WO2011039890A1 - リチウム二次電池および該電池用正極 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池および該電池用正極 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011039890A1 WO2011039890A1 PCT/JP2009/067271 JP2009067271W WO2011039890A1 WO 2011039890 A1 WO2011039890 A1 WO 2011039890A1 JP 2009067271 W JP2009067271 W JP 2009067271W WO 2011039890 A1 WO2011039890 A1 WO 2011039890A1
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1397—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
- H01M4/623—Binders being polymers fluorinated polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery and its use, and more particularly to a positive electrode used in the lithium secondary battery.
- this invention relates to the positive electrode material which comprises the positive electrode active material layer with which the positive electrode of a lithium secondary battery is equipped, and its manufacturing method.
- lithium secondary batteries typically lithium ion batteries
- nickel metal hydride batteries and other secondary batteries
- a lithium secondary battery that is lightweight and has a high energy density is expected to be preferably used as a high-output power source for mounting on a vehicle.
- a high rate for example, 10 C or more
- a high rate is preferable. It is required to be able to charge and discharge.
- High durability is mentioned as a 2nd request
- the battery for vehicles is charged and discharged at a high rate (high output) in a harsh environment where there is a drastic temperature change (for example, use in a low temperature range below -20 ° C or a high temperature range above 60 ° C). Used over a long period of time. Therefore, the durability which can suppress the increase in internal resistance of a battery is requested
- a positive electrode active material and a conductive material partially covered with a conductive material are used.
- a positive electrode mixture (positive electrode active material layer) is constituted by a positive electrode active material mixture made of an uncoated positive electrode active material and a binder.
- the active materials are directly bonded by the binder.
- Patent Document 1 describes that the active material (particles) can be prevented from falling off from the active material layer formed on the positive electrode current collector.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a technique for improving the adhesion between the negative electrode active material and the negative electrode current collector. However, the technique described in Document 2 cannot be applied well on the positive electrode side.
- the present invention was created to solve the conventional problems related to the lithium secondary battery for vehicles described above, and one object of the present invention is to excessively increase the content (content ratio) of the binder.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery that achieves an improvement in durability without being raised.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode active material and other materials for constituting such a positive electrode.
- Another object is to provide a method for producing such a positive electrode.
- this invention provides the lithium secondary battery provided with the positive electrode disclosed here, and its manufacturing method.
- the present invention provides a vehicle (typically an automobile) provided with a lithium secondary battery including the positive electrode disclosed herein as a power source for driving a motor.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery having the following configuration. That is, one positive electrode disclosed here is a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on the current collector.
- the positive electrode active material layer includes a granular positive electrode active material composed of a composite oxide containing lithium and at least one transition metal element, and a high-potential material having at least one functional group. And at least one binder composed of molecular compounds.
- one positive electrode disclosed herein has a conductive carbonaceous film formed on the surface of the positive electrode active material, and carbon atoms constituting the carbonaceous film of at least a part of the positive electrode active material.
- “Molecularly bonded” in the context of the present invention means that the high molecular compound constituting the binder is bonded (coupled) to the carbon atom constituting the carbonaceous film, thereby bonding (linked) the high molecular compound.
- a part and the carbon network which comprises the carbonaceous film containing the said carbon atom say that one molecular chain (namely, the composite compound comprised from a carbon network part and a binder constituent part) is formed. Therefore, the term “molecularly bonded” as used herein does not include a bonding mode in which two molecules (compounds) that are bonded to each other exist independently, for example, a physical adsorption phenomenon (for example, van der Waals adsorption). .
- a conductive carbonaceous film is formed on the surface of the positive electrode active material contained in the positive electrode active material layer, and at least a part of the positive electrode active material contains the carbonaceous material.
- the binder is molecularly bound to the coating (for example, binding by the condensation reaction via the functional group). Thereby, even if it is a binder with a comparatively low content (content rate), the positive electrode active material particle which exists in a positive electrode active material layer can be hold
- a lithium secondary battery having a high market value that realizes high durability without excessively increasing the content (content ratio) of the binder and suppresses an increase in internal resistance (typical, a lithium ion battery) can be provided.
- the positive electrode active material layer includes at least one polymer compound having a hydroxy group and / or a carboxyl group as the binder.
- a chemical bond via the functional group that is, the molecular bonding described above
- the polymer compound constituting the dressing can be preferably linked.
- a good example of such a polymer compound is a vinylidene fluoride polymer into which a hydroxy group and / or a carboxyl group are introduced and whose main monomer component is vinylidene fluoride. Therefore, a positive electrode according to a preferred embodiment is characterized by including the above-mentioned vinylidene fluoride polymer as a binder.
- the polymer compound is crosslinked with each other in the positive electrode active material layer to form a binder network.
- the binder in the positive electrode active material layer is cross-linked with each other to form a network (that is, a network structure in which molecules constituting the binder are cross-linked with each other), whereby the positive electrode active material layer
- the adhesion strength of the positive electrode active material particles present therein can be further improved.
- the positive electrode active material is used for measurement by an electron microscope (that is, a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or a scanning electron microscope (SEM)). It is comprised with the said granular complex oxide whose average particle diameter of the primary particle based is 1 micrometer or less.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the composite oxide constituting the granular positive electrode active material has a general formula: LiMAO 4 (1) It is a compound shown by these.
- M in such a formula is one or more elements (typically one or more metals) including at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, and Mn. Element). That is, it contains at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, and Mn, but allows the presence of other minor additive elements that can be contained in small amounts (even if such minor additive elements are not present). Good.)
- a in the above formula is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of P, Si, S and V.
- the present invention provides a method for producing a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery comprising a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on the current collector.
- the positive electrode manufacturing method disclosed here is: A positive electrode active material comprising a composite oxide containing lithium and at least one transition metal element, the surface of which is formed with a conductive carbonaceous film, and a polymer compound having at least one functional group Preparing a composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer, comprising at least one binder comprising: a solvent capable of dissolving or dispersing the binder; Applying the composition to the surface of the positive electrode current collector to form a positive electrode active material layer on the positive electrode current collector; and the binder contained in the positive electrode active material layer and carbon of the positive electrode active material Causing a condensation reaction with the carbonaceous film, and molecularly binding the polymer compound constituting the binder to the carbon atoms constituting the carbonaceous film of the positive electrode active material; It is a method including.
- a polymer compound having a hydroxy group and / or a carboxyl group is used as the binder.
- at least one of the polymer compounds to be used is a vinylidene fluoride polymer into which a hydroxy group and / or a carboxyl group are introduced and whose main monomer component is vinylidene fluoride.
- one preferred embodiment of the positive electrode manufacturing method disclosed herein further includes cross-linking the polymer compounds constituting the binder contained in the positive electrode active material layer.
- a network of the binder can be formed in the positive electrode active material layer by crosslinking the polymer compounds constituting the binder.
- the positive electrode active material which consists of the said granular complex oxide whose average particle diameter of the primary particle based on the measurement by an electron microscope (TEM or SEM) is 1 micrometer or less is preferable.
- the general formula: LiMAO 4 (1) is one or more elements (typically one or more metals) including at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, and Mn. Element).
- a in the above formula is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of P, Si, S and V. Particularly preferably, in the above formula (1), A is P and / or Si.
- the present invention also provides a lithium secondary battery (typically a lithium ion battery) comprising any of the positive electrodes disclosed herein.
- a lithium secondary battery typically a lithium ion battery
- Any of the lithium secondary batteries disclosed herein has a performance suitable as a battery mounted on a vehicle that requires high-rate charge / discharge. Therefore, according to this invention, the vehicle provided with one of the lithium secondary batteries disclosed here is provided.
- a vehicle for example, an automobile
- the lithium secondary battery as a power source typically, a power source of a hybrid vehicle or an electric vehicle
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- the positive electrode disclosed herein is a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on the current collector.
- a positive electrode current collector constituting such a positive electrode a metal current collector made of the same material as the current collector used for the positive electrode of a conventional lithium secondary battery (typically a lithium ion battery) is used. can do.
- an aluminum material or an aluminum-based alloy material is preferable as a constituent material of the positive electrode current collector of this type of battery.
- an aluminum foil having a thickness of about 5 to 100 ⁇ m is suitably used as a positive electrode current collector of a lithium secondary battery used as a power source for driving a motor for a vehicle.
- a current collector of a metal species other than aluminum may be used.
- the positive electrode active material used to constitute the positive electrode active material layer of the positive electrode disclosed herein is not particularly limited in its composition and shape as long as it is a positive electrode active material having a property capable of realizing the object of the present invention. There is no.
- a typical positive electrode active material includes a composite oxide containing lithium and at least one transition metal element.
- cobalt lithium composite oxide (LiCoO 2 ), nickel lithium composite oxide (LiNiO 2 ), manganese lithium composite oxide (LiMn 2 O 4 ), or nickel / cobalt-based LiNi x Co 1-x O 2 ( 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), cobalt / manganese-based LiCo x Mn 1-x O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), nickel / manganese-based LiNi x Mn 1-x O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) and LiNi x Mn 2-x O 4 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), so-called binary lithium-containing composite oxide containing two kinds of transition metal elements, or nickel, cobalt, containing three kinds of transition metal elements
- a ternary lithium-containing composite oxide such as manganese may be used.
