WO2011132464A1 - 内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置および吸気パラメータ算出方法 - Google Patents
内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置および吸気パラメータ算出方法 Download PDFInfo
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/18—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals by measuring intake air flow
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/24—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
- F02D41/2406—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
- F02D41/2425—Particular ways of programming the data
- F02D41/2429—Methods of calibrating or learning
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/24—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
- F02D41/2406—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
- F02D41/2425—Particular ways of programming the data
- F02D41/2429—Methods of calibrating or learning
- F02D41/2451—Methods of calibrating or learning characterised by what is learned or calibrated
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/24—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
- F02D41/2406—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
- F02D41/2425—Particular ways of programming the data
- F02D41/2429—Methods of calibrating or learning
- F02D41/2451—Methods of calibrating or learning characterised by what is learned or calibrated
- F02D41/2474—Characteristics of sensors
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
- F02D2200/02—Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
- F02D2200/04—Engine intake system parameters
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
- F02D2200/02—Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
- F02D2200/04—Engine intake system parameters
- F02D2200/0402—Engine intake system parameters the parameter being determined by using a model of the engine intake or its components
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
- F02D2200/02—Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
- F02D2200/04—Engine intake system parameters
- F02D2200/0404—Throttle position
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
- F02D2200/70—Input parameters for engine control said parameters being related to the vehicle exterior
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
- F02D2200/70—Input parameters for engine control said parameters being related to the vehicle exterior
- F02D2200/703—Atmospheric pressure
- F02D2200/704—Estimation of atmospheric pressure
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/24—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
- F02D41/2406—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
- F02D41/2425—Particular ways of programming the data
- F02D41/2429—Methods of calibrating or learning
- F02D41/2441—Methods of calibrating or learning characterised by the learning conditions
- F02D41/2445—Methods of calibrating or learning characterised by the learning conditions characterised by a plurality of learning conditions or ranges
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/24—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
- F02D41/2406—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
- F02D41/2425—Particular ways of programming the data
- F02D41/2429—Methods of calibrating or learning
- F02D41/2441—Methods of calibrating or learning characterised by the learning conditions
- F02D41/2448—Prohibition of learning
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/24—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
- F02D41/2406—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
- F02D41/2425—Particular ways of programming the data
- F02D41/2429—Methods of calibrating or learning
- F02D41/2451—Methods of calibrating or learning characterised by what is learned or calibrated
- F02D41/2454—Learning of the air-fuel ratio control
- F02D41/2461—Learning of the air-fuel ratio control by learning a value and then controlling another value
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
- F02P5/00—Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor
- F02P5/04—Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor automatically, as a function of the working conditions of the engine or vehicle or of the atmospheric conditions
- F02P5/145—Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor automatically, as a function of the working conditions of the engine or vehicle or of the atmospheric conditions using electrical means
- F02P5/15—Digital data processing
- F02P5/1502—Digital data processing using one central computing unit
- F02P5/1504—Digital data processing using one central computing unit with particular means during a transient phase, e.g. acceleration, deceleration, gear change
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an intake air parameter calculation device and an intake air parameter calculation method for an internal combustion engine that calculate an intake air parameter representing an air state in an intake passage such as an intake pressure and an intake air amount of the internal combustion engine.
- This intake parameter calculation device calculates a required intake pressure P as an intake parameter, and includes an air flow meter, an intake pressure sensor, a throttle sensor, and the like.
- the accelerator opening Acc which is the amount of operation of the accelerator pedal, is based on the detection signal of the throttle sensor
- the actual intake air amount Gact is based on the detection signal of the air flow meter
- the actual intake pressure Pact is the intake pressure sensor.
- the required shaft torque is calculated using the accelerator opening degree Acc and the engine speed Ne
- the required intake pressure P is calculated using the intake system model of Expression (3) that defines the relationship between the required shaft torque and the required intake pressure P. Is calculated.
- This intake system model is derived from a gas state equation and includes a learning value Kn as a multiplication coefficient.
- This learning value Kn is for correcting the modeling error, and is calculated by a smoothing operation (weighted average operation) between the previous value and the base value Knbase.
- the base value Knbase is calculated by dividing the ratio between the actual intake pressure Pact and the actual intake air amount Gact by the ratio between the required intake pressure P and the required intake air amount G calculated based on the intake system model.
- the present invention has been made in order to solve the above-described problems.
- An intake parameter calculation apparatus and an intake parameter calculation method for an internal combustion engine capable of accurately calculating an intake parameter when an intake throttle valve is provided.
- the purpose is to provide.
- the invention according to claim 1 is an internal combustion engine in which the amount of air passing through the intake throttle valve is changed as the passing air amount by the intake throttle valve (throttle valve 7a) provided in the intake passage 6.
- an intake parameter calculation device 1 for an internal combustion engine 3 that calculates intake parameters (passing air amount GAIRTH, intake air amount GAIR, intake pressure PBA) representing the state of air in the intake passage 6,
- Basic intake parameter calculation means (ECU2, steps 6, 90, 110, 144, 175) for calculating basic intake parameters (basic passing air amount GAIRTHN, basic intake air amount GAIRN, basic intake pressure PBAN) as values, and predetermined modeling
- the upstream pressure (atmospheric pressure), which is the pressure in the intake passage 6 on the upstream side of the intake throttle valve, derived by the technique.
- a first opening function value (model equation value KTHCAL) is calculated as a first calculated value of the opening function value using the model expressions [Expressions (7), (13), (23)] defining the relationship. Correlation representing the correlation between the first opening function value calculating means (ECU2, steps 11, 103, 123, 154, 183) and the opening of the intake throttle valve (throttle valve opening TH) and the opening function value KTH.
- Second opening function value calculation means (ECU2, steps 11, 100) that calculates a second opening function value (map value KTH) as a second calculated value of the opening function value using the relational model (FIG. 2). , 120, 151, 180) Using the function value ratio (function value error KTHERR) that is the ratio of one of the first opening function value and the calculated second opening function value to the other, a correction value (correction coefficient KTHCOR, correction coefficient KAFMERR, Correction value calculation means (ECU 2, steps 3, 100 to 107, 120 to 131, 142, 146, 147, 172) for calculating the correction term PBAERRRCOR) and correcting the basic intake parameters with the calculated correction values, Intake parameter calculation means (ECU2, steps 6, 91, 111, 144, 175) for calculating intake parameters (passage air amount GAIRTH, intake air amount GAIR, intake pressure PBA).
- the first opening function value is determined by the upstream pressure, which is the pressure in the intake passage on the upstream side of the intake throttle valve, and in the intake passage on the downstream side of the intake throttle valve.
- the second opening function value is calculated using a model formula that defines the relationship between the downstream pressure, which is the pressure, the opening function value determined by the opening degree of the intake throttle valve, and the passing air amount. Calculated by using a correlation model representing the correlation between the opening degree and the opening degree function value, and the ratio of one of the calculated first opening degree function value and the calculated second opening degree function value to the other.
- a correction value is calculated using a certain function value ratio, and the intake parameter is calculated by correcting the basic intake parameter with the correction value thus calculated.
- both the first and second opening degree function values are function values determined by the opening degree of the intake throttle valve, and the basic intake air parameter is set with a correction value calculated using the ratio of the two values.
- the intake air parameter is calculated. Therefore, the intake air parameter can be calculated while reflecting the opening state of the intake throttle valve.
- the function value ratio which is the ratio of one of the first opening function value and the second opening function value to the other is the difference between the two opening function values, that is, the model formula and the correlation model. Therefore, the correction value can be calculated on the assumption that such an error can be corrected.
- the basic intake parameter calculating means uses a basic passing air amount that is a basic value of the passing air amount GAIRTH as a basic intake parameter. It has basic passing air amount calculating means (ECU2, steps 6, 144, 175) for calculating GAIRTHN, and the correction value calculating means uses a first correction value (correction coefficient) for correcting the basic passing air amount as a correction value.
- First correction value calculation means (ECU2, steps 3, 142, 146, 147) for calculating (KTHCOR), and the intake parameter calculation means corrects the calculated basic passing air amount with the calculated first correction value.
- the passing air amount calculation means (ECU 2, steps 6, 144, 1) for calculating the passing air amount GAIRTH as the intake air parameter. Characterized in that it has a 5).
- the basic passing air amount that is a basic value of the passing air amount is calculated as the basic intake parameter, and the first correction value for correcting the basic intake air amount is used as the correction value.
- the passing air amount is calculated as the intake parameter, so that while reflecting the opening state of the intake throttle valve, The passing air amount can be calculated.
- the first correction value is calculated as an error that can be corrected between the model formula and the correlation model, the passing air amount can be calculated as a value in which such an error is corrected. it can. As described above, the passing air amount can be accurately calculated.
- the first correction value calculating means determines the error and the intake throttle valve when the function value ratio is regarded as an error.
- On-board identification means ECU2, steps 17, 40 to 53, 157) for identifying the model parameter A of the error model equation (8) defining the relationship with the opening degree of the on-board, and identifying on-board The first correction value is calculated using the model parameter A and the error model equation.
- the model parameter of the error model formula that defines the relationship between the error and the opening of the intake throttle valve when the function value ratio is regarded as an error is identified on-board. Since the first correction value is calculated using the model parameter and the error model formula identified on-board, the error model formula is an error due to the secular change in the intake throttle valve and the variation between individuals. Even if there is a deviation from the actual relationship between the valve opening and the opening of the intake throttle valve, that is, if a modeling error occurs, such modeling error can be quickly solved by using on-board identified model parameters.
- the error model equation can be quickly adapted to the actual relationship between the error and the opening of the intake throttle valve. Thereby, the correction accuracy by the correction value can be improved, and the calculation accuracy of the passing air amount can be improved.
- the on-board identification means is provided in a plurality of regions when the opening of the intake throttle valve is divided into a plurality of regions.
- a plurality of weights are respectively set, and the identification value of the model parameter A is calculated by an identification calculation algorithm [Equations (16) to (18)] to which a weighting process using a plurality of weights is applied. It is characterized by being set to the same value.
- a plurality of weights are set corresponding to each of the plurality of regions when the opening degree of the intake throttle valve is divided into a plurality of regions, and
- the identification value of the model parameter is calculated by the identification calculation algorithm to which the weighting process is applied. Since the plurality of weights are set to the same value as each other, during the on-board identification calculation, the opening of the intake throttle valve is temporarily biased to one of the plurality of areas, and the calculation result corresponding to the area is Even when the calculation result is temporarily much larger than the calculation results of other regions, it is possible to appropriately calculate the identification value of the model parameter while suppressing the reflection of the biased calculation result. And good calculation accuracy can be ensured. Thereby, the calculation accuracy of the passing air amount can be further improved.
- the on-board identifying means corresponds to a plurality of regions when the opening of the intake throttle valve is divided into a plurality of regions. Then, a plurality of weights are respectively set and an identification calculation algorithm [Equations (18), (27), (28)] to which a weighting process using a plurality of weights (weight coefficients K1 to KG4) is applied is used. The identification value is calculated, and the plurality of weights are set such that the weights in the region where the opening degree of the intake throttle valve is smaller are set larger.
- a plurality of weights are set corresponding to each of the plurality of regions when the opening degree of the intake throttle valve is divided into a plurality of regions, and The identification value of the model parameter is calculated by the identification calculation algorithm to which the weighting process is applied.
- the plurality of weights are set so as to increase as the weight of the region where the opening of the intake throttle valve is smaller.
- the calculation error of the passing air amount is caused by the deviation of the opening area of the intake throttle valve from the value of the standard product (reference product), and the degree of influence of the deviation is The smaller the opening of the intake throttle valve, the larger it becomes.
