WO2012072055A1 - Uso del pacap para el tratamiento de infecciones virales en organismos acuaticos - Google Patents
Uso del pacap para el tratamiento de infecciones virales en organismos acuaticos Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012072055A1 WO2012072055A1 PCT/CU2011/000008 CU2011000008W WO2012072055A1 WO 2012072055 A1 WO2012072055 A1 WO 2012072055A1 CU 2011000008 W CU2011000008 W CU 2011000008W WO 2012072055 A1 WO2012072055 A1 WO 2012072055A1
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- A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
- A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
- A61K31/7056—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing five-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
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- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
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- A61K9/0056—Mouth soluble or dispersible forms; Suckable, eatable, chewable coherent forms; Forms rapidly disintegrating in the mouth; Lozenges; Lollipops; Bite capsules; Baked products; Baits or other oral forms for animals
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- A61K9/513—Organic macromolecular compounds; Dendrimers
- A61K9/5146—Organic macromolecular compounds; Dendrimers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyethylene glycol, polyamines, polyanhydrides
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- A61P31/12—Antivirals
- A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
- A61P31/22—Antivirals for DNA viruses for herpes viruses
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of aquatic biotechnology, in particular with the use of PACAP and compositions containing PACAP for the treatment of viral infections, or infectious diseases caused by viruses, in aquatic organisms. It is also related to the use of PACAP combined with antivirals for the treatment of such infections. ⁇ o State of the prior art
- crustaceans represent one of the most important economic sectors in global aquaculture, contributing more than 10 billion dollars annually.
- Shrimp in culture are susceptible to a wide variety of pathogens that include viruses. It is estimated that in the mid-1990s, approximately 40% of world production (equivalent to 3 billion dollars) product of illness was lost.
- the main blisters were viral diseases, among which there are five especially important ones: the white spot virus (abbreviated WSSV), the yellow head virus (from English: yellow head virus, abbreviated YHV), Taura syndrome virus (abbreviated TSV), hypodermic and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (English: infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus, abbreviated IHNNV) and baculovirus monodon : monodon baculovirus, abbreviated MBV) (reviewed by Johnson et al. (2008) Vaccine 26: 4885-4992).
- WSSV white spot virus
- YHV yellow head virus
- TSV Taura syndrome virus
- IHNNV infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus
- baculovirus monodon monodon baculovirus, abbreviated MBV
- Bivalves are an important part of global mollusc production. These organisms, having the characteristic of being filters, are important reservoirs of viruses, so that their culture can face epizootics that put production at risk. Mass mortalities of adult oysters of the species Crassostrea angulata, associated with virus infections similar to iridovirus, have been reported in the literature. Additionally, other viruses of the Herpesviridae, Papovaviridae, Togaviridae, Retroviridae, Reoviridae, Birnaviridae and Picornaviridae families capable of infecting bivalve cultures have been described.
- bivalve virology is still a primitive science based primarily on morphological studies and a few experimental studies (reviewed by T. Renault and B. Novoa (2004) Aquat. Living Resour. 17: 397-409).
- Antivirals are chemical compounds used to treat infections caused by viruses.
- the first experimental antivirals were discovered in the 1960s. These were developed using the "trial” and "error” methodology. However, after the mid-1980s, the scenario changed dramatically.
- numerous novel antiviral drugs have been registered, most of them for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, there are many aspects that should be improved, because these compounds are not always effective or well tolerated.
- HCV human immunodeficiency virus
- some of the main reasons for refining the design and application of these drugs are the emergence of viral resistance or the side effects associated with them (De Clercq (2002) Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1: 13-25).
- the design of antiviral drugs is aimed at viral proteins or host cell proteins.
- the first strategy gives rise to more specific and less toxic compounds, but with a narrower spectrum of antiviral activity and a greater likelihood of resistance development.
- the second strategy allows to obtain antiviral compounds with a broader spectrum of activity and a lower probability of developing resistance, but has the disadvantage of a greater probability of cellular toxicity.
- the strategy of choice depends on the nature of the virus and the possible targets found in the virus or host cell (De Clercq (2002) Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1: 13-25).
- Ribavirin is a broad spectrum antiviral agent, with activity against a wide range of DNA and RNA genome viruses. It is a nucleoside analogue, which after being phosphorylated intracellularly, becomes a competitive inhibitor of cellular inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) which is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of guanosine monophosphate (GMP) (Graci and Cameron, (2006 ) Reviews in Medical Virology16: 49-63; Parker, (2005) Virus Research 107: 165-171).
- IMPDH inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase
- GMP guanosine monophosphate
- three other mechanisms have been proposed to explain the antiviral activity of this compound: by direct inhibition of viral RNA polymerase (Toltzis et al.
- the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide belongs to the secretin / glucagon / vasoactive intestinal peptide superfamily. This peptide was first isolated in 1989, from bovine hypothalamus, and its ability to stimulate growth hormone secretion through the activation of adenylate cyclase and subsequent production stimulation was demonstrated. of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (Miyata et al (1989) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 164 567-574). PACAP is a multifunctional neuropeptide that performs important functions as a pituitary and neurotropic factor, as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator and vasodilator in mammals (Arimura A.
