WO2012011555A1 - 二次電池多孔膜、二次電池多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池多孔膜、二次電池多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012011555A1 WO2012011555A1 PCT/JP2011/066673 JP2011066673W WO2012011555A1 WO 2012011555 A1 WO2012011555 A1 WO 2012011555A1 JP 2011066673 W JP2011066673 W JP 2011066673W WO 2012011555 A1 WO2012011555 A1 WO 2012011555A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/403—Manufacturing processes of separators, membranes or diaphragms
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
- H01M50/417—Polyolefins
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/491—Porosity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/44—Fibrous material
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a porous membrane, and more particularly to a secondary battery porous membrane that is formed on the surface of an electrode or separator of a lithium ion secondary battery or electric double layer capacitor and can contribute to improvement in flexibility and battery cycle characteristics.
- the present invention also relates to a slurry for a secondary battery porous film for forming such a porous film, and a secondary battery provided with such a porous film.
- lithium ion secondary batteries exhibit the highest energy density, and are often used especially for small electronics. In addition to small-sized applications, development for automobiles is also expected. Among them, there is a demand for extending the life of lithium ion secondary batteries and further improving safety.
- a lithium ion secondary battery generally includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode including an electrode mixture layer (hereinafter sometimes referred to as an “electrode active material layer”) carried on a current collector, a separator, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the electrode mixture layer includes an electrode active material having an average particle size of about 5 to 50 ⁇ m and a binder.
- the electrode is manufactured by applying a mixture slurry containing a powdered electrode active material on a current collector to form an electrode mixture layer.
- a very thin separator having a thickness of about 10 to 50 ⁇ m is used as a separator for separating the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a lithium ion secondary battery is manufactured through a lamination process of an electrode and a separator, a cutting process of cutting into a predetermined electrode shape, and the like. However, while passing through this series of manufacturing steps, the active material may fall off from the electrode mixture layer, and a part of the dropped active material may be included in the battery as foreign matter.
- Such a foreign substance has a particle size of about 5 to 50 ⁇ m and is about the same as the thickness of the separator, and thus causes a problem of penetrating the separator in the assembled battery and causing a short circuit. Further, heat is generated when the battery is operated. As a result, the separator made of stretched polyethylene resin or the like is also heated. In general, a separator made of a stretched polyethylene resin or the like tends to shrink even at a temperature of 150 ° C. or lower, and easily leads to a short circuit of the battery. Further, when a sharply shaped protrusion such as a nail penetrates the battery (for example, during a nail penetration test), a short circuit occurs instantaneously, reaction heat is generated, and the short circuit part expands.
- the negative electrode active material carbon materials such as graphite, which can occlude and release lithium ions, lithium metals or alloys thereof, and metal oxides such as TiO 2 and SnO 2 are also used.
- conductive impurities such as a very small amount of iron may be included, and as these charge and discharge, a dendritic metal deposit is formed on the negative electrode surface, so the capacity and life of the battery are reduced. There is a problem to decrease safety.
- the positive electrode active material an active material containing a transition metal such as iron, manganese, cobalt, chromium and copper is used. When secondary batteries using these active materials are repeatedly charged and discharged, transition metal ions are eluted into the electrolytic solution, resulting in a decrease in battery capacity and cycle characteristics, which is a big problem.
- transition metal ions eluted from the positive electrode are reduced and deposited on the negative electrode surface to form dendritic metal precipitates, which damage the separator, thereby reducing the safety of the battery. It is said that.
- Patent Document 1 describes a porous film formed using a slurry in which an inorganic filler is dispersed in a resin binder made of a water-soluble polymer such as carboxymethyl cellulose and an acrylonitrile-acrylate copolymer.
- Patent Document 2 describes a porous film formed using an aqueous slurry composed of a binder containing ethyl acrylate, itaconic acid, and acrylonitrile, and an inorganic filler. Further, a secondary battery manufactured by laminating the porous film on an active material layer of an electrode is described. Furthermore, Patent Document 2 describes that a positive electrode active material containing cobalt is used, and excellent filler dispersibility and improvement in cycle characteristics at room temperature have been confirmed.
- the aqueous slurry described in Patent Documents 1 and 2 can be stored for a long period of time during storage in a storage tank after manufacture, during filling and shipping in a transport container such as a container or a plastic container. Then, a change in viscosity of the slurry may occur, and further, aggregates may be generated. As a result, a porous film having a uniform film thickness may not be manufactured.
- the present invention uses a porous membrane that is manufactured using a slurry for porous membranes that is excellent in long-term storage stability and can improve the cycle characteristics and safety at high temperatures of the obtained secondary battery, and uses the porous membrane.
- the purpose is to provide a secondary battery.
- the gist of the present invention aimed at solving such problems is as follows.
- the content of the isothiazoline compound is 0.001 to 1.0 part by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder
- a secondary battery porous membrane wherein the content of the chelate compound is 0.001 to 1.0 part by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder.
- the isothiazoline compound comprises a benzoisothiazoline compound and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one;
- the content ratio of the polymer units of the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer is 50 to 98% by mass, and the content ratio of the polymer units of the vinyl monomer having an acidic group is 1.0 to 3.0% by mass.
- the binder further comprises a polymerized unit having crosslinkability, The secondary battery porous membrane according to any one of (1) to (3), wherein the content of the cross-linkable polymer unit is 0.01 to 2.0% by mass.
- the content of the isothiazoline compound is 0.001 to 1.0 part by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder,
- a slurry for a secondary battery porous membrane, wherein the content of the chelate compound is 0.001 to 1.0 part by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder.
- a secondary battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte solution
- the secondary battery porous membrane includes a polymerization unit of (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer, a polymerization unit of vinyl monomer having an acidic group, and a polymerization unit of ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated nitrile monomer.
- the flexibility of the porous film is improved by including a binder, non-conductive particles, a specific amount of an isothiazoline-based compound, and a specific amount of a chelate compound. Further, the cycle characteristics and safety at a high temperature of the secondary battery using the porous film are improved. Furthermore, the slurry for a secondary battery porous membrane for forming the porous membrane is excellent in long-term storage stability.
- the secondary battery porous membrane of the present invention (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “porous membrane”) is a porous membrane installed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the secondary battery. And contains a binder having a specific composition, non-conductive particles, a specific amount of an isothiazoline-based compound, and a specific amount of a chelate compound.
- the porous film is used by being laminated on a separator or an electrode. Note that the porous membrane itself can function as a separator.
- the binder comprises a polymerization unit of (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer, a polymerization unit of vinyl monomer having an acidic group, and a polymerization unit of ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated nitrile monomer. Specifically, each polymer unit is contained in a polymer as a binder.
- the polymerization unit of the (meth) acrylate monomer is, for example, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, pentyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, heptyl acrylate.
- Alkyl acrylates such as octyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, nonyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, n-tetradecyl acrylate, stearyl acrylate; methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butyl Methacrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, pentyl methacrylate, hex Methacrylate, heptyl methacrylate, octyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, nonyl methacrylate, decyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, n- tetradecyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid alkyl esters such as stearyl methacrylate.
- non-carbonyl oxygen is shown because it exhibits lithium ion conductivity by moderate swelling into the electrolyte without eluting into the electrolyte, and in addition, it is difficult to cause bridging aggregation by the polymer in the dispersion of the active material.
- Heptyl acrylate, octyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, nonyl acrylate, decyl acrylate and lauryl acrylate which are alkyl acrylates having 7 to 13 carbon atoms in the alkyl group bonded to the atom, are preferred, and bonded to a non-carbonyl oxygen atom More preferred are octyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and nonyl acrylate having 8 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl group.
- the vinyl monomer having an acidic group may be any vinyl monomer having an acidic group.
- preferred acidic groups include —COOH group (carboxylic acid group), —OH group ( Hydroxyl group), —SO 3 H group (sulfonic acid group), —PO 3 H 2 group, —PO (OH) (OR) group (R represents a hydrocarbon group), and lower polyoxyalkylene group.
- generates a carboxylic acid group by hydrolysis can be used similarly.
- Examples of the monomer having a carboxylic acid group include monocarboxylic acids and derivatives thereof, dicarboxylic acids, and derivatives thereof.
- Examples of monocarboxylic acids include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and crotonic acid.
- Examples of monocarboxylic acid derivatives include 2-ethylacrylic acid, isocrotonic acid, ⁇ -acetoxyacrylic acid, ⁇ -trans-aryloxyacrylic acid, ⁇ -chloro- ⁇ -E-methoxyacrylic acid, ⁇ -diaminoacrylic acid, and the like.
- Examples of the dicarboxylic acid include maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid and the like.
- Dicarboxylic acid derivatives include methyl maleic acid, dimethyl maleic acid, phenyl maleic acid, chloromaleic acid, dichloromaleic acid, fluoromaleic acid and the like methyl allyl maleate, diphenyl maleate, nonyl maleate, decyl maleate, dodecyl maleate, And maleate esters such as octadecyl maleate and fluoroalkyl maleate.
- Examples of the acid anhydride of dicarboxylic acid include maleic anhydride, acrylic anhydride, methyl maleic anhydride, and dimethyl maleic anhydride.
- Examples of the monomer having a hydroxyl group include ethylenically unsaturated alcohols such as (meth) allyl alcohol, 3-buten-1-ol, 5-hexen-1-ol; 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxy acrylate Ethylenic unsaturation such as propyl, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, di-2-hydroxyethyl maleate, di-4-hydroxybutyl maleate, di-2-hydroxypropyl itaconate Alkanol esters of carboxylic acids; general formula CH 2 ⁇ CR 1 —COO— (C n H 2n O) m —H, where m is an integer from 2 to 9, n is an integer from 2 to 4, and R 1 is hydrogen or methyl Ester of polyalkylene glycol and (meth) acrylic acid represented by 2-hydride; Mono (meth) acrylic acid esters of dihydroxy esters of dicarboxylic acids such as xylethyl
- Monomers having a sulfonic acid group include vinyl sulfonic acid, methyl vinyl sulfonic acid, (meth) allyl sulfonic acid, styrene sulfonic acid, ethyl (meth) acrylic acid-2-sulfonate, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfone. Acid, 3-allyloxy-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid and the like.
- Monomers having a —PO 3 H 2 group and / or —PO (OH) (OR) group include 2- (meth) acryloyloxyethyl phosphate, methyl-2 phosphate -(Meth) acryloyloxyethyl, ethyl phosphate- (meth) acryloyloxyethyl and the like.
- Examples of the monomer having a lower polyoxyalkylene group include poly (alkylene oxide) such as poly (ethylene oxide).
- a monomer having a carboxylic acid group is preferable because the obtained porous film has excellent adhesion to an electrode active material layer or a separator, which will be described later, and efficiently captures transition metal ions eluted from the positive electrode active material.
- a monocarboxylic acid having 5 or less carbon atoms having one carboxylic acid group such as acrylic acid or methacrylic acid
- a dicarboxylic acid having 5 or less carbon atoms having two carboxylic acid groups such as maleic acid or itaconic acid.
- acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are preferable from the viewpoint that the prepared slurry has high storage stability.
- the polymerization unit of the ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated nitrile monomer is preferably acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile from the viewpoint of improving the mechanical strength and binding strength of the binder.
- the content ratio of the polymer units of the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer in the binder is preferably 50 to 98% by mass, more preferably 60 to 97.5. % By mass, particularly preferably 70 to 95% by mass.
- the content ratio of the polymerization unit of the vinyl monomer having an acidic group is preferably 1.0 to 3.0% by mass, more preferably 1.5 to 2.%. 5% by mass.
- the content ratio of polymerized units of the ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated nitrile monomer is preferably 1.0 to 50% by mass, more preferably 2.5 to 40%. % By mass, particularly preferably 5.0 to 30% by mass.
- the binder can be improved in mechanical strength, flexibility, production stability, and storage stability, and sufficient binder binding strength can be obtained. Therefore, the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery using the porous film of the present invention are improved.
- the binder to be used further contains a polymerized unit having crosslinkability in addition to the above components A, B and C.
- the polymerized unit having crosslinkability in the present invention may be a polymerized unit of a monomer having a crosslinkable group.
- Examples of the method for introducing a polymerized unit of a monomer having a crosslinkable group into the binder include a method for introducing a photocrosslinkable crosslinkable group into the binder and a method for introducing a heat crosslinkable crosslinkable group.
- the method of introducing a heat-crosslinkable crosslinkable group into the binder can crosslink the binder by applying heat treatment to the substrate (electrode or separator) after applying the slurry for the porous membrane, and further electrolyzing the binder. It is preferable because dissolution in the liquid can be suppressed, a tough and flexible substrate with a porous film can be obtained, and battery life characteristics are improved.
- a method using a monofunctional monomer having one olefinic double bond having a heat-crosslinkable crosslinkable group, and at least two olefinic double bonds There is a method using a polyfunctional monomer having a bond.
- the thermally crosslinkable group contained in the monofunctional monomer having one olefinic double bond is at least one selected from the group consisting of an epoxy group, an N-methylolamide group, an oxetanyl group, and an oxazoline group.