- M in such a formula is one or more elements (typically one or more metals) including at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, and Mn. Element). That is, it contains at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, and Mn, but allows the presence of other minor additive elements that can be contained in small amounts (even if such minor additive elements are not present). Good.)
- a in the above formula is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of P, Si, S and V. This type of polyanionic compound is preferred because it has a high theoretical energy density and can avoid or reduce the use of expensive metal materials.
- A is P and / or Si (for example, LiFePO 4 , LiFeSiO 4 , LiCoPO 4 , LiCoSiO 4 , LiFe 0.5 Co 0.5 PO 4 , LiFe 0.5 Co 0. 5 SiO 4, LiMnPO 4, LiMnSiO 4, LiNiPO 4, LiNiSiO 4) can be cited as particularly preferred polyanionic compound.
- oxygen is immobilized by covalent bonding with P or Si, which are elements other than transition metals, and oxygen release at high temperatures can be suppressed.
- the composite oxides constituting the various positive electrode active materials as described above are several types of supply appropriately selected according to the constituent elements of the composite oxide and the atomic composition thereof, as in the case of the conventional composite oxides of the same kind. It can be obtained by mixing the source (compound) at a predetermined molar ratio and firing the mixture at a predetermined temperature by an appropriate means. For example, an appropriate lithium source compound, one or more transition metal source compounds, and phosphoric acid or silicic acid (or an appropriate phosphate or silicate) are mixed, fired, pulverized and granulated. By doing so, a polyanionic compound in which A is P or Si in the above formula (1) can be obtained.
- lithium compounds such as lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide can be used as the lithium supply source compound.
- hydroxides, oxides, various salts (for example, carbonates), halides (for example, fluorides) of these constituent metals can be selected as transition metal source compounds such as nickel source and cobalt source.
- the obtained composite oxide (positive electrode active material) can be pulverized by an appropriate means, and if necessary, granulated to produce a granular positive electrode active material having a desired average particle size. it can.
- ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the adhesive strength of the positive electrode active material contained in a positive electrode active material layer can be improved. Therefore, the granular positive electrode active material having a small particle diameter can be held in the positive electrode active material layer with high adhesion strength.
- a granular positive electrode active material having a small particle diameter it is possible to provide a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery suitable for improving the conductivity of the positive electrode active material layer and charging / discharging at a high rate.
- the average particle diameter of primary particles is 1 ⁇ m or less, for example, the average particle diameter of primary particles based on electron microscope observation is 0.1 ⁇ m to 1 ⁇ m.
- the following (more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 0.8 ⁇ m or less) granular positive electrode active material can be used.
- the average particle diameter of the secondary particles of the granular positive electrode active material can be easily measured by using an electron microscope observation or a laser diffraction type (light scattering method) particle size distribution measuring apparatus. Since the positive electrode active material having such a small average particle diameter has a large surface area, the conductivity in the positive electrode active material layer is improved.
- the specific surface area (m 2 / g) based on the BET method is 5 m 2 / g or more, more preferably 10 m 2 / g or more (for example, the specific surface area based on the above method is 5 to 20 m 2 / g, more preferably 10
- a finely divided positive electrode active material for example, a composite oxide such as the above-mentioned polyanionic compound
- Such a positive electrode active material having a small average particle diameter for example, a polyanionic compound such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ) or other complex oxides
- a polyanionic compound such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ) or other complex oxides
- LiFePO 4 lithium iron phosphate
- other complex oxides is formed by a general hydrothermal synthesis method. be able to.
- a conductive carbonaceous film (typically a carbon film) is formed on the surface of the positive electrode active material used to constitute the positive electrode disclosed herein.
- a carbonaceous film can be preferably formed on the surface of the composite oxide as described above by a method similar to the conventional method.
- a carbonaceous material is coated on the surface of the particulate compound constituting the positive electrode active material, and the coating material is thermally decomposed to obtain a desired carbonaceous film (typically a carbon composed of a network composed of only carbon atoms). Film) can be formed on the surface of the positive electrode active material.
- Preferred carbonaceous materials for such purposes include various polymer compounds containing carbon. Examples of organic compounds include various polymers such as (1).
- Polyolefin resins polyvinyl acetate, polybutadiene, polyvinyl alcohol, other synthetic resins, (2). Styrene, acetylene and other hydrocarbons. Of these, hydrophilic materials are preferred, and hydrophilic resins such as polyvinyl alcohol can be suitably used.
- the granular positive electrode active material and the carbonaceous material have a predetermined mass ratio, for example, 0.5 to 10 parts by mass (typically 1 to 5 parts by mass) of the carbonaceous material with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material. ), And using a suitable dryer or baking furnace (for example, a device that performs drying and baking in a swirling flow method) to remove the solvent, thereby removing the carbonaceous material / positive electrode. Active material aggregates can be formed. Next, the carbonaceous material / positive electrode active material aggregate is heated to a temperature range in which the used carbonaceous material can be thermally decomposed in vacuum (ultra-low pressure gas) or non-oxidizing (or reducing) atmosphere gas.
- the carbonaceous material is thermally decomposed, and the surface of the positive electrode active material can be covered with the residual carbon component (thermal decomposition product).
- the mass ratio of the carbonaceous film to the total mass of the positive electrode active material particles including the carbonaceous film is preferably about 1 to 5% by mass.
- the thickness and the coating area of the carbonaceous film to be formed are adjusted by appropriately changing the mass ratio of the positive electrode active material to be mixed and the carbonaceous material. be able to.
- the average thickness of the carbonaceous film based on observation by SEM or the like is 1 ⁇ m or less (typically 50 nm to 1000 nm, particularly 100 nm to 500 nm). With such a film thickness, the conductivity can be improved and the binder can be suitably bonded (coupled) to the coating surface (carbon atoms).
- At least one kind of binder used together with the positive electrode active material to constitute the positive electrode active material layer is formed of a polymer compound having at least one functional group. It is a binder.
- the functional group of this type is not particularly limited as long as it is a functional group having reactivity capable of molecularly bonding with the carbonaceous film on the surface of the positive electrode active material, but the surface of the carbonaceous film (typically carbonaceous By reacting (for example, condensing reaction) with the carbon atoms constituting the film itself or a functional group such as a hydroxy group (—OH) introduced into the film, the two are connected to form a single molecular chain (ie, Those capable of constituting a composite compound composed of a carbon network part and a binder constituent part are preferred.
- Suitable examples of this type of functional group include a hydroxy group and a carboxyl group.
- a polymer compound having a carboxyl group (—COOH) and / or a hydroxy group (—OH) is preferable.
- —C—O—C— or —C—O—O—C—
- a chemical bond is generated, and the polymer compound (binder) can be suitably bonded to any carbon atom constituting the carbonaceous film on the surface of the positive electrode active material.
- a vinylidene fluoride which is a monomer component of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), which is a conventional polymer compound as a binder contained in the positive electrode active material layer, is used as a main monomer component and a functional group is introduced.
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- a preferred example is a vinylidene fluoride polymer.
- a vinylidene fluoride polymer having a hydroxy group and / or a carboxyl group introduced as a functional group is particularly preferred.
- a polymer containing such a functional group can be obtained by copolymerization with an ester (for example, monoester) of a dibasic acid copolymerizable with vinylidene fluoride.
- a copolymerizable dibasic acid or an ester thereof for example, an ester of a dibasic acid such as maleic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, and itaconic acid
- a copolymerizable dibasic acid or an ester thereof for example, an ester of a dibasic acid such as maleic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, and itaconic acid
- 100 parts by weight of vinylidene fluoride (monomer) and 0.1 to 10 parts by weight of unsaturated dibasic acid ester such as maleic acid monomethyl ester (or maleic acid monoethyl ester) are added to ion-exchanged water.
- suspension polymerization is carried out at room temperature (for example, 20 to 35 ° C.) for about 12 hours to 72 hours (0.5 days to 3 days).
- a vinylidene fluoride-based polymer having a functional group derived from a dibasic acid ester can be obtained by performing dehydration treatment after the completion of polymerization, appropriately washing with water, and drying.
- a functional group derived from a dibasic acid ester for example, a carboxyl group
- the manufacturing method itself of such a polymer having a functional group is a technique widely known as a conventional technique, further detailed description is omitted.
- the existing polymer (polymer compound) is appropriately modified.
- a functional group may be introduced into the molecular chain.
- a positive electrode active material layer (also referred to as a positive electrode mixture layer) is formed on the positive electrode current collector using the positive electrode active material having the carbonaceous film as described above, using the functional group-containing binder as described above.
- the method for forming the positive electrode active material layer itself may be the same as the conventional method, and no special treatment is required in particular to carry out the present invention.
- the positive electrode active material layer forming material (that is, the positive electrode active material layer forming composition) includes the granular positive electrode active material having a carbonaceous film disclosed herein, and at least a functional group-containing high content as a binder.
- a molecular compound for example, the above-mentioned vinylidene fluoride polymer having a carboxyl group or a hydroxy group
- a paste including a slurry or an ink.