- the identification value of the model parameter can be calculated, thereby further improving the calculation accuracy of the first correction value. As a result, the calculation accuracy of the passing air amount can be further improved.
- the internal combustion engine 3 is used as a power source of the vehicle, and the first correction value calculating means is When one of the conditions that the predetermined time has not elapsed since the start of the internal combustion engine 3 and that the total travel distance DIST of the vehicle after the start of the internal combustion engine 3 is less than the predetermined value DLEARN is satisfied ( The first correction value is calculated when the determination result of steps 11 and 20 is YES.
- one condition is that a predetermined time has not elapsed since the start of the internal combustion engine and that the total travel distance of the vehicle after the start of the internal combustion engine is less than a predetermined value.
- the first correction value is calculated.
- the calculation error of the passing air amount is caused by the deviation of the opening area of the intake throttle valve from the value of the standard product, and the low opening degree of the intake throttle valve is small.
- the intake throttle valve is opened. The degree tends to change in the low opening range.
- the calculation accuracy can be improved by executing the calculation of the first correction value only in the region where the calculation error of the passing air amount is likely to occur.
- the estimated upstream pressure (estimated atmospheric pressure HPA) is calculated as an estimated value of the upstream pressure.
- An upstream pressure calculating means (ECU 2, steps 61 and 64) is further provided, and the first opening function value calculating means calculates a first opening function value using the calculated estimated upstream pressure and the model formula. It is characterized by that.
- the first opening degree function value is calculated using the calculated estimated upstream pressure and the model equation. A decrease in the calculation accuracy of the correction value can be avoided, and a good calculation accuracy can be ensured.
- the invention according to claim 8 is the intake parameter calculation device for the internal combustion engine 3 according to claim 7, further comprising downstream pressure detection means (ECU2, intake pressure sensor 22) for detecting the downstream pressure (intake pressure PBA).
- the estimated upstream pressure calculating means sets the estimated upstream pressure to the downstream pressure detected by the downstream pressure detecting means when starting the internal combustion engine 3 (step 61).
- the estimated upstream pressure is set to the downstream pressure detected by the downstream pressure detection means when starting the internal combustion engine, so the first opening function value is It is calculated using such downstream pressure.
- the downstream pressure detected by the downstream pressure detection means when starting the internal combustion engine is the upstream side.
- the invention according to claim 9 is the intake air parameter calculation device for an internal combustion engine according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the air amount is provided upstream of the intake throttle valve of the intake passage 6 and flows through the intake passage 6.
- An intake air amount detection means air flow sensor 20 for outputting a detection signal representing the intake air amount GAIR
- an intake air amount calculation means ECU2, step
- the estimated upstream pressure calculating means calculates an estimated passing air amount HGAIRTH, which is an estimated value of the passing air amount, using the first correction value (correction coefficient KTHCOR) and the model equation.
- the estimated upstream pressure Estimate and updates the atmospheric pressure HPA) (steps 73-83) may be characterized.
- the estimated upstream pressure is updated based on the comparison result between the intake air amount calculated based on the detection result of the intake air amount detecting means and the estimated passing air amount.
- the estimated passing air amount is calculated using the first correction value and the model formula, high calculation accuracy can be ensured while compensating for the modeling error described above in the calculation result. Therefore, the update accuracy of the estimated upstream pressure, that is, the calculation accuracy of the estimated upstream pressure is improved by updating the estimated upstream pressure based on the comparison result between the estimated passing air amount and the intake air amount. Can do.
- the first correction value calculating means calculates an arithmetic mean value of one of the function value ratio and the first correction value.
- the arithmetic mean value calculating means (ECU2, step 186) for calculating the value corresponding to the predetermined interval (1 °) of the opening of the intake throttle valve, and the calculated arithmetic mean value as the memory value Storage means (ECU2, step 186) for storing the value corresponding to the predetermined interval of the opening of the intake throttle valve, and storing the storage value read from the storage means according to the opening of the intake throttle valve , One of the values is used.
- the arithmetic mean value of one of the function value ratio and the first correction value is calculated in correspondence with the value at predetermined intervals of the opening of the intake throttle valve,
- the calculated arithmetic mean value is stored as a storage value corresponding to the value of the intake throttle valve opening at predetermined intervals, and the storage value read from the storage means according to the intake throttle valve opening Is used as one of the values.
- the storage value is an arithmetic mean value of the function value ratio or the first correction value, the calculation accuracy can be increased as the arithmetic mean calculation proceeds.
- the storage value is stored in correspondence with the value of the opening of the intake throttle valve at a predetermined interval.
- the smaller the predetermined interval the higher the calculation accuracy of the storage value. Therefore, since the passing air amount is calculated by using such a storage value as the function value ratio or the first correction value, the calculation accuracy of the passing air amount can be improved as the calculation proceeds. In addition to this, the calculation accuracy can be further improved by setting the predetermined interval small.
- the invention according to claim 11 is the intake parameter calculation device for the internal combustion engine 3 according to any one of claims 2 to 8, which is provided upstream of the intake throttle valve of the intake passage 6 and flows in the intake passage 6.
- An intake air amount detection means air flow sensor 20 that outputs a detection signal representing the intake air amount GAIR, which is an air amount
- an upstream pressure detection means atmospheric pressure
- the downstream pressure detection means intake pressure sensor 22
- the downstream pressure detection means for outputting a detection signal representing the downstream pressure (intake pressure PBA)
- the upstream pressure detection means and the downstream pressure detection means Pressure ratio calculation means (ECU2) that calculates a pressure ratio R_P that is a ratio of the downstream pressure and the upstream pressure
- a valve opening that detects the valve opening (throttle valve opening TH) as the opening of the intake throttle valve Detection means (ECU 2, throttle valve opening sensor 21)
- the basic intake parameter calculation means is
- Basic intake air amount calculation means (ECU2, step 90) for calculating the basic intake air amount GAIRN is further provided, and the correction value calculation means calculates the detected valve opening as a correction value that is greater than or equal to a predetermined opening THB.
- second correction value calculation means (ECU 2, steps 100 to 107) for calculating a second correction value (correction coefficient KAFMERR) for correcting the basic intake air amount GAIRN )
- the intake parameter calculating means uses the calculated second correction value (correction coefficient KAFMERR) as a basic intake air amount.
- an intake air amount calculation means (ECU2, step 91) for calculating an intake air amount GAIR as an intake parameter
- the first opening function value calculation means is an intake air as a passing air amount.
- a first opening function value is calculated using the amount GAIR.
- the basic intake air amount which is the basic value of the intake air amount, is calculated as the basic intake air parameter based on the detection result of the intake air amount detection means, and is detected as the correction value.
- a second correction value for correcting the basic intake air amount is calculated, and the calculated second correction value is By correcting the basic intake air amount, the intake air amount is calculated as an intake parameter.
- the first opening function value is determined using a model formula that defines the relationship between the upstream pressure, the downstream pressure, the opening function value, and the passing air amount, that is, the intake air amount.
- the error between the model equation and the correlation model represented by the function value ratio is that the valve opening is not less than the predetermined opening and the calculated pressure ratio is critical. It has been confirmed by an experiment by the present applicant that, in the region below the pressure ratio, it occurs due to an error included in the detection result of the intake air amount detection means. Therefore, in such a region, the basic intake air amount calculated based on the detection result of the intake air amount detection means is corrected using the second correction value that can correct the error between the model formula and the correlation model. Thus, the intake air amount can be calculated with high accuracy.
- the basic intake parameter calculation means uses the downstream pressure as the basic intake parameter based on the detection result of the downstream pressure detection means. Further includes basic downstream pressure calculation means (ECU2, step 110) for calculating a basic downstream pressure (basic intake pressure PBAN), which is a basic value of the pressure value, and the correction value calculation means has a pressure ratio R_P greater than or equal to the critical pressure ratio R_CRIT.
- basic downstream pressure calculation means ECU2, step 110 for calculating a basic downstream pressure (basic intake pressure PBAN), which is a basic value of the pressure value
- the correction value calculation means has a pressure ratio R_P greater than or equal to the critical pressure ratio R_CRIT.
- third correction value calculation means (ECU2, steps 120 to 131) for calculating a third correction value (correction term PBAERRCOR) for correcting the basic downstream pressure as the correction value, and the intake parameter
- the calculating means corrects the basic downstream pressure (basic intake pressure PBAN) with the calculated third correction value (correction term PBAERRRCOR).
- a downstream pressure calculating means for calculating a downstream-side pressure (intake pressure PBA) (ECU 2, step 111).
- the basic downstream pressure which is the basic value of the downstream pressure
- the pressure ratio is the critical pressure ratio.
- the third correction value for correcting the basic downstream pressure is calculated as the correction value, and the basic downstream pressure is corrected with the calculated third correction value, so that the downstream parameter is set as the intake parameter.
- the pressure is calculated.
- the first opening function value is calculated using a model formula that defines the relationship between the upstream pressure, the downstream pressure, the opening function value, and the passing air amount, Furthermore, when the function value ratio is calculated, the error between the model formula and the correlation model represented by the function value ratio is included in the detection result of the downstream pressure detection means in the region where the pressure ratio is equal to or higher than the critical pressure ratio. It has been confirmed by the applicant's experiment that the error occurs due to the error. Therefore, in such a region, the basic downstream pressure calculated based on the detection result of the downstream pressure detection means is corrected using the third correction value that can correct the error between the model formula and the correlation model. Thus, the downstream pressure can be calculated with high accuracy.
- an intake air that is provided on the upstream side of the intake throttle valve of the intake passage 6 and is the amount of air flowing in the intake passage 6
- An intake air amount detection means air flow sensor 20 for outputting a detection signal representing the air amount GAIR
- an upstream pressure detection means atmospheric pressure sensor 24
- a detection signal representing the upstream pressure atmospheric pressure PA
- the downstream pressure and the upstream Pressure ratio calculating means ECU2 for calculating a pressure ratio R_P which is a ratio to the side pressure
- valve opening degree detecting means ECU) for detecting a valve opening degree (throttle valve opening TH) as an opening degree of the intake throttle valve
- a basic downstream pressure calculation means (ECU2, step 110) for calculating a basic downstream pressure (basic intake pressure PBAN), which is a basic value of the downstream pressure, based on the pressure ratio R_P
- Third correction value calculation means (ECU2, steps 120 to 131) for calculating a third correction value (correction term PBAERRRCOR) for correcting the basic downstream pressure as a correction value when the pressure is greater than or equal to the critical pressure ratio R_CRIT.
- the intake parameter calculation means further includes a third correction value (compensation) calculated when the pressure ratio R_P is equal to or greater than the critical pressure ratio R_CRIT.
- the apparatus further includes downstream pressure calculating means (ECU2, step 111) for calculating the downstream pressure (intake pressure PBA) as the intake parameter. It is characterized by.
- the intake air is an amount of air that is provided upstream of the intake throttle valve in the intake passage 6 and flows through the intake passage 6.
- An intake air amount detection means air flow sensor 20 for outputting a detection signal representing the air amount GAIR
- an upstream pressure detection means atmospheric pressure sensor 24
- a detection signal representing the upstream pressure atmospheric pressure PA
- the downstream pressure and the upstream Pressure ratio calculating means ECU2 for calculating a pressure ratio R_P which is a ratio to the side pressure
- valve opening degree detecting means ECU) for detecting a valve opening degree (throttle valve opening TH) as an opening degree of the intake throttle valve
- the basic intake air amount that is the
- the correction value calculation means uses the detected valve opening as a correction value to be equal to or greater than the predetermined opening THB and the calculated pressure ratio.
- second correction value calculation means ECU 2, steps 100 to 107 for calculating a second correction value (correction coefficient KAFMERR) for correcting the basic intake air amount GAIRN.