- the epoxy group is more preferable in terms of easy crosslinking and adjustment of the crosslinking density.
- Examples of the monomer containing an epoxy group include a monomer containing a carbon-carbon double bond and an epoxy group.
- Examples of the monomer containing a carbon-carbon double bond and an epoxy group include unsaturated glycidyl ethers such as vinyl glycidyl ether, allyl glycidyl ether, butenyl glycidyl ether, o-allylphenyl glycidyl ether; butadiene monoepoxide, chloroprene mono Diene or polyene monoepoxides such as epoxide, 4,5-epoxy-2-pentene, 3,4-epoxy-1-vinylcyclohexene, 1,2-epoxy-5,9-cyclododecadiene; 3,4-epoxy Alkenyl epoxides such as -1-butene, 1,2-epoxy-5-hexene, 1,2-epoxy-9-decene; glycid
- Examples of the monomer containing an N-methylolamide group include (meth) acrylamides having a methylol group such as N-methylol (meth) acrylamide.
- Monomers containing an oxetanyl group include 3-((meth) acryloyloxymethyl) oxetane, 3-((meth) acryloyloxymethyl) -2-trifluoromethyloxetane, 3-((meth) acryloyloxymethyl)- Examples include 2-phenyloxetane, 2-((meth) acryloyloxymethyl) oxetane, 2-((meth) acryloyloxymethyl) -4-trifluoromethyloxetane, and the like.
- Examples of the monomer containing an oxazoline group include 2-vinyl-2-oxazoline, 2-vinyl-4-methyl-2-oxazoline, 2-vinyl-5-methyl-2-oxazoline, 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline, Examples include 2-isopropenyl-4-methyl-2-oxazoline, 2-isopropenyl-5-methyl-2-oxazoline, and 2-isopropenyl-5-ethyl-2-oxazoline.
- Polyfunctional monomers having at least two olefinic double bonds include allyl acrylate or allyl methacrylate, trimethylolpropane-triacrylate, trimethylolpropane-methacrylate, dipropylene glycol diallyl ether, polyglycol diallyl ether, triethylene glycol dialkyl
- allyl acrylate, allyl methacrylate, trimethylolpropane-triacrylate and / or trimethylolpropane-methacrylate and the like can be mentioned.
- a polyfunctional monomer having at least two olefinic double bonds is preferable because the crosslinking density is easily improved, and allyl acrylate or allyl is preferable because the crosslinking density is improved and the copolymerization is high.
- An acrylate or methacrylate having an allyl group such as methacrylate is preferred.
- the content ratio of the polymerization unit of the monomer having a crosslinkable group in the binder is the same as the blending amount of the monomer containing the crosslinkable group at the time of polymerization.
- the range is preferably 0.01 to 2.0% by mass, more preferably 0.05 to 1.5% by mass, and particularly preferably 0.1 to 1.0% by mass.
- the polymerized unit of the monomer having a crosslinkable group is preferably a polymerized unit of a monomer having a heat crosslinkable crosslinkable group.
- the content ratio of the polymerized unit having a crosslinkable group in the binder can be controlled by the monomer charge ratio when the binder is produced.
- the content ratio of the heat-crosslinkable crosslinkable group in the binder is within the above range, so that the storage stability of the binder is improved and the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery using the porous film of the present invention are improved. To do.
- the thermally crosslinkable group is copolymerized with a monomer containing a thermally crosslinkable crosslinking group and / or another monomer copolymerizable therewith in addition to the above-mentioned monomers. By doing so, it can be introduced into the binder.
- the binder used in the present invention may contain a monomer copolymerizable with these in addition to the monomer components described above.
- Monomers copolymerizable with these include halogen atom-containing monomers such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride; vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate and vinyl butyrate; vinyl ethers such as methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether and butyl vinyl ether; And vinyl ketones such as methyl vinyl ketone, ethyl vinyl ketone, butyl vinyl ketone, hexyl vinyl ketone, and isopropenyl vinyl ketone; heterocyclic ring-containing vinyl compounds such as N-vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl pyridine, and vinyl imidazole; and acrylamide.
- the binder used in the present invention is used in the state of a dispersion or dissolved solution dispersed in a dispersion medium (water or organic solvent) (hereinafter, these may be collectively referred to as “binder dispersion”). is there.).
- a dispersion medium water or organic solvent
- an organic solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) is used.
- the average particle size (dispersed particle size) of the binder dispersed in the form of particles is preferably 50 to 500 nm, more preferably 70 to 400 nm, and most preferably. 100 to 250 nm.
- the average particle size of the binder is within this range, the strength and flexibility of the obtained electrode are improved.
- the solid content concentration of the dispersion is usually 15 to 70% by mass, preferably 20 to 65% by mass, and more preferably 30 to 60% by mass.
- the solid content concentration is in this range, workability in producing a slurry for a porous film, which will be described later, is good.
- the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the binder used in the present invention is preferably ⁇ 50 to 25 ° C., more preferably ⁇ 45 to 15 ° C., and particularly preferably ⁇ 40 to 5 ° C.
- Tg of the binder is in the above range, since the porous film of the present invention has excellent strength and flexibility, the output characteristics of a secondary battery using the porous film can be improved.
- the glass transition temperature of the binder can be adjusted by combining various monomers.
- the production method of the polymer which is a binder used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and any method such as a solution polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method, a bulk polymerization method, and an emulsion polymerization method can be used.
- the polymerization reaction any reaction such as ionic polymerization, radical polymerization, and living radical polymerization can be used.
- the polymerization initiator used for the polymerization include lauroyl peroxide, diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, di-2-ethylhexyl peroxydicarbonate, t-butyl peroxypivalate, 3,3,5-trimethylhexanoyl peroxide, and the like.
- Organic peroxides, azo compounds such as ⁇ , ⁇ ′-azobisisobutyronitrile, ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, and the like.
- the binder used in the present invention is preferably obtained through a particulate metal removal step of removing particulate metals contained in the binder dispersion in the binder production step.
- the content of the particulate metal component contained in the binder is 10 ppm or less, it is possible to prevent metal ion cross-linking over time between the polymers in the porous film slurry described later, and to prevent an increase in viscosity. Furthermore, there is little concern about self-discharge increase due to internal short circuit of the secondary battery or dissolution / precipitation during charging, and the cycle characteristics and safety of the battery are improved.
- the method for removing the particulate metal component from the binder dispersion in the particulate metal removal step is not particularly limited.
- a method of removing by magnetic force is preferable.
- the method for removing by magnetic force is not particularly limited as long as it is a method capable of removing a metal component, but in consideration of productivity and removal efficiency, it is preferably performed by arranging a magnetic filter in the production line of the binder.
- the dispersant used in the above polymerization method may be one used in ordinary synthesis, and specific examples include sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium dodecylphenylethersulfonate, and the like.
- Benzene sulfonates alkyl sulfates such as sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium tetradodecyl sulfate; sulfosuccinates such as sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate; fatty acid salts such as sodium laurate; polyoxyethylene lauryl ether sulfate sodium Salts, ethoxy sulfate salts such as polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether sulfate sodium salt; alkane sulfonate salts; alkyl ether phosphate sodium salts; Nonionic emulsifiers such as oxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan lauryl ester, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer; gelatin, maleic anhydride-styrene copolymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone
- benzenesulfonates such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and sodium dodecylphenylethersulfonate
- alkyl sulfates such as sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium tetradodecylsulfate
- oxidation resistance is more preferable.
- it is a benzenesulfonate such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and sodium dodecylphenylethersulfonate.
- the addition amount of the dispersant can be arbitrarily set, and is usually about 0.01 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of monomers.
- the pH when the binder used in the present invention is dispersed in the dispersion medium is preferably 5 to 13, more preferably 5 to 12, and most preferably 10 to 12.
- the pH of the binder is in the above range, the storage stability of the binder is improved, and further, the mechanical stability is improved.
- PH adjusting agents for adjusting the pH of the binder include alkali metal hydroxides such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, alkaline earth metal oxides such as calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and barium hydroxide, Hydroxides such as hydroxides of metals belonging to Group IIIA in a long periodic table such as aluminum hydroxide; carbonates such as alkali metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, alkaline earth metal carbonates such as magnesium carbonate
- organic amines include alkylamines such as ethylamine, diethylamine and propylamine; alcohol amines such as monomethanolamine, monoethanolamine and monopropanolamine; ammonia such as ammonia water; Can be mentioned.
- alkali metal hydroxides are preferable from the viewpoints of binding properties and operability, and sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide are particularly preferable.
- the content of the binder in the porous film is preferably 0.5 to 20% by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 10% by mass, and particularly preferably 1 to 5% by mass.
- content ratio of the binder in the porous film is in the above range, non-conductive particles described later can be prevented from falling off (pouring off) from the porous film of the present invention, and the flexibility of the porous film can be improved. Therefore, the cycle characteristics of a secondary battery using the porous film can be improved.
- Non-conductive particles It is desired that the non-conductive particles used in the present invention exist stably in a use environment of a secondary battery (such as a lithium ion secondary battery or a nickel hydride secondary battery) and are electrochemically stable.
- a secondary battery such as a lithium ion secondary battery or a nickel hydride secondary battery
- various inorganic particles and organic particles can be used.
- Organic particles are preferable from the viewpoint of producing particles with less metal contamination (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “metal foreign matter”) that adversely affect battery performance at low cost.
- inorganic particles include oxide particles such as aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, BaTiO 2 , ZrO, and alumina-silica composite oxide; nitride particles such as aluminum nitride and boron nitride; silicone and diamond Covalent crystal particles; poorly soluble ion crystal particles such as barium sulfate, calcium fluoride, and barium fluoride; clay fine particles such as talc and montmorillonite are used. These particles may be subjected to element substitution, surface treatment, solid solution, or the like, if necessary, or may be a single or a combination of two or more. Among these, oxide particles are preferable from the viewpoints of stability in an electrolytic solution and potential stability.
- organic particles examples include cross-linked polymethyl methacrylate, cross-linked polystyrene, cross-linked polydivinylbenzene, cross-linked styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, polyimide, polyamide, polyamideimide, melamine resin, phenol resin, benzoguanamine-formaldehyde condensate, etc.
- examples thereof include crosslinked polymer particles, heat-resistant polymer particles such as polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyaramid, polyacetal, and thermoplastic polyimide.
- the organic resin (polymer) constituting these organic particles is a mixture, modified body, derivative, or copolymer (random copolymer, alternating copolymer, block copolymer, graft copolymer) of the materials exemplified above. Polymer) or a crosslinked product (in the case of the above-mentioned heat-resistant polymer).
- non-electrically conductive material such as carbon black, graphite, SnO 2 , ITO, metal powder and fine powders of conductive compounds and oxides
- electrical insulation is achieved. It is also possible to use it as non-conductive particles with imparting properties. These non-electrically conductive substance-treated particles may be used in combination of two or more.
- non-conductive particles having a metal foreign matter content of 100 ppm or less.
- the metal foreign matter or metal ion is eluted, which causes ionic crosslinking with the polymer in the slurry for porous film,
- the slurry for the porous film is aggregated, and as a result, the porosity of the porous film is lowered. Therefore, there is a possibility that the rate characteristic (output characteristic) of the secondary battery using the porous film is deteriorated.
- the metal it is most preferable to contain Fe, Ni, Cr and the like which are particularly easily ionized.
- the metal content in the non-conductive particles is preferably 100 ppm or less, more preferably 50 ppm or less.
- the term “metal foreign matter” as used herein means a simple metal other than non-conductive particles.
- the content of the metal foreign matter in the non-conductive particles can be measured using ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma).
- the volume average particle diameter (D50, hereinafter sometimes referred to as “50% volume cumulative diameter”) of the non-conductive particles used in the present invention is preferably 5 nm to 10 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 nm to 5 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably. 100 nm to 2 ⁇ m.
- the BET specific surface area of the non-conductive particles used in the present invention is specifically 0.9 to 0.9 from the viewpoint of suppressing aggregation of the non-conductive particles and optimizing the fluidity of the slurry for a porous film described later.
- 200 m 2 / g is preferable, and 1.5 to 150 m 2 / g is more preferable.
- the non-conductive particles are organic particles
- the organic particles have high heat resistance from the viewpoint of imparting heat resistance to the porous film and improving the stability of the secondary battery.
- the temperature at which 10% by weight is reduced when heated at a heating rate of 10 ° C./min in thermobalance analysis is preferably 250 ° C. or higher, more preferably 300 ° C. or higher, and particularly preferably 350 ° C. or higher.
- the upper limit of the temperature is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, 450 ° C. or less.
- the particle size distribution (CV value) of the non-conductive particles is preferably 0.5 to 40%, more preferably 0.5 to 30%, and particularly preferably 0.5 to 20%. By setting the particle size distribution of the non-conductive particles within the above range, a predetermined gap can be maintained between the non-conductive particles, so that the lithium migration is inhibited and the resistance is increased in the secondary battery of the present invention. This can be suppressed.