- a composition for forming a positive electrode active material layer may be referred to as a “positive electrode active material layer forming paste”.
- a positive electrode active material layer forming paste may be prepared by adding an appropriate amount of carbon black such as acetylene black or ketjen black or other powdered carbon material (conductive material) such as graphite. .
- the polymer compound (polymer) constituting the binder is molecularly linked to the carbon atoms constituting the carbonaceous film of the positive electrode active material to form one molecular chain (that is, the carbonaceous film).
- a composite compound composed of a carbon network part and a binder constituent part), and preferably, a polymer compound (for example, the above-mentioned binder constituent included in the positive electrode active material layer) (Polyvinylidene fluoride polymer) is an intermolecular cross-linked network to form a network (network structure). Therefore, a relatively small amount of binder than before, a positive electrode active material layer with high adhesion strength and excellent structural stability. Can be formed.
- the mass ratio of the binder to the mass of the entire solid content (100 mass%) of the positive electrode active material layer is approximately 10 mass% or less (for example, 1 to 10 mass%, preferably 2 to 7 mass%). Mass%).
- an appropriate amount of the prepared positive electrode active material layer forming paste is preferably applied onto a positive electrode current collector composed of aluminum or an aluminum-based alloy, and further dried and pressed.
- a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on the current collector can be produced.
- the granular positive electrode active material having a carbonaceous film contained in the active material layer and the functional group-containing polymer compound are chemically treated. Perform the process of combining.
- the content of such treatment may vary depending on the type of the functional group, but when the functional group is a carboxyl group or a hydroxy group, it is preferable that the granular positive electrode active material is passed through the functional group by a condensation reaction (particularly preferably a dehydration condensation reaction).
- a functional group-containing polymer compound that is, a binder
- the positive electrode active material layer may be heated in a state where the pressure is reduced to an appropriate level (substantially under vacuum) (for example, 100 ° C. to 250 ° C., preferably 150 ° C. to 200 ° C.).
- an appropriate level for example, 100 ° C. to 250 ° C., preferably 150 ° C. to 200 ° C.
- the carbonaceous film and the binder can be preferably bonded (linked) by a dehydration condensation reaction.
- the carbonaceous film formed by the process as described above typically has hydroxy groups or other organic functional groups on the surface thereof.
- a hydroxyl group is introduced into the carbonaceous film (carbon network) by reacting with water vapor in the air.
- a functional group-containing polymer compound is molecularly bonded (linked) to the carbonaceous film of the positive electrode active material by causing a dehydration condensation reaction or the like without intentionally performing surface modification treatment such as surface plasma treatment.
- the dehydration condensation reaction is not only performed between the carbonaceous film of the positive electrode active material and the functional group-containing polymer compound (binder), but also of the molecules constituting the binder. It can also occur between binders depending on the structure. That is, binding between the binding materials (that is, cross-linking between molecules) or intramolecular cross-linking in the molecular chain of the polymer compound (polymer) constituting the binding material can be generated. Therefore, by causing the condensation reaction as described above, the polymer compounds constituting the binder contained in the positive electrode active material layer can be cross-linked with each other.
- the molecular chain constituting the binder contains multiple bonds such as double bonds
- cleavage / addition reaction occurs at the part, resulting in intermolecular crosslinking between the binders. Can be generated.
- a cross-linking reaction it is possible to form a network by bonding between the binders included in the positive electrode active material layer.
- the adhesion strength of the positive electrode active material layer can be improved with a relatively small amount of the binder.
- a lithium secondary battery that is excellent in durability and suitable for high-rate charge / discharge can be constructed.
- the negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery serving as the counter electrode of the positive electrode disclosed here can be produced by a method similar to the conventional one.
- the negative electrode active material used for the negative electrode of the lithium secondary battery may be any material that can occlude and release lithium ions, such as carbon materials such as graphite, lithium-titanium oxide (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12). ) And the like, and alloy materials composed of alloys such as tin (Sn), aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), and silicon (Si).
- a typical example is a powdery carbon material made of graphite or the like.
- the graphite particles can be a negative electrode active material more suitable for rapid charge / discharge (for example, high-power discharge) because the particle size is small and the surface area per unit volume is large.
- the powdery material is dispersed in an appropriate dispersion medium together with an appropriate binder and kneaded to obtain a paste-like negative electrode active material layer forming composition (negative electrode active material layer forming paste).
- a paste-like negative electrode active material layer forming paste can be prepared.
- a negative electrode current collector preferably made of copper, nickel or an alloy thereof, and further drying and pressing, a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery can be produced. it can.
- separator used with a positive electrode and a negative electrode
- the separator similar to the past can be used.
- a porous sheet (porous film) made of a polyolefin resin can be used.
- a polymer solid electrolyte can be used as a separator.
- the same electrolyte as a non-aqueous electrolyte (typically, an electrolytic solution) conventionally used for lithium secondary batteries can be used without particular limitation.
- the polymer solid electrolyte is typically a composition in which a supporting salt is contained in a suitable nonaqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous solvent include one or two selected from the group consisting of propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and the like. More than seeds can be used.
- the supporting salt examples include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ). 3 , 1 type, or 2 or more types of lithium compounds (lithium salt) selected from LiI etc. can be used.
- the shape (outer shape and size) of the lithium secondary battery to be constructed is not particularly limited.
- the outer package may be a thin sheet type constituted by a laminate film or the like, and the battery outer case may be a cylindrical or cuboid battery, or may be a small button shape.
- a lithium secondary battery having a wound electrode body here, a lithium ion battery using a non-aqueous electrolyte
- the usage mode of the positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery disclosed herein will be described by way of example, but is not intended to limit the present invention to such an embodiment.
- symbol is attached
- the dimensional relationships (length, width, thickness, etc.) in each drawing do not reflect actual dimensional relationships.
- the cell 12 used as a component of the assembled battery 10 is typically a predetermined battery constituent material (positive Each of which includes an active material for each negative electrode, a current collector for each positive and negative electrode, a separator, and the like, and a container for housing the electrode body and an appropriate electrolyte.
- the assembled battery 10 disclosed herein includes a predetermined number (typically 10 or more, preferably about 10 to 30, for example, 20) of unit cells 12 having the same shape.
- the unit cell 12 includes a container 14 having a shape (a flat box shape in this embodiment) that can accommodate a flat wound electrode body to be described later.
- each part of the unit cell 12 may vary due to a dimensional error at the time of manufacturing the container 14 used.
- the container 14 is provided with a positive electrode terminal 15 electrically connected to the positive electrode of the wound electrode body and a negative electrode terminal 16 electrically connected to the negative electrode of the electrode body. As shown in the figure, one positive terminal 15 and the other negative terminal 16 are electrically connected by a connector 17 between adjacent unit cells 12.
- the assembled battery 10 of the desired voltage is constructed
- the container 14 can be provided with a safety valve 13 or the like for venting gas generated inside the container in the same manner as a conventional unit cell container. Since the configuration of the container 14 itself does not characterize the present invention, a detailed description is omitted.
- the material of the container 14 is not particularly limited as long as it is the same as that used in the conventional unit cell.
- a container made of metal for example, aluminum, steel, etc.
- a container made of synthetic resin for example, polyolefin resin such as polypropylene, high melting point resin such as polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyamide resin, etc.
- the container 14 according to the present embodiment is made of, for example, aluminum. As shown in FIG. 2 and FIG.
- the unit cell 12 has a sheet-like positive electrode 32 (hereinafter also referred to as “positive electrode sheet 32”) and a sheet-like negative electrode 34 (hereinafter referred to as “winding electrode body” of a normal lithium ion battery).
- positive electrode sheet 32 a sheet-like positive electrode 32
- a sheet-like negative electrode 34 hereinafter referred to as “winding electrode body” of a normal lithium ion battery.
- separator sheets 36 laminated together with a total of two sheet-like separators 36 (hereinafter also referred to as “separator sheets 36”), and the positive electrode sheet 32 and the negative electrode sheet 34 are wound while being slightly shifted.
- a flat wound electrode body 30 is provided which is produced by crushing and curling the obtained wound body from the side surface direction.
- a positive electrode lead terminal 32B and a negative electrode lead terminal 34B are attached to the protruding portion 32A (ie, the non-forming portion of the positive electrode active material layer) 32A and the protruding portion 34A (ie, the non-forming portion of the negative electrode active material layer) 34A.
- the lead terminals 32B and 34B are electrically connected to the positive electrode terminal 15 and the negative electrode terminal 16, respectively.
- the materials and members themselves constituting the wound electrode body 30 having the above-described configuration are the conventional ones except that the positive electrode (here, the positive electrode sheet 32) in which the positive electrode active material layer disclosed herein is formed as a positive electrode is employed. It may be the same as the electrode body of the lithium ion battery, and is not particularly limited.
- the positive electrode sheet 32 is formed by applying a positive electrode active material layer for a lithium ion battery on a long positive electrode current collector (for example, a long aluminum foil).