- PACAP The biological actions of PACAP are mediated by the interaction with two types of receptors that belong to the family of receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase: the type I receptor, which is highly specific for PACAP and named as PAC-1, and type II receptors, which manifest the same affinity for PACAP as for vasoactive intestinal peptide
- VPAC VPAC 15
- VPAC-2 Vaudry et al. (2000) Pharmacol Rev 52: 269-324
- PACAP is widely distributed in the brain of mammals, mainly in the hypothalamus, in the paraventricular and dorsamedial nuclei of the thalamus, in the septum, in the cerebral cortex, in the amygdala, in the hippocampus and 0 in the cerebellum (Montero et al. (2000) Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 25: 157-168).
- the molecular form of the most abundant PACAP is that of 38 amino acids.
- Studies that have been conducted on different mammalian species show the presence of PACAP in the gonads (Shioda et al.
- the constitutive expression of the PAC-1 receptor has been observed in rat peritoneal macrophages and in the human myelomonocytic THP-1 cell line. Additionally, PACAP expression has been reported in thymocytes, different subtypes of T cells, B cells, splenocytes and lymph nodes in rats (Delgado et al. (2001) J Biol Chem 276: 369-80; Pozo et al. ( 2003) Trends Mol Med 9: 211-7).
- PACAP In rats, PACAP inhibits spontaneous thymocyte apoptosis (Delgado. (1996) Blood 87: 5152-5161). The fact that PACAP can control the proliferation of thymocytes suggests that it is an important regulator of the maturation of these cells of the immune system (Delgado. (1996) Blood 87: 5152-5161).
- This peptide indirectly intervenes in lymphocyte maturation by stimulating the release of interleukin 6 (IL-6) by the pituitary follicular cells.
- IL-6 stimulates the growth and differentiation of B cells, and promotes the synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulins by these cells (Tatsuno et al. (1991) Endocrinology 129: 1797-1804; Yada et al. (1993) Peptides 14: 235-239).
- the peptide also activates and suppresses the inflammatory response by regulating IL-6 and interleukin-10 (IL-10) (Mart ⁇ nez et al. (1996) J Immunol 156 (1): 4128-36; Mart ⁇ nez et al . (1998) J Neuroimmunol 85 (2): 155-67); Mart ⁇ nez et al. (1998) J Leukoc Biol 63 (5): 591-601).
- IL-6 and interleukin-10 IL-6 and interleukin-10
- PACAP In activated macrophages, PACAP inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and stimulates the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, allowing homeostasis of the immune system. Additionally, it reduces the expression of costimulatory molecules B7.1 / B7.2 and the subsequent activation of T cells helpers (Th, from English T helper). On the other hand, in previously stimulated macrophages, PACAP inhibits, through its PAC-1 receptors, the production of IL-6, thus suppressing inflammation (Mart ⁇ nez et al. (1998) J Neuroimmunol 85 (2): 155-67 ; Mart ⁇ nez et al. (1998) J Leukoc Biol. 1998 May; 63 (5): 591-601).
- PACAP inhibitory action on the transcription of IL-6 against intense inflammatory stimulation or intoxication helps tissue protection and homeostasis of the immune system (Mart ⁇ nez et al. (1998) J Neuroimmunol 85 (2): 155- 67; Mart ⁇ nez et al. (1998) J Leukoc Biol. 1998 May; 63 (5): 591-601).
- PACAP induces the expression of B7.2 and promotes cell differentiation towards a Th2 phenotype.
- Slim and Ganea 2001) Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 49 (2): 101-10).
- PACAP PACAP regulates both the innate and acquired immune systems and modulates the
- IFN interferon system
- cytokines produce an antiviral state in the cell by inducing the expression of proteins with antiviral activity such as 2 ', 5' oligoadenylate synthetase, protein kinase R and the group of GTPases called Mx proteins (Goodbourn et al. (2000) Journal of General Virology 81: 2341-2364). From the 0 results of recent research it was established that teleost fish possess an innate IFN system similar to that of mammals (Robertsen (2006) Fish and Shellfish Immunology 20: 172-191; Robertsen (2008) Fish and Shellfish Immunology 25: 351-357).
- IFNs have been cloned from different species of fish, including the zebrafish (Danio reindeer), the American catfish5 (Ictalurus punctatus) and the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (Altmann et al. (2003) Journal of Virology 77: 1992-2002; Lutfalla et al. (2003) BMC Genomics 4: 29; Robertsen et al. (2003) Journal of Interferon and Citokine Research 23: 601-612; Long et al. (2006) Fish and Shellfish Immunology 21: 42-59). Additionally, several IFN regulatory factors and JAK-STAT signaling pathway molecules have been identified in several fish species, as well as Mx proteins and other IFN stimulated genes. The antiviral activity of Mx proteins in Atlantic salmon and in the Japanese sole (Paraanderys) has also been demonstrated. olivaceus) (reviewed by Robertsen (2006) Fish and Shellfish Immunology 20: 172-191).