- the particle size distribution (CV value) of the non-conductive particles is obtained by observing the non-conductive particles with an electron microscope, measuring the particle size of 200 or more particles, and obtaining the average particle size and the standard deviation of the particle size. , (Standard deviation of particle diameter) / (average particle diameter). It means that the larger the CV value, the larger the variation in particle diameter.
- the shape of the non-conductive particles used in the present invention is spherical, needle-shaped, rod-shaped, spindle-shaped, plate-shaped or the like, and is not particularly limited, but is preferably spherical, needle-shaped or spindle-shaped.
- porous particles can also be used as the non-conductive particles.
- the content of non-conductive particles in the porous film is preferably 70 to 99% by mass, more preferably 75 to 99% by mass, and particularly preferably 80 to 99% by mass.
- the porous membrane of the present invention contains a specific amount of isothiazoline-based compound. Since the porous film of the present invention contains a specific amount of an isothiazoline-based compound and can suppress the growth of fungi, the generation of off-flavors in the slurry for the porous film for forming the porous film and the It can prevent thickening and has excellent long-term storage stability.
- An isothiazoline-based compound is a compound well known as a preservative, and is generally represented by the following structural formula (1).
- Y represents hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group
- X 1 and X 2 each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- X 1 X 2 may form an aromatic ring together, and X 1 and X 2 may be the same or different from each other.
- Y represents a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group.
- substituent of the optionally substituted hydrocarbon group represented by Y include a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom (for example, a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, etc.), a cyano group, an amino group, a carboxyl group, C 1-4 alkoxy group (eg methoxy group, ethoxy group, etc.), C 6-10 aryloxy group (eg phenoxy group, etc.), C 1-4 alkylthio group (eg methylthio group, ethylthio group, etc.) And an arylthio group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms (for example, a phenylthio group).
- halogen atom and an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms are preferable. These substituents may be substituted with 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3, hydrogens of the hydrocarbon group, and the substituents may be the same or different.
- Examples of the optionally substituted hydrocarbon group represented by Y include an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, carbon Examples thereof include a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms.
- an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms are preferable, and an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms is more preferable.
- alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms examples include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, butyl group, isobutyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, heptyl group, Examples thereof include an octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, a nonyl group, and a decyl group.
- alkyl groups for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms such as a methyl group and an ethyl group, and an alkyl group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms such as an octyl group and a tert-octyl group are more preferable. More preferred are ⁇ 3 alkyl groups.
- alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms examples include a vinyl group, an allyl group, an isopropenyl group, a 1-propenyl group, a 2-propenyl group, and a 2-methyl-1-propenyl group.
- alkenyl groups a vinyl group and an allyl group are preferable.
- alkynyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms examples include ethynyl group, 1-propynyl group, 2-propynyl group, butynyl group, pentynyl group and the like.
- alkynyl groups an ethynyl group and a propynyl group are preferable.
- Examples of the cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, and a cyclooctyl group.
- a cyclopentyl group and a cyclohexyl group are preferable.
- aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms examples include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthryl group, and a phenanthryl group. Of the aryl groups, a phenyl group is preferred.
- Y various examples of the optionally substituted hydrocarbon group represented by Y can be mentioned.
- these hydrocarbon groups a methyl group and an octyl group are more preferable, and a methyl group is more preferable. .
- X 1 and X 2 each represent the same or different hydrogen atom, halogen atom, or alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- halogen atom a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom are mentioned, for example, Among these, a chlorine atom is preferable.
- alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms examples include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, butyl group, isobutyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, and pentyl group.
- alkyl groups an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, and a propyl group is preferable.
- X 1 is more preferably a hydrogen atom or a chlorine atom, and further preferably a chlorine atom.
- X 2 is more preferably a hydrogen atom or a chlorine atom, and even more preferably a hydrogen atom.
- isothiazoline-based compound represented by the structural formula (1) include, for example, 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 2- n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 2-ethyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 4,5-dichloro- Examples include 2-cyclohexyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 5-chloro-2-ethyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, and 5-chloro-2-t-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one.
- CIT 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
- CIT 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
- MIT 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
- OIT 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
- 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl- 4-Isothiazolin-3-one is preferred, and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one are more preferred.
- the following structural formula (2) shows a case where a benzene ring is formed (benzoisothiazoline-based compound) among X 1 and X 2 that form an aromatic ring in the above structural formula (1).
- Y is the same as in the structural formula (1), and X 3 to X 6 are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, an amino group, a carboxyl group, or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- X 3 to X 6 are a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom (eg, a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, etc.), a cyano group, an amino group, a carboxyl group, or a carbon number.
- a halogen atom eg, a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, etc.
- a cyano group an amino group, a carboxyl group, or a carbon number.
- alkyl group having 1 to 4 for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, etc.
- an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms for example, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, etc.
- An alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferred.
- benzoisothiazoline compound represented by the structural formula (2) examples include 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “BIT”), N-methyl-1,2-benzisothiazoline. -3-one and the like.
- isothiazoline compounds can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a benzoisothiazoline-based compound is included, and 1,2-benz It is particularly preferred that isothiazolin-3-one is included.
- isothiazoline compound used in the present invention it is possible to use a combination of a benzisothiazoline compound and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT) for the long-term storage stability of the slurry for the porous film and the porous film.
- MIT 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
- the mass ratio (benzisothiazoline compound / MIT) is preferably 2/8 to 8/2, more preferably 3/7 to 7/3.
- the content of the isothiazoline-based compound is 0.001 to 1.0 part by mass, preferably 0.005 to 0.5 part by mass, and more preferably 0.01 to 100 parts by mass (solid content conversion) of the above-mentioned binder. -0.1 parts by mass. If the content of the isothiazoline-based compound is less than 0.001 part by mass, the growth of fungi in the slurry for the porous membrane cannot be suppressed, so the long-term storage stability of the slurry for the porous membrane is reduced. In addition, with the propagation of fungi in the slurry for the porous membrane, the slurry for the porous membrane is denatured and the viscosity of the slurry for the porous membrane is increased.
- the use of a preservative other than the above-mentioned isothiazoline-based compounds is not prevented as long as the effects of the present invention are not hindered.
- the porous film of the present invention contains a specific amount of a chelate compound. Since the porous membrane of the present invention contains a specific amount of a chelate compound, it captures the transition metal ions eluted in the electrolyte during charging / discharging of the secondary battery using the porous membrane, and secondary ions caused by the transition metal ions It is possible to prevent a decrease in cycle characteristics and safety of the battery.
- the chelate compound is not particularly limited, but is preferably selected from the group consisting of an aminocarboxylic acid chelate compound, a phosphonic acid chelate compound, gluconic acid, citric acid, malic acid and tartaric acid.
- chelate compounds that can selectively capture transition metal ions without capturing lithium ions are preferably used, and aminocarboxylic acid-based chelate compounds and phosphonic acid-based chelate compounds as described below are particularly preferable. Used.
- aminocarboxylic acid chelate compounds include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “EDTA”), nitrilotriacetic acid (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “NTA”), trans-1,2-diamino.
- EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- NTA nitrilotriacetic acid
- trans-1,2-diamino trans-1,2-diamino.
- Cyclohexanetetraacetic acid hereinafter sometimes referred to as “DCTA”
- DCTA diethylene-triaminepentaacetic acid
- DTPA diethylene-triaminepentaacetic acid
- EGTA bis- (aminoethyl) glycol ether-N, N, N ', N'-tetraacetic acid
- HEDTA N- (2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine-N, N ′, N′-triacetic acid
- DHEG dihydroxyethylglycine
- HEDP 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid
- the content of the chelate compound is 0.001 to 1.0 part by weight, preferably 0.005 to 0.5 part by weight, and more preferably 0.01 to 1.0 part by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder (in terms of solid content). 0.3 parts by mass.
- the content of the chelate compound is less than 0.001 part by mass, the ability to capture transition metal ions is poor, so the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery are degraded.
- it exceeds 1.0 mass part not only the transition metal capture effect beyond it can be expected, but the cycling characteristics of the secondary battery using the porous film of this invention may fall.
- the porous membrane of the present invention is preferably 0.001 to 1.0 part by weight, more preferably 0.005 to 0.5 part by weight, particularly 100 parts by weight (in terms of solid content) of the binder. Preferably, 0.01 to 0.1 parts by mass of a pyrithione compound is contained.
- CIT is known to have a safety problem that it has a high antibacterial effect but is mutagenic or easily causes allergies.
- MIT is highly safe, but has a slightly inferior antibacterial effect compared to CIT, and it is alkaline and less stable than CIT.
- BIT has relatively high stability, but its immediate effect is slightly low, and when the pH in the system is 9 or more, the antibacterial activity gradually decreases.
- the pyrithione compound is stable even when alkaline, the antiseptic performance effect can be extended even under alkaline conditions by using it in combination with an isothiazoline compound, and a high antibacterial effect can be obtained due to a synergistic effect.
- Examples of pyrithione compounds include alkali metal salts such as sodium, potassium and lithium; monovalent salts such as ammonium salts, and polyvalent salts such as calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, aluminum and iron, but are water-soluble. Monovalent salts are preferable, and alkali metal salts such as sodium, potassium and lithium are particularly preferable from the viewpoint of versatility to secondary batteries and cycle characteristics.
- Specific examples of preferred pyrithione compounds include sodium pyrithione, potassium pyrithione, and lithium pyrithione. Among these, sodium pyrithione is preferable because of its high solubility.
- the porous film of the present invention is obtained by applying and drying a slurry (slurry for a porous film) containing the binder, non-conductive particles, isothiazoline-based compound, chelate compound, and solvent described above on a predetermined substrate. Is obtained.
- the porous membrane slurry may further contain an optional component.
- optional components include components such as a dispersant, a leveling agent, an antioxidant, a binder other than the above binder, a thickener, an antifoaming agent, and an electrolytic solution additive having a function of inhibiting decomposition of the electrolytic solution. Can be mentioned. These are not particularly limited as long as they do not affect the battery reaction.
- dispersant examples include anionic compounds, cationic compounds, nonionic compounds, and polymer compounds.
- a dispersing agent is selected according to the nonelectroconductive particle to be used.
- the content ratio of the dispersant in the porous film is preferably within a range that does not affect the battery characteristics, and specifically 10 mass% or less.
- leveling agents include surfactants such as alkyl surfactants, silicone surfactants, fluorine surfactants, and metal surfactants. By mixing the surfactant, repelling that occurs when the slurry for porous membrane of the present invention is applied to a predetermined substrate can be prevented, and the smoothness of the electrode can be improved.
- surfactants such as alkyl surfactants, silicone surfactants, fluorine surfactants, and metal surfactants.
- antioxidants examples include a phenol compound, a hydroquinone compound, an organic phosphorus compound, a sulfur compound, a phenylenediamine compound, and a polymer type phenol compound.
- the polymer type phenol compound is a polymer having a phenol structure in the molecule, and a polymer type phenol compound having a weight average molecular weight of 200 to 1000, preferably 600 to 700 is preferably used.
- binders other than the binder examples include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylic acid derivatives, polyacrylonitrile derivatives, and soft polymers used in electrode binders described later. Can be used.
- thickeners include cellulosic polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, and ammonium salts and alkali metal salts thereof; (modified) poly (meth) acrylic acid and ammonium salts and alkali metal salts thereof; ) Polyvinyl alcohols such as polyvinyl alcohol, copolymers of acrylic acid or acrylate and vinyl alcohol, maleic anhydride or copolymers of maleic acid or fumaric acid and vinyl alcohol; polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, modified Examples thereof include polyacrylic acid, oxidized starch, phosphoric acid starch, casein, various modified starches, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer hydride, and the like.
- cellulosic polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, and ammonium salts and alkali metal salts thereof; (modified) poly (meth) acrylic acid and ammonium salt
- (modified) poly means “unmodified poly” or “modified poly”
- (meth) acryl means “acryl” or “methacryl”.
- antifoaming agent metal soaps, polysiloxanes, polyethers, higher alcohols, perfluoroalkyls and the like are used. By mixing the antifoaming agent, the defoaming step of the binder can be shortened.
- the electrolytic solution additive vinylene carbonate used in a mixture slurry and an electrolytic solution described later can be used. By mixing the electrolyte additive, the cycle life of the battery is excellent.
- nanoparticles such as fumed silica and fumed alumina.
- the thixotropy of the slurry for forming a porous film can be controlled, and the leveling property of the porous film obtained thereby can be improved.
- the content ratio of the optional component in the porous film is preferably in a range that does not affect the battery characteristics. Specifically, each component is 10% by mass or less, and the total content of the optional components is 40% by mass. Hereinafter, it is more preferably 20% by mass or less. However, if the total of the non-conductive particles, the predetermined binder, and any component (excluding the binder) is less than 100% by mass, the content of the binder as an optional component is increased appropriately. A composition can be obtained.
- Method for producing porous membrane As a method for producing the porous membrane of the present invention, (I) a slurry for a porous membrane containing the above binder, non-conductive particles, isothiazoline-based compound, chelate compound and solvent is used as a predetermined substrate (positive electrode, negative electrode or separator).
