品名「T.K.ホモミクサー MARK II型」)等の強攪拌が可能な装置を用いて行う。
上記(A-2)のようにして、液滴形成を行った後、得られた水系分散媒体を加熱し、重合を開始し、着色樹脂粒子の水分散液を形成する。
重合により得られた着色樹脂粒子の水分散液は、重合終了後に、常法に従い、ろ過、分散安定化剤の除去を行う洗浄、脱水、及び乾燥の操作が、必要に応じて数回繰り返されることが好ましい。
粉砕法を採用して着色樹脂粒子を製造する場合、以下のようなプロセスにより行われる。
上述の(A)懸濁重合法、又は(B)粉砕法等の製造方法により、着色樹脂粒子が得られる。
上述した(A)懸濁重合法又は(B)粉砕法により得られる着色樹脂粒子を、後述するアルミナ微粒子を含有する外添剤と共に混合攪拌することにより、着色樹脂粒子の表面に、均一かつ好適に付着添加(外添)させることができる。
上記工程を経て得られる本発明の静電荷像現像剤は、外添剤として、個数平均一次粒径が20~120nm及びアスペクト比が3~15である、疎水化処理された板状のアルミナ微粒子を含有し、且つ、該アルミナ微粒子の含有量が、前記着色樹脂粒子100質量部に対して、0.05~1質量部であることにより、低温低湿環境、常温常湿環境、及び高温高湿環境のいずれの環境下においても、帯電量の変化が小さく、カブリの発生がない、環境安定性に優れたものとなる。
重合性単量体としてスチレン81部とn-ブチルアクリレート19部、ブラック着色剤としてカーボンブラック(三菱化学社製、商品名:#25B)5部を、インライン型乳化分散機(荏原製作所社製、商品名:エバラマイルダー)を用いて分散させて、重合性単量体混合物を得た。
得られた着色樹脂粒子の平均円形度は0.987であった。
[製造例1]
原料として、硝酸アルミニウム九水和物水溶液(Al量:6.9mol)と水酸化ナトリウム水溶液(OH量:21.3mol)との中和反応により水酸化アルミニウム含有水溶液を調製した[中和度(OH量/(Al量×3))=1.0、pH=10.6]。また、その調製時に水酸化アルミニウム含有水溶液には、ベーマイト理論生成量に対して1.0質量%のオレイン酸ナトリウムを添加した。この調製原料を連続式水熱反応装置により温度350℃、圧力28MPa、滞留時間1.3minにて水熱反応を行い、その後、ろ過、水洗、及び乾燥させて板状のベーマイト微粒子を得た。得られたベーマイト微粒子を600℃の温度条件下、2時間熱処理を行い、個数平均一次粒子径66nm、アスペクト比5.2、比表面積71.0m2/gである板状のγ-アルミナ微粒子(アルミナ微粒子1)を得た。
製造例1で得られたγ-アルミナ微粒子(アルミナ微粒子1)をエタノール900g中に分散させた。そして、このエタノール分散液を攪拌しながら、疎水化処理剤としてメチルトリエトキシシラン(モメンティブ社製)25gを添加した。その後、混合分散液を80℃にて減圧乾燥し、最後に100℃にて24時間熱処理を行って、疎水化処理された板状のγ-アルミナ微粒子(アルミナ微粒子2)を得た。
[実施例1]
上記「1.着色樹脂粒子の製造例及び評価」の項で述べた着色樹脂粒子100部に対し、アルミナ微粒子2を0.2部、シリカ微粒子Aとして、疎水化処理された個数平均一次粒径20nmのシリカ微粒子(キャボット社製、商品名:TG7120)を0.8部、シリカ微粒子Bとして、疎水化処理された個数平均一次粒径50nmのシリカ微粒子(クラリアント社製、商品名:H05TA)を1.0部添加し、高速攪拌機(三井鉱山社製、商品名:ヘンシェルミキサー)を用いて、10分間、周速40m/sで混合攪拌して外添処理を行い、実施例1の現像剤を作製した。
実施例1において、アルミナ微粒子2 0.2部を、アルミナ微粒子1 0.2部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして比較例1の現像剤を製造した。
実施例1において、アルミナ微粒子2 0.2部を、個数平均一次粒径が130nmである不定形のアルミナ微粒子(住友化学工業社製:AKP-50)0.2部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして比較例2の現像剤を製造した。
実施例1において、アルミナ微粒子2 0.2部を、個数平均一次粒径が300nm及びアスペクト比が1.1である、疎水化処理された炭酸カルシウム微粒子(丸尾カルシウム社製、商品名:CUBE-03BHS)0.5部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして比較例3の現像剤を製造した。
上記実施例1、及び比較例1~比較例3の静電荷像現像剤について、カブリ試験及び帯電量の測定を行った。
N/N環境下:温度23℃、相対湿度50%
H/H環境下:温度35℃、相対湿度80%
次いで、白べた印字を1枚行い、その後2枚目の白ベタ印字の途中でプリンターを停止させ、現像ローラ上に担持されたトナーを、吸引式帯電量測定装置(トレックジャパン社製、商品名:210HS-2A)を用いて吸引してトナーの帯電量を測定し、トナーの単位質量当たりの帯電量Q/M(μC/g)に換算した。
以下、表1を参照しながら、現像剤評価について検討する。
Claims (6)
- 結着樹脂及び着色剤を含む着色樹脂粒子と、外添剤とを含有する静電荷像現像剤において、
前記外添剤が、個数平均一次粒径が20~120nm及びアスペクト比が3~15である、疎水化処理された板状のアルミナ微粒子を含有し、且つ、
前記アルミナ微粒子の含有量が、前記着色樹脂粒子100質量部に対して、0.05~1質量部であることを特徴とする静電荷像現像剤。 - 前記アルミナ微粒子について、粒径分布を小粒径側から起算した体積累計が10%に該当する粒径をDv10とし、当該体積累計が90%に該当する粒径をDv90とした場合、Dv90/Dv10が、1.5~3.0であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第1項に記載の静電荷像現像剤。
- 前記外添剤が、個数平均一次粒径が5~30nmであるシリカ微粒子Aを含有し、且つ、当該シリカ微粒子Aの含有量が、前記着色樹脂粒子100質量部に対して0.1~2質量部であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第1項又は第2項に記載の静電荷像現像剤。
- 前記外添剤が、個数平均一次粒径が35~80nmであるシリカ微粒子Bを含有し、且つ、当該シリカ微粒子Bの含有量が、前記着色樹脂粒子100質量部に対して0.2~3質量部であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第1項乃至第3項のいずれか一項に記載の静電荷像現像剤。
- 前記アルミナ微粒子は、水熱反応により得られるベーマイト粒子を、焼成し且つ疎水化処理することにより作製されることを特徴とする請求の範囲第1項乃至第4項のいずれか一項に記載の静電荷像現像剤。
- 前記ベーマイト粒子は、水酸化アルミニウム粒子に脂肪酸塩を添加し且つ水熱反応させることにより作製されることを特徴とする請求の範囲第5項に記載の静電荷像現像剤。
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