- the shape of the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited because it may vary depending on the shape of the lithium secondary battery, and may be various forms such as a rod shape, a plate shape, a sheet shape, a foil shape, and a mesh shape.
- a sheet-like positive electrode current collector having a shape that can be preferably used for the lithium secondary battery (unit cell) 12 including the wound electrode body 30 is used.
- an aluminum foil having a length of 2 m to 4 m (for example, 2.7 m), a width of 8 cm to 12 cm (for example, 10 cm), and a thickness of about 5 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m (for example, 15 ⁇ m) is used as a current collector.
- the prepared positive electrode active material layer forming paste for example, 85 to 95% by mass of a granular positive electrode active material having a conductive carbonaceous film (typically a carbon film formed by thermally decomposing an organic compound), carbon black,
- a positive electrode active material layer forming paste prepared by mixing 0 to 5% by mass of a conductive material such as acetylene black and 1 to 10% by mass of a functional group-containing polymer compound (binder) in an aqueous solvent
- a positive electrode active material layer is formed by applying to the body surface.
- the aqueous solvent is typically water, but any water-based solvent may be used as long as it exhibits aqueous properties as a whole.
- an aqueous solution containing a lower alcohol methanol, ethanol, etc.
- the paste can be suitably applied to the surface of the positive electrode current collector by using an appropriate application device such as a gravure coater, a slit coater, a die coater, or a comma coater.
- the solvent (typically water) contained in the paste is dried and compressed (pressed) to form a positive electrode active material layer.
- a conventionally known compression method such as a roll press method or a flat plate press method can be employed.
- the thickness may be measured with a film thickness measuring instrument, and the press pressure may be adjusted to compress the material multiple times until a desired thickness is obtained.
- the positive electrode current collector with the positive electrode active material layer formed on the surface thereof is housed in a decompression chamber (decompression chamber), preferably under vacuum conditions (for example, 0.01 MPa or less (approximately 1/10 or less of atmospheric pressure)) causes a condensation reaction (typically dehydration condensation reaction) at 0.001 MPa or less (generally 1/100 of atmospheric pressure), although it can also react at room temperature (20 to 35 ° C.), preferably room temperature It is preferable to perform the dehydration condensation reaction under a higher temperature condition (eg, 100 to 200 ° C.).
- the binder is molecularly bonded to the surface of the carbonaceous film of the positive electrode active material particles to form a composite compound composed of the carbon network part of the carbonaceous film and the binder constituent part.
- the molecules constituting the binder are preferably cross-linked.
- the negative electrode sheet 34 can be formed by applying a negative electrode active material layer for a lithium ion battery on a long negative electrode current collector.
- a conductive member made of a metal having good conductivity is preferably used.
- copper can be used.
- the shape of the negative electrode current collector may vary depending on the shape of the lithium secondary battery and the like, and is not particularly limited. In the present embodiment, a sheet-like negative electrode current collector having a shape that can be preferably used for the lithium secondary battery (unit cell) 12 including the wound electrode body 30 is used.
- a copper foil having a length of 2 m to 4 m (for example, 2.9 m), a width of 8 cm to 12 cm (for example, 10 cm), and a thickness of about 5 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m (for example, 10 ⁇ m) is used as the negative electrode current collector.
- Formation of negative electrode active material layer prepared by adding and dispersing or dissolving a negative electrode active material (typically a carbon material such as graphite) and a binder in an appropriate solvent (water, organic solvent and mixed solvent thereof) It is preferably prepared by applying a paste for use (for example, 94 to 98% by mass of graphite, 1 to 3% by mass of SBR, 1 to 3% by mass of CMC), drying the solvent and compressing. Since the manufacturing method itself is the same as that of the positive electrode side, detailed description is omitted.
- porous separator sheet 36 used between the positive / negative electrode sheets 32 and 34, what was comprised with the porous polyolefin resin is illustrated.
- a porous separator sheet made of synthetic resin for example, made of polyolefin such as polyethylene
- having a length of 2 to 4 m for example, 3.1 m
- a width of 8 to 12 cm for example, 11 cm
- a thickness of about 5 to 30 ⁇ m for example, 25 ⁇ m
- a separator is not necessary (that is, in this case, the electrolyte itself can function as a separator). ) Is possible.
- a unit cell 12 is constructed by injecting a nonaqueous electrolyte (electrolyte) such as a mixed solvent of diethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate (for example, a mass ratio of 1: 1) containing an appropriate amount (for example, concentration 1M) and sealing it. Is done.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte electrolyte
- electrolyte such as a mixed solvent of diethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate (for example, a mass ratio of 1: 1) containing an appropriate amount (for example, concentration 1M) and sealing it. Is done.
- the plurality of cells 12 having the same shape constructed as described above are inverted one by one so that the positive terminals 15 and the negative terminals 16 are alternately arranged, and the container 14 Wide surfaces (that is, surfaces corresponding to flat surfaces of a wound electrode body 30 to be described later housed in the container 14) are arranged in an opposing direction.
- a cooling plate 11 having a predetermined shape is disposed in close contact with the wide surface of the container 14 between the arranged unit cells 12 and both outsides in the unit cell arrangement direction (stacking direction).
- the cooling plate 11 functions as a heat radiating member for efficiently dissipating heat generated in each unit cell during use.
- the cooling plate 11 is a cooling fluid (typically air) between the unit cells 12. It has a frame shape that can be introduced.
- a cooling plate 11 made of a metal with good thermal conductivity or lightweight and hard polypropylene or other synthetic resin is suitable.
- a pair of end plates 18 are provided on the outer side of the cooling plate 11 arranged on both outsides of the unit cells 12 and the cooling plates 11 (hereinafter collectively referred to as “single cell group”). , 19 are arranged.
- One or a plurality of sheet-like spacer members 40 serving as length adjusting means are provided between the cooling plate 11 and the end plate 18 arranged on the outside of one of the unit cell groups (the right end in FIG. 2). It may be sandwiched.
- the constituent material of the spacer member 40 is not particularly limited, and various materials (metal material, resin material, ceramic material, etc.) can be used as long as the thickness adjusting function described later can be exhibited.
- a metal material or a resin material is preferably used from the viewpoint of durability against impact or the like.
- a lightweight polyolefin resin spacer member 40 can be preferably used.
- the single cell group, the spacer member 40 and the end plates 18 and 19 arranged in the stacking direction of the single cells 12 in this way are attached so as to bridge the end plates 18 and 19.
- the band 21 is restrained by a predetermined restraining pressure P in the stacking direction. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 1, by tightening and fixing the end of the restraining band 21 to the end plate 18 with screws 22, the unit cell group has a predetermined restraining pressure P (for example, the container 14) in the arrangement direction.
- the surface pressure received by the wall surface is constrained to be about 0.1 MPa to 10 MPa.
- the constraining pressure is also applied to the wound electrode body 30 inside the container 14 of each unit cell 12, and the gas generated in the container 14 is generated inside the wound electrode body 30. It is possible to prevent the battery performance from being deteriorated by being stored in (for example, between the positive electrode sheet 32 and the negative electrode sheet 34).
- a lithium secondary battery (sample battery) was constructed using the positive electrode provided with the positive electrode active material layer disclosed herein, and its performance was evaluated.
- the reaction product was cooled to room temperature, and the reaction product, ie, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ) was recovered. Subsequently, the obtained compound was crushed with a ball mill to obtain a granular positive electrode active material (lithium iron phosphate) having an average primary particle diameter of about 0.7 ⁇ m based on observation with an electron microscope.
- a granular positive electrode active material lithium iron phosphate
- Polyvinyl alcohol was used as the carbonaceous material, and a carbonaceous film was formed on the surface of the granular positive electrode active material. Specifically, an amount of polyvinyl alcohol corresponding to 5% by mass of the positive electrode active material is added to a predetermined amount of the granular positive electrode active material (LiFePO 4 ), and the mixture is dispersed in deionized water. A slurry was prepared. The obtained slurry is put in a commercially available swirl flow type dryer (incinerator), and the solvent (here, water) is removed to remove polyvinyl alcohol having an average particle size (secondary particle) of about 20 ⁇ m and a positive electrode active material. Aggregates were formed.
- the solvent here, water
- a thermal decomposition treatment was performed at 800 ° C. for about 1.5 hours in a hydrogen gas atmosphere to reduce and carbonize the polyvinyl alcohol.
- the pulverization treatment is performed again with a ball mill, and a carbonaceous film, which is a pyrolysis product of polyvinyl alcohol having an average primary particle diameter of about 0.7 ⁇ m based on observation with an electron microscope, is formed on the surface.
- Positive electrode active material particles were prepared.
- the coating amount of the carbonaceous film calculated from the composition was 2 to 3% by mass of the whole positive electrode active material particles including the carbonaceous film.
- a vinylidene fluoride-based polymer containing a functional group was prepared by suspension polymerization. Specifically, about 400 g of vinylidene fluoride polymer and about 4 g of maleic acid monomethyl ester are charged in about 1000 ml of ion-exchanged water, and further about 4 g of diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate as a polymerization initiator and chain transfer. About 3 g of ethyl acetate as an agent and about 1 g of methyl cellulose as a suspending agent were added, and suspension polymerization was performed at 28 ° C. for 48 hours.