- the present invention solves the aforementioned problem by providing a new alternative for the control of viral infections in aquaculture, through the use of PACAP in the manufacture of compositions for the treatment of viral infections and infectious diseases caused by viruses in aquatic organisms. .
- treatment refers to any beneficial effect on the regression of the disease that includes attenuation, reduction, decrease or decrease in pathological development after the onset of the disease.
- antiviral includes any molecule defined as such in the literature, as well as any analog, functional derivatives or active fragments.
- pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide includes this molecule in any of its variants (PACAP27 or PACAP38), isolated from its natural source, or of synthetic or produced origin by recombinant DNA technology.
- variants of the PACAP neuropeptide alone are applied to fish, crustaceans and bivalves through immersion baths at intervals of 2-3 days.
- PACAP is applied to these organisms as a compound alone or in combination with a molecule of known antiviral activity.
- the administration of the PACAP and the antiviral molecule can be simultaneous (in a single formulation), sequential or separated over time.
- the preparations are administered to aquatic organisms orally, by injection or by immersion baths.
- a subject of this invention is a composition for the treatment of viral infections and infectious diseases caused by viruses in aquatic organisms characterized in that it comprises the "pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide" (PACAP).
- PACAP pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide
- the PACAP that is part of said composition is obtained by isolation from its natural source, synthetically, or by recombinant DNA technology. It is administered orally, by injection, or by immersion baths.
- PACAP is a polypeptide from fish.
- the present invention also relates to a veterinary combination characterized in that it comprises the "pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide" (PACAP) and an antiviral molecule.
- PACAP pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide
- the antiviral is ribavirin or an analog of ribavirin.
- the elements that are part of the combination, the PACAP and the antiviral, are administered simultaneously, separately or sequentially during the same treatment.
- the combination is used in the treatment of viral infections and infectious diseases caused by viruses in aquatic organisms.
- the PACAP and the antiviral are administered orally, by injection, or by immersion baths.
- the PACAP in said combination, is applied as a formulated feed, at a concentration of 50-750 [ig / kg of feed and the antiviral at a concentration of 100 to 2000 mg / kg of feed.
- the PACAP is applied to the fish by injection at a concentration of 0.1-10 ⁇ g per gram of body weight and the antiviral at a concentration of 1- 50 ⁇ g / g weight, as part of the veterinary combination.
- PACAP is applied to fish or crustaceans by immersion baths in a concentration of 50-1000 ⁇ 9 per liter of water and the antiviral at a concentration of 100-2000 ⁇ g / L.
- both PACAP when used as an antiviral and the combination of said peptide with a known antiviral entity, are applied to a variety of aquatic organisms. For example, among them are salmonids, penetrated shrimp, and bivalves.
- composition comprising PACAP, as well as the combination of said peptide or an antiviral, are useful in the therapeutic treatment of viral infections caused by viruses of the Herpesviridae, Papovaviridae, Togaviridae, Retroviridae, Reoviridae, Birnaviridae and Picornaviridae families.
- both PACAP when used as an antiviral, and the combination of said peptide with a known antiviral entity are used for the control of infections caused by IPNV, VHSV and ISAV. They are also used in the therapeutic treatment of viral infections caused by WSSV, YHV, TSV, IHNNV, and MBV.
- Also part of the present invention is a method for the control of viral infections in aquaculture which comprises the administration of PACAP, or 0 of veterinary combinations comprising PACAP, to aquatic organisms in culture.
- Figure 1 Analysis of the expression by real-time PCR of the PAC-1 5 receptor in leukocytes of anterior trout of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) treated in vitro with poly l: C (30 ⁇ g / mL) or infected with IPNV (multiplicity of the infection (from English multiplicity of infection, abbreviated moi) from 0.1) at 4, 24 and 48 hours after the experiment began.
- Leukocyte cultures were treated in duplicate, and PAC-1 receptor expression levels were analyzed by quantitative PCR0 in triplicate.
- the data are expressed as the mean of the relative expression of PAC-1 with respect to the endogenous gene of constitutive expression EF1 ⁇ ⁇ standard deviation of the mean (DS). * (p ⁇ 0.05) indicates that the relative expression of the PAC-1 was Statistically superior with respect to their relative expression in untreated leukocyte cultures (negative control).
- FIG. 2 Analysis of real-time PCR expression of the PAC-1 receptor in the rainbow trout macrophage cell line ⁇ Oncorhynchus mykiss) RTS-1 1 infected in vitro with HSVV (moi 0.1) at days 1, 4 and 8 started the experiment. The experiment was performed in duplicate, and the expression levels of the PAC-1 receptor were analyzed by quantitative PCR in triplicate. The data are shown as the mean of the relative expression of PAC-1 with respect to the endogenous gene of constitutive expression EF1 ⁇ ⁇ standard deviation of the mean (SD). * (p ⁇ 0.05) indicates that the relative expression of PAC-1 was statistically lower compared to its relative expression in untreated leukocyte cultures (negative control).