- the intake parameter calculating means corrects the basic intake air amount GAIRN with the calculated second correction value (correction coefficient KAFMERR).
- the intake air amount calculating means (ECU2, step 91) for calculating the intake air amount GAIR is further provided as the intake air parameter, and the first opening function value calculating means uses the intake air amount GAIR as the passing air amount. Then, the first opening function value is calculated.
- the basic intake air parameter calculation means is configured such that when the calculated pressure ratio R_P is equal to or greater than the critical pressure ratio R_CRIT, And further comprising basic downstream pressure calculating means (ECU2, step 110) for calculating a basic downstream pressure (basic intake pressure PBAN) which is a basic value of the downstream pressure based on the detection result of the downstream pressure detecting means.
- the correction value calculation means calculates a third correction value (correction term PBAERRRCOR) for correcting the basic downstream pressure as the correction value when the pressure ratio R_P is greater than or equal to the critical pressure ratio R_CRIT.
- the intake air parameter calculation means is configured such that the pressure ratio R_P is equal to the critical pressure ratio R_CRIT.
- the downstream pressure is calculated as the intake parameter. It further has a side pressure calculation means (ECU2, step 111).
- the upstream pressure detecting means (atmospheric pressure sensor 24) for outputting a detection signal representing the upstream pressure (atmospheric pressure PA).
- an upstream pressure calculation means (ECU2) for calculating the upstream pressure (atmospheric pressure PA) based on the detection result of the upstream pressure detection means, and a downstream for outputting a detection signal representing the downstream pressure (intake pressure PBA).
- Pressure ratio calculation that calculates a pressure ratio R_P that is a ratio of the downstream pressure and the upstream pressure based on the detection results of the side pressure detection means (intake pressure sensor 22) and the upstream pressure detection means and the downstream pressure detection means Means (ECU2), and the basic intake parameter calculation means detects the downstream pressure as the basic intake parameter when the calculated pressure ratio R_P is equal to or greater than the critical pressure ratio R_CRIT.
- the value calculation means is a third correction value calculation means for calculating a third correction value (correction term PBAERRRCOR) for correcting the basic downstream pressure as the correction value when the pressure ratio R_P is greater than or equal to the critical pressure ratio R_CRIT.
- the intake parameter calculation means is configured to calculate the basic downstream pressure (basic pressure) with the calculated third correction value (correction term PBAERRCOR) when the pressure ratio R_P is greater than or equal to the critical pressure ratio R_CRIT.
- the downstream pressure calculating means EC for calculating the downstream pressure (intake pressure PBA) as the intake parameter. 2, and further comprising the step 111).
- An intake parameter calculation method of the internal combustion engine 3 that calculates intake parameters (passage air amount GAIRTH, intake air amount GAIR, intake pressure PBA) representing an air state, and a basic intake parameter (basic pass air) as a basic value of the intake parameter Amount GAIRTHN, basic intake air amount GAIRN, basic intake pressure PBAN) (steps 6, 90, 110, 144, 175) and derived in the intake passage 6 upstream of the intake throttle valve, derived by a predetermined modeling technique.
- Upstream pressure (atmospheric pressure PA) that is the pressure of the intake air and downstream pressure that is the pressure in the intake passage 6 on the downstream side of the intake throttle valve
- Model equations [Expressions (7), (13), (23)] defining the relationship between the pressure (intake pressure PBA), the opening function value KTH determined by the opening of the intake throttle valve, and the passing air amount GAIRTH
- the first opening function value (model equation value KTHCAL) is calculated as the first calculation value of the opening function value (steps 11, 103, 123, 154, 183), and the opening of the intake throttle valve (throttle)
- the second opening function value (map value KTH) is used as a second calculated value of the opening function value by using a correlation model (FIG.
- a correction value (correction coefficient KTH) OR, correction coefficient KAFMERR, correction term PBAERRRCOR) steps 3, 100 to 107, 120 to 131, 142, 146, 147, and 172
- the basic intake parameters are corrected with the calculated correction values, thereby Parameters (passing air amount GAIRTH, intake air amount GAIR, intake pressure PBA) are calculated (steps 6, 91, 111, 144, 175).
- the intake parameter calculation device 1 of the first embodiment includes an ECU 2.
- the ECU 2 uses a passing air amount GAIRTH, an intake air amount GAIR, and an intake pressure as intake parameters.
- PBA is calculated.
- the engine 3 is of a gasoline engine type mounted on a vehicle (not shown), and a fuel injection valve 4 and a spark plug 5 are attached to the engine 3 for each cylinder.
- the fuel injection valve 4 is electrically connected to the ECU 2, and the valve opening time and valve opening timing are controlled by the ECU 2, whereby fuel injection control is executed.
- the spark plug 5 is also electrically connected to the ECU 2, and the discharge state is controlled by the ECU 2 so that the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber is combusted at a timing corresponding to the ignition timing. That is, ignition timing control is executed.
- an air flow sensor 20 In the intake passage 6 of the engine 3, an air flow sensor 20, a throttle valve mechanism 7, a throttle valve opening sensor 21, and an intake pressure sensor 22 are provided in this order from the upstream side.
- the air flow sensor 20 detects a flow rate of air flowing in the vicinity of the air flow sensor 20 in the intake passage 6 (hereinafter referred to as “intake air amount”), and outputs a detection signal representing it to the ECU 2.
- the ECU 2 calculates the intake air amount GAIR based on the detection signal of the air flow sensor 20, as will be described later. This intake air amount GAIR is calculated as a mass flow rate.
- the air flow sensor 20 corresponds to intake air amount detection means.
- the throttle valve mechanism 7 includes a throttle valve 7a and a TH actuator 7b that opens and closes the throttle valve 7a.
- the throttle valve 7a is rotatably provided in the middle of the intake passage 6, and changes the amount of air passing through the throttle valve 7a by a change in opening degree associated with the rotation.
- the TH actuator 7b is a combination of a motor connected to the ECU 2 and a gear mechanism (both not shown), and is controlled by a control input signal from the ECU 2 to change the opening of the throttle valve 7a. .
- the throttle valve opening sensor 21 is composed of, for example, a potentiometer, and detects the opening TH (hereinafter referred to as “throttle valve opening”) TH of the throttle valve 7a, and sends a detection signal indicating it to the ECU 2. Output.
- the ECU 2 calculates the throttle valve opening TH based on the detection signal of the throttle valve opening sensor 21.
- the throttle valve opening TH is calculated as an angle (°).
- the throttle valve 7a corresponds to the intake throttle valve
- the throttle valve opening TH corresponds to the valve opening
- the throttle valve opening sensor 21 corresponds to the valve opening detection means.
- the intake pressure sensor 22 is disposed in a surge tank portion downstream of the throttle valve 7a of the intake passage 6 and detects the pressure in the intake passage 6 (hereinafter referred to as “intake pressure”). Is output to the ECU 2.
- the ECU 2 calculates the intake pressure PBA based on the detection signal of the intake pressure sensor 22, as will be described later.
- This intake pressure PBA is calculated as an absolute pressure.
- the intake pressure sensor 22 corresponds to the downstream pressure detection means
- the intake pressure PBA corresponds to the downstream pressure.
- an intake air temperature sensor 23, an atmospheric pressure sensor 24, a crank angle sensor 25, and four wheel speed sensors 26 are electrically connected to the ECU 2, respectively.
- the intake air temperature sensor 23 and the atmospheric pressure sensor 24 detect and represent the temperature of air in the intake passage 6 (hereinafter referred to as “intake air temperature”) and the pressure of the atmosphere (hereinafter referred to as “atmospheric pressure”), respectively.
- a detection signal is output to the ECU 2.
- the ECU 2 calculates the intake air temperature TA and the atmospheric pressure PA based on the detection signals of the intake air temperature sensor 23 and the atmospheric pressure sensor 24, respectively.
- the intake air temperature TA is calculated as an absolute temperature
- the atmospheric pressure PA is calculated as an absolute pressure.
- the atmospheric pressure sensor 24 corresponds to the upstream pressure detection means
- the atmospheric pressure PA corresponds to the upstream pressure.
- the crank angle sensor 25 includes a magnet rotor and an MRE pickup, and outputs a CRK signal and a TDC signal, which are pulse signals, to the ECU 2 as the crankshaft (not shown) rotates.
- the CRK signal is output at one pulse every predetermined crank angle (for example, 2 °), and the ECU 2 calculates the engine speed NE (hereinafter referred to as “engine speed”) NE based on the CRK signal.
- engine speed hereinafter referred to as “engine speed”
- the TDC signal is a signal indicating that the piston of each cylinder is at a predetermined crank angle position slightly ahead of the TDC position of the intake stroke, and one pulse is output for each predetermined crank angle.
- each of the four wheel speed sensors 26 detects the rotational speed of the corresponding wheel and outputs a detection signal representing it to the ECU 2.
- the ECU 2 calculates the vehicle speed VP, the total travel distance DIST after starting the engine, and the like based on the detection signals of these wheel speed sensors.
- the ECU 2 is composed of a microcomputer comprising a CPU, RAM, ROM and I / O interface (all not shown), and the engine 2 is based on the detection signals of the various sensors 20 to 26 described above. While calculating various operating state parameters representing the operating state of the engine 3, such as the rotational speed NE, as will be described below, a calculation process of the passing air amount GAIRTH, a calculation process of the intake air amount GAIR, and a calculation of the intake pressure PBA Various calculation processes such as processes are executed.
- the ECU 2 includes basic intake parameter calculation means, first opening function value calculation means, second opening function value calculation means, correction value calculation means, intake parameter calculation means, and basic passing air amount calculation means.
- passing air air passing through the throttle valve 7a (hereinafter referred to as “passing air”) is regarded as a compressive fluid and an adiabatic flow.
- passing air air passing through the throttle valve 7a
- a model equation shown in the following equation (1) is obtained.
- u is the flow velocity of the passing air
- P 1 and P 2 are the upstream and downstream pressures of the throttle valve 7a
- ⁇ 1 is the density of the intake air upstream of the throttle valve 7a
- the following equation (5) is obtained.
- the opening function value KTH is a function value determined by the throttle valve opening TH, and when an actual relationship between the opening function value KTH and the throttle valve opening TH is measured and a map is created (that is, When identified off-line), the one shown in FIG. 2 is obtained.
- the opening function value calculated by the above equation (7) is set as the model formula value KTHCAL
- the opening function value calculated by the map search in FIG. 2 is set as the map value KTH
- KTHERR deviates from the value 1
- the larger the deviation degree the larger the deviation degree of the model formula value KTHCAL from the map value KTH. The error will be large.
- the value KTHERR represents the modeling error of the model equation (6), and in the following description, the value KTHERR is referred to as “function value error KTHERR”.
- the map of FIG. 2 is the correlation model
- the model formula value KTHCAL is the first opening function value
- the map value KTH is the second opening function value
- the function value error KTHERR is the function value ratio.
- This function value error KTHERR is mainly caused by the deviation of the opening area of the throttle valve 7a with respect to the standard product (reference product).
- This deviation is a deviation of the actual product with respect to the map value KTH set based on the standard product, and is caused by, for example, variation in the accuracy of the throttle bore diameter or foreign matter such as carbon adhering to the throttle bore. is there. In the following description, this deviation is referred to as “first error”.
- the function value error KTHERR is calculated using the detection signals of the air flow sensor 20 and the intake pressure sensor 22, the function value error KTHERR is detected by the air flow sensor 20 (hereinafter referred to as “second error”) or This also occurs due to a detection error of the intake pressure sensor 22 (hereinafter referred to as “third error”).