- the porous membrane of the present invention is manufactured by the methods (I) to (III) described above, and the detailed manufacturing method will be described below.
- the porous membrane of the present invention is produced by applying a slurry for a porous membrane on a predetermined substrate (positive electrode, negative electrode or separator) and drying.
- the method for applying the slurry onto the substrate is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a doctor blade method, a reverse roll method, a direct roll method, a gravure method, an extrusion method, and a brush coating method.
- the gravure method is preferable in that a uniform porous film can be obtained.
- drying method examples include drying with warm air, hot air, low-humidity air, vacuum drying, and drying by irradiation with (far) infrared rays or electron beams.
- the drying temperature can vary depending on the type of solvent used. In order to completely remove the solvent, for example, when a low-volatility solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone is used, it is preferably dried at a high temperature of 120 ° C. or higher with a blower-type dryer. Conversely, when a highly volatile solvent is used, it can be dried at a low temperature of 100 ° C. or lower. When the porous film is formed on the separator to be described later, it is necessary to dry the separator without causing shrinkage of the separator. Therefore, drying at a low temperature of 100 ° C. or lower is preferable.
- the porous membrane of the present invention is produced by immersing the slurry for porous membrane in a substrate (positive electrode, negative electrode or separator) and drying it.
- the method for immersing the slurry in the substrate is not particularly limited, and for example, the slurry can be immersed by dip coating with a dip coater or the like.
- Examples of the drying method include the same methods as the drying method in the method (I) described above.
- a slurry for a porous film is applied on a release film and formed into a film to produce a porous film formed on the release film.
- the porous film of this invention is manufactured by transcribe
- a base material a positive electrode, a negative electrode, or a separator.
- the transfer method is not particularly limited.
- the porous film obtained by the methods (I) to (III) is then subjected to pressure treatment using a die press or a roll press, if necessary, and a substrate (positive electrode, negative electrode or separator) and porous film It is also possible to improve the adhesion. However, at this time, if the pressure treatment is excessively performed, the porosity of the porous film may be impaired, so the pressure and the pressure time are controlled appropriately.
- the film thickness of the porous film is not particularly limited and is appropriately set according to the use or application field of the porous film. However, if the film is too thin, a uniform film cannot be formed. Since the capacity per volume (weight) decreases, 0.5 to 50 ⁇ m is preferable, and 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m is more preferable.
- the porous film of the present invention is formed on the surface of a substrate (positive electrode, negative electrode or separator), and is particularly preferably used as an electrode active material layer or a protective film for a separator described later. Note that the porous film itself can function as a separator.
- the porous film of the present invention may be formed on any surface of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, or the separator of the secondary battery, or may be formed on all of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator.
- the slurry for secondary battery porous membrane of the present invention (in this specification, sometimes referred to as "slurry for porous membrane") forms the above-mentioned secondary battery porous membrane.
- the above binder, non-conductive particles, isothiazoline-based compound, chelate compound, and optional components are uniformly dispersed in a solvent described later as a solid content.
- the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it can uniformly disperse solid contents (binder, non-conductive particles, isothiazoline-based compound, chelate compound, and optional components). In the slurry, some components may be dissolved.
- organic solvent examples include cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene; ketones such as acetone, ethylmethylketone, diisopropylketone, cyclohexanone, methylcyclohexane, and ethylcyclohexane.
- Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride; esters such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -caprolactone; acylonitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile; tetrahydrofuran; Ethers such as ethylene glycol diethyl ether: alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether; N-methyl Amides such as lupyrrolidone and N, N-dimethylformamide are exemplified.
- solvents may be used alone or as a mixed solvent by mixing two or more of them.
- a solvent having excellent dispersibility of non-conductive particles and having a low boiling point and high volatility is preferable because it can be removed in a short time and at a low temperature.
- acetone, toluene, cyclohexanone, cyclopentane, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexane, xylene, water, N-methylpyrrolidone, or a mixed solvent thereof is preferable.
- the solid content concentration of the slurry for the porous membrane is not particularly limited as long as the slurry can be used for coating and dipping, and has a fluid viscosity. About 50% by mass.
- Components other than the solid content are components that volatilize in the drying step, and include, in addition to the solvent, for example, a medium in which these are dissolved or dispersed during preparation and addition of non-conductive particles and a binder.
- the slurry for porous film of the present invention is for forming the porous film of the present invention
- the content ratio of the binder and non-conductive particles in the total solid content of the slurry for porous film is naturally
- the porous membrane of the invention is as described above. That is, the content of the binder is preferably 0.5 to 20% by mass, and the content of the non-conductive particles is preferably 70 to 99% by mass.
- the method for producing the slurry for the porous membrane is not particularly limited, and can be obtained by mixing the above binder, non-conductive particles, isothiazoline-based compound, chelate compound, solvent and optional components added as necessary.
- the mixing device is not particularly limited as long as it can uniformly mix the above components, and a ball mill, a sand mill, a pigment disperser, a crusher, an ultrasonic disperser, a homogenizer, a planetary mixer, and the like can be used.
- a high dispersion apparatus such as a bead mill, a roll mill, or a fill mix that can add a high dispersion share.
- the chelate compound is added, the monomer constituting the binder is polymerized in the presence of the chelate compound, and then the unreacted monomer is removed by heating under reduced pressure, and after cooling,
- a slurry for a porous membrane can also be produced by adding and mixing conductive particles, an isothiazoline-based compound, and optional components.
- the chelate compound may be added when the unreacted monomer is removed by distillation under heating under reduced pressure, or may be added simultaneously when the isothiazoline compound is added.
- the chelating agent may be added in the form of sodium salt, potassium salt or ammonium salt.
- the viscosity of the slurry for the porous membrane is preferably 10 to 10,000 mPa ⁇ s, more preferably 50 to 500 mPa ⁇ s, from the viewpoints of uniform coatability and slurry aging stability.
- the viscosity is a value measured using a B-type viscometer at 25 ° C. and a rotation speed of 60 rpm.
- the secondary battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolytic solution, and the above porous film is laminated on any of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator.
- Secondary batteries include lithium ion secondary batteries and nickel metal hydride secondary batteries, etc., but safety improvement is most demanded and the effect of introducing a porous film is the highest, and in addition, improvement of rate characteristics is cited as an issue Therefore, a lithium ion secondary battery is preferable. Hereinafter, the case where it uses for a lithium ion secondary battery is demonstrated.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode are generally formed by attaching an electrode active material layer containing an electrode active material as an essential component to a current collector.
- the electrode active material used for the electrode for the lithium ion secondary battery is not particularly limited as long as it can reversibly insert and release lithium ions by applying a potential in the electrolyte, and can be an inorganic compound or an organic compound.
- Electrode active materials (positive electrode active materials) for lithium ion secondary battery positive electrodes are broadly classified into those made of inorganic compounds and those made of organic compounds.
- Examples of the positive electrode active material made of an inorganic compound include transition metal oxides, composite oxides of lithium and transition metals, and transition metal sulfides.
- As the transition metal Fe, Co, Ni, Mn and the like are used.
- the inorganic compound used for the positive electrode active material include LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiFePO 4 , LiFeVO 4 and other lithium-containing composite metal oxides; TiS 2 , TiS 3 , non- Transition metal sulfides such as crystalline MoS 2 ; transition metal oxides such as Cu 2 V 2 O 3 , amorphous V 2 O—P 2 O 5 , MoO 3 , V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 It is done. These compounds may be partially element-substituted.
- the positive electrode active material made of an organic compound for example, a conductive polymer such as polyacetylene or poly-p-phenylene can be used.
- An iron-based oxide having poor electrical conductivity may be used as an electrode active material covered with a carbon material by allowing a carbon source material to be present during reduction firing. These compounds may be partially element-substituted.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery may be a mixture of the above inorganic compound and organic compound.
- the particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is appropriately selected in consideration of the arbitrary constituent requirements of the battery. From the viewpoint of improving battery characteristics such as rate characteristics and cycle characteristics, the 50% volume cumulative diameter is usually 0.1. It is ⁇ 50 ⁇ m, preferably 1 to 20 ⁇ m. When the 50% volume cumulative diameter is within this range, a secondary battery having a large charge / discharge capacity can be obtained, and handling of the slurry for electrodes and the electrodes is easy.
- the 50% volume cumulative diameter can be determined by measuring the particle size distribution by laser diffraction.
- Examples of the electrode active material (negative electrode active material) for the negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery include carbonaceous materials such as amorphous carbon, graphite, natural graphite, mesocarbon microbeads, and pitch-based filaments, and high conductivity such as polyacene. Molecular compounds and the like.
- carbonaceous materials such as amorphous carbon, graphite, natural graphite, mesocarbon microbeads, and pitch-based filaments, and high conductivity such as polyacene. Molecular compounds and the like.
- metals such as silicon, tin, zinc, manganese, iron, nickel, alloys thereof, oxides or sulfates of the metals or alloys are used.
- lithium alloys such as lithium metal, Li—Al, Li—Bi—Cd, and Li—Sn—Cd, lithium transition metal nitride, silicone, and the like can be used.
- the electrode active material a material obtained by attaching a conductivity imparting material to the surface by a mechanical modification method can also be used.
- the particle size of the negative electrode active material is appropriately selected in consideration of other constituent elements of the battery. From the viewpoint of improving battery characteristics such as initial efficiency, rate characteristics, and cycle characteristics, a 50% volume cumulative diameter is usually The thickness is 1 to 50 ⁇ m, preferably 15 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the electrode active material layer contains a binder (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “binder for active material layer”) in addition to the electrode active material.
- binder for active material layer a binder in addition to the electrode active material.
- Various resin components can be used as the binder for the active material layer.
- polyethylene polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), polyacrylic acid derivatives, polyacrylonitrile derivatives, and the like can be used. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the binder used for the porous film of this invention can also be used as a binder for active material layers.
- the soft polymer exemplified below can also be used as the binder for the active material layer.
- Acrylic acid such as polybutyl acrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitrile, butyl acrylate / styrene copolymer, butyl acrylate / acrylonitrile copolymer, butyl acrylate / acrylonitrile / glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
- an acrylic soft polymer which is a homopolymer of a methacrylic acid derivative or a copolymer with a monomer copolymerizable therewith;
- Isobutylene-based soft polymers such as polyisobutylene, isobutylene-isoprene rubber, isobutylene-styrene copolymer; Polybutadiene, polyisoprene, butadiene / styren
- Olefinic soft polymers of Vinyl-based soft polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl stearate, vinyl acetate / styrene copolymer; Epoxy-based soft polymers such as polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, epichlorohydrin rubber; Fluorine-containing soft polymers such as vinylidene fluoride rubber and tetrafluoroethylene-propylene rubber; Examples thereof include other soft polymers such as natural rubber, polypeptide, protein, polyester-based thermoplastic elastomer, vinyl chloride-based thermoplastic elastomer, and polyamide-based thermoplastic elastomer. These soft polymers may have a cross-linked structure or may have a functional group introduced by modification.
- the amount of the binder for the active material layer in the electrode active material layer is preferably 0.1 to 5 parts by weight, more preferably 0.2 to 4 parts by weight, particularly preferably 100 parts by weight of the electrode active material. 0.5 to 3 parts by mass.
- the amount of the binder for the active material layer in the electrode active material layer is in the above range, it is possible to prevent the active material from dropping from the electrode without inhibiting the battery reaction.
- the binder for the active material layer is prepared as a solution or a dispersion to produce an electrode.
- the viscosity at that time is usually in the range of 1 to 300,000 mPa ⁇ s, preferably 50 to 10,000 mPa ⁇ s.
- the viscosity is a value measured using a B-type viscometer at 25 ° C. and a rotation speed of 60 rpm.
- the electrode active material layer may contain any additive such as a conductivity-imparting material and a reinforcing material in addition to the electrode active material and the binder for the active material layer.
- a conductivity-imparting material conductive carbon such as acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon black, graphite, vapor-grown carbon fiber, and carbon nanotube can be used. Examples thereof include carbon powders such as graphite, and fibers and foils of various metals.
- the reinforcing material various inorganic and organic spherical, plate-like, rod-like or fibrous fillers can be used.
- the electrical contact between the electrode active materials can be improved, and the discharge rate characteristics can be improved when used in a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the amount of the conductivity-imparting material and the reinforcing material used is usually 0 to 20 parts by mass, preferably 1 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the electrode active material.
- the isothiazoline-based compound or chelate compound used in the present invention may be included in the electrode active material layer.
- the electrode active material layer can be formed by attaching a slurry containing an electrode active material, a binder for the active material layer, and a solvent (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “mixture slurry”) to a current collector. .
- the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve or disperse the binder for the active material layer in the form of particles.
- the binder for the active material layer is adsorbed on the surface of the electrode active material or any additive, thereby stabilizing the dispersion of the electrode active material.