- FIG. 3 Expression analysis by real-time PCR of the VPAC-1 receptor in leukocytes of anterior trout of rainbow trout ⁇ Oncorhynchus mykiss) treated in vitro with poly l: C (30 ⁇ g / mL) or infected with HSV (moi de 0.1) at 4, 24 and 48 hours after the experiment began. The experiment was performed in duplicate and the expression levels of the PAC-1 receptor were analyzed by triplicate quantitative PCR. The data are shown as the mean of the relative expression of VPAC-1 with respect to the endogenous gene of constitutive expression EF1 ⁇ ⁇ standard deviation of the mean (SD). * (p ⁇ 0.05) indicates that the relative expression of VPAC-1 was statistically higher compared to its relative expression in untreated leukocyte cultures (negative control).
- Figure 4 Analysis of real-time PCR expression of the PAC-1 receptor in leukocytes of the previous kidney (A) and spleen (B) of rainbow trout ⁇ Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected experimentally in vivo with HSVV (100 ⁇ of 1 x 10 7 TCID 50 (viral titer of the culture supernatant) / mL per fish). Mixtures of five total RNAs from the previous kidney and five total RNAs from the spleen were made, corresponding to 5 fish taken at random from each experimental group on days 3, 7 and 10 of the viral infection. PAC-1 receptor expression levels were analyzed by triplicate quantitative PCR.
- VPAC-1 receptor expression levels were analyzed by triplicate quantitative PCR. The data are expressed as the mean of the relative expression of the VPAC-1 with respect to the endogenous gene of constitutive expression EF1 ⁇ ⁇ standard deviation of 1 or the mean (SD). * (p ⁇ 0.05).
- PACAP receptor expression levels were analyzed by triplicate quantitative PCR. The data are expressed as the mean of the relative expression of the PACAP with respect to the endogenous gene of constitutive expression EF1 ⁇ ⁇ standard deviation of the mean (SD). * (p ⁇ 0.05).
- FIG. 8 Real-time PCR analysis of the effect of PACAP38 in vitro on transcription of IFN ⁇ in peripheral blood leukocytes (A) and anterior kidney (B) of healthy trout.
- the effect of PACAP38 at concentrations of 10 ⁇ 10 was evaluated, 10 "9 and 10 ⁇ 8 M at 48 hours of treatment. The experiment was repeated 4 times.
- the leukocyte cultures were treated in duplicate and the PCR reactions were performed in triplicate. Data are expressed as the mean of expression. relative of the gene of interest (IFN ⁇ ) with respect to the endogenous expression gene
- FIG. 9 Real-time PCR analysis of the effect of PACAP38 in vitro on the transcription of TLR9 in leukocytes (A) of peripheral blood and (B) of the previous kidney of healthy trout.
- the leukocyte cultures were treated in duplicate and the PCR reactions were performed in triplicate.
- the data are expressed as the mean of the relative expression of the gene of interest (TLR9) with respect to the endogenous gene of constitutive expression i 5 ⁇ ⁇ standard deviation of the mean (SD). * (p ⁇ 0.05) indicates that the relative expression of the gene of interest was statistically superior with respect to its relative expression in untreated leukocyte cultures (negative control).
- CPE cytopathic effects
- Example 1 Expression of the PAC-1 receptor in leukocytes of anterior trout of rainbow trout ⁇ Oncorhynchus mykiss) treated in vitro with Poly: C and IPNV and in the cell line of infected rainbow trout macrophages (Oncorhynchus mykiss) RTS-11 in vitro with HSV Juveniles of rainbow trout (O. mykiss) of 9 to 12 grams of weight and 7 months of age, free of VHSV and IPNV, were used. The fish were kept at 14 ° C with water recirculation. The feed was administered twice daily ad libitum.
- HSVV strain 0771
- IPNV strain Sp.
- the viruses, HSVV (strain 0771) and IPNV Were propagated in the cell line of trout gonads rainbow trout RTG-2 (from Sena and Rio (1975) Infeci Immun 1 1: 815-22).
- the cells were cultured in minimal essential medium (MEM, Invitrogen, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS, Invitrogen) containing 100 IU / mL of penicillin and 100 pg / mL of streptomycin.
- FCS fetal calf serum
- Leukocytes from the previous kidney were isolated from 4 trout following the method described by Graham and Secombes (Graham and Secombes (1998) Immunology 65: 293-7).
- the anterior kidney was aseptically removed and passed through a 100 ⁇ nylon mesh using Leibov ⁇ tz medium (L-15, Gibco, UK) supplemented with 100 IU / mL penicillin, streptomycin (100 pg / mL), heparin 0 (10 units / mL) and 2% FCS.
- the resulting cell suspension was carefully placed on a 51% Percoll gradient.
- the cell ring corresponding to the leukocytes was carefully extracted, washed twice in L-5 containing 0.1% FCS.
- the cells were resuspended in L-15 with 5% FCS at a concentration of 5x10 6 cells per mL and dispensed in 24-well plates at 1 mL per well.