- the larger the throttle valve opening TH that is, the larger the opening area of the throttle valve 7a
- the predetermined opening THB can be obtained experimentally and can be calculated based on an allowable error in the opening area of the throttle valve 7a.
- the flow rate function value FPBAPA is a constant value. Therefore, the function value error KTHERR is not affected by the detection error of the intake pressure sensor 22 in the region of R_P ⁇ R_CRIT.
- the third error can be ignored in the region of TH ⁇ TH_CRIT (that is, the region of R_P ⁇ R_CRIT).
- the first error and the third error can be ignored in the region of THB ⁇ TH ⁇ TH_CRIT (that is, the region in which THB ⁇ TH and R_P ⁇ R_CRIT is satisfied)
- the second error is caused by the function value error KTHERR. It becomes possible to specify.
- the function value error KTHERR is used to correct the basic passing air amount GAIRTHN.
- Correction coefficient KTHCOR is calculated, and in the region of THB ⁇ TH and R_P ⁇ R_CRIT, the correction coefficient KAFMERR for correcting the basic intake air amount GAIRN is calculated using the function value error KTHERR to compensate for the second error.
- the compensation term PBAERRRCOR for correcting the basic intake pressure PBAN is calculated using the function value error KTHERR to compensate for the third error.
- a in the error model formula (8) is a model parameter.
- the least square method is used as a calculation method for on-board identification of the model parameter A
- the following formula (9) is used as an identification calculation formula for the model parameter A: Is obtained.
- the calculation accuracy in the identification result of the model parameter A is reduced even when the sampling region of the throttle valve opening TH is biased based on the above equation (9).
- An arithmetic technique that can be avoided is used.
- the error KTHERCOR is calculated by (8) described above, and then the error correction coefficient KTHCOR is calculated by the following equation (10).
- the error correction coefficient KTHCOR is calculated as a value corresponding to the sum of the error KTHERCOR and the value 1, that is, the reciprocal of the function value error KTHERR.
- the function value error KTHERR is the ratio between the model formula value KTHCAL and the map value KTH, for example, when KTHERR> 1, in other words, if the model formula value KTHCAL exceeds the map value KTH, it exceeds that.
- the passing air amount GAIRTH may be divided by the function value error KTHERR.
- the passing air amount GAIRTH may be divided by the function value error KTHERR to correct the lower amount. It will be.
- the error correction coefficient KTHCOR is used as a multiplication coefficient as will be described later, the function value is used to correct the amount by which the model formula value KTHCAL is below or above the map value KTH. It is calculated as a value corresponding to the reciprocal of the error KTHERR.
- the passing air amount GAIRTH is calculated by the following equations (11) and (12) using the error correction coefficient KTHCOR.
- GAIRTHN in the above equation (11) is a basic passing air amount
- HPA is an estimated atmospheric pressure calculated as described later.
- This equation (11) corresponds to the above-described equation (7) in which the passing air amount GAIRTH is replaced with the basic passing air amount GAIRTHN and the atmospheric pressure PA is replaced with the estimated atmospheric pressure HPA.
- the reason why the estimated atmospheric pressure HPA is used in this equation (11) instead of the atmospheric pressure PA is to improve the calculation accuracy of the passing air amount GAIRTH while avoiding the fluctuation of the atmospheric pressure PA.
- the passing air amount GAIRTH is calculated by correcting the basic passing air amount GAIRTHN with a correction coefficient KTHCOR.
- the basic passing air amount GAIRTHN corresponds to a basic intake air parameter
- the correction coefficient KTHCOR corresponds to a correction value and a first correction value.
- the opening function value KTH is a product of the opening area Ath and the flow coefficient Cd, and has a high correlation with the square value of the radius of the throttle valve 7a.
- the quadratic equation in which is a dependent variable and the throttle valve opening TH is an independent variable better calculation accuracy can be obtained.
- the function value error KTHERR is not caused by the calculation error of the throttle valve opening TH, but is caused by the calculation error of the intake air amount GAIR or the intake pressure PBA as described above.
- the function value error KTHERR 1, so that it is not necessary to identify the model parameter A of the error model equation become.
- This calculation process calculates the passing air amount GAIRTH by the above-described calculation method, and is executed by the ECU 2 every time the CRK signal is generated a predetermined number of times (that is, every predetermined crank angle).
- the various calculated values are all stored in the RAM of the ECU 2, and the values read from the RAM at the current control timing, that is, the values calculated at the previous control timing are the previous values. That's it.
- step 1 it is determined whether or not the throttle valve opening TH is less than a predetermined opening THB.
- the determination result is YES, it is determined that the passing air amount GAIRTH needs to be corrected by the error correction coefficient KTHCOR, the process proceeds to step 2, and the error KTHERCOR is calculated by the above-described equation (8).
- step 3 the error correction coefficient KTHCOR is calculated by the above-described equation (10).
- step 1 determines that there is no need to correct the passing air amount GAIRTH by the error correction coefficient KTHCOR, and the process proceeds to step 4 where the error correction coefficient KTHCOR is set to the value 1.
- the flow function value FPBAPA is calculated by searching the map shown in FIG. 6 according to the pressure ratio R_PH.
- the pressure ratio R_PH is a value corresponding to the ratio PBA / HPA between the intake pressure PBA and the estimated atmospheric pressure HPA described above.
- the reason for using the pressure ratio R_PH is the same as the reason for using the estimated atmospheric pressure HPA described above, and the estimated atmospheric pressure HPA is a value calculated by the atmospheric pressure estimation process stored in the RAM. Is used.
- step 6 the passing air amount GAIRTH is calculated by the above-described equations (11) and (12).
- the square root RTTA and the opening degree function value KTH of the intake air temperature TA values calculated in a model parameter learning process, which will be described later, stored in the RAM are used.
- the present process is terminated.
- the passing air amount GAIRTH calculated in the calculation process of FIG. 5 is used in various control processes executed by the ECU 2.
- the fuel injection control process and the ignition timing control process when calculating the fuel injection amount and the ignition timing under the transient operation condition, it is used to correct the intake air amount GAIR calculated as described later.
- This process is to perform identification calculation of the model parameter A of the error model while reflecting the function value error KTHERR, in other words, to learn the identification value of the model parameter A, and the ECU 2 generates the CRK signal a predetermined number of times. It is executed every time.
- step 10 it is determined whether or not the learning condition flag F_LEarn is “1”.
- the learning condition flag F_LEARN indicates whether or not the learning condition for the identification value of the model parameter A is satisfied, and the value is set by the method shown in FIG.
- step 20 it is determined whether or not the total travel distance DIST of the vehicle after starting the engine is less than a predetermined value DLEARN.
- DLEARN a predetermined value
- step 21 it is determined that the learning condition for the identification value of the model parameter A is satisfied, and the process proceeds to step 21 to set the learning condition flag F_LEarn to “1”. Thereafter, this process is terminated.
- step 20 determines that the learning condition for the identification value of the model parameter A is not satisfied, and the process proceeds to step 22 where the learning condition flag F_LEEARN is set to “0”. Set to. Thereafter, this process is terminated.
- step 10 when the determination result in step 10 is NO and the learning condition for the identification value of the model parameter A is not satisfied, the present process is ended as it is. On the other hand, if the determination result in step 10 is YES and the learning condition for the identification value of the model parameter A is satisfied, the process proceeds to step 11 and the above-described map of FIG. 2 is searched according to the throttle valve opening TH. Thus, the map value KTH of the opening function value is calculated.
- an identification value FPBAPAini of the flow function value is calculated.
- the identification value FPBAPAini is searched according to the pressure ratio R_PHi by replacing the flow function value FPBAPA on the vertical axis in FIG. 6 with the identification value FPBAPAini and the pressure ratio R_PH on the horizontal axis with the pressure ratio R_PHi. It is calculated by doing.
- This pressure ratio R_PHi is calculated as a ratio PBA / HPAini between the intake pressure PBA and the initial estimated atmospheric pressure HPAini, and this initial estimated atmospheric pressure HPAini is a value calculated in the atmospheric pressure estimation process stored in the RAM. Is used. The reason for using this initial estimated atmospheric pressure HPAini will be described later.
- a square root RTTA of the intake air temperature TA is calculated by searching a map (not shown) according to the intake air temperature TA.
- a model equation value KTHCAL of the opening function value is calculated by the following equation (13).
- the above equation (13) is obtained by replacing the opening function value KTH with the model equation value KTHCAL, the atmospheric pressure PA with the initial value HPAini of the estimated atmospheric pressure, and the flow function value FPBAPA with the flow function.
- step 15 following step 14 the function value error KTHERR is set to the ratio KTHCAL / KTH between the model formula value and the map value.
- step 16 it is determined whether or not the throttle valve opening TH is less than the predetermined opening THB.
- step 16 when the determination result in step 16 is YES, the throttle valve opening TH is in a region where a modeling error occurs due to the first error described above, and the identification calculation of the model parameter A should be performed. After the determination, the process proceeds to step 17, and the identification calculation process of the model parameter A is executed as will be described later. Thereafter, this process is terminated.
- the function value error KTHERR is calculated by such a method for the following reason. That is, in the case of the present embodiment, the function value error KTHERR is calculated using the estimated value of the atmospheric pressure PA, and if the estimated value of the atmospheric pressure includes an error, the first to Compensation accuracy (correction accuracy) of the third error is lowered, and as a result, calculated using three values HGAIRTH, GAIR, and PBA calculated while compensating for the first to third errors, as will be described later.
- the calculation accuracy (estimation accuracy) of the estimated atmospheric pressure HPA also decreases.
- the intake pressure PBA calculated from the detection signal of the intake pressure sensor 22 becomes equal to the true value of the atmospheric pressure PA, and the atmospheric pressure PA It is necessary to calculate the function value error KTHERR under the condition that the true value hardly fluctuates. Therefore, in order to achieve this, in the present embodiment, the learning condition flag F_LEARN is used to confirm the establishment of the learning condition, and the function is calculated using the initial estimated atmospheric pressure HPAini and the flow function value identification value FPBAPAini. The value error KTHERR is calculated.
- the throttle valve opening TH is divided into a first region where 0 ⁇ TH ⁇ THN1, a second region where THN1 ⁇ TH ⁇ THN2, and a third region where THN2 ⁇ TH ⁇ THN3.
- THN1 to THN3 are predetermined opening amounts of the throttle valve opening TH, and are set so that 0 ⁇ THN1 ⁇ THN2 ⁇ THN3 ⁇ THB.
- step 40 the error KTHERCOR is set to the deviation KTHERR-1 between the function value error KTHERR and the value 1.
- the routine proceeds to step 41, where it is determined whether or not the throttle valve opening TH is less than a predetermined value THN1.
- the process proceeds to step 44 and the region value n is set to the value 1.
- step 41 determines whether or not the throttle valve opening TH is less than a predetermined value THN2.
- step 42 determines whether or not the throttle valve opening TH is less than a predetermined value THN2.
- step 42 determines whether or not the throttle valve opening TH is less than a predetermined value THN3.
- the process proceeds to step 46 and the region value n is set to the value 3.
- step 43 determines whether the throttle valve opening TH is in the fourth region.
- the process proceeds to step 47 and the region value n is set to the value 4.
- the region value n is calculated as a value representing the four regions of the throttle valve opening TH.
- step 48 the integral term XXXX [n] of the nth region is calculated by the following equation (14).
- the integral term XXXX [n] is a value corresponding to the denominator of the identification calculation equation (9) described above, and the value XXXX [n] z represents the previous value of the integral term.
- step 49 the integral term XXY [n] of the nth region is calculated by the following equation (15).
- the integral term XXY [n] is a value corresponding to the numerator of the identification calculation equation (9) described above, and the value XXY [n] z represents the previous value of the integral term.