- modified polyvinylidene fluoride was about 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 mol / g.
- modified polyvinylidene fluoride was used as a binder according to this example.
- the weight average molecular weight measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of the obtained modified polyvinylidene fluoride was about 1 million.
- a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery was produced using the positive electrode active material obtained in Test Example 1 and the binder obtained in Test Example 2. Specifically, 90 parts by mass of a positive electrode active material with a carbonaceous film, 7 parts by mass of a binder (the modified polyvinylidene fluoride), and 3 parts by mass of a conductive material (acetylene black) was added to NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) as a dispersion solvent so as to be 60% by mass, and pulverized and mixed using a bead mill to prepare a positive electrode active material layer forming paste.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the positive electrode active material layer forming paste is applied to an aluminum foil (thickness 15 ⁇ m) as a positive electrode current collector so that the applied amount of the positive electrode active material per unit area is 40 to 50 mg / cm 2. It was applied to both sides of the electric body and dried. After drying, the sheet was stretched into a sheet with a roller press to form a thickness of about 120 ⁇ m, and a positive electrode sheet was prepared by slitting so that the positive electrode active material layer had a predetermined width.
- the obtained positive electrode sheet is accommodated in a vacuum furnace, the inside of the furnace is reduced to a vacuum state (that is, the atmospheric pressure is around 0.001 MPa or less) and heated to 180 ° C. to 200 ° C. for about 12 hours of condensation. Reaction treatment was performed. Thereby, the functional group (here, carboxyl group) of the binder present in the positive electrode active material layer can be molecularly bonded to the carbonaceous film (that is, carbon atoms constituting the film) of the positive electrode active material. It was. In addition, the binder (modified polyvinylidene fluoride) present in the positive electrode active material layer could be cross-linked. FIG. 4 shows an IR spectrum chart indicating this.
- the positive electrode sheet for comparison is referred to as “positive electrode sheet according to comparative example”. That is, in the positive electrode sheet according to the comparative example, since the dehydration condensation reaction treatment is not performed, the bond between the carbonaceous film of the positive electrode active material and the binder (that is, the bond due to the condensation reaction) hardly occurs. It is a positive electrode sheet provided with a positive electrode active material layer in a state where almost no intermolecular cross-linking between binders (modified polyvinylidene fluoride) occurs.
- the negative electrode sheet used as a counter electrode was produced as follows. That is, the negative electrode active material layer forming paste is composed of 95 parts by mass of graphite as a negative electrode active material, 2.5 parts by mass of a styrene butadiene block copolymer (SBR) as a binder, and carboxymethyl cellulose as a thickener. (CMC) 2.5 parts by mass was prepared by adding to ion exchange water and mixing.
- SBR styrene butadiene block copolymer
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- the negative electrode active material layer forming paste is applied to a copper foil (thickness 10 ⁇ m) as a negative electrode current collector so that the coating amount of the negative electrode active material per unit area is 20 to 25 mg / cm 2. It was applied to both sides of the electric body and dried. After drying, the sheet was stretched into a sheet with a roller press to form a thickness of about 80 ⁇ m, and a negative electrode sheet was prepared by slitting so that the negative electrode active material layer had a predetermined width.
- capacitance) of each active material layer of positive / negative electrode was prescribed
- a lithium secondary battery (lithium ion battery) as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 was constructed using the positive electrode sheet according to the prepared example or the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet according to the comparative example. That is, a positive electrode sheet and a negative electrode sheet were laminated together with two separators, and this laminated sheet was wound to produce a wound electrode body. Then, this electrode body was crushed into a flat shape, accommodated in a rectangular container having an internal volume of 100 mL together with the electrolyte, and the battery according to this test example having a sealed structure was constructed by sealing the opening. A porous film made of a polypropylene / polyethylene composite was used as the separator.
- lithium secondary battery according to the example As the electrolyte, a nonaqueous electrolytic solution having a composition in which 1 mol / L LiPF 6 was dissolved in a 1: 1 (volume ratio) mixed solvent of propylene carbonate (PC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) was used.
- PC propylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- the lithium secondary battery constructed using the positive electrode sheet according to the example is referred to as “lithium secondary battery according to the example”