- the leukocytes were exposed to 30 ⁇ g / mL of poly 1: C (Sigma) or infected with IPNV at a moi of 0.1 and incubated at 14 ° C for 4 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours.
- Samples were treated with a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nuclease, specifically with RQ1 RNase-free DNAse (Promega), in order to remove genomic DNA that It could be present in the samples.
- DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
- cDNA complementary DNAs
- qPCR quantitative PCR reactions
- Example 2 Expression of the VPAC-1 receptor in leukocytes of anterior kidney of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) treated in vitro with Poly: C and HSV To evaluate the expression levels of the VPAC-1 receptor, an experimental design was carried out similar to that described in Example 1.
- VPAC-1 VPAC-1
- 1 5 could be associated with a specific effect of the virus as a complete biological entity in infected cells, probably to their benefit.
- Example 3 Expression of PACAP and PAC-1 and VPAC-1 receptors in spleen and anterior kidney leukocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected in vivo with HSVV
- HSVV HSVV
- RTG-2 cell line from Sena and Rio (1975) Infect Immun 1 1: 815-22.
- the viruses were inoculated into the RTG-2 cell line grown in MEM with antibiotics (100 IU / mL penicillin and 100 g / mL streptomycin) and 2% FCS at 14 ° C.
- antibiotics 100 IU / mL penicillin and 100 g / mL streptomycin
- FCS 2% FCS at 14 ° C.
- culture supernatants were harvested and centrifuged to remove cell debris. Clarified culture supernatants were used for trout infection.
- Viral titers were determined in 96-well plates as reported by Reed and Muench (Reed and Muench (1998) J Hyg 27: 280-9).
- Juveniles of rainbow trout (O. mykiss) weighing 9 to 12 grams and weighing 7 months of age and free of HSV and IPNV were used. The fish were kept at 14 ° C with water recirculation. The feed was administered twice daily ad libitum. Two experimental groups of 20 trout each group were formed, one group was injected with viral solution (100 ⁇ of 1 x 10 7 TCID 50 / mL per fish) and the another group (used as a negative control) was injected with culture medium of RTG-2 not infected with HSV.
- RNAs from each selected organ were made, corresponding to the five individuals from each experimental group randomly taken on day 1, 3, 7 and 10 of the experiment.
- the PAC-1 and VPAC-1 receptors have lower levels of expression than the control group at day 1 and 3, the values of VPAC-1 at day 10 being undetectable.
- both receptors increase their expression levels with respect to the negative control group. It was also observed that both receptors have a similar expression pattern in the time after viral infection ( Figures 4 and 5).
- Juveniles of rainbow trout (O. mykiss) of approximately 50 grams in weight, free of VHSV and IPNV, were used.
- Leukocytes were isolated from peripheral blood and anterior kidney from 5 trout independently, following the method described by Graham and Secombes (Graham and Secombes (1998) Immunology 65: 293-7).
- peripheral blood of each fish was diluted 4 times in Leibovitz medium (L-15, Gibco, UK) supplemented with 100 IU / mL penicillin, streptomycin (100 pg / mL), heparin (10 units / mL) and 2% FCS , and carefully placed on a 51% Percoll gradient. The cell ring corresponding to the leukocytes was carefully extracted, washed twice in L-15 containing 0.1% FCS.
- Leibovitz medium L-15, Gibco, UK
- the anterior kidney was passed through a 100 ⁇ nylon mesh using Leibovitz medium (L-15, Gibco, UK) supplemented with 100 IU / mL penicillin, streptomycin (100 pg / mL), heparin (10 units / mL) and 2% FCS.
- the resulting cell suspension was brought to a 1: 4 dilution in the same supplemented L-15 medium and carefully placed on a 51% Percoll gradient.
- the cell ring corresponding to the leukocytes was carefully extracted, washed twice in L-15 containing 0.1% FCS.
- the cells were resuspended in L-15 with 5% FCS at a concentration of 5x10 6 cells per mL and dispensed in 24-well plates at 1 mL per well.
- the leukocytes were treated with 3 doses of PACAP38 from Ciar ⁇ as gariepinus obtained by chemical synthesis (10 " ° M, 10 " 9 M and 10 "8 M) in duplicate and untreated leukocytes dispensed in duplicate were used as a negative control.
- RNA was purified from the cultures of leukocytes controlled and treated with PACAP at the times mentioned above, by the method described by Chomczynski and Sacchi (Chomczynski and Sacchi (1987) Anal. Biochem. 162: 156-9). Taking into account that primers designed to amplify Mx, IFN ⁇ and TLR9 do not discriminate between cDNA and genomic DNA, the purified total RNAs were treated at from the different tissues with a DNA nuclease, specifically with the RQ1 RNase-free DNAse (Promega) with the purpose of eliminating the genomic DNA that could be present in the samples.
- Mx protein levels increase after 48 hours of treatment in peripheral blood leukocyte cultures treated with 10 " ! ° M of PACAP38.