- step 50 following step 49 the sampling number SAMPL [n] in the n-th region is set to the sum of the previous value and the value 1 (SAMPL [n] z + 1).
- This sampling number SAMPL [n] represents the sampling number of the integral term in the nth region, that is, the number of calculation results.
- step 51 a weighted average value XXXTTL is calculated by the following equation (16).
- the weighted average value XXXTTL calculates the arithmetic average value of the value (TH-THB) 4 for each region, and is equal to the arithmetic average value. It is calculated by performing a weighted average calculation with weighting.
- step 52 the weighted average value XXYTTL is calculated by the following equation (17).
- the weighted average value XXYTTL calculates the arithmetic mean value of the value KTHERCOR ⁇ (TH ⁇ THB) 2 for each region, and for these arithmetic mean values, It is calculated by performing a weighted average operation with equal weighting.
- step 53 following step 52 the model parameter A is calculated by the following equation (18), and then this process is terminated.
- the four arithmetic average values of the value KTHERCOR ⁇ (TH ⁇ THB) 2 calculated for each region of the throttle valve opening TH are obtained by equal weighting.
- the weighted average value XXYTTL is calculated, and by applying the weighted average operation with equal weighting to the four arithmetic average values of the values (TH-THB) 4 calculated for each region
- the model parameter A is calculated by calculating the weighted average value XXXTTL and dividing the former by the latter.
- FIG. 10 shows an example of a calculation result when the error KTHERCOR is calculated using the model parameter A calculated by the above-described identification calculation method of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 11 shows the above-described formula for comparison. The example of a calculation result at the time of calculating error KTHERCOR using the model parameter A calculated by (9) is shown.
- the data indicated by ⁇ is the data immediately after the start of calculation
- the data indicated by ⁇ is the data when the calculation time has passed than the data indicated by ⁇
- the data indicated by x is more than the data indicated by ⁇ .
- Each of them represents a time when the calculation time has further elapsed.
- This process calculates the estimated atmospheric pressure HPA and the initial estimated atmospheric pressure HPAini, which is the initial value, as described below, and is executed by the ECU 2 every time the CRK signal is generated a predetermined number of times after the start of cranking. Is done.
- the estimated atmospheric pressure HPA corresponds to the estimated upstream pressure
- the initial estimated atmospheric pressure HPAini corresponds to the downstream pressure detected when starting the internal combustion engine.
- step 60 it is determined whether or not the initial pressure calculated flag F_FINHPAINI is “1”.
- the process proceeds to step 61, and the initial estimated atmospheric pressure HPAini is calculated.
- the previous value HPAiniz of the initial estimated atmospheric pressure is compared with the intake pressure PBA, and the larger one of them is set as the initial estimated atmospheric pressure HPAini.
- step 62 it is determined whether or not the start mode flag F_STMOD is “1”.
- the start mode flag F_STMOD is set to “1” until the cranking of the engine 3 is finished, and is set to “0” when the cranking is finished.
- step 62 when the determination result in step 62 is NO and the cranking is completed, it is determined that the calculation of the initial estimated atmospheric pressure HPAini should be ended, and the process proceeds to step 63, and the initial pressure calculation is performed to represent it. After the completion flag F_FINHPAINI is set to “1”, this process ends.
- step 63 when the initial pressure calculated flag F_FINHPAINI is set to “1” in step 63, the determination result in step 60 described above becomes YES, and in this case, the process proceeds to step 64 and the estimated atmospheric pressure HPA is set. The calculation process is executed as described below. Thereafter, this process is terminated.
- step 70 it is determined whether or not an initial setting flag F_FINHPAINIR is “1”.
- the determination result in step 70 is NO, and in this case, the process proceeds to step 71 where both the estimated atmospheric pressure HPA and the delayed atmospheric pressure HPAD are initially estimated to be large. Set to atmospheric pressure HPAini.
- step 72 the initial setting flag F_FINHPAINIR is set to “1”, and then this process is terminated.
- step 72 when the initial setting flag F_FINHPAINIR is set to “1” in step 72, the determination result in step 70 described above becomes YES, and in this case, the process proceeds to step 73 and step 11 in FIG. Similarly, the map value KTH of the opening function value is calculated by searching the above-described map of FIG. 2 according to the throttle valve opening TH.
- step 74 the pressure ratio R_PHD is calculated as the ratio PBA / HPDA of the intake pressure PBA and the delay estimated atmospheric pressure HPAD described above, and the horizontal axis pressure ratio R_PH in the map of FIG. 6 described above is calculated as the pressure ratio R_PHD.
- the flow function value FPBAPA is calculated.
- step 75 a square root RTTA of the intake air temperature TA is calculated by searching a map (not shown) according to the intake air temperature TA in the same manner as in step 13 of FIG.
- step 76 a map shown in FIG. 14 is searched according to the engine speed NE to calculate a rotation speed correction coefficient KTHNE.
- This rotation correction coefficient KTHNE is a value for correcting the pressure loss of an air cleaner (not shown) arranged on the upstream side of the air flow sensor 20.
- step 77 the estimated passing air amount HGAIRTH is calculated by the following equation (19).
- This equation (19) corresponds to the above-described equation (6) in which the right side passing air amount GAIRTH is replaced with the estimated passing air amount HGAIRTH and the left side atmospheric pressure PA is replaced with the delayed estimated atmospheric pressure HPAD.
- step 78 the air amount deviation DGAIR is calculated by the following equation (20).
- step 79 it is determined whether or not the vehicle speed VP is higher than a predetermined vehicle speed VPL.
- the determination result is YES, it is determined that the vehicle is traveling, the process proceeds to step 80, and the correction term CORHPA is calculated by searching the map shown in FIG. 15 according to the air amount deviation DGAIR.
- step 79 when the determination result in step 79 is NO, it is determined that the vehicle is stopped, and the process proceeds to step 81 where the correction term CORHPA is set to a value of 0.
- step 82 following step 80 or 81, the updated estimated atmospheric pressure HPACAL is calculated by the following equation (21).
- step 83 the estimated atmospheric pressure HPA is calculated by the weighted average calculation (smoothing calculation) shown in the following equation (22).
- CA1 is a weighting factor, and is set to a predetermined value such that 0 ⁇ CA1 ⁇ 1.
- HAPz is the previous value of the estimated atmospheric pressure HPA.
- step 84 the current value HPA of the estimated atmospheric pressure calculated as described above is set to the delayed estimated atmospheric pressure HPAD, and then this process is terminated.
- the updated estimated atmospheric pressure HPACAL is calculated by correcting the previous value HPAz of the estimated atmospheric pressure with the correction term CORHPA, and the correction term CORHPA is the air amount deviation. Since it is calculated in accordance with DGAIR, the updated estimated atmospheric pressure HPACAL is calculated such that the air amount deviation DGAIR is zero. In other words, the updated estimated atmospheric pressure HPACAL is calculated so that the estimated passing air amount HGAIRTH coincides with the intake air amount GAIR, and the weighted average calculation of the updated estimated atmospheric pressure HPACAL and the previous value HPaz of the estimated atmospheric pressure is performed. Since the estimated atmospheric pressure HPA is calculated, the estimated atmospheric pressure HPA can be calculated to accurately follow the actual atmospheric pressure PA.
- this processing calculates the intake air amount GAIR using the output voltage value VAFM of the detection signal of the airflow sensor 20, and is executed by the ECU 2 every time the CRK signal is generated a predetermined number of times.
- step 90 the basic intake air amount GAIRN is calculated by searching the map shown in FIG. 17 according to the output voltage value VAFM.
- step 91 a value GAIRN / KAFMERR obtained by dividing the basic intake air amount GAIRN by the correction coefficient KAFMERR is set as the intake air amount GAIR.
- a method for calculating the correction coefficient KAFMERR will be described later.
- the basic intake air amount GAIRN corresponds to a basic intake parameter
- the correction coefficient KAFMERR corresponds to a correction value and a second correction value.
- correction coefficient KAFMERR is used as a value for dividing the basic intake air amount GAIRN in step 91 is the same as the reason why the error correction coefficient KTHCOR described above is calculated as the reciprocal of the function value error KTHERR.
- the intake air amount GAIR calculated in the calculation process of FIG. 16 is used in various control processes executed by the ECU 2. For example, it is used when calculating the fuel injection amount and the ignition timing in the fuel injection control process and the ignition timing control process.
- This process is to calculate the correction coefficient KAFMERR by the above-described method using the function value error KTHERR, and is executed by the ECU 2 every time the CRK signal is generated a predetermined number of times.
- a map value KTH of the opening function value is calculated by the same method as in step 11 of FIG.
- the process proceeds to step 101 to calculate a flow function value FPBAPA.
- step 102 the square root RTTA of the intake air temperature TA is calculated by the same method as in step 13 of FIG.
- a model formula value KTHCAL of the opening function value is calculated by the following formula (23).
- This equation (23) corresponds to the equation (7) described above in which KTH on the left side is replaced with KTHCAL.
- step 104 the function value error KTHERR is set to the ratio KTHCAL / KTH between the model formula value and the map value.
- step 105 it is determined whether or not the throttle valve opening TH is less than the predetermined opening THB.
- step 105 determines whether or not the pressure ratio R_P is less than the critical pressure ratio R_CRIT.
- this determination result is NO, this process is terminated as it is.
- step 106 when the determination result in step 106 is YES, that is, when THB ⁇ TH and R_CRIT ⁇ R_P, it is in a region where a modeling error occurs due to the second error described above, and the correction coefficient KAFMERR should be updated.
- the process proceeds to step 107, and the correction coefficient KAFMERR is calculated by the following equation (24). Thereafter, this process is terminated.
- CA2 in the above equation (24) is a weighting factor, and is set to a predetermined value such that 0 ⁇ CA2 ⁇ 1.
- the weighting factor CA2 may be calculated by a technique for searching a map according to the engine speed NE.
- KAFMERRz in Expression (24) is the previous value of the correction coefficient KAFMERR.
- the correction coefficient KAFMERR is calculated by the weighted average calculation of the previous value KAFMERRz and the function value error KTHERR. Therefore, the correction error KAFMERR is represented by the modeling error represented by the function value error KTHERR. Can be calculated as a value reflecting the above. For the same reason, even if the calculation error temporarily increases in the calculation result of the function value error KTHERR for some reason, the correction coefficient KAFMERR can be calculated with high accuracy while avoiding the influence.
- this processing calculates the intake pressure PBA using the output voltage value VPBA of the detection signal of the intake pressure sensor 22, and is executed by the ECU 2 every time the CRK signal is generated a predetermined number of times.
- step 110 based on the output voltage value VPBA, the basic intake pressure PBAN is calculated by the following equation (25).
- ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ are predetermined values.
- step 111 the intake pressure PBA is set to the sum of the basic intake pressure PBAN and the correction term PBAERRCOR (PBAN + PBAERRCOR).
- PBAN + PBAERRCOR A method for calculating the correction term PBAERRRCOR will be described later.
- the basic intake pressure PBAN corresponds to a basic intake parameter
- the correction term PBAERRCOR corresponds to a correction value and a third correction value.
- the intake pressure PBA calculated in the calculation process of FIG. 19 is used in various control processes executed by the ECU 2. For example, it is used when calculating the fuel injection amount and the ignition timing in the fuel injection control process and the ignition timing control process.
- This process is to calculate the correction term PBAERRCOR by the above-described method using the function value error KTHERR, and is executed by the ECU 2 every time the CRK signal is generated a predetermined number of times.
- steps 120 to 125 of this process are configured in the same manner as steps 100 to 105 in FIG. 18, and therefore the following description will focus on step 126 and subsequent steps.