- the lithium secondary battery constructed using the positive electrode sheet according to the comparative example is referred to as “comparative example”.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention The lithium secondary battery according to the present invention.
- ⁇ Test Example 5 Performance evaluation test of lithium secondary battery> Two types of lithium secondary batteries constructed in Test Example 4 (Examples and Comparative Examples) were evaluated for performance. First, the charging charge is a constant current-constant voltage method, and at room temperature (about 25 ° C.), the charging upper limit is set at a current value that is one fifth of the battery capacity (Ah) predicted from the positive electrode theoretical capacity (ie, 0.2 C). The battery was charged to a voltage (4.2 V), and then charged until the final current value during constant voltage charging was 1/10 of the initial charge current value. Hereinafter, this state is referred to as full charge.
- Ah battery capacity predicted from the positive electrode theoretical capacity
- the battery fully charged as described above was discharged to 3 V at a current value (that is, 0.2 C) of 1/5 of the battery capacity (Ah) predicted from the positive electrode theoretical capacity.
- 0.2 C refers to a current value at which the theoretical capacity can be discharged in 1 / 0.2 hours (that is, 5 hours).
- the discharge capacity (mAh / g) per unit weight of the positive electrode material (positive electrode mixture) constituting the positive electrode active material layer was calculated. The results are shown in the corresponding places in Table 1. Moreover, the output (W) when it discharged for 10 second from the said full charge state was calculated
- the lithium secondary battery according to Example 1 was better than the lithium secondary battery according to the comparative example in terms of discharge capacity, output density, and capacity retention rate.
- the output density and the capacity retention rate that is, durability
- a vehicle 1 including any lithium secondary battery 12 (assembled battery 10) disclosed herein is provided.
- a vehicle for example, an automobile
- the lithium secondary battery 12 as a power source typically, a power source of a hybrid vehicle or an electric vehicle
- a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode active material layer having high adhesion strength of the positive electrode active material. Therefore, by using such a positive electrode, a lithium secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics and high durability can be provided.
- a lithium secondary battery for example, a vehicle-mounted lithium secondary battery used as a power source for driving a vehicle
- a lithium secondary battery that is excellent in high-rate charge / discharge performance over a long period of time.
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Abstract
Description
ところで、EV(電気自動車)、HV(ハイブリッド車)あるいはPHV(プラグインハイブリッド車)等の車両のモータ駆動電源として用いられるリチウム二次電池では、まず第1にハイレート(例えば10C以上)で好適に充放電が行えることが要求される。かかる第1の要求に対する方策として、正極活物質として使用される化合物の小粒子化が挙げられる。最近では一次粒子の平均粒子径が1μmを下回るような微粒子状の正極活物質が用いられるようになってきた。このような微粒子状正極活物質は比較的大きな比表面積をもつためハイレート充放電に好ましい。また、正極活物質の導電性を向上させるべく、活物質粒子の表面を導電材(カーボンブラック等)で被覆したことを特徴とする正極活物質の使用が提案されている(例えば後述する特許文献1参照)。
しかし、その一方において、結着材の含有量(率)を高めることは、その分だけ正極活物質の含有量(率)が低下し、電池の容量低下となるため好ましくない。
なお、特許文献2には、負極活物質と負極集電体との密着性を向上させるための技術が開示されている。しかし、かかる文献2に記載の技術は、正極側ではうまく適用できない。
そして本発明は、ここで開示される正極を備えたリチウム二次電池とその製造方法を提供する。さらに本発明は、ここで開示される正極を備えたリチウム二次電池をモータ駆動用電源として備える車両(典型的には自動車)を提供する。
従って、本発明の正極によると、結着材の含有量(含有率)を過度に上昇させることなく高い耐久性を実現し、内部抵抗の増大が抑制された市場価値の高いリチウム二次電池(典型的にはリチウムイオン電池)を提供することができる。
このように正極活物質層中の結着材が相互に架橋されてネットワーク(即ち、結着材を構成する分子同士が相互に架橋してなる網目組織)を形成することにより、正極活物質層中に存在する正極活物質粒子の密着強度をより向上させることができる。
このような微粒子状の複合酸化物から成る正極活物質が使用されることによって、正極活物質の比表面積を増大する。従って、本態様の正極を使用することによって、導電性に優れハイレート充放電に適するリチウム二次電池を提供することができる。
LiMAO4 (1)
で示される化合物である。かかる式中のMは、Fe、Co、Ni及びMnから成る群から選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素を含む1種又は2種以上の元素(典型的には1種又は2種以上の金属元素)である。即ち、Fe、Co、Ni及びMnから成る群から選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素を含むが他の少量含有され得るマイナー添加元素の存在を許容する(かかるマイナー添加元素は存在しなくてもよい。)。また、上記式中のAは、P、Si、S及びVから成る群から選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
かかるポリアニオン型の粒状化合物を正極活物質として採用することによって、ハイレート充放電性能にさらに優れるリチウム二次電池を提供することができる。
特に好ましくは上記式(1)において、Aは、P及び/又はSiである。
ここで開示される正極製造方法は、
リチウム及び少なくとも1種の遷移金属元素を含む複合酸化物から成る正極活物質であって表面に導電性の炭素質被膜が形成されている正極活物質と、少なくとも1つの官能基を有する高分子化合物から成る少なくとも1種の結着材と、該結着材を溶解又は分散可能な溶媒とを含む正極活物質層形成用組成物を用意すること;
上記組成物を正極集電体の表面に塗布し、該正極集電体上に正極活物質層を形成すること;および
上記正極活物質層に含まれる上記結着材と上記正極活物質の炭素質被膜との間で縮合反応を生じさせ、少なくとも一部の該正極活物質の炭素質被膜を構成する炭素原子に該結着材を構成する高分子化合物を分子的に結合させること;
を包含する方法である。
かかる構成の製造方法によって、上述した本発明に係るリチウム二次電池用正極を製造することができる。
例えば、正極活物質を構成する複合酸化物としての好適例として、一般式:
LiMAO4 (1)
で示される化合物が挙げられる。かかる式中のMは、Fe、Co、Ni及びMnから成る群から選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素を含む1種又は2種以上の元素(典型的には1種又は2種以上の金属元素)である。即ち、Fe、Co、Ni及びMnから成る群から選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素を含むが他の少量含有され得るマイナー添加元素の存在を許容する(かかるマイナー添加元素は存在しなくてもよい。)。また、上記式中のAは、P、Si、S及びVから成る群から選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
特に好ましくは、上記式(1)においてAは、P及び/又はSiである。
ここに開示されるいずれかのリチウム二次電池は、特にハイレート充放電が要求される車両に搭載される電池として適した性能を備える。したがって本発明によると、ここに開示されるいずれかのリチウム二次電池を備えた車両が提供される。特に、該リチウム二次電池を動力源(典型的には、ハイブリッド車両または電気車両の動力源)として備える車両(例えば自動車)が提供される。
LiMAO4 (1)
で示される化合物が挙げられる。かかる式中のMは、Fe、Co、Ni及びMnから成る群から選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素を含む1種又は2種以上の元素(典型的には1種又は2種以上の金属元素)である。即ち、Fe、Co、Ni及びMnから成る群から選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素を含むが他の少量含有され得るマイナー添加元素の存在を許容する(かかるマイナー添加元素は存在しなくてもよい。)。また、上記式中のAは、P、Si、S及びVから成る群から選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。