- organic solvents include cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene; ketones such as ethyl methyl ketone and cyclohexanone; ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -Esters such as caprolactone; Acylonitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile; Ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and ethylene glycol diethyl ether; Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether; N-methyl Amides such as pyrrolidone and N, N-dimethylformamide are exemplified. These solvents may be used alone or in admixture of two or more
- the mixture slurry may further contain additives that exhibit various functions such as a thickener.
- a thickener a polymer soluble in the solvent used for the mixture slurry is used.
- the thickener exemplified in the porous film of the present invention can be used.
- the amount of the thickener used is preferably 0.5 to 1.5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the electrode active material. When the use amount of the thickener is within the above range, the coating property of the mixture slurry and the adhesion with the current collector are good.
- the mixture slurry contains trifluoropropylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, catechol carbonate, 1,6-dioxaspiro [4,4] nonane-2,7 in order to increase the stability and life of the battery.
- -Dione, 12-crown-4-ether and the like can be used. These may be used by being contained in an electrolyte solution described later.
- the amount of the solvent in the mixture slurry is adjusted so as to have a viscosity suitable for coating according to the type of the electrode active material and the binder for the active material layer.
- the solid content concentration of the electrode active material, the binder for the active material layer, and any additive such as conductivity imparting agent is preferably 30 to 90% by mass, More preferably, the amount is adjusted to 40 to 80% by mass.
- the mixture slurry is obtained by mixing an electrode active material, a binder for the active material layer, an optional additive such as a conductivity-imparting material added as necessary, and a solvent using a mixer. Mixing may be performed by supplying the above components all at once to a mixer.
- the conductivity-imparting material and the thickener are mixed in a solvent to conduct electricity. Since the dispersibility of the slurry is improved, it is preferable to disperse the property-imparting material in the form of fine particles, and then add the active material layer binder and the electrode active material and further mix them.
- a ball mill, sand mill, pigment disperser, crusher, ultrasonic disperser, homogenizer, planetary mixer, Hobart mixer, etc. can be used. It is preferable because aggregation of the resin can be suppressed.
- the particle size of the mixture slurry is preferably 35 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 25 ⁇ m or less.
- the conductivity imparting material is highly dispersible and a homogeneous electrode can be obtained.
- the current collector is not particularly limited as long as it is an electrically conductive and electrochemically durable material. From the viewpoint of having heat resistance, for example, iron, copper, aluminum, nickel, stainless steel, etc. Metal materials such as titanium, tantalum, gold, and platinum are preferable. Among these, aluminum is particularly preferable for the positive electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery, and copper is particularly preferable for the negative electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- the shape of the current collector is not particularly limited, but a sheet shape having a thickness of about 0.001 to 0.5 mm is preferable. In order to increase the adhesive strength of the mixture, the current collector is preferably used after roughening in advance.
- Examples of the roughening method include a mechanical polishing method, an electrolytic polishing method, and a chemical polishing method.
- a mechanical polishing method an abrasive cloth paper with a fixed abrasive particle, a grindstone, an emery buff, a wire brush provided with a steel wire or the like is used.
- an intermediate layer may be formed on the current collector surface in order to increase the adhesive strength and conductivity of the electrode mixture layer.
- the method for producing the electrode active material layer may be any method in which the electrode active material layer is bound in layers on at least one surface, preferably both surfaces of the current collector.
- the mixture slurry is applied to a current collector, dried, and then heat-treated at 120 ° C. or higher for 1 hour or longer to form an electrode active material layer.
- the method for applying the mixture slurry to the current collector is not particularly limited. Examples thereof include a doctor blade method, a dip method, a reverse roll method, a direct roll method, a gravure method, an extrusion method, and a brush coating method.
- Examples of the drying method include drying by warm air, hot air, low-humidity air, vacuum drying, and drying by irradiation with (far) infrared rays or electron beams.
- the porosity of the electrode active material layer is lower by pressure treatment using a mold press or a roll press.
- a preferable range of the porosity is 5 to 15%, more preferably 7 to 13%. If the porosity is too high, charging efficiency and discharging efficiency are deteriorated. When the porosity is too low, there are problems that it is difficult to obtain a high volume capacity, or that the electrode active material layer is easily peeled off and is likely to be defective. Further, when a curable polymer is used, it is preferably cured.
- the thickness of the electrode active material layer is usually 5 to 300 ⁇ m, preferably 10 to 250 ⁇ m, for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- separator As a separator for a lithium ion secondary battery, a known separator such as a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene or a separator containing an aromatic polyamide resin is used.
- a porous membrane having a fine pore size, having no electronic conductivity, ionic conductivity, high resistance to organic solvents, and, for example, polyolefin-based materials (polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polyvinyl chloride) is used.
- a microporous film made of a resin such as a mixture or copolymer thereof, polyethylene terephthalate, polycycloolefin, polyether sulfone, polyamide, polyimide, polyimide amide, polyaramid, polycycloolefin, nylon, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc.
- Examples thereof include a microporous membrane made of the above resin or a woven fabric of polyolefin fibers, a nonwoven fabric thereof, an aggregate of insulating substance particles, or the like.
- a microporous membrane made of the above resin or a woven fabric of polyolefin fibers, a nonwoven fabric thereof, an aggregate of insulating substance particles, or the like.
- the coating properties of the aforementioned slurry for porous membranes are excellent, the thickness of the entire separator can be reduced, the active material ratio in the battery can be increased, and the capacity per volume can be increased.
- a microporous membrane is preferred.
- the thickness of the separator is usually 0.5 to 40 ⁇ m, preferably 1 to 30 ⁇ m, and more preferably 1 to 10 ⁇ m. Within this range, the resistance due to the separator in the battery is reduced. Moreover, the workability
- examples of the polyolefin-based resin used as the separator material include homopolymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene, copolymers, and mixtures thereof.
- examples of the polyethylene include low density, medium density, and high density polyethylene, and high density polyethylene is preferable from the viewpoint of piercing strength and mechanical strength. These polyethylenes may be mixed in two or more types for the purpose of imparting flexibility.
- the polymerization catalyst used for these polyethylenes is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include Ziegler-Natta catalysts, Phillips catalysts, and metallocene catalysts.
- the viscosity average molecular weight of polyethylene is preferably 100,000 or more and 12 million or less, more preferably 200,000 or more and 3 million or less.
- polypropylene include homopolymers, random copolymers, and block copolymers, and one kind or a mixture of two or more kinds can be used.
- the polymerization catalyst is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include Ziegler-Natta catalysts and metallocene catalysts.
- the stereoregularity is not particularly limited, and isotactic, syndiotactic or atactic can be used. However, it is desirable to use isotactic polypropylene because it is inexpensive.
- an appropriate amount of a polyolefin other than polyethylene or polypropylene, and an additive such as an antioxidant or a nucleating agent may be added to the polyolefin as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- a publicly known one is used. For example, after forming a melt-extruded film of polypropylene or polyethylene, annealing is performed at a low temperature to grow a crystal domain, and stretching is performed in this state.
- a wet method in which a microporous film is formed by removing a film that has started to form an island phase by using this solvent or low molecular weight solvent with another volatile solvent is selected.
- a dry method is preferable in that a large void can be easily obtained for the purpose of reducing the resistance.
- the separator used in the present invention may contain any filler or fiber compound for the purpose of controlling strength, hardness, and heat shrinkage rate.
- a low molecular weight compound or a high molecular weight compound may be used in advance for the purpose of improving the adhesion between the separator and the porous membrane or improving the liquid impregnation property by lowering the surface tension against the electrolytic solution.
- a coating treatment with a molecular compound, electromagnetic radiation treatment such as ultraviolet rays, or plasma treatment such as corona discharge / plasma gas may be performed.
- the coating treatment is preferably performed with a polymer compound containing a polar group such as a carboxylic acid group, a hydroxyl group, and a sulfonic acid group from the viewpoint that the impregnation property of the electrolytic solution is high and the adhesion with the porous film is easily obtained.
- a polar group such as a carboxylic acid group, a hydroxyl group, and a sulfonic acid group
- Electrode As the electrolytic solution, an organic electrolytic solution in which a supporting electrolyte is dissolved in an organic solvent is used.
- a lithium salt is used as the supporting electrolyte.
- the lithium salt is not particularly limited, LiPF 6, LiAsF 6, LiBF 4, LiSbF 6, LiAlCl 4, LiClO 4, CF 3 SO 3 Li, C 4 F 9 SO 3 Li, CF 3 COOLi, (CF 3 CO) 2 NLi, (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) NLi, and the like.
- LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , and CF 3 SO 3 Li that are easily soluble in a solvent and exhibit a high degree of dissociation are preferable. Two or more of these may be used in combination. Since the lithium ion conductivity increases as the supporting electrolyte having a higher degree of dissociation is used, the lithium ion conductivity can be adjusted depending on the type of the supporting electrolyte.
- the organic solvent used in the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve the supporting electrolyte, but dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate.
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- Carbonates such as (BC) and methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC); esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and methyl formate; ethers such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane and tetrahydrofuran; sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfolane and dimethyl sulfoxide; Are preferably used. Moreover, you may use the liquid mixture of these solvents.
- carbonates are preferable because they have a high dielectric constant and a wide stable potential region. Since the lithium ion conductivity increases as the viscosity of the solvent used decreases, the lithium ion conductivity can be adjusted depending on the type of the solvent.
- the concentration of the supporting electrolyte in the electrolytic solution is usually 1 to 30% by mass, preferably 5 to 20% by mass.
- the concentration is usually 0.5 to 2.5 mol / L depending on the type of the supporting electrolyte. If the concentration of the supporting electrolyte is too low or too high, the ionic conductivity tends to decrease. Since the degree of swelling of the polymer particles increases as the concentration of the electrolytic solution used decreases, the lithium ion conductivity can be adjusted by the concentration of the electrolytic solution.
- a positive electrode and a negative electrode are overlapped via a separator, and this is wound into a battery container according to the shape of the battery.
- the method of injecting and sealing is mentioned.
- the porous film of the present invention is formed on any one of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator.
- the method for forming the porous film of the present invention on the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator is as described in the method (I) or (II).
- an expanded metal, an overcurrent prevention element such as a fuse or a PTC element, a lead plate, or the like can be inserted to prevent an increase in pressure inside the battery and overcharge / discharge.
- the shape of the battery may be any of a coin shape, a button shape, a sheet shape, a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a flat shape, and the like.
- the porous film of the present invention on the surface of the electrode active material layer of the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
- the porous film of the present invention By forming the porous film of the present invention on the surface of the electrode active material layer, even if the separator shrinks due to heat, a short circuit between the positive electrode and the negative electrode does not occur, and high safety is maintained.
- the porous membrane of the present invention can function as a separator even without a separator, making it possible to produce a secondary battery at low cost. Become. Further, even when a separator is used, higher rate characteristics can be expressed because the holes formed on the separator surface are not filled.
- Electrode with porous film or separator with porous film An electrode or a separator is cut into a rectangle having a width of 1 cm and a length of 5 cm to obtain a test piece.
- Stainless steel with a diameter of 1 mm on the surface in the middle of the length (2.5 cm from the end) and on the non-coated surface Set the stick in a lateral direction.
- the test piece is bent 180 degrees around the stainless steel bar so that the porous membrane layer is on the outside.
- Ten test pieces are tested, and the bent portion of the porous film layer of each test piece is observed for cracking or peeling, and determined according to the following criteria. It shows that a porous film is excellent in a softness
- Example 1 Preparation of binder>
- 70 parts of ion exchange water, 0.2 part of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and 0.3 part of potassium persulfate were respectively supplied, the gas phase part was replaced with nitrogen gas, and the temperature was changed to 60 ° C. The temperature rose.
- 50 parts of ion-exchanged water, 0.5 part of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and 77.7 parts of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 20 parts of acrylonitrile, 2 parts of methacrylic acid, 0. 3 parts were mixed to obtain a monomer mixture.
- the monomer mixture was continuously added to the reactor over 4 hours for polymerization. During the addition, the reaction was carried out at 60 ° C. After completion of the addition, the reaction was further terminated by stirring at 70 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain an aqueous dispersion (binder dispersion) containing a binder.
- the polymerization conversion rate was 99% or more.
- Non-conductive particles manufactured by Sekisui Plastics Co., Ltd., cross-linked polystyrene SBX, average particle size 1.0 ⁇ m, iron content: less than 13 ppm
- carboxymethylcellulose solid content mass ratio of binder is 100: 4: 5
- the mixture was mixed and dispersed in water using a bead mill to prepare a slurry for a porous membrane.
- content of raw materials other than water (total solid content) in the slurry was set to 50% by mass. Table 1 shows the evaluation results of the storage stability of this porous membrane slurry.
- ⁇ Production of negative electrode composition and negative electrode> 98 parts of graphite having a particle diameter of 20 ⁇ m and a specific surface area of 4.2 m 2 / g as a negative electrode active material, and 5 parts (corresponding to a solid content) of PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) as a binder for the active material layer are mixed.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- -Methylpyrrolidone was added and mixed with a planetary mixer to prepare a slurry-like electrode composition for a negative electrode (negative electrode mixture slurry).