- the process proceeds to step 126, where it is determined whether or not the pressure ratio R_P is greater than or equal to the critical pressure ratio R_CRIT. When this determination result is NO, this process is terminated as it is.
- step 126 the flow function value correction calculation value FPBAPACOR is set to the ratio FPBAPA / KTHERR between the flow function value and the function value error.
- the correction function value FPBAPACOR for the flow rate function value is a value representing an error of the flow rate function value FPBAPA caused by the modeling error.
- step 1208 the pressure ratio correction calculation value R_PCOR is calculated by searching the map shown in FIG. 21 according to the flow function value correction calculation value FPBAPACOR.
- This map replaces the relationship between the horizontal axis and the vertical axis in the map of FIG. 6 described above, the vertical axis is the pressure ratio correction calculation value R_PCOR, and the horizontal axis is the flow rate function correction calculation value FPBAPACOR. Corresponds to the replacement.
- the pressure ratio correction calculation value R_PCOR calculated as described above is a value representing an error of the pressure ratio R_P caused by the modeling error.
- step 129 the correction calculation value PBACOR for the intake pressure is set to the product PA ⁇ R_PCOR of the atmospheric pressure PA and the correction calculation value R_PCOR for the pressure ratio.
- This intake pressure correction calculation value PBACOR is a value representing an error in the intake pressure PBA caused by a modeling error.
- step 130 following step 129 the intake pressure error PBAERR is set to a deviation PBACOR-PBAN between the intake pressure correction calculation value PBACOR and the basic intake pressure PBAN.
- CA3 in the above equation (26) is a weighting factor, and is set to a predetermined value such that 0 ⁇ CA3 ⁇ 1.
- the weighting factor CA3 may be calculated by a technique for searching a map according to the engine speed NE.
- PBAERRRCORz in Expression (26) is the previous value of the correction term PBAERRRCOR.
- the correction term PBAERRCOR is calculated by the weighted average calculation of the previous value PBAERRCORz and the intake pressure error PBAERR, so that the correction term PBAERRCOR is represented by the modeling error represented by the function value error KTHERR. Can be calculated as a value reflecting the above. For the same reason, even when the calculation error temporarily increases in the calculation result of the function value error KTHERR for some reason, the correction term PBAERRCOR can be calculated with high accuracy while avoiding the influence.
- the function value error KTHERR is the ratio between the map value KTH of the opening function value and the model formula value KTHCAL. Is calculated as representing the modeling error of the model formula (6).
- the model parameter A is identified on-board using such a function value error KTHERR, and the correction coefficient KTHCOR is calculated using the model parameter A identified on-board. Since the passing air amount GAIRTH is calculated by correcting the basic passing air amount GAIRTHN with the correction coefficient KTHCOR, the passing air amount GAIRTH is calculated as a value obtained by correcting the modeling error of the model equation (6). Can do. Thereby, the passing air amount GAIRTH can be calculated with high accuracy.
- the estimated atmospheric pressure HPA is used instead of the atmospheric pressure PA.
- the passing air amount GAIRTH can be calculated while avoiding the influence, and the calculation accuracy can be further improved.
- the error model equation (9) is an actual value between the error KTHERCOR and the throttle valve opening TH due to the secular change in the throttle valve 7a and the variation between individuals. Even when there is a deviation from the above relationship, that is, when a modeling error occurs, such modeling error can be quickly compensated by using the on-board identified model parameter A, and the error model equation (9) The actual relationship between KTHERCOR and throttle valve opening TH can be quickly adapted. Thereby, the correction accuracy by the correction coefficient KTHCOR can be improved, and the calculation accuracy of the passing air amount GAIRTH can be further improved.
- the weighted average calculation with equal weighting is performed on the four arithmetic average values KTHERCOR ⁇ (TH ⁇ THB) 2 calculated for each region of the throttle valve opening TH.
- the weighted average value XXYTTL is calculated, and the weighted average value XXXTTL is calculated by performing a weighted average operation with equal weighting on the four arithmetic average values of the values (TH-THB) 4 calculated for each region.
- the model parameter A is calculated by dividing the former by the latter.
- the identification calculation of the model parameter A is executed using the initial estimated atmospheric pressure HPAini instead of the atmospheric pressure PA, and DIST ⁇ DLEARN In this case, the identification calculation of the model parameter A is prohibited.
- the throttle valve opening TH changes in the low opening range, and the frequency of becoming TH ⁇ THB is high. The frequency can be increased and the calculation accuracy can be further improved.
- the error KTHERR can be calculated with high accuracy, whereby the calculation accuracy of the model parameter A can be further improved.
- the calculation accuracy of the correction coefficient KTHCOR that is, the calculation accuracy of the passing air amount GAIRTH can be further improved by ensuring high calculation accuracy in the calculation of the model parameter A.
- the intake air amount GAIR is calculated by correcting the basic intake air amount GAIRN with the correction coefficient KAFMERR.
- the correction coefficient KAFMERR can be calculated as a value reflecting the modeling error represented by the function value error KTHERR, and the intake air amount GAIR can be calculated with high accuracy.
- the intake pressure PBA is calculated by correcting the basic intake pressure PBAN with the correction term PBAERRRCOR.
- This correction term PBAERRCOR is calculated when R_CRIT ⁇ R_P, that is, the third error described above. Because of this, when it is estimated that the modeling error of the model equation (6) has occurred, it is calculated using the function value error KTHERR representing the modeling error. It can be calculated as a value reflecting the modeling error represented by the value error KTHERR, and the intake pressure PBA can be calculated with high accuracy.
- the estimation accuracy of the estimated passing air amount HGAIRTH is increased. Can be improved.
- the correction term CORHPA is calculated using the air amount deviation DGAIR, which is a value obtained by subtracting the intake air amount GAIR from the estimated passing air amount HGAIRTH, and the estimated atmospheric pressure HPA is updated using the correction term CORHPA. Therefore, the calculation accuracy can be improved.
- the passing air amount GAIRTH is calculated using such estimated atmospheric pressure HPA, the calculation accuracy of the passing air amount GAIRTH can be further improved.
- two weighted average values XXXTTL and XXYTTL are calculated by the above-described equations (16) and (17) in steps 51 and 52 of FIG.
- step 53 the method of calculating the model parameter A by the above-described equation (18) is used, but the following identification calculation method may be used instead.
- the model parameter A may be calculated by the equation (18) described above in FIG.
- the weighted average value XXXTTL is calculated by performing a weighted average operation on the arithmetic average value of the values (TH-THB) 4 in the four regions.
- the weighting factors KG1 to KG4 are set to larger values as the throttle valve opening TH is smaller.
- the weighted average value XXYTTL is also calculated by performing a weighted average operation on the arithmetic average value of the values KTHERCOR ⁇ (TH ⁇ THB) 2 in the four regions, and the weighting coefficients KG1 to KG4 are: It is set to the same value as the weighted average value XXXTTL.
- the function value error KTHERR is caused by the deviation of the opening area of the throttle valve 7a with respect to the standard product (reference product), and the influence degree of the deviation is determined by the throttle valve opening degree.
- the weighting factors KG1 to KG4 may be set so that any one of them has the same value.
- the error model formula (8) of the first embodiment is used when using the error model formulas of these types, compared with the case of using the error model formula (8) of the first embodiment, from the viewpoint of achieving both improvement in calculation accuracy and reduction in calculation load, The case where the error model formula (8) of the first embodiment is used is superior.
- the first embodiment is an example in which the identification calculation of the model parameter A is executed when the total travel distance DIST of the vehicle after starting the engine is less than the predetermined value DLEARN.
- the execution condition of the calculation is not limited to this, and any condition can be used as long as the model parameter A can be accurately identified. For example, it may be determined that the operation time of the engine 3 after the start does not elapse for a predetermined time as an execution condition of the identification calculation of the model parameter A.
- 1st Embodiment is an example which used the map of FIG. 2 as a correlation model
- the correlation model of this invention is not restricted to this, It is the opening degree of an intake throttle valve, and an opening degree function value. It only needs to represent a correlation.
- a mathematical expression defining the correlation between the opening of the intake throttle valve and the opening function value may be determined by offline identification, and such a mathematical expression may be used as the correlation model.
- the first embodiment is an example in which the throttle valve 7a is used as the intake throttle valve.
- the intake throttle valve of the present invention is not limited to this, and the amount of air passing through the intake throttle valve is provided in the intake passage. Any valve that can be changed may be used.
- 1st Embodiment is an example which used the function value error KTHERR as a function value ratio, it may replace with this and may use the reciprocal number of the function value error KTHERR as a function value ratio.
- the first embodiment is an example in which each calculation process is executed every time the CRK signal is generated a predetermined number of times.
- these calculation processes are executed every predetermined time (for example, 10 msec) by setting a timer. It may be configured.
- an intake parameter calculation apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- the intake parameter calculation device compared to the intake parameter calculation device according to the first embodiment, only the contents of the calculation process of the passing air amount GAIRTH and the content of the model parameter learning process are different. Since the process is the same as the calculation process of the first embodiment, only these different calculation processes will be described below. In the following description, the same components as those in the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted.
- step 145 when the determination result in step 140 is NO and THB ⁇ TH, it is determined in step 145 whether or not the pressure ratio R_PHi described above is less than the critical pressure ratio R_CRIT.
- the determination result is YES, that is, when THB ⁇ TH and R_PHi ⁇ R_CRIT is satisfied, the process proceeds to step 147, and the correction coefficient KTHCOR is set to the reciprocal of the air error KTHERAFM (1 / KTHERAFM).
- the air error KTHERAFM represents the second error described above, and the calculation method will be described later.
- Step 146 After executing Step 146 as described above, Steps 143 and 144 are executed in the same manner as Steps 5 and 6 described above. Thereafter, this process is terminated.
- step 145 determines whether the intake pressure error KTHERPBA is a reciprocal (1 / KTHERPBA) of the intake pressure error KTHERPBA.
- the intake pressure error KTHERPBA represents the above-described third error, and a calculation method thereof will be described later.
- steps 143 and 144 are executed as described above. Thereafter, this process is terminated.
- step 156 when the determination result in step 156 is YES and TH ⁇ THB, the identification calculation of the model parameter A is executed in step 157 by the same method as in step 17 in FIG. Thereafter, this process is terminated.
- step 156 determines whether or not the pressure ratio R_PHi is less than the critical pressure ratio R_CRIT.
- the process proceeds to step 159, and after calculating the air error KTHERAFM by the following equation (29), the present process is terminated.
- CA4 in the above equation (29) is a weighting factor, and is set to a predetermined value such that 0 ⁇ CA4 ⁇ 1. Note that this weighting factor CA4 may be calculated by a method of searching a map according to the engine speed NE. Further, KTHERAFMz in the equation (29) is the previous value of the air error KTHERAFM.
- step 158 determines whether the intake pressure error KTHERPBA is NO and R_CRIT ⁇ R_PHi. If the determination result in step 158 is NO and R_CRIT ⁇ R_PHi, the process proceeds to step 160, and after calculating the intake pressure error KTHERPBA by the following equation (30), this process is terminated.
- CA5 in the above equation (30) is a weighting coefficient, and is set to a predetermined value such that 0 ⁇ CA5 ⁇ 1.
- the weighting factor CA5 may be calculated by a method of searching a map according to the engine speed NE.
- KTHERPBAz in the equation (30) is the previous value of the intake pressure error KTHERPBA.
- the correction coefficient KTHCOR is calculated by the same method as the intake parameter calculation device 1 of the first embodiment.
- the same effects as those of the intake parameter calculation device 1 of the embodiment can be obtained.