この種のポリアニオン型化合物は、理論エネルギー密度が高く且つ高価な金属材料の使用を回避若しくは低減させることができるため、好ましい。上記式(1)において、AがP及び/又はSiであるもの(例えば、LiFePO4、LiFeSiO4、LiCoPO4、LiCoSiO4、LiFe0.5Co0.5PO4、LiFe0.5Co0.5SiO4、LiMnPO4、LiMnSiO4、LiNiPO4、LiNiSiO4)が特に好ましいポリアニオン型化合物として挙げられる。これら化合物では、酸素が遷移金属以外の元素であるPやSiと共有結合して固定化されており、高温時の酸素放出を抑制することができる。
例えば、適当なリチウム供給源化合物と、1種以上の遷移金属供給源化合物と、リン酸若しくはケイ酸(若しくは適当なリン酸塩やケイ酸塩)とを混合し、焼成し、粉砕・造粒することによって、上記式(1)においてAがP又はSiであるポリアニオン型化合物を得ることができる。
例えば、リチウム供給源化合物としては、炭酸リチウム、水酸化リチウム等のリチウム化合物を使用することができる。また、ニッケル供給源、コバルト供給源等の遷移金属供給源化合物としてこれら構成金属の水酸化物、酸化物、各種の塩(例えば炭酸塩)、ハロゲン化物(例えばフッ化物)等が選択され得る。
本発明によれば、正極活物質層に含まれる正極活物質の密着強度を向上させることができる。従って、粒子径の小さい粒状正極活物質を高い密着強度で正極活物質層に保持することができる。換言すれば、本発明によると、粒子径の小さい粒状正極活物質を高い密着強度で正極活物質層に保持した正極を提供することができる。粒子径の小さい粒状正極活物質を使用することにより、正極活物質層の導電性を向上させ、ハイレートで充放電を行うのに好適なリチウム二次電池用正極を提供することができる。
このような平均粒子径の小さい正極活物質は、表面積が大きいために正極活物質層における導電性が向上する。好ましくは、BET法に基づく比表面積(m2/g)が5m2/g以上、さらに好ましくは10m2/g以上(例えば上記方法に基づく比表面積が5~20m2/g、より好ましくは10~20m2/g)となるような微粒状正極活物質(例えば上記ポリアニオン型化合物のような複合酸化物)を使用することができる。このような平均粒子径(一次粒子径)の小さい正極活物質(例えばリン酸鉄リチウム(LiFePO4)のようなポリアニオン型化合物その他の複合酸化物)は、一般的な水熱合成法により形成することができる。
例えば、正極活物質を構成する粒状化合物の表面に炭素質材料をコーティングし、該コーティング物質を熱分解することによって所望の炭素質膜(典型的には炭素原子のみから成るネットワークで構成されたカーボン膜)を正極活物質表面に形成することができる。このような目的に好ましい炭素質材料としては、炭素を含む種々の高分子化合物が挙げられる。有機化合物としては、種々のポリマー、例えば、(1).ポリオレフィン系樹脂、ポリ酢酸ビニル、ポリブタジエン、ポリビニルアルコール、その他の合成樹脂類、(2).スチレン、アセチレンその他の炭化水素類、が挙げられる。なかでも親水性の材料が好ましく、ポリビニルアルコール等の親水性樹脂を好適に使用することができる。
例えば、これら官能基を有する高分子化合物と炭素質被膜を構成する炭素ネットワークとの間で、脱水縮合反応によって-C-O-C-(若しくは-C-O-O-C-)の形態の化学結合が生じ、当該高分子化合物(結着材)を正極活物質の表面の炭素質被膜を構成する何れかの炭素原子に好適に結合させることができる。
このような官能基を含有するポリマーは、フッ化ビニリデンと共重合可能な二塩基酸のエステル(例えばモノエステル)との共重合によって得ることができる。特に限定することを意図していないが、共重合可能な二塩基酸又はそのエステル(例えばマレイン酸、フマル酸、コハク酸、イタコン酸等の二塩基酸のエステル)を好適に使用することができる。例えば、イオン交換水に、100質量部のフッ化ビニリデン(モノマー)と0.1~10質量部程度のマレイン酸モノメチルエステル(又はマレイン酸モノエチルエステル)等の不飽和二塩基酸エステルを添加し、典型的には室温域(例えば20~35℃)で概ね12時間~72時間(0.5日~3日間)程度の懸濁重合を行う。重合終了後に脱水処理し、適宜水洗を行った後、乾燥することにより、二塩基酸エステル由来の官能基(例えばカルボキシル基)を有するフッ化ビニリデン系ポリマーを得ることができる。なお、このような官能基を有するポリマーの製造方法自体は、従来技術として広く知られた技術であるので、これ以上の詳細な説明は省略する。
或いはまた、上述したような共重合プロセスによって種々の官能基が導入された目的のポリマー(高分子化合物)を製造することに代えて、既存のポリマー(高分子化合物)に適当な修飾処理を施すことによって官能基を分子鎖中に導入してもよい。
典型的には、正極活物質層形成用材料(即ち正極活物質層形成用組成物)は、ここで開示される炭素質被膜を有する粒状正極活物質と、結着材として少なくとも官能基含有高分子化合物(例えば上記のカルボキシル基或いはヒドロキシ基を有するフッ化ビニリデン系ポリマー)とを、適当な分散媒体に分散させて混練することによって、ペースト状(スラリー状またはインク状を含む。以下同じ。)に調製される。以下、かかるペースト状の正極活物質層形成用組成物を「正極活物質層形成用ペースト」という場合がある。なお、必要に応じて、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック等のカーボンブラックやその他(グラファイト等)の粉末状カーボン材料(導電材)を適量添加して正極活物質層形成用ペーストを調製してもよい。
而して、調製された正極活物質層形成用ペーストを、好ましくはアルミニウムまたはアルミニウムを主成分とする合金から構成される正極集電体上に適当量塗布し、さらに乾燥ならびにプレス処理を施すことによって、正極集電体と該集電体上に形成された正極活物質層とを備えるリチウム二次電池用正極を作製することができる。
かかる処理の内容は官能基の種類に応じて異なり得るが、官能基がカルボキシル基やヒドロキシ基の場合、好ましくは、縮合反応(特に好ましくは脱水縮合反応)によって当該官能基を介して粒状正極活物質の炭素質被膜に官能基含有高分子化合物(即ち結着材)を分子的に結合することができる。
例えば、正極活物質層を適当レベル(ほぼ真空条件下)まで減圧した状態で加熱する(例えば100℃以上250℃以下、好ましくは150℃以上200℃以下)とよい。このような減圧・加熱処理を行うことにより、脱水縮合反応によって炭素質被膜と結着材の結合(連結)を好ましく行うことができる。
なお、上記のようなプロセスによって形成された炭素質被膜には、典型的にはその表面にヒドロキシ基若しくは他の有機官能基が存在し得る。例えば、空気中の水蒸気と反応して炭素質被膜(炭素ネットワーク)にヒドロキシ基が導入される。このため、敢えて上記表面プラズマ処理等の表面修飾処理を施さなくても、脱水縮合反応等を起こさせることによって、正極活物質の炭素質被膜に官能基含有高分子化合物を分子的に結合(連結)させることができる。
このような結着材を構成する高分子化合物の架橋結合によるネットワーク(網目組織)を形成することにより、比較的少ない結着材で正極活物質層の密着強度を向上させることができるため、電池の内部抵抗の上昇を抑制し、耐久性に優れ、ハイレート充放電に適するリチウム二次電池を構築することができる。
ここで開示される正極の対極となるリチウム二次電池用負極は、従来と同様の手法により製造することができる。リチウム二次電池の負極に用いられる負極活物質としては、リチウムイオンを吸蔵且つ放出可能な材料であればよく、黒鉛(グラファイト)等の炭素材料、リチウム・チタン酸化物(Li4Ti5O12)等の酸化物材料、スズ(Sn)、アルミニウム(Al)、亜鉛(Zn)、ケイ素(Si)等の合金からなる合金材料、等が挙げられる。典型例として、黒鉛等から成る粉末状の炭素材料が挙げられる。特に黒鉛粒子は、粒径が小さく単位体積当たりの表面積が大きいことからより急速充放電(例えば高出力放電)に適した負極活物質となり得る。
そして正極と同様、かかる粉末状材料を適当な結着材とともに適当な分散媒体に分散させて混練することによって、ペースト状の負極活物質層形成用組成物(負極活物質層形成用ペースト)を調製することができる。而して、このペーストを、好ましくは銅やニッケル或いはそれらの合金から構成される負極集電体上に適当量塗布しさらに乾燥ならびにプレスすることによって、リチウム二次電池用負極を作製することができる。
また、正極及び負極とともに使用するセパレータとしては、従来と同様のセパレータを使用することができる。例えばポリオレフィン樹脂から成る多孔質のシート(多孔質フィルム)等を使用することができる。或いはまた、高分子固体電解質をセパレータとして使用することができる。
また、ここで開示されるリチウム二次電池用正極が採用される限りにおいて、構築されるリチウム二次電池の形状(外形やサイズ)には特に制限はない。外装がラミネートフィルム等で構成される薄型シートタイプであってもよく、電池外装ケースが円筒形状や直方体形状の電池でもよく、或いは小型のボタン形状であってもよい。
なお、以下の図面において、同じ作用を奏する部材・部位には同じ符号を付し、重複する説明は省略又は簡略化することがある。また、各図における寸法関係(長さ、幅、厚さ等)は実際の寸法関係を反映するものではない。
ここで開示される組電池10は、所定数(典型的には10個以上、好ましくは10~30個程度、例えば20個)の同形状の単電池12を備える。単電池12は、後述する扁平形状の捲回電極体を収容し得る形状(本実施形態では扁平な箱形)の容器14を備える。単電池12の各部のサイズ(例えば、積層方向の厚さ等の外形形状)は、使用する容器14の製造時における寸法誤差等によりばらつき得る。
容器14には、捲回電極体の正極と電気的に接続する正極端子15および該電極体の負極と電気的に接続する負極端子16が設けられている。図示するように、隣接する単電池12間において一方の正極端子15と他方の負極端子16とが接続具17によって電気的に接続される。このように各単電池12を直列に接続することにより、所望する電圧の組電池10が構築される。
なお、容器14には、容器内部で発生したガス抜きのための安全弁13等が従来の単電池容器と同様に設けられ得る。かかる容器14の構成自体は本発明を特徴付けるものではないため、詳細な説明は省略する。
図2および図3に示すように、単電池12は、通常のリチウムイオン電池の捲回電極体と同様、シート状正極32(以下「正極シート32」ともいう。)とシート状負極34(以下「負極シート34」ともいう。)とを計二枚のシート状セパレータ36(以下「セパレータシート36」ともいう。)とともに積層し、さらに当該正極シート32と負極シート34とをややずらしつつ捲回し、次いで得られた捲回体を側面方向から押しつぶして拉げさせることによって作製される扁平形状の捲回電極体30を備える。
正極シート32は長尺状の正極集電体(例えば長尺状アルミニウム箔)の上にリチウムイオン電池用正極活物質層が付与されて形成される。正極集電体の形状は、リチウム二次電池の形状等に応じて異なり得るため特に制限はなく、棒状、板状、シート状、箔状、メッシュ状等の種々の形態であり得る。
本実施形態では、捲回電極体30を備えるリチウム二次電池(単電池)12に好ましく使用され得る形状であるシート状正極集電体が用いられている。例えば、長さ2m~4m(例えば2.7m)、幅8cm~12cm(例えば10cm)、厚さ5μm~20μm(例えば15μm)程度のアルミニウム箔を集電体として使用し、予め上述したようにして調製された正極活物質層形成用ペースト、例えば導電性の炭素質被膜(典型的には有機化合物を熱分解して成るカーボン膜)を有する粒状正極活物質85~95質量%と、カーボンブラックやアセチレンブラック等の導電材0~5質量%と、官能基含有高分子化合物(結着材)1~10質量%とを水系溶媒に混合して調製した正極活物質層形成用ペーストを当該集電体表面に塗布することにより、正極活物質層を形成する。なお、水系溶媒は、典型には水であるが、全体として水性を示すものであればよく、例えば低級アルコール(メタノール、エタノール等)を含む水溶液であってもよい。そして、グラビアコーター、スリットコーター、ダイコーター、コンマコーター等の適当な塗付装置を使用することにより、正極集電体の表面に上記ペーストを好適に塗付することができる。
かかる縮合反応を行うことによって正極活物質粒子の炭素質被膜表面に結着材を分子的に結合させて炭素質被膜の炭素ネットワーク部分と結着材構成部分とから構成される複合化合物を形成させると共に、好ましくは結着材を構成する分子同士を架橋させる。このことによって、比較的少ない量の結着材によって密着強度の高い正極活物質層が形成された正極シート32が得られる。
なお、電解質として固体電解質若しくはゲル状電解質を使用するリチウム二次電池(いわゆるリチウムイオンポリマー電池)の場合には、セパレータが不要な場合(即ちこの場合には電解質自体がセパレータとしても機能し得る。)があり得る。