- This negative electrode composition was applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried at 110 ° C. for 3 hours, and then roll pressed to obtain a negative electrode having a negative active material layer having a thickness of 60 ⁇ m.
- Electrode composition for positive electrode and positive electrode 92 parts of lithium manganate having a spinel structure as a positive electrode active material, 5 parts of acetylene black, and 3 parts of PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) (corresponding to solid content) as a binder for the active material layer are added, and further solid content is obtained with NMP. After adjusting the concentration to 87%, the mixture was mixed for 60 minutes with a planetary mixer. Furthermore, after adjusting to solid content concentration 84% with NMP, it mixed for 10 minutes and prepared the electrode composition for positive electrodes for positive electrodes (mixture slurry for positive electrodes). This positive electrode composition was applied to an aluminum foil having a thickness of 18 ⁇ m, dried at 120 ° C. for 3 hours, and then roll-pressed to obtain a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material layer having a thickness of 50 ⁇ m.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the positive electrode obtained was cut into a circle having a diameter of 13 mm, the negative electrode having a diameter of 14 mm, and the separator with a porous film having a diameter of 18 mm.
- the separator is interposed on the positive electrode active material layer side of the positive electrode so that the porous membrane surface of the separator faces, and the negative electrode is placed so that the electrode active material layer faces each other and the positive electrode aluminum foil contacts the bottom of the outer container
- an expanded metal was put on the copper foil of the negative electrode, and it was stored in a stainless steel coin-type outer container (diameter 20 mm, height 1.8 mm, stainless steel thickness 0.25 mm) provided with polypropylene packing. .
- a full-cell coin cell having a thickness of 20 mm and a thickness of about 3.2 mm was manufactured (coin cell CR2032).
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- Example 2 ⁇ Preparation of binder>
- 70 parts of ion exchange water, 0.2 part of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and 0.3 part of potassium persulfate were respectively supplied, the gas phase part was replaced with nitrogen gas, and the temperature was changed to 60 ° C. The temperature rose.
- 50 parts of ion-exchanged water, 0.5 part of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and 93.7 parts of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 5 parts of acrylonitrile, 1 part of methacrylic acid, 0. 3 parts were mixed to obtain a monomer mixture.
- the monomer mixture was continuously added to the reactor over 4 hours for polymerization. During the addition, the reaction was carried out at 60 ° C. After completion of the addition, the reaction was terminated by further stirring at 70 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain a binder dispersion.
- the polymerization conversion rate was 99% or more.
- Example 1 Except for using the above binder dispersion, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed, and an isothiazoline-based compound and a chelate compound were added to obtain a porous membrane slurry, which was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 Except that the amount of EDTA added was 0.01 parts, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed, and a binder, a slurry for a porous film, and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 Example 1 except that high purity alumina AHP200 made by Nippon Light Metal (average particle size: 0.4 ⁇ m) was used in place of the crosslinked polystyrene particles as non-conductive particles, and the amount of EDTA added was 0.4 parts. The same operation was performed to produce a binder, a slurry for a porous film, and a secondary battery, and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 5 A binder, a slurry for a porous film, and a secondary battery were prepared and evaluated by performing the same operations as in Example 1 except that DCTA was used instead of EDTA. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 6 Example 1 except that titanium oxide CR-EL (average particle size: 0.3 ⁇ m) manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd. was used in place of the crosslinked polystyrene particles as non-conductive particles, and HEDTA was used instead of EDTA. The same operation was performed to prepare a binder and a slurry for a porous film, and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 7 A binder, a slurry for a porous film, and a secondary battery were prepared and evaluated by performing the same operations as in Example 1 except that HEDP was used instead of EDTA. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 8 A binder, a slurry for a porous membrane, and a secondary battery were prepared and evaluated by performing the same operations as in Example 6 except that citric acid was used instead of HEDTA. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 9 Except that the addition amount of BIT was 0.04 part and the addition amount of MIT was 0.04 part, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed to prepare a binder, a slurry for porous film, and a secondary battery. And evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1. The mass ratio (BIT / MIT) of the isothiazoline-based compound was 5/5.
- Example 10 The same procedure as in Example 6 was performed except that BIT was added in an amount of 0.15 parts, MIT was added in an amount of 0.15 parts, and EDTA was used instead of HEDTA. Slurry and secondary battery were prepared and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1. The mass ratio (BIT / MIT) of the isothiazoline-based compound was 5/5.
- Example 11 Except that the addition amount of BIT was 0.005 part and the addition amount of MIT was 0.045 part, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed to prepare a binder, a slurry for porous film, and a secondary battery. And evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1. In addition, the mass ratio (BIT / MIT) of the isothiazoline-based compound was 1/9.
- Example 12 Except that the addition amount of BIT was 0.0125 part and the addition amount of MIT was 0.0375 part, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed to prepare a binder, a slurry for porous film, and a secondary battery. And evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the mass ratio (BIT / MIT) of the isothiazoline-based compound was 2.5 / 7.5.
- Example 13 Except that the addition amount of BIT was 0.035 part and the addition amount of MIT was 0.015 part, the same operation as in Example 10 was performed to prepare a binder, a slurry for porous film, and a secondary battery. And evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1. In addition, the mass ratio (BIT / MIT) of the isothiazoline-based compound was 7/3.
- Example 14 Except that the amount of BIT added was 0.05 parts and MIT was not added, the same operation as in Example 10 was performed, and a binder, a slurry for a porous film, and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated. .
- the results are shown in Table 1.
- the mass ratio (BIT / MIT) of the isothiazoline-based compound was 10/0.
- Example 15 A binder, a slurry for a porous film, and a secondary battery were produced by performing the same operation as in Example 10 except that 0.025 part of CIT and 0.025 part of OIT were added instead of BIT and MIT. Evaluation was performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 16 A binder, a slurry for a porous film, and a secondary battery were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.05 part of OIT was added instead of BIT and MIT. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 1 (Comparative Example 1) Instead of titanium oxide CR-EL (average particle size: 0.3 ⁇ m) manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd. as cross-linked polymethyl methacrylate particles (average particle size: 1.0 ⁇ m) manufactured by Sekisui Plastics Co., Ltd. Except that BIT and MIT were not added, the same operations as in Example 10 were performed, and a binder, a slurry for a porous film, and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 2 Comparative Example 2 Except that the addition amount of BIT was 2 parts and the addition amount of MIT was 2 parts, the same operation as in Example 10 was performed, and a binder, a slurry for a porous film, and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated. It was. The results are shown in Table 1. The mass ratio (BIT / MIT) of the isothiazoline-based compound was 5/5.