- the correction coefficient KTHCOR is calculated as the reciprocal of the air error KTHERAFM. 29)] the correction coefficient KTHCOR can be calculated as a value reflecting the modeling error estimated to be caused by the second error described above. For the same reason, even when the calculation error temporarily increases in the calculation result of the function value error KTHERR for some reason, the correction coefficient KTHCOR can be accurately calculated while avoiding the influence. As a result, the passing air amount GAIRTH can be calculated with high accuracy.
- the correction coefficient KTHCOR is calculated as the reciprocal of the intake pressure error KTHERPBA. )]
- the correction coefficient KTHCOR can be calculated as a value reflecting the modeling error estimated to be caused by the third error described above. For the same reason, even when the calculation error temporarily increases in the calculation result of the function value error KTHERR for some reason, the correction coefficient KTHCOR can be accurately calculated while avoiding the influence. As a result, the passing air amount GAIRTH can be calculated with high accuracy.
- an intake parameter calculation apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to a third embodiment will be described.
- the content of the calculation process of the passing air amount GAIRTH is different from that of the intake parameter calculating device of the first embodiment, and the model parameter learning of FIG. Instead of the process, the difference is that a map update process, which will be described later, is performed. Except for these points, the configuration is the same as the configuration of the intake parameter calculation device of the first embodiment. To do.
- the ECU 2 corresponds to an arithmetic mean value calculation unit and a storage unit.
- step 171 the calculation process of the passing air amount GAIRTH in the third embodiment will be described with reference to FIG.
- steps 170 and 172 to 175 are the same as steps 1 and 3 to 6 of FIG. 5, and only step 171 is different from the calculation process of FIG. Therefore, the content of step 171 will be mainly described below.
- step 171 when the determination result in step 170 is YES and TH ⁇ THB, the process proceeds to step 171 and the error KTHERCOR is set by searching the map shown in FIG. 25 according to the throttle valve opening TH. calculate. As shown in the figure, in this map, in the region from the value 1 (unit: angle) of the throttle valve opening TH to the predetermined value THB, the error corresponds to the value of the throttle valve opening TH every 1 °. A map value KTHERCOR [1] to KTHERCOR [THB-1] and a value 1 of KTHERCOR are set.
- the modeling error due to the first error described above does not occur in the region of THB ⁇ TH.
- step 171 after calculating the error KTHERCOR by the above method, in step 172, the correction coefficient KTHCOR is calculated by the same method as in step 3 of FIG.
- steps 174 and 175 the flow function value FPBAPA and the passing air amount GAIRTH are calculated by the same method as in steps 5 and 6 of FIG. Thereafter, this process is terminated.
- This map update process updates the map values KTHERCOR [1] to KTHERCOR [THB-1] in the map of FIG. 25 described above, and is executed by the ECU 2 every time the CRK signal is generated a predetermined number of times.
- steps 180 and 182 to 185 are the same as steps 11 and 13 to 16 of FIG. 7 as compared with the model parameter learning process of FIG. 7, and only the contents of steps 181 and 186 are shown. Is different from the processing of FIG. 7, the contents of these steps 181 and 186 will be mainly described below.
- step 180 As shown in the figure, after the map value KTH is calculated in step 180 by the same method as in step 11 in FIG. 7, the map in FIG. 6 is searched in step 181 according to the pressure ratio R_PH. Thus, the flow function value FPBAPA is calculated.
- steps 182 to 185 are executed by the same method as steps 13 to 16 in FIG. If the decision result in the step 185 is YES and TH ⁇ THB, the process proceeds to a step 186, and a map value update process for the error KTHERCOR is executed.
- This update process updates one of the map values KTHERCOR [1] to KTHERCOR [THB-1] described above, and is executed as described below.
- the map value to be updated is determined based on the determination result. For example, when the current detection value is 0.3 °, the update of the map value KTHERCOR [1] is determined, and when the current detection value is 1.8 °, the update of the map value KTHERCOR [2]. Is determined.
- a case where update of the map value KTHERCOR [1] is determined will be described as an example.
- the value obtained by dividing the calculated current value ⁇ KTHERCOR [1] by the sampling number of the map value KTHERCOR [1] is stored in the map in the RAM as the map value KTHERCOR [1]. That is, the map value KTHERCOR [1] is updated to an arithmetic average value of the map value KTHERCOR [1] sampled (calculated) until the current control timing.
- step 186 the map value update process is executed as described above, and then this process ends.
- the error KTHERCOR is calculated by searching the map of FIG. 25 according to the throttle valve opening TH.
- the correction coefficient KTHCOR is calculated using this error KTHERCOR.
- the map value KTHERCOR [n] in this map in the update process, the arithmetic average value of the error KTHERCOR is calculated corresponding to the region value n, and the calculated arithmetic average value is the map value of the nth region. Since it is stored as KTHERCOR [n], the calculation accuracy can be increased as the map value update process proceeds, and the calculation accuracy of the passing air amount GAIRTH can be improved.
- the third embodiment is an example using a map for error KTHERCOR search, but instead uses a map for correction coefficient KTHCOR search, and in the map value update process in step 186, correction coefficient KTHCOR.
- the map value may be updated. Even when configured in this way, the same operational effects as those of the intake parameter calculating apparatus of the third embodiment can be obtained.
- the third embodiment is an example in which the setting interval of the map value KTHERCOR [n] described above is set to 1 °.
- the setting interval of the map value is not limited to this, and a value larger than 1 ° or 1 °. It is good also as a value less than.
- the present invention can be applied to an intake parameter calculation device and an intake parameter calculation method for calculating an intake parameter of an internal combustion engine provided with an intake throttle valve.
- intake air for calculating an intake parameter of a ship internal combustion engine or the like can also be applied to a parameter calculation device and an intake parameter calculation method.
- Intake parameter calculation device 2 ECU basic intake parameter calculation means, first opening degree function value calculation means, Second opening function value calculation means, correction value calculation means, intake parameter calculation means, basic passing air amount calculation means, first correction value calculation means, passing air amount calculation means, on-board identification means, estimated upstream pressure Calculation means, downstream pressure detection means, arithmetic mean value calculation means, storage means, pressure ratio calculation means, valve opening degree detection means, basic intake air amount calculation means, second correction value calculation means, intake air amount calculation means , Basic downstream pressure calculating means, third correction value calculating means, downstream pressure calculating means) 3 Internal combustion engine 6 Intake passage 7a Throttle valve (intake throttle valve) 20 Air flow sensor (intake air amount detection means) 21 Throttle valve opening sensor (valve opening detecting means) 22 Intake pressure sensor (downstream pressure detection means) 24 Atmospheric pressure sensor (upstream pressure detection means) PA atmospheric pressure (upstream pressure) HPA estimated atmospheric pressure (estimated upstream pressure) HPAini Initial estimated atmospheric pressure (downstream pressure detected when starting the
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Abstract
Description