リチウム供給源として水酸化リチウム(LiOH・H2O)、鉄供給源として硫酸鉄(FeSO4・7H2O)、リン供給源として無機リン酸(H3PO4)を使用した。具体的には、これら供給源化合物をモル比でLi:Fe:Pが3:1:1となるように脱イオン水に添加し混合した。
かかる混合溶液をオートクレーブに入れて170~180℃の高温域で約12時間の水熱合成を実施した。反応終了後、室温まで冷却し、反応生成物即ちリン酸鉄リチウム(LiFePO4)を回収した。次いで、得られた化合物をボールミルにて解砕処理し、電子顕微鏡観察に基づく一次粒子の平均粒子径が約0.7μmの粒状正極活物質(リン酸鉄リチウム)を得た。
得られたスラリーを市販の旋回流動方式の乾燥機(焼却機)に入れ、溶媒(ここでは水)を除去することによって、平均粒子径(二次粒子)が約20μmのポリビニルアルコールと正極活物質との凝集体を形成した。次いで、水素ガス雰囲気中、800℃で約1.5時間の熱分解処理を行い、ポリビニルアルコールを還元し炭素化した。その後、再びボールミルにて解砕処理を行い、電子顕微鏡観察に基づく一次粒子の平均粒子径が約0.7μmのポリビニルアルコール熱分解産物である炭素質被膜が表面に形成されたことを特徴とする正極活物質粒子を作製した。組成から計算される炭素質被膜のコーティング量は、炭素質被膜を含む正極活物質粒子全体の2~3質量%であった。
懸濁重合により、官能基を含有するフッ化ビニリデン系ポリマーを作製した。具体的には、約1000mlのイオン交換水に、約400gのフッ化ビニリデンポリマーと、約4gのマレイン酸モノメチルエステルとを仕込み、さらに重合開始剤として約4gのジイソプロピルパーオキシジカーボネートと、連鎖移動剤として約3gの酢酸エチルと、懸濁剤として約1gのメチルセルロースとを添加し、28℃で48時間の懸濁重合を行った。重合完了後、得られたスラリーを脱水し、さらに水洗した後、約80℃で20時間の乾燥を行った。
こうして得られたポリマー(以下、便宜的に「変性ポリフッ化ビニリデン」という。)のカルボキシル基含有量は約1×10-4モル/gであった。かかる変性ポリフッ化ビニリデンを本実施例に係る結着材として使用した。得られた変性ポリフッ化ビニリデンのゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー(GPC)で測定した重量平均分子量は約100万であった。
上記試験例1で得られた正極活物質と、試験例2で得られた結着材を使用してリチウム二次電池用正極を作製した。
具体的には、90質量部の炭素質被膜付き正極活物質と、7質量部の結着材(上記変性ポリフッ化ビニリデン)と、3質量部の導電材(アセチレンブラック)とを、これら固形分が60質量%となるように分散用溶媒たるNMP(N-メチル-2-ピロリドン)に添加し、ビーズミルを用いて粉砕混合し、正極活物質層形成用ペーストを調製した。
縮合反応処理前には明瞭であったカルボニル基(C=O)の伸縮振動に基づく吸収を示す1700cm-1付近のピークが、上記脱水縮合反応処理後に劇的に消失していることが分かる(チャート中の点線で囲んだ部分参照)。このことは、当該結着材が有するカルボキシル基(C=Oを含む)が正極活物質の炭素質被膜との化学結合ならびに結着材(変性ポリフッ化ビニリデン)同士の分子間架橋(又は分子内架橋)に関与していることを示している。また、図5に示すように、上記脱水縮合反応処理後の正極活物質層と上記脱水縮合反応処理前の正極活物質層についてそれぞれ行った示差走査熱量分析(Diffferential Scanning Calorimetry:DSC)の結果から、上記脱水縮合反応処理後の正極活物質層では、上記脱水縮合反応処理前の正極活物質層よりも、存在する結着材の架橋反応が進行していることが確かめられた。図示されるように、吸熱ピークの比較において脱水縮合反応処理後の試料では、処理前の試料よりも当該ピークのブロード化がみられる。このことは架橋に伴う秩序性の低下(即ちエントロピー変化の増大)を示している。また吸熱ピーク温度(Tm)の低下もみられる。ここでTmは、Tm=ΔH(エンタルピー変化)/ΔS(エントロピー変化)である。
以下、上記縮合反応処理を行って作製した正極シートを「実施例に係る正極シート」という。
次に、上記得られた実施例に係る正極シートを用いてリチウム二次電池を作製した。なお、対極とする負極シートは以下のとおり作製した。
即ち、負極活物質層形成用ペーストは、負極活物質としての黒鉛95質量部と、結着材としてのスチレンブタジエンブロック共重合体(SBR)2.5質量部と、増粘材としてのカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)2.5質量部とを、イオン交換水に加えて混合することにより調製した。そして、負極集電体としての銅箔(厚さ10μm)に、単位面積あたりの負極活物質の塗工量が20~25mg/cm2になるように該負極活物質層形成用ペーストを負極集電体の両面に塗布し乾燥させた。乾燥後、ローラプレス機にてシート状に引き伸ばすことにより厚さを約80μmに成形し、負極活物質層が所定の幅を有するようにスリットして負極シートを作成した。なお、使用する正極と負極の理論容量が1(正極):1.5(負極)となるように正負極それぞれの活物質層の塗工量(容量)を規定した。
以下、実施例に係る正極シートを用いて構築したリチウム二次電池を「実施例に係るリチウム二次電池」といい、比較例に係る正極シートを用いて構築したリチウム二次電池を「比較例に係るリチウム二次電池」という。
上記試験例4で構築した2種類(実施例と比較例)のリチウム二次電池についての性能評価を行った。
先ず、充電電量は定電流-定電圧方式とし、室温(約25℃)下において、正極理論容量より予測した電池容量(Ah)の5分の1の電流値(即ち0.2C)で充電上限電圧(4.2V)まで充電を行い、そこからは定電圧充電時の最終電流値が充電初期電流値の10分の1になる点まで充電を行った。以下、この状態を満充電という。一方、上記のように満充電された電池を、正極理論容量より予測した電池容量(Ah)の5分の1の電流値(即ち0.2C)で3Vまで放電した。なお、ここで0.2Cとは、理論容量を1/0.2時間(即ち5時間)で放出できる電流値をいう。
また、上記満充電の状態から10秒間放電したときの出力(W)を求め、容器の外容積あたりの出力密度(W/L)を算出した。結果を表1の該当箇所に記載した。
先ず、60℃の温度条件下、3C(理論容量を1/3時間で放出できる電流値)での定電流充電を4.2Vまで行い、次いで4.2Vで2時間ほど定電圧充電を行い、続いて3Cの定電流放電を終止電圧3Vまで行った。この充放電を繰り返して1サイクル目の放電容量と1000サイクル目の放電容量との比から容量維持率(%)を求めた。即ち、
容量維持率(%)=(1000サイクル目の放電容量/1サイクル目の放電容量)×100である。
得られた結果を表1に示す。
ここに開示されるいずれかのリチウム二次電池12および組電池10は、車両に搭載される電池として適した性能、特にハイレート充放電特性に優れたものであり得る。したがって本発明によると、図6に示すように、ここに開示されるいずれかのリチウム二次電池12(組電池10)を備えた車両1が提供される。特に、該リチウム二次電池12を動力源(典型的には、ハイブリッド車両または電気車両の動力源)として備える車両(例えば自動車)が提供される。
Claims (14)
- 正極集電体と該集電体上に形成された正極活物質層とを備えるリチウム二次電池用の正極であって、
前記正極活物質層は、リチウム及び少なくとも1種の遷移金属元素を含む複合酸化物から成る粒状の正極活物質と、少なくとも1つの官能基を有する高分子化合物から成る少なくとも1種の結着材と、を有しており、
ここで前記正極活物質の表面には導電性の炭素質被膜が形成されており、且つ、少なくとも一部の正極活物質の炭素質被膜を構成する炭素原子には前記結着材を構成する高分子化合物が分子的に結合し、該炭素原子に分子的に結合した高分子化合物と該炭素原子を包含する前記炭素質被膜を構成する炭素ネットワークとから成る複合化合物を有する、リチウム二次電池用正極。 - 前記正極活物質層は、前記結着材としてヒドロキシ基及び/又はカルボキシル基を有する少なくとも1種の高分子化合物を含む、請求項1に記載の正極。
- 前記高分子化合物として、ヒドロキシ基及び/又はカルボキシル基が導入され且つフッ化ビニリデンを主モノマー成分とするフッ化ビニリデン系ポリマーを含む、請求項2に記載の正極。
- 前記正極活物質層において、前記高分子化合物が互いに架橋することによって結着材のネットワークが形成されている、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の正極。
- 前記正極活物質は、電子顕微鏡による測定に基づく一次粒子の平均粒子径が1μm以下である粒状の前記複合酸化物により構成されている、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の正極。
- 前記正極活物質を構成する複合酸化物は、一般式:
LiMAO4 (1)
(ここでMは、Fe、Co、Ni及びMnから成る群から選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素を含む1種又は2種以上の元素であり、Aは、P、Si、S及びVから成る群から選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。)
で示される化合物である、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の正極。 - 正極集電体と該集電体上に形成された正極活物質層とを備えるリチウム二次電池用の正極を製造する方法であって:
リチウム及び少なくとも1種の遷移金属元素を含む複合酸化物から成る正極活物質であって表面に導電性の炭素質被膜が形成されている正極活物質と、少なくとも1つの官能基を有する高分子化合物から成る少なくとも1種の結着材と、該結着材を溶解又は分散可能な溶媒とを含む正極活物質層形成用組成物を用意すること;
前記組成物を正極集電体の表面に塗布し、該正極集電体上に正極活物質層を形成すること;および
前記正極活物質層に含まれる前記結着材と前記正極活物質の炭素質被膜との間で縮合反応を生じさせ、少なくとも一部の該正極活物質の炭素質被膜を構成する炭素原子に該結着材を構成する高分子化合物を分子的に結合させること;
を包含する、方法。 - 前記結着材としてヒドロキシ基及び/又はカルボキシル基を有する高分子化合物を使用する、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記使用する高分子化合物の少なくとも1種は、ヒドロキシ基及び/又はカルボキシル基が導入され且つフッ化ビニリデンを主モノマー成分とするフッ化ビニリデン系ポリマーである、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記正極活物質層に含まれる前記結着材を構成する高分子化合物を互いに架橋させること、
をさらに包含する、請求項7~9のいずれかに記載の方法。 - 前記正極活物質は、電子顕微鏡による測定に基づく一次粒子の平均粒子径が1μm以下である粒状の前記複合酸化物により構成されている、請求項7~10のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記正極活物質を構成する複合酸化物は、一般式:
LiMAO4 (1)
(ここでMは、Fe、Co、Ni及びMnから成る群から選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素を含む1種又は2種以上の元素であり、Aは、P、Si、S及びVから成る群から選択される1種又は2種以上の元素である。)
で示される化合物である、請求項7~11のいずれかに記載の方法。 - 請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の正極を備える、リチウム二次電池。
- 請求項13に記載のリチウム二次電池を備える、車両。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN102484239A (zh) | 2012-05-30 |
JPWO2011039890A1 (ja) | 2013-02-21 |
KR20120061952A (ko) | 2012-06-13 |
US9362554B2 (en) | 2016-06-07 |
JP5445874B2 (ja) | 2014-03-19 |
KR101438980B1 (ko) | 2014-09-11 |
US20120189914A1 (en) | 2012-07-26 |
CN102484239B (zh) | 2015-04-08 |
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