- Example 3 (Comparative Example 3) Except that EDTA was not added, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed, and a binder, a slurry for a porous membrane, and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 (Comparative Example 4) Except that the amount of EDTA added was 4 parts, the same operation as in Example 4 was performed, and a binder, a slurry for a porous film, and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the monomer mixture was continuously added to the reactor over 4 hours for polymerization. During the addition, the reaction was carried out at 60 ° C. After completion of the addition, the reaction was further terminated by stirring at 70 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain an aqueous dispersion containing a binder.
- the polymerization conversion rate was 99% or more.
- Example 1 Except that the aqueous dispersion containing the above binder was used, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed, and the isothiazoline-based compound and the chelate compound were added to prepare a slurry for a porous film and a secondary battery, and evaluation Went. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Binder comprising polymer units of (meth) acrylic acid ester monomers, polymer units of vinyl monomers having acidic groups, and polymer units of ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated nitrile monomers, non-conductive particles, and isothiazoline compounds
- the chelate compound the content of the isothiazoline-based compound is 0.001 to 1.0 part by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder, and the content of the chelate compound is 0 with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder.
- the electrodes or separators on which the porous membranes (Examples 1 to 16) of 0.001 to 1.0 parts by mass have good flexibility.
- the secondary battery using the electrode or separator on which the porous film is formed has good high-temperature cycle characteristics. Furthermore, the slurry for porous film for forming the porous film has good storage stability.
- a specific chelate compound is included, the content of the chelate compound is in the range of 0.01 to 0.3 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder, and the content of the isothiazoline-based compound is 100 parts by mass of the binder.
- the isothiazoline-based compound includes BIT and MIT and the mass ratio (BIT / MIT) is within a predetermined range (Examples 1 to 3, 5 to Nos.
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Abstract
Description
(1)(メタ)アクリル酸エステルモノマーの重合単位、酸性基を有するビニルモノマーの重合単位、及び、α,β-不飽和ニトリルモノマーの重合単位を含んでなるバインダーと、非導電性粒子と、イソチアゾリン系化合物と、キレート化合物とを含み、
前記イソチアゾリン系化合物の含有量が、前記バインダー100質量部に対し、0.001~1.0質量部であり、
前記キレート化合物の含有量が、前記バインダー100質量部に対し、0.001~1.0質量部である二次電池多孔膜。
前記ベンゾイソチアゾリン系化合物と前記2-メチル-4-イソチアゾリン-3-オンとの質量比が2/8~8/2の範囲である(1)に記載の二次電池多孔膜。
前記架橋性を有する重合単位の含有割合が0.01~2.0質量%である(1)~(3)のいずれかに記載の二次電池多孔膜。
前記イソチアゾリン系化合物の含有量が、前記バインダー100質量部に対し、0.001~1.0質量部であり、
前記キレート化合物の含有量が、前記バインダー100質量部に対し、0.001~1.0質量部である二次電池多孔膜用スラリー。
前記正極、前記負極及び前記セパレーターのいずれかに、(1)~(4)のいずれかに記載の多孔膜が積層されてなる二次電池。
本発明の二次電池多孔膜(以下、「多孔膜」と表すことがある。)は、二次電池の正極と負極との間に設置される多孔性の膜であり、特定組成のバインダーと、非導電性粒子と、特定量のイソチアゾリン系化合物と、特定量のキレート化合物とを含有する。多孔膜は、セパレーターや電極に積層して用いられる。なお、当該多孔膜は、それ自体セパレーターとしても機能しうる。
バインダーは、(メタ)アクリル酸エステルモノマーの重合単位、酸性基を有するビニルモノマーの重合単位、及び、α,β-不飽和ニトリルモノマーの重合単位を含んでなる。具体的には、バインダーとしての重合体中に、前記各重合単位を含むことを特徴とする。
前記バインダー中に架橋性基を有するモノマーの重合単位を導入する方法としては、バインダー中に光架橋性の架橋性基を導入する方法や熱架橋性の架橋性基を導入する方法が挙げられる。これら中でも、バインダー中に熱架橋性の架橋性基を導入する方法は、多孔膜用スラリー塗布後に基材(電極またはセパレーター)に加熱処理を行うことにより、バインダーを架橋させることができ、さらに電解液への溶解を抑制でき、強靱で柔軟な多孔膜付基材を得ることができると共に電池の寿命特性を向上させるため好ましい。バインダー中に熱架橋性の架橋性基を導入する場合において、熱架橋性の架橋性基を有する1つのオレフィン性二重結合を持つ単官能性モノマーを用いる方法と、少なくとも2つのオレフィン性二重結合を持つ多官能性モノマーを用いる方法がある。
炭素-炭素二重結合およびエポキシ基を含有するモノマーとしては、たとえば、ビニルグリシジルエーテル、アリルグリシジルエーテル、ブテニルグリシジルエーテル、o-アリルフェニルグリシジルエーテルなどの不飽和グリシジルエーテル;ブタジエンモノエポキシド、クロロプレンモノエポキシド、4,5-エポキシ-2-ペンテン、3,4-エポキシ-1-ビニルシクロヘキセン、1,2-エポキシ-5,9-シクロドデカジエンなどのジエンまたはポリエンのモノエポキシド;3,4-エポキシ-1-ブテン、1,2-エポキシ-5-ヘキセン、1,2-エポキシ-9-デセンなどのアルケニルエポキシド;グリシジルアクリレート、グリシジルメタクリレート、グリシジルクロトネート、グリシジル-4-ヘプテノエート、グリシジルソルベート、グリシジルリノレート、グリシジル-4-メチル-3-ペンテノエート、3-シクロヘキセンカルボン酸のグリシジルエステル、4-メチル-3-シクロヘキセンカルボン酸のグリシジルエステルなどの不飽和カルボン酸のグリシジルエステル類;が挙げられる。
本発明に用いる非導電性粒子は、二次電池(リチウムイオン二次電池やニッケル水素二次電池など)の使用環境下で安定に存在し、電気化学的にも安定であることが望まれる。非導電性粒子としては、例えば各種の無機粒子や有機粒子を使用することができる。電池の性能に悪影響を及ぼす金属のコンタミネーション(以下において「金属異物」と表すことがある。)が少ない粒子を低コストで製造できる点からは、有機粒子が好ましい。
また、これらの有機粒子を構成する有機樹脂(高分子)は、前記例示の材料の混合物、変性体、誘導体、共重合体(ランダム共重合体、交互共重合体、ブロック共重合体、グラフト共重合体)、架橋体(前記の耐熱性高分子の場合)であってもよい。
一方、当該温度の上限は特に制限されないが、例えば450℃以下とすることができる。
本発明の多孔膜には、特定量のイソチアゾリン系化合物が含まれる。本発明の多孔膜は、特定量のイソチアゾリン系化合物を含有することで、菌類の繁殖を抑制することができるため、該多孔膜を形成するための多孔膜用スラリーにおける異臭の発生や該スラリーの増粘を防ぐことができ、長期保存安定性に優れる。
上記構造式(1)において、Yは水素原子又は置換されていてもよい炭化水素基を示す。Yで示される置換されていてもよい炭化水素基の置換基としては、例えばヒドロキシル基、ハロゲン原子(例えば塩素原子、フッ素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子等)、シアノ基、アミノ基、カルボキシル基、炭素数1~4のアルコキシ基(例えばメトキシ基、エトキシ基等)、炭素数6~10のアリールオキシ基(例えばフェノキシ基等)、炭素数1~4のアルキルチオ基(例えばメチルチオ基、エチルチオ基等)及び炭素数6~10のアリールチオ基(例えばフェニルチオ基等)等が挙げられる。前記置換基の中では、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~4のアルコキシ基が好ましい。これらの置換基は1~5個、好ましくは1~3個の範囲で前記炭化水素基の水素を置換していてもよく、また前記置換基はそれぞれ同一でもよく、相異なっていてもよい。
前記ハロゲン原子としては、例えば、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子及びヨウ素原子が挙げられ、これらの中では塩素原子が好ましい。
これらの化合物の中では、5-クロロ-2-メチル-4-イソチアゾリン-3-オン(以下において「CIT」と表すことがある。)、2-メチル-4-イソチアゾリン-3-オン(以下において「MIT」と表すことがある。)、2-n-オクチル-4-イソチアゾリン-3-オン(以下において「OIT」と表すことがある。)、4,5-ジクロロ-2-n-オクチル-4-イソチアゾリン-3-オンが好ましく、5-クロロ-2-メチル-4-イソチアゾリン-3-オンや2-メチル-4-イソチアゾリン-3-オンがより好ましい。
本発明の多孔膜には、特定量のキレート化合物が含まれる。本発明の多孔膜は特定量のキレート化合物を含有するため、該多孔膜を用いた二次電池の充放電時に電解液中に溶出する遷移金属イオンを捕捉し、遷移金属イオンに起因した二次電池のサイクル特性と安全性の低下を防ぐことができる。
前記ナノ微粒子を混合することにより多孔膜形成用スラリーのチキソ性をコントロールすることができ、さらにそれにより得られる多孔膜のレベリング性を向上させることができる。
本発明の多孔膜を製造する方法としては、(I)上記のバインダー、非導電性粒子、イソチアゾリン系化合物、キレート化合物及び溶媒を含む多孔膜用スラリーを所定の基材(正極、負極またはセパレーター)上に塗布し、次いで乾燥する方法;(II)上記のバインダー、非導電性粒子、イソチアゾリン系化合物、キレート化合物及び溶媒を含む多孔膜用スラリーを基材(正極、負極またはセパレーター)に浸漬後、これを乾燥する方法;(III)上記のバインダー、非導電性粒子、イソチアゾリン系化合物、キレート化合物及び溶媒を含む多孔膜用スラリーを、剥離フィルム上に塗布、成膜し、得られた多孔膜を所定の基材(正極、負極またはセパレーター)上に転写する方法;が挙げられる。この中でも、(I)多孔膜用スラリーを基材(正極、負極またはセパレーター)に塗布し、次いで乾燥する方法が、多孔膜の膜厚を制御しやすいことから最も好ましい。
(I)の方法では、多孔膜用スラリーを、所定の基材(正極、負極またはセパレーター)上に塗布し、乾燥することで本発明の多孔膜は製造される。
乾燥方法としては、上述の(I)の方法での乾燥方法と同じ方法が挙げられる。
塗布方法としては、上述の(I)の方法での塗布方法と同じ方法が挙げられる。転写方法は特に限定されない。
本発明の二次電池多孔膜用スラリー(本明細書において、「多孔膜用スラリー」と表すことがある。)は、前記の二次電池多孔膜を形成するためのスラリーであり、固形分として上記のバインダー、非導電性粒子、イソチアゾリン系化合物、キレート化合物及び任意の成分を、後述する溶媒に均一に分散したものである。溶媒としては、固形分(バインダー、非導電性粒子、イソチアゾリン系化合物、キレート化合物及び任意の成分)を均一に分散し得るものであれば特に制限されない。なお、スラリー中、一部の成分は溶解していてもよい。
多孔膜用スラリーの製造方法は、特に限定はされず、上記のバインダー、非導電性粒子、イソチアゾリン系化合物、キレート化合物、溶媒及び必要に応じ添加される任意の成分を混合して得られる。
本発明の二次電池は、正極、負極、セパレーター及び電解液を含み、正極、負極及びセパレーターのいずれかに、上述の多孔膜が積層されてなる。
正極、負極は、一般に、電極活物質を必須成分として含む電極活物質層が、集電体に付着してなる。
リチウムイオン二次電池用電極に用いられる電極活物質は、電解質中で電位をかける事により可逆的にリチウムイオンを挿入放出できるものであればよく、無機化合物でも有機化合物でも用いることができる。
本発明において、電極活物質層は電極活物質の他に、結着剤(以下、「活物質層用結着剤」と記載することがある。)を含む。活物質層用結着剤を含むことにより電極中の電極活物質層の結着性が向上し、電極の捲回時等の工程上においてかかる機械的な力に対する強度が上がり、また電極中の電極活物質層が脱離しにくくなることから、脱離物による短絡等の危険性が小さくなる。
ポリブチルアクリレート、ポリブチルメタクリレート、ポリヒドロキシエチルメタクリレート、ポリアクリルアミド、ポリアクリロニトリル、ブチルアクリレート・スチレン共重合体、ブチルアクリレート・アクリロニトリル共重合体、ブチルアクリレート・アクリロニトリル・グリシジルメタクリレート共重合体などの、アクリル酸またはメタクリル酸誘導体の単独重合体またはそれと共重合可能なモノマーとの共重合体である、アクリル系軟質重合体;
ポリイソブチレン、イソブチレン・イソプレンゴム、イソブチレン・スチレン共重合体などのイソブチレン系軟質重合体;
ポリブタジエン、ポリイソプレン、ブタジエン・スチレンランダム共重合体、イソプレン・スチレンランダム共重合体、アクリロニトリル・ブタジエン共重合体、アクリロニトリル・ブタジエン・スチレン共重合体、ブタジエン・スチレン・ブロック共重合体、スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレン・ブロック共重合体、イソプレン・スチレン・ブロック共重合体、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレン・ブロック共重合体などジエン系軟質重合体;
ジメチルポリシロキサン、ジフェニルポリシロキサン、ジヒドロキシポリシロキサンなどのケイ素含有軟質重合体;
液状ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリ-1-ブテン、エチレン・α-オレフィン共重合体、プロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体、エチレン・プロピレン・ジエン共重合体(EPDM)、エチレン・プロピレン・スチレン共重合体などのオレフィン系軟質重合体;
ポリビニルアルコール、ポリ酢酸ビニル、ポリステアリン酸ビニル、酢酸ビニル・スチレン共重合体などビニル系軟質重合体;
ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリプロピレンオキシド、エピクロルヒドリンゴムなどのエポキシ系軟質重合体;
フッ化ビニリデン系ゴム、四フッ化エチレン-プロピレンゴムなどのフッ素含有軟質重合体;
天然ゴム、ポリペプチド、蛋白質、ポリエステル系熱可塑性エラストマー、塩化ビニル系熱可塑性エラストマー、ポリアミド系熱可塑性エラストマーなどのその他の軟質重合体などが挙げられる。これらの軟質重合体は、架橋構造を有したものであってもよく、また、変性により官能基を導入したものであってもよい。
本発明において、電極活物質層には、上記の電極活物質と活物質層用結着剤の他に、導電性付与材や補強材などの任意の添加剤を含有していてもよい。導電付与材としては、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、カーボンブラック、グラファイト、気相成長カーボン繊維、カーボンナノチューブ等の導電性カーボンを使用することができる。黒鉛などの炭素粉末、各種金属のファイバーや箔などが挙げられる。補強材としては、各種の無機および有機の球状、板状、棒状または繊維状のフィラーが使用できる。導電性付与材を用いることにより電極活物質同士の電気的接触を向上させることができ、リチウムイオン二次電池に用いる場合に放電レート特性を改善することができる。導電性付与材や補強材の使用量は、電極活物質100質量部に対して通常0~20質量部、好ましくは1~10質量部である。また、本発明に用いるイソチアゾリン系化合物やキレート化合物を、電極活物質層中に含んでもよい。
電極活物質層は、電極活物質、活物質層用結着剤及び溶媒を含むスラリー(以下、「合剤スラリー」と呼ぶことがある。)を集電体に付着させて形成することができる。
リチウムイオン二次電池用セパレーターとしては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレンなどのポリオレフィン樹脂や芳香族ポリアミド樹脂を含んでなるセパレーターなどの公知のものが用いられる。
電解液としては、有機溶媒に支持電解質を溶解した有機電解液が用いられる。支持電解質としては、リチウム塩が用いられる。リチウム塩としては、特に制限はないが、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiBF4、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、LiClO4、CF3SO3Li、C4F9SO3Li、CF3COOLi、(CF3CO)2NLi、(CF3SO2)2NLi、(C2F5SO2)NLiなどが挙げられる。中でも、溶媒に溶けやすく高い解離度を示すLiPF6、LiClO4、CF3SO3Liが好ましい。これらは、二種以上を併用してもよい。解離度の高い支持電解質を用いるほどリチウムイオン伝導度が高くなるので、支持電解質の種類によりリチウムイオン伝導度を調節することができる。