2 ECU(基本吸気パラメータ算出手段、第1開度関数値算出手段、
第2開度関数値算出手段、補正値算出手段、吸気パラメータ算出手
段、基本通過空気量算出手段、第1補正値算出手段、通過空気量算
出手段、オンボード同定手段、推定上流側圧力算出手段、下流側圧
力検出手段、相加平均値算出手段、記憶手段、圧力比算出手段、弁
開度検出手段、基本吸入空気量算出手段、第2補正値算出手段、吸
入空気量算出手段、基本下流側圧力算出手段、第3補正値算出手段
、下流側圧力算出手段)
3 内燃機関
6 吸気通路
7a スロットル弁(吸気絞り弁)
20 エアフローセンサ(吸入空気量検出手段)
21 スロットル弁開度センサ(弁開度検出手段)
22 吸気圧センサ(下流側圧力検出手段)
24 大気圧センサ(上流側圧力検出手段)
PA 大気圧(上流側圧力)
HPA 推定大気圧(推定上流側圧力)
HPAini 初期推定大気圧(内燃機関を始動する際に検出された
下流側圧力)
TH スロットル弁の開度(弁開度)
THB 所定開度
KTHCAL 開度関数値のモデル式値(第1開度関数値)
KTH 開度関数値のマップ値(第2開度関数値)
KTHERR 関数値誤差(関数値比)
GAIRTH 通過空気量(吸気パラメータ)
GAIRTHN 基本通過空気量(基本吸気パラメータ)
KTHCOR 補正係数(補正値、第1補正値)
A モデルパラメータ
GAIR 吸入空気量(吸気パラメータ)
GAIRN 基本吸入空気量(基本吸気パラメータ)
KAFMERR 補正係数(補正値、第2補正値)
PBA 吸気圧(吸気パラメータ、下流側圧力)
PBAN 基本吸気圧(基本吸気パラメータ、基本下流側圧力)
PBAERRCOR 補正項(補正値、第3補正値)
R_P 圧力比
R_CRIT 臨界圧力比
DIST 総走行距離
DLEARN 所定値
K1~KG4 重み係数(重み)
Claims (17)
- 吸気通路に設けられた吸気絞り弁によって当該吸気絞り弁を通過する空気量が通過空気量として変更される内燃機関において、当該吸気通路内の空気の状態を表す吸気パラメータを算出する内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置であって、
前記吸気パラメータの基本値として基本吸気パラメータを算出する基本吸気パラメータ算出手段と、
所定のモデリング手法によって導出された、前記吸気絞り弁の上流側おける前記吸気通路内の圧力である上流側圧力と、前記吸気絞り弁の下流側における前記吸気通路内の圧力である下流側圧力と、前記吸気絞り弁の開度によって定まる開度関数値と、前記通過空気量との関係を定義したモデル式を用いて、当該開度関数値の第1の算出値として第1開度関数値を算出する第1開度関数値算出手段と、
前記吸気絞り弁の開度と前記開度関数値との相関関係を表す相関関係モデルを用いて、前記開度関数値の第2の算出値として第2開度関数値を算出する第2開度関数値算出手段と、
前記算出された第1開度関数値および前記算出された第2開度関数値の一方と他方との比である関数値比を用いて、補正値を算出する補正値算出手段と、
当該算出された補正値で前記基本吸気パラメータを補正することにより、前記吸気パラメータを算出する吸気パラメータ算出手段と、
を備えることを特徴とする内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置。 - 前記基本吸気パラメータ算出手段は、前記基本吸気パラメータとして、前記通過空気量の基本値である基本通過空気量を算出する基本通過空気量算出手段を有し、
前記補正値算出手段は、前記補正値として、当該基本通過空気量を補正するための第1補正値を算出する第1補正値算出手段を有し、
前記吸気パラメータ算出手段は、前記算出された基本通過空気量を前記算出された第1補正値で補正することにより、前記吸気パラメータとして、前記通過空気量を算出する通過空気量算出手段を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置。 - 前記第1補正値算出手段は、
前記関数値比を誤差と見なしたときの、当該誤差と前記吸気絞り弁の開度との関係を定義した誤差モデル式のモデルパラメータを、オンボードで同定するオンボード同定手段を有し、
当該オンボードで同定されたモデルパラメータおよび当該誤差モデル式を用いて、前記第1補正値を算出することを特徴とする請求項2に記載の内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置。 - 前記オンボード同定手段は、前記吸気絞り弁の開度を複数の領域に区分したときの当該複数の領域に対応して複数の重みをそれぞれ設定するとともに、当該複数の重みによる重み付け処理を適用した同定演算アルゴリズムにより、前記モデルパラメータの同定値を算出し、
当該複数の重みは互いに同じ値に設定されていることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置。 - 前記オンボード同定手段は、前記吸気絞り弁の開度を複数の領域に区分したときの当該複数の領域に対応して複数の重みをそれぞれ設定するとともに、当該複数の重みによる重み付け処理を適用した同定演算アルゴリズムにより、前記モデルパラメータの同定値を算出し、
当該複数の重みは、前記吸気絞り弁の開度がより小さい領域の重みほど、より大きくなるように設定されていることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置。 - 前記内燃機関は、車両の動力源として用いられ、
前記第1補正値算出手段は、前記内燃機関の始動時点から所定時間が経過していないこと、および前記内燃機関の始動後における前記車両の総走行距離が所定値未満であることの一方の条件が成立しているときに、前記第1補正値の算出を実行することを特徴とする請求項2ないし5のいずれかに記載の内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置。 - 前記上流側圧力の推定値として推定上流側圧力を算出する推定上流側圧力算出手段をさらに備え、
前記第1開度関数値算出手段は、当該算出された推定上流側圧力および前記モデル式を用いて、前記第1開度関数値を算出することを特徴とする請求項2ないし6のいずれかに記載の内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置。 - 前記下流側圧力を検出する下流側圧力検出手段をさらに備え、
前記推定上流側圧力算出手段は、前記推定上流側圧力を、前記内燃機関を始動する際に前記下流側圧力検出手段によって検出された下流側圧力に設定することを特徴とする請求項7に記載の内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置。 - 前記吸気通路の前記吸気絞り弁よりも上流側に設けられ、前記吸気通路内を流れる空気量である吸入空気量を表す検出信号を出力する吸入空気量検出手段と、
当該吸入空気量検出手段の検出結果に基づき、前記吸入空気量を算出する吸入空気量算出手段と、をさらに備え、
前記推定上流側圧力算出手段は、前記第1補正値および前記モデル式を用いて、前記通過空気量の推定値である推定通過空気量を算出するとともに、当該推定通過空気量と前記算出された吸入空気量との比較結果に基づいて、前記推定上流側圧力を更新することを特徴とする請求項7または8に記載の内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置。 - 前記第1補正値算出手段は、
前記関数値比および前記第1補正値の一方の値の相加平均値を、前記吸気絞り弁の開度の所定間隔ごとの値に対応して算出する相加平均値算出手段と、
当該算出された相加平均値を、記憶用値として前記吸気絞り弁の開度の所定間隔ごとの値に対応して記憶する記憶手段と、を有し、
前記吸気絞り弁の開度に応じて前記記憶手段から読み出した前記記憶用値を、前記一方の値として用いることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置。 - 前記吸気通路の前記吸気絞り弁よりも上流側に設けられ、前記吸気通路内を流れる空気量である吸入空気量を表す検出信号を出力する吸入空気量検出手段と、
前記上流側圧力を表す検出信号を出力する上流側圧力検出手段と、
前記下流側圧力を表す検出信号を出力する下流側圧力検出手段と、
前記上流側圧力検出手段および前記下流側圧力検出手段の検出結果に基づき、前記下流側圧力と前記上流側圧力との比である圧力比を算出する圧力比算出手段と、
前記吸気絞り弁の開度として弁開度を検出する弁開度検出手段と、
をさらに備え、
前記基本吸気パラメータ算出手段は、前記基本吸気パラメータとして、前記吸入空気量検出手段の検出結果に基づき、前記吸入空気量の基本値である基本吸入空気量を算出する基本吸入空気量算出手段をさらに有し、
前記補正値算出手段は、前記補正値として、前記検出された弁開度が所定開度以上でかつ前記算出された圧力比が臨界圧力比未満のときに、前記基本吸入空気量を補正するための第2補正値を算出する第2補正値算出手段をさらに有し、
前記吸気パラメータ算出手段は、前記算出された第2補正値で前記基本吸入空気量を補正することにより、前記吸気パラメータとして、前記吸入空気量を算出する吸入空気量算出手段をさらに有し、
前記第1開度関数値算出手段は、前記通過空気量として前記吸入空気量を用いて、前記第1開度関数値を算出することを特徴とする請求項2ないし8のいずれかに記載の内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置。 - 前記基本吸気パラメータ算出手段は、前記下流側圧力検出手段の検出結果に基づき、前記基本吸気パラメータとして、前記下流側圧力の基本値である基本下流側圧力を算出する基本下流側圧力算出手段をさらに有し、
前記補正値算出手段は、前記圧力比が臨界圧力比以上のときに、前記補正値として、前記基本下流側圧力を補正するための第3補正値を算出する第3補正値算出手段をさらに有し、
前記吸気パラメータ算出手段は、前記算出された第3補正値で前記基本下流側圧力を補正することにより、前記吸気パラメータとして、前記下流側圧力を算出する下流側圧力算出手段をさらに有することを特徴とする請求項11に記載の内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置。 - 前記吸気通路の前記吸気絞り弁よりも上流側に設けられ、前記吸気通路内を流れる空気量である吸入空気量を表す検出信号を出力する吸入空気量検出手段と、
前記上流側圧力を表す検出信号を出力する上流側圧力検出手段と、
前記下流側圧力を表す検出信号を出力する下流側圧力検出手段と、
前記上流側圧力検出手段および前記下流側圧力検出手段の検出結果に基づき、前記下流側圧力と前記上流側圧力との比である圧力比を算出する圧力比算出手段と、
前記吸気絞り弁の開度として弁開度を検出する弁開度検出手段と、
をさらに備え、
前記基本吸気パラメータ算出手段は、前記算出された圧力比が臨界圧力比以上のときに、前記基本吸気パラメータとして、前記下流側圧力検出手段の検出結果に基づき、前記下流側圧力の基本値である基本下流側圧力を算出する基本下流側圧力算出手段をさらに有し、
前記補正値算出手段は、前記圧力比が臨界圧力比以上のときに、前記補正値として、前記基本下流側圧力を補正するための第3補正値を算出する第3補正値算出手段をさらに有し、
前記吸気パラメータ算出手段は、前記圧力比が臨界圧力比以上のときに、前記算出された第3補正値で前記基本下流側圧力を補正することにより、前記吸気パラメータとして、前記下流側圧力を算出する下流側圧力算出手段をさらに有することを特徴とする請求項2に記載の内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置。 - 前記吸気通路の前記吸気絞り弁よりも上流側に設けられ、前記吸気通路内を流れる空気量である吸入空気量を表す検出信号を出力する吸入空気量検出手段と、
前記上流側圧力を表す検出信号を出力する上流側圧力検出手段と、
前記下流側圧力を表す検出信号を出力する下流側圧力検出手段と、
前記上流側圧力検出手段および前記下流側圧力検出手段の検出結果に基づき、前記下流側圧力と前記上流側圧力との比である圧力比を算出する圧力比算出手段と、
前記吸気絞り弁の開度として弁開度を検出する弁開度検出手段と、
をさらに備え、
前記基本吸気パラメータ算出手段は、前記基本吸気パラメータとして、前記吸入空気量検出手段の検出結果に基づき、前記吸入空気量の基本値である基本吸入空気量を算出する基本吸入空気量算出手段を有し、
前記補正値算出手段は、前記検出された弁開度が所定開度以上でかつ前記算出された圧力比が臨界圧力比未満のときに、前記補正値として、前記基本吸入空気量を補正するための第2補正値を算出する第2補正値算出手段をさらに有し、
前記吸気パラメータ算出手段は、前記算出された第2補正値で前記基本吸入空気量を補正することにより、前記吸気パラメータとして、前記吸入空気量を算出する吸入空気量算出手段を有し、
前記第1開度関数値算出手段は、前記通過空気量として前記吸入空気量を用いて、前記第1開度関数値を算出することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置。 - 前記基本吸気パラメータ算出手段は、前記下流側圧力検出手段の検出結果に基づき、前記基本吸気パラメータとして、前記下流側圧力の基本値である基本下流側圧力を算出する基本下流側圧力算出手段をさらに有し、
前記補正値算出手段は、前記圧力比が臨界圧力比以上のときに、前記補正値として、前記基本下流側圧力を補正するための第3補正値を算出する第3補正値算出手段をさらに有し、
前記吸気パラメータ算出手段は、前記圧力比が臨界圧力比以上のときに、前記算出された第3補正値で前記基本下流側圧力を補正することにより、前記吸気パラメータとして、前記下流側圧力を算出する下流側圧力算出手段をさらに有することを特徴とする請求項14に記載の内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置。 - 前記上流側圧力を表す検出信号を出力する上流側圧力検出手段と、
当該上流側圧力検出手段の検出結果に基づき、前記上流側圧力を算出する上流側圧力算出手段と、
前記下流側圧力を表す検出信号を出力する下流側圧力検出手段と、
前記上流側圧力検出手段および前記下流側圧力検出手段の検出結果に基づき、前記下流側圧力と前記上流側圧力との比である圧力比を算出する圧力比算出手段と、
をさらに備え、
前記基本吸気パラメータ算出手段は、前記下流側圧力検出手段の検出結果に基づき、前記基本吸気パラメータとして、前記下流側圧力の基本値である基本下流側圧力を算出する基本下流側圧力算出手段をさらに有し、
前記補正値算出手段は、前記圧力比が臨界圧力比以上のときに、前記補正値として、前記基本下流側圧力を補正するための第3補正値を算出する第3補正値算出手段をさらに有し、
前記吸気パラメータ算出手段は、前記圧力比が臨界圧力比以上のときに、前記算出された第3補正値で前記基本下流側圧力を補正することにより、前記吸気パラメータとして、前記下流側圧力を算出する下流側圧力算出手段をさらに有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出装置。 - 吸気通路に設けられた吸気絞り弁によって当該吸気絞り弁を通過する空気量が通過空気量として変更される内燃機関において、当該吸気通路内の空気の状態を表す吸気パラメータを算出する内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出方法であって、
前記吸気パラメータの基本値として基本吸気パラメータを算出し、
所定のモデリング手法によって導出された、前記吸気絞り弁の上流側おける前記吸気通路内の圧力である上流側圧力と、前記吸気絞り弁の下流側における前記吸気通路内の圧力である下流側圧力と、前記吸気絞り弁の開度によって定まる開度関数値と、前記通過空気量との関係を定義したモデル式を用いて、当該開度関数値の第1の算出値として第1開度関数値を算出し、
前記吸気絞り弁の開度と前記開度関数値との相関関係を表す相関関係モデルを用いて、前記開度関数値の第2の算出値として第2開度関数値を算出し、
前記算出された第1開度関数値および前記算出された第2開度関数値の一方と他方との比である関数値比を用いて、補正値を算出し、
当該算出された補正値で前記基本吸気パラメータを補正することにより、前記吸気パラメータを算出することを特徴とする内燃機関の吸気パラメータ算出方法。
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- 2011-03-02 JP JP2012511584A patent/JP5277349B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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JP2002309993A (ja) | 2001-04-13 | 2002-10-23 | Denso Corp | 内燃機関の制御装置 |
JP2008151145A (ja) * | 2003-07-10 | 2008-07-03 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の吸入空気量推定装置 |
JP2005042573A (ja) * | 2003-07-24 | 2005-02-17 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の制御装置 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2016145573A (ja) * | 2015-02-04 | 2016-08-12 | ゼネラル・エレクトリック・カンパニイ | モデルベースおよびマップベーススロットル位置導出値ならびにモニタリングのためのシステムおよび方法 |
JP2021050631A (ja) * | 2019-09-24 | 2021-04-01 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 内燃機関の制御装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN102859164A (zh) | 2013-01-02 |
US8712743B2 (en) | 2014-04-29 |
JP5277349B2 (ja) | 2013-08-28 |
EP2562402A4 (en) | 2013-08-28 |
CN102859164B (zh) | 2014-01-15 |
US20130030776A1 (en) | 2013-01-31 |
JPWO2011132464A1 (ja) | 2013-07-18 |
EP2562402A1 (en) | 2013-02-27 |
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