- the levels of INF ⁇ went from undetectable values in the cultures of peripheral blood leukocytes negative control to detectable values in the cultures treated with the 3 doses of PACAP38, obtaining the highest levels of expression at the intermediate dose of 10 "9 M ( Figure . 9A) Moreover, it was observed that PACAP38 5 stimulates transcription of ⁇ INF in leucocyte culture prior kidney expression levels of ⁇ INF were statistically higher than the control group at a dose of 10 "9. - 10 ⁇ 8 M, obtaining the best results at the highest dose of 10 "8 M ( Figure 9 B).
- Example 5 In vitro effect of administration of PACAP in combination with ⁇ or ribavirin on IPNV
- IPNV supernatant obtained from cell culture As a viral isolate, an IPNV supernatant obtained from cell culture (ATCC strain VR-299) was used. Viral confirmation was performed through a specific PCR.
- the CHSE-214 cell line Chonook Salmon Embryo (ECACC No. 00 / F / 031) was used. This was maintained at 18 ° C in MEM medium supplemented with salts of
- the inoculum was grown at 15 ° C and 2% of SFB and prior to the test it was titled by the technique of Reed and Muench, (Reed and Muench (1938) The American Journal of Hygiene 27: 493-497), determining the viral titer of the culture supernatant (TCID 50 ). From the viral inoculum a dilution of 0.1 moi was prepared for the assay.
- Example 6 Effect of administration of PACAP and the combination PACAP plus ribavirin to rainbow trout (O. mykiss) experimentally infected with IPNV
- Group 3 Group treated with ribavirin at a dose of 400 ⁇ g / L of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 4 Group treated with ribavirin at a dose of 800 ⁇ g / L of water, exposed to 20 viruses
- Group 5 Group treated with PACAP at a dose of 00 ⁇ g / L of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 6 Group treated with PACAP at a dose of 200 ⁇ g / L of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 7 Group treated with combination 1 (ribavirin 400 ⁇ g / L-PACAP 100 ⁇ g / L), exposed to the virus
- Group 8 Group treated with combination 2 (ribavirin 800 ⁇ g / L-PACAP 200 ⁇ g / L), exposed to the virus
- the fish were fed with an amount of feed equivalent to 3% of the total biomass per group, twice a day.
- the fish were exposed to the virus by placing them in water at 10-12 ° C containing approximately 10 5 plaque forming units (pfu) / mL of IPNV (ATCC strain VR-299) for 2 h.
- Fish from Groups 1 and 2 were subjected to the same treatment stress without the compound antiviral or the PACAP-antiviral combination.
- Group 1 fish were subjected to the same procedure with cell culture medium instead of the virus.
- the virus was identified by RT-PCR, from the kidney and spleen, according to the method described by López-Lastra et al. (1994) Journal of Fish Diseases 17: 269-282.
- Treatment with the PACAP or the PACAP-antiviral combination was performed 3 times a week for 20 days. The first time it was performed 2 h after viral infection. Experimental observations were made during the period of 20 days of treatment and 25 days after this. During the 45 days of the experiment, the deaths and abnormal behavior of the fish were recorded.
- Table 1 shows the average weights at 45 days post-infection. Infected and untreated fish had a lower weight gain compared to uninfected fish. This weight loss was compensated in the treated groups and to a greater extent in the groups treated with the PACAP-ribavirin combination.
- Table 1 Increase in body weight of rainbow trout fry during the 45 days post-infection.
- Example 7 Effect of administration of PACAP and the combination PACAP plus ribavirin, formulated in polylactide-co-glycolic acid, to rainbow trout (O. mykiss) experimentally infected with IPNV
- Group 1 Fish injected with PLGA, not exposed to the virus
- Group 2 Fish injected with PLGA, exposed to the virus
- Group 3 Group injected with ribavirin at a dose of 4 ⁇ g / g of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 4 Group injected with ribavirin at a dose of 8 ⁇ 9 ⁇ of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 5 Group injected with PACAP at a dose of 0.1 ⁇ g / g of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 6 Group injected with PACAP at a dose of 0.2 ⁇ g / g of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 7 Group injected with combination 1 (ribavirin 4 ⁇ g / g-PACAP 0.1 exposed to the virus
- Group 8 Group injected with combination 2 (ribavirin 8 ⁇ 9 ⁇ - ⁇ 0.2 ⁇ 9 9), exposed to the virus
- Nanoparticles containing PACAP, or the combination PACAP plus ribavirin were administered by intraperitoneal injection, 2 hours after viral infection. Experimental observations were made for 30 days. Similar survival results were obtained as described in Example 6.
- Example 8 Effect of administration of PACAP and the combination PACAP plus ribavirin to Atlantic Salmon (Psalm ⁇ experimentally infected with IPNV
- Group 3 Group treated with ribavirin at a dose of 400 ⁇ g / L of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 4 Group treated with ribavirin at a dose of 800 ⁇ lL of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 5 Group treated with PACAP at a dose of 100 ⁇ g / L of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 6 Group treated with PACAP at a dose of 200 ⁇ glL of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 7 Group treated with the combination ribavirin 400 ⁇ g / L-PACAP 100 , ug / L, exposed to the virus
- Group 8 Group treated with the combination ribavirin 800 ⁇ 9 / 1_- ⁇ 200 ⁇ / ⁇ ,, exposed to the virus
- the fish were fed with an amount of feed equivalent to 3% of the total biomass per group, twice a day.