リチウムイオン二次電池の具体的な製造方法としては、正極と負極とをセパレーターを介して重ね合わせ、これを電池形状に応じて巻く、折るなどして電池容器に入れ、電池容器に電解液を注入して封口する方法が挙げられる。本発明の多孔膜は、正極、負極、及びセパレーターのいずれかに形成されてなる。本発明の多孔膜を、正極、負極、セパレーターに形成する方法は、上述した(I)または(II)の方法の通りである。また、上述の(III)の方法の通り、独立で多孔膜のみを正極、負極またはセパレーターに積層することも可能である。必要に応じてエキスパンドメタルや、ヒューズ、PTC素子などの過電流防止素子、リード板などを入れ、電池内部の圧力上昇、過充放電の防止をする事もできる。電池の形状は、コイン型、ボタン型、シート型、円筒型、角形、扁平型など何れであってもよい。
電極またはセパレーターを幅1cm×長さ5cmの矩形に切って試験片とする。多孔膜用スラリーを塗工していない側の面を下にして机上に置き、長さ方向の中央(端部から2.5cmの位置)、塗工していない側の面に直径1mm のステンレス棒を短手方向に横たえて設置する。このステンレス棒を中心にして試験片を多孔膜層が外側になるように180度折り曲げる。10枚の試験片について試験し、各試験片の多孔膜層の折り曲げた部分について、ひび割れまたは剥がれの有無を観察し、下記の基準により判定する。ひび割れまたは剥がれが少ないほど、多孔膜が柔軟性に優れることを示す。
A:10枚中全てにひび割れまたは剥がれがみられない。
B:10枚中1~2枚にひび割れまたは剥がれがみられる。
C:10枚中3~4枚にひび割れまたは剥がれがみられる。
D:10枚中5~6枚にひび割れまたは剥がれがみられる。
E:10枚中7~9枚にひび割れまたは剥がれがみられる。
F:10枚中全てにひび割れまたは剥がれがみられる。
JIS Z8803:1991に準じて単一円筒形回転粘度計(25℃、回転数=60rpm、スピンドル形状:4)により粘度を測定し、測定開始後1分の値を求め、これをスラリー粘度とする。スラリー作製14日後のスラリー粘度の値をスラリー作製1時間後のスラリー粘度の値で割ったものを粘性変化率とし、以下の基準で評価する。粘性変化率が低いほどスラリー安定性に優れることを示す。
A:5%未満
B:5%以上10%未満
C:10%以上15%未満
D:15%以上20%未満
E:20%以上25%未満
F:25%以上
10セルのフルセルコイン型電池を50℃雰囲気下、0.2Cの定電流法によって4.3Vに充電し、3.0Vまで放電する充放電を繰り返し電気容量を測定した。10セルの平均値を測定値とし、50サイクル終了時の電気容量と5サイクル終了時の電気容量の比(%)で表される充放電容量保持率を求め、これをサイクル特性の評価基準とする。この値が高いほど高温サイクル特性に優れることを示す。
A:80%以上
B:70%以上80%未満
C:60%以上70%未満
D:50%以上60%未満
E:40%以上50%未満
F:40%未満
<バインダーの作製>
撹拌機を備えた反応器に、イオン交換水70部、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム0.2部および過硫酸カリウム0.3部をそれぞれ供給し、気相部を窒素ガスで置換し、60℃に昇温した。一方、別の容器でイオン交換水50部、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム0.5部、および重合性モノマーとして、2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート77.7部、アクリロニトリル20部、メタクリル酸2部、アリルメタクリレート0.3部を混合してモノマー混合物を得た。このモノマー混合物を4時間かけて前記反応器に連続的に添加して重合を行った。添加中は、60℃で反応を行った。添加終了後、さらに70℃で3時間撹拌して反応を終了し、バインダーを含む水分散液(バインダー分散液)を得た。重合転化率は99%以上であった。
得られたバインダー分散液を25℃に冷却後、アンモニア水を添加してpHを7に調整し、その後スチームを導入して未反応のモノマーを除去した。その後、直ちに、バインダーの固形分100部に対して、BIT 0.025部、MIT 0.025部、EDTA 0.25部を添加、混合し、イオン交換水で固形分濃度調整を更に行いながら、200メッシュ(目開 約77μm)のステンレス製金網でろ過を行い、固形分濃度40%のバインダー組成物を得た。なお、イソチアゾリン系化合物の質量比(BIT/MIT)は、5/5であった。
増粘剤として、エーテル化度が0.8~1.0で、1%水溶液粘度が10~20mPa・sであるカルボキシメチルセルロース(ダイセル化学工業株式会社製ダイセル1220)を用いて、1%水溶液を調製した。
負極活物質として粒子径20μm、比表面積4.2m2/gのグラファイト98部と、活物質層用結着剤としてPVDF(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)5部(固形分相当)とを混合し、更にN-メチルピロリドンを加えてプラネタリーミキサーで混合してスラリー状の負極用電極組成物(負極用合剤スラリー)を調製した。この負極用電極組成物を厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に塗布し、110℃で3時間乾燥した後、ロールプレスして厚さ60μmの負極活物質層を有する負極を得た。
正極活物質としてスピネル構造を有するマンガン酸リチウム92部と、アセチレンブラック5部、活物質層用結着剤としてPVDF(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)3部(固形分相当)とを加え、さらにNMPで固形分濃度87%に調整した後にプラネタリーミキサーで60分混合した。さらにNMPで固形分濃度84%に調整した後に10分間混合してスラリー状の正極用電極組成物(正極用合剤スラリー)を調製した。この正極用電極組成物を厚さ18μmのアルミニウム箔に塗布し、120℃で3時間乾燥した後、ロールプレスして厚さ50μmの正極活物質層を有する正極を得た。
乾式法により製造された単層のポリプロピレン製セパレーター(気孔率55%、厚さ25μm)上に、前記多孔膜用スラリーを乾燥後の多孔膜の厚さが5μmになるようにワイヤーバーを用いて塗工し、次いで90℃で10分間乾燥することにより、多孔膜を形成し、多孔膜付セパレーターを得た。この多孔膜付セパレーターの柔軟性の評価結果を表1に示す。
次いで、得られた正極を直径13mm、負極を直径14mm、多孔膜付セパレーターを直径18mmの円形に切り抜いた。正極電極の正極活物質層面側に、セパレーターの多孔膜面が対向するようにセパレーターを介在させ、互いに電極活物質層が対向し、外装容器底面に正極のアルミニウム箔が接触するように負極を配置し、更に負極の銅箔上にエキスパンドメタルを入れ、ポリプロピレン製パッキンを設置したステンレス鋼製のコイン型外装容器(直径20mm、高さ1.8mm、ステンレス鋼厚さ0.25mm)中に収納した。この容器中に電解液を空気が残らないように注入し、ポリプロピレン製パッキンを介して外装容器に厚さ0.2mmのステンレス鋼のキャップをかぶせて固定し、電池缶を封止して、直径20mm、厚さ約3.2mmのフルセル型コインセルを製造した(コインセルCR2032)。なお、電解液としてはエチレンカーボネート(EC)とジエチルカーボネート(DEC)とをEC:DEC=1:2(20℃での容積比)で混合してなる混合溶媒にLiPF6を1モル/リットルの濃度で溶解させた溶液を用いた。
このフルセル型コインセルの高温サイクル特性の評価結果を表1に示す。
<バインダーの作製>
撹拌機を備えた反応器に、イオン交換水70部、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム0.2部および過硫酸カリウム0.3部をそれぞれ供給し、気相部を窒素ガスで置換し、60℃に昇温した。一方、別の容器でイオン交換水50部、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム0.5部、および重合性モノマーとして、2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート93.7部、アクリロニトリル5部、メタクリル酸1部、アリルメタクリレート0.3部を混合してモノマー混合物を得た。このモノマー混合物を4時間かけて前記反応器に連続的に添加して重合を行った。添加中は、60℃で反応を行った。添加終了後、さらに70℃で3時間撹拌して反応を終了し、バインダー分散液を得た。重合転化率は99%以上であった。
実施例1において作製した負極の負極活物質層上に、前記多孔膜用スラリーを乾燥後の多孔膜の厚さが5μmとなるようにワイヤーバーを用いて塗工し、次いで90℃で10分間乾燥することにより、多孔膜を形成し、多孔膜付負極を得、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
実施例1の多孔膜付セパレーターに代えて、乾式法により製造された単層のポリプロピレン製セパレーター(気孔率55%、厚さ25μm)を用い、実施例1の負極に代えて、上記の多孔膜付負極を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行って二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
EDTAの添加量を0.01部としたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
非導電性粒子として架橋ポリスチレン粒子の代わりに、日本軽金属製高純度アルミナAHP200(平均粒径:0.4μm)を用い、EDTAの添加量を0.4部としたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
EDTAに代えて、DCTAを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
非導電性粒子として架橋ポリスチレン粒子の代わりに、石原産業社製酸化チタンCR-EL(平均粒径:0.3μm)を用い、EDTAに代えて、HEDTAを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行って、バインダー及び多孔膜用スラリーを作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において作製した正極の正極活物質層上に、前記多孔膜用スラリーを乾燥後の多孔膜の厚さが5μmとなるようにワイヤーバーを用いて塗工し、次いで90℃で10分間乾燥することにより、多孔膜を形成し、多孔膜付正極を得、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
実施例1の多孔膜付セパレーターに代えて、乾式法により製造された単層のポリプロピレン製セパレーター(気孔率55%、厚さ25μm)を用い、実施例1の正極に代えて、上記の多孔膜付正極を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行って二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
EDTAに代えて、HEDPを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
HEDTAに代えて、クエン酸を用いたこと以外は、実施例6と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
BITの添加量を0.04部とし、MITの添加量を0.04部としたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。なお、イソチアゾリン系化合物の質量比(BIT/MIT)は、5/5であった。
BITの添加量を0.15部とし、MITの添加量を0.15部とし、HEDTAに代えて、EDTAを用いたこと以外は、実施例6と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。なお、イソチアゾリン系化合物の質量比(BIT/MIT)は、5/5であった。
BITの添加量を0.005部とし、MITの添加量を0.045部としたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。なお、イソチアゾリン系化合物の質量比(BIT/MIT)は、1/9であった。
BITの添加量を0.0125部とし、MITの添加量を0.0375部としたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。なお、イソチアゾリン系化合物の質量比(BIT/MIT)は、2.5/7.5であった。
BITの添加量を0.035部とし、MITの添加量を0.015部としたこと以外は、実施例10と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。なお、イソチアゾリン系化合物の質量比(BIT/MIT)は、7/3であった。
BITの添加量を0.05部とし、MITを添加しなかったこと以外は、実施例10と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。なお、イソチアゾリン系化合物の質量比(BIT/MIT)は、10/0であった。
BIT及びMITの代わりに、CIT 0.025部及びOIT 0.025部を添加したこと以外は、実施例10と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
BIT及びMITの代わりに、OIT 0.05部を添加したこと以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
非導電性粒子として石原産業社製酸化チタンCR-EL(平均粒径:0.3μm)の代わりに、積水化成品工業社製架橋ポリメタクリル酸メチル粒子(平均粒子径1.0μm)を用い、BIT及びMITを添加しなかったこと以外は、実施例10と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
BITの添加量を2部とし、MITの添加量を2部としたこと以外は、実施例10と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。なお、イソチアゾリン系化合物の質量比(BIT/MIT)は、5/5であった。
EDTAを添加しなかったこと以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
EDTAの添加量を4部としたこと以外は、実施例4と同様の操作を行って、バインダー、多孔膜用スラリー及び二次電池を作製し、評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
<バインダーの作製>
撹拌機を備えた反応器に、イオン交換水70部、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム0.2部および過硫酸カリウム0.3部をそれぞれ供給し、気相部を窒素ガスで置換し、60℃に昇温した。一方、別の容器でイオン交換水50部、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム0.5部、および重合性モノマーとして、2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート39.7部、アクリロニトリル60部、アリルメタクリレート0.3部を混合してモノマー混合物を得た。このモノマー混合物を4時間かけて前記反応器に連続的に添加して重合を行った。添加中は、60℃で反応を行った。添加終了後、さらに70℃で3時間撹拌して反応を終了し、バインダーを含む水分散液を得た。重合転化率は99%以上であった。
(メタ)アクリル酸エステルモノマーの重合単位、酸性基を有するビニルモノマーの重合単位、及び、α,β-不飽和ニトリルモノマーの重合単位を含んでなるバインダーと、非導電性粒子と、イソチアゾリン系化合物と、キレート化合物とを含み、イソチアゾリン系化合物の含有量が、バインダー100質量部に対し、0.001~1.0質量部であり、キレート化合物の含有量が、バインダー100質量部に対し、0.001~1.0質量部である多孔膜(実施例1~16)が形成された電極あるいはセパレーターは、柔軟性が良好である。また、該多孔膜が形成された電極あるいはセパレーターを用いる二次電池は、高温サイクル特性が良好である。さらにまた、該多孔膜を形成するための多孔膜用スラリーは、保存安定性が良好である。
特に、特定のキレート化合物を含み、キレート化合物の含有量が、バインダー100質量部に対し、0.01~0.3質量部の範囲にあり、イソチアゾリン系化合物の含有量が、バインダー100質量部に対し、0.01~0.1質量部であり、かつイソチアゾリン系化合物として、BITとMITとを含み、その質量比(BIT/MIT)が所定範囲である場合(実施例1~3,5~7,9,13)は、多孔膜用スラリーの保存安定性が良好であり、また、得られた二次電池は、優れた高温サイクル特性を示す。
一方、イソチアゾリン系化合物を所定量含まない場合(比較例1,2)、キレート化合物を所定量含まない場合(比較例3,4)、及び、バインダーの重合単位中に酸性基を有するビニルモノマーが含まれない場合(比較例5)においては、柔軟性、スラリー保存安定性、高温サイクル特性において劣り、特に高温サイクル特性が実施例1~16と比べて大きく劣っている。
Claims (6)
- (メタ)アクリル酸エステルモノマーの重合単位、酸性基を有するビニルモノマーの重合単位、及び、α,β-不飽和ニトリルモノマーの重合単位を含んでなるバインダーと、非導電性粒子と、イソチアゾリン系化合物と、キレート化合物とを含み、
前記イソチアゾリン系化合物の含有量が、前記バインダー100質量部に対し、0.001~1.0質量部であり、
前記キレート化合物の含有量が、前記バインダー100質量部に対し、0.001~1.0質量部である二次電池多孔膜。 - 前記イソチアゾリン系化合物が、ベンゾイソチアゾリン系化合物と2-メチル-4-イソチアゾリン-3-オンとからなり、
前記ベンゾイソチアゾリン系化合物と前記2-メチル-4-イソチアゾリン-3-オンとの質量比が2/8~8/2の範囲である請求項1に記載の二次電池多孔膜。 - 前記(メタ)アクリル酸エステルモノマーの重合単位の含有割合が50~98質量%であり、前記酸性基を有するビニルモノマーの重合単位の含有割合が1.0~3.0質量%であり、前記α,β-不飽和ニトリルモノマーの重合単位の含有割合が1.0~50質量%である請求項1または2に記載の二次電池多孔膜。
- 前記バインダーが、架橋性を有する重合単位を更に含んでなり、
前記架橋性を有する重合単位の含有割合が0.01~2.0質量%である請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の二次電池多孔膜。 - (メタ)アクリル酸エステルモノマーの重合単位、酸性基を有するビニルモノマーの重合単位、及び、α,β-不飽和ニトリルモノマーの重合単位を含んでなるバインダーと、非導電性粒子と、イソチアゾリン系化合物と、キレート化合物と、溶媒とを含み、
前記イソチアゾリン系化合物の含有量が、前記バインダー100質量部に対し、0.001~1.0質量部であり、
前記キレート化合物の含有量が、前記バインダー100質量部に対し、0.001~1.0質量部である二次電池多孔膜用スラリー。 - 正極、負極、セパレーター及び電解液を含む二次電池であって、
前記正極、前記負極及び前記セパレーターのいずれかに、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の二次電池多孔膜が積層されてなる二次電池。
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JP2013186958A (ja) * | 2012-03-06 | 2013-09-19 | Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd | 金属イオン二次電池用セパレータの製造方法及び金属イオン二次電池用セパレータ |
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