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WO2010094202A1 - 集总参数矩形带通滤波器 - Google Patents

集总参数矩形带通滤波器 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010094202A1
WO2010094202A1 PCT/CN2009/075673 CN2009075673W WO2010094202A1 WO 2010094202 A1 WO2010094202 A1 WO 2010094202A1 CN 2009075673 W CN2009075673 W CN 2009075673W WO 2010094202 A1 WO2010094202 A1 WO 2010094202A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
frequency
arm
khz
impedance
reactance
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Application number
PCT/CN2009/075673
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
何连成
Original Assignee
He Liancheng
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Publication date
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Publication of WO2010094202A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010094202A1/zh

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H03ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03HIMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H7/00Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
    • H03H7/01Frequency selective two-port networks
    • H03H7/12Bandpass or bandstop filters with adjustable bandwidth and fixed centre frequency
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H03ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03HIMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H7/00Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
    • H03H7/01Frequency selective two-port networks
    • H03H7/17Structural details of sub-circuits of frequency selective networks
    • H03H7/1741Comprising typical LC combinations, irrespective of presence and location of additional resistors
    • H03H7/175Series LC in series path
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H03ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03HIMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H7/00Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
    • H03H7/01Frequency selective two-port networks
    • H03H7/17Structural details of sub-circuits of frequency selective networks
    • H03H7/1741Comprising typical LC combinations, irrespective of presence and location of additional resistors
    • H03H7/1766Parallel LC in series path
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H03ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03HIMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H7/00Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
    • H03H7/01Frequency selective two-port networks
    • H03H7/17Structural details of sub-circuits of frequency selective networks
    • H03H7/1741Comprising typical LC combinations, irrespective of presence and location of additional resistors
    • H03H7/1783Combined LC in series path

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a filter, which is mainly applied to a high frequency power transmission network, and more particularly to a lumped parameter rectangular band pass filter mainly used for a medium wave sky-tuning network in a wireless transmission system.
  • high-performance band-pass filters can be designed with active circuits. By introducing feedback to improve the rectangular characteristics of the filter, digital filters can also be used. Frequency shifting can also be used to utilize ceramic filters. High rectangularity pass frequency characteristics of a device or surface acoustic wave filter.
  • the narrow bandpass filter can be designed to take advantage of the performance of the cavity and transmission line, but at a low frequency (below the short band)
  • inductive and capacitive components can be used, which can be implemented passively.
  • a band-pass filter with a pass-frequency characteristic close to a rectangle is required between the transmitter and the antenna, allowing both the in-band frequency to pass smoothly and greatly attenuate.
  • Out-of-band frequencies to avoid out-of-band emissions from the transmitter and other frequencies.
  • this bandpass filter can only be implemented with lumped parameter components (inductor coils, capacitors).
  • the medium-wave network of the medium wave should ideally use this band-pass filter to achieve impedance matching, anti-interference and lightning protection.
  • the traditional wave-adjusting network uses impedance matching for the carrier center frequency plus point frequency blocking for the interference frequency. Or absorb to achieve.
  • the traditional medium wave network design method has the following problems:
  • the bandwidth of the antenna near the carrier frequency is very narrow.
  • the traditional design method cannot expand the bandwidth. Therefore, it is impossible to obtain a qualified network design result (in the carrier frequency range of ⁇ 9 kHz, the standing wave ratio is less than 1.2).
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a not only better impedance conversion to meet impedance matching requirements, but also good in-band passband characteristics, out-of-band attenuation characteristics, bandwidth expansion capability, and lightning protection capability.
  • the circuit form is mainly applied to the lumped parameter rectangular bandpass filter of the medium wave sky-tuning network.
  • the technical solution of the invention is composed of a lumped parameter inductor and a capacitor element.
  • the present invention is provided with at least two stages of parallel arm units, each of which is composed of one string arm and one parallel arm, the string arm is formed by connecting a capacitor and an inductor in series, and the arm is a reactance element.
  • the capacitance in the string arm of the first stage parallel arm unit is preferably 200 to 2000 pf, the inductance is preferably 1 to 100 ⁇ , and the arm reactance value is preferably 5 to 150 ⁇ ; from the second stage serial arm unit
  • the capacitance in the string arm is preferably 100 to 5000 pf, the inductance is preferably 1 to 100 ⁇ m, and the reactance of the arm is preferably 5 to 200 ⁇ .
  • the reactance component of the arm can be an inductor or a capacitor, or a series or parallel connection of the capacitor and the inductor, but it is not necessary to use it because it is complicated compared with a simple capacitor or an inductor. There is no difference in function.
  • the parallel arm in the last stage of the parallel arm unit uses an inductive coil having an inductance of 2 to 12 ⁇ .
  • the last stage uses the inductor coil just to facilitate the adjustment of its inductance during debugging.
  • Variable inductors with high power capacity are much less expensive than variable capacitors.
  • the present invention Compared with the existing medium wave network, the present invention has the following outstanding advantages:
  • the center frequency point fo has a standing wave ratio of 1.0, and the in-band standing wave ratio of ⁇ 9 kHz (18 kHz bandwidth) is less than 1.2, so that the problem of excessive sideband reflection can be completely solved. If used in other frequency bands, this bandwidth is approximately 1% to 4% of ft.
  • the attenuation amount can reach 20 dB or more as long as the band is externally separated from the center frequency by about 40 kHz.
  • the pass frequency characteristic curve is close to a rectangle and has a cutoff characteristic for high power emission interference at or near the station.
  • the center frequency is 801 kHz
  • the out-of-band frequency is greater than 841 kHz
  • the attenuation less than 761 kkHz is greater than 20 dB, which gives the network ideal anti-interference capability without the need for any additional blocking or absorbing unit circuits. Therefore, the present invention can well solve the first problem of the above conventional method. If used in other frequency bands, a 20 dB bandwidth is approximately 4% to 15% of the carrier frequency f Q .
  • the main frequencies of lightning energy are DC and low frequency (below tens of kHz), and high frequency bands (several MHz or more), because the design of the present invention only allows narrow-band energy near the carrier frequency to pass, and exhibits cut-off characteristics for other frequencies, so Greatly attenuating the lightning energy, the actual effect is very good.
  • the design of the present invention enables the medium wave sky tone network in any case to have a unified circuit form, which is advantageous for standardized production. At different carrier frequencies, the network only needs to adjust the component parameter values without changing the circuit form.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the composition of the positively variable characteristic circuit
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the circuit composition of a negatively variable characteristic reactance in a certain frequency range
  • Figure 4 is a 1 ⁇ , C, R series circuit (a) and its impedance characteristics (b);
  • Figure 5 is a circuit combination (a) with negative micro-variable reactance and its negative micro-