- the fish were exposed to the virus
- IPNV IPNV
- the treatment was performed 3 times a week for 20 days. Experimental observations were made during this period and 25 days after treatment. During the 45 days of the experiment, the deaths and abnormal behavior of the fish were recorded.
- the fish of Groups 1 and 2 were subjected to the same treatment stress without the antiviral compound or the PACAP-antiviral combination.
- Group 1 fish were subjected to the same procedure with cell culture medium instead of the virus.
- the virus was identified by RT-PCR, from kidney and spleen, according to the method described by López-Lastra et al. (1994) Journal of Fish Diseases
- Example 9 Effect of administration of PACAP and the combination PACAP plus ribavirin to Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salai experimentally infected with ISAV
- Group 3 Group treated with ribavirin at a dose of 400 ⁇ g / L of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 4 Group treated with ribavirin at a dose of 800 ⁇ / L of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 5 Group treated with PACAP at a dose of 100 ⁇ g / L of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 6 Group treated with PACAP at a dose of 200 ⁇ g / L of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 7 Group treated with the combination ribavirin 400 ⁇ g L-PACAP 100 ⁇ g / L, exposed to the virus
- Group 8 Group treated with the combination ribavirin 800 ⁇ g / L-PACAP 200 ⁇ g L, ⁇ or exposed to the virus
- SHK-1 cells infected with the strain Glesvaer were grown in 175 cm 2 bottles for 5 days. The fish were exposed to the virus by cohabitation with injected fish
- Group 2 Untreated fish, exposed to the virus
- Group 3 Group treated with amantidine at a dose of 400 ⁇ g / L ⁇ of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 4 Group treated with amantidine at a dose of 800 ⁇ g / L of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 5 Group treated with PACAP at a dose of 100 ⁇ g / L of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 6 Group treated with PACAP at a dose of 200 ⁇ g / L of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 7 Group treated with combination 1 (amantidine 400 ⁇ g / L-PACAP 100 l or ⁇ g L), exposed to the virus
- Group 8 Group treated with combination 2 (amantidine 800 ⁇ g / L-PACAP 200 ⁇ g / L), exposed to the virus
- the experimental conditions were similar to the experiments described in the previous examples.
- the fish were challenged by immersion with 5.9 X 10 3 pfu / ml
- Example 11 Effect of administration of PACAP and the combination PACAP plus ribavirin to Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) experimentally infected with the white spot syndrome (WSSV) virus
- Group 1 Untreated, not exposed to the WSSV virus
- Group 2 Untreated, exposed to the WSSV virus
- Group 3 Treated with ribavirin, exposed to the WSSV virus
- Group 4 Treated with PACAP, exposed to the WSSV virus
- Group 5 Treated with the combination ribavirin-PACAP, exposed to the WSSV virus
- the Orconectes limosus crab was used.
- the WSSV was purified from the newly extracted hemolymph, by sucrose gradient centrifugation, as described by Van Hulten et al. In 2001 (Van Hulten et al. (2001) Virology 285: 228-33). Viral samples were stored at -80 ° C until use.
- the immersion route was used to cause experimental viral infection. Prior to viral infection, viral titration was carried out and the amount required to cause 75% mortality was determined. For this, the shrimp were experimentally infected with different dilutions of the virus during an incubation period of 7 hours.
- shrimp were washed with virus-free seawater and placed in new containers to perform the experiment according to the experimental group design described above.
- the treatments were administered 3 times per week, for 30 days by immersion baths at a dose of the antiviral alone (of 500 ⁇ g / L of water) or in combination with the PACAP, post-infection.
- a dose of PACAP of 200 ⁇ g / L of water was used.
- Shrimp from Groups 1 and 2 were subjected to the same stress of the treatment. During the 30 days of the experiment, deaths were recorded in each experimental group.
- The% mortality in Group 2 was 60%, in Group 1 (untreated, not exposed to the virus) was 0%, in Group 3 (treated with ribavirin, exposed to the virus) the mortality was 16%, while in the group treated with the PACAP the mortality was 26%. In the group treated with the PACAP-ribavirin combination the% mortality was 2%. In the tissue samples of the dead shrimp the presence of the WSSV was detected by RT-PCR.
- Example 12 Effect of administration of PACAP and the combination PACAP plus ribavirin on scallops of the Pectén maximus species experimentally infected with IPNV
- Group 3 Group treated with ribavirin at a dose of 400 ⁇ g / L of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 4 Group treated with ribavirin at a dose of 800 ⁇ g / L of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 5 Group treated with PACAP at a dose of 100 ⁇ g / L of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 6 Group treated with PACAP at a dose of 200 ⁇ g / L of water, exposed to the virus
- Group 7 Group treated with combination 1 (ribavirin 400 ⁇ g / L-PACAP 100 ⁇ g / L), exposed to the virus
- Group 8 Group treated with combination 2 (ribavirin 800 ⁇ g / L-PACAP 200 ⁇ g / L), exposed to the virus
- the treatment was performed 3 times a week for 20 days.
- the oysters were challenged by exposure to 25 L of water containing 10 7 TCID 50 mL ⁇ 1 in 80 L aquariums. After 6 h the water exchange began, at a slow flow of 1 L / min and at 12 h the flow was increased to 3 L / min.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (14)
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AU2011335519A AU2011335519B2 (en) | 2010-12-01 | 2011-11-30 | Use of PACAP for treating viral infections in aquatic organisms |
KR1020137017000A KR101838721B1 (ko) | 2010-12-01 | 2011-11-30 | 수중 생물에서 바이러스 감염을 치료하기 위한 pacap의 용도 |
SG2013051289A SG191823A1 (en) | 2010-12-01 | 2011-11-30 | Use of pacap for treating viral infections in aquatic organisms |
CN201180064517.1A CN103298452B (zh) | 2010-12-01 | 2011-11-30 | Pacap用于在水生生物中治疗病毒感染的用途 |
JP2013541202A JP5997702B2 (ja) | 2010-12-01 | 2011-11-30 | 水生生物におけるウイルス感染を処置するためのpacapの使用 |
MX2013006217A MX347844B (es) | 2010-12-01 | 2011-11-30 | Uso del pacap para el tratamiento de infecciones virales en organismos acuaticos. |
BR112013013526A BR112013013526B1 (pt) | 2010-12-01 | 2011-11-30 | uso de pacap para o tratamento de infecções virais em organismos aquáticos, e combinação veterinária |
RU2013129830/13A RU2567802C2 (ru) | 2010-12-01 | 2011-11-30 | Применение расар для лечения вирусных инфекций у водных организмов |
EP11807854.2A EP2647369B1 (en) | 2010-12-01 | 2011-11-30 | Pacap for the treatment of viral infections in aquatic organisms |
CA2819206A CA2819206C (en) | 2010-12-01 | 2011-11-30 | Use of pacap for treating viral infections in aquatic organisms |
US13/989,921 US9119830B2 (en) | 2010-01-12 | 2011-11-30 | Use of PACAP for the treatment of viral infections in aquatic organisms |
ES11807854.2T ES2621332T3 (es) | 2010-12-01 | 2011-11-30 | PACAP para el tratamiento de infecciones virales en organismos acuáticos |
ZA2013/04025A ZA201304025B (en) | 2010-12-01 | 2013-05-31 | Use of pacap for treating viral infections in aquatic organisms |
US14/839,114 US9603900B2 (en) | 2010-12-01 | 2015-08-28 | Use of PACAP for the treatment of viral infections in aquatic organisms |
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WO1994026897A2 (en) * | 1993-05-14 | 1994-11-24 | University Of Victoria Innovation And Development Corporation | Dna encoding two fish neuropeptides |
WO2007059714A1 (es) | 2005-11-22 | 2007-05-31 | Centro De Ingenieria Genetica Y Biotecnologia | Neuropéptidos para el cultivo de organismos acuáticos |
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BR112013013526A2 (pt) | 2016-10-18 |
CU20100233A7 (es) | 2012-10-15 |
AU2011335519A1 (en) | 2013-06-20 |
CA2819206A1 (en) | 2012-06-07 |
SG191823A1 (en) | 2013-08-30 |
MX2013006217A (es) | 2013-07-15 |
CL2013001561A1 (es) | 2014-03-21 |
MX347844B (es) | 2017-05-16 |
EP2647369A1 (en) | 2013-10-09 |
CA2819206C (en) | 2018-07-10 |
US20140087998A1 (en) | 2014-03-27 |
US9603900B2 (en) | 2017-03-28 |
PT2647369T (pt) | 2017-04-11 |
KR20140031840A (ko) | 2014-03-13 |
RU2567802C2 (ru) | 2015-11-10 |
ZA201304025B (en) | 2014-02-26 |
MY165435A (en) | 2018-03-22 |
CU23975B1 (es) | 2014-01-29 |
BR112013013526B1 (pt) | 2020-04-07 |
JP2013544262A (ja) | 2013-12-12 |
EP2647369B1 (en) | 2017-01-25 |
US20160030519A1 (en) | 2016-02-04 |
AR084049A1 (es) | 2013-04-17 |
CN103298452A (zh) | 2013-09-11 |
ES2621332T3 (es) | 2017-07-03 |
KR101838721B1 (ko) | 2018-03-14 |
CN103298452B (zh) | 2016-08-10 |
AU2011335519B2 (en) | 2016-09-22 |
RU2013129830A (ru) | 2015-01-10 |
JP5997702B2 (ja) | 2016-09-28 |
US9119830B2 (en) | 2015-09-01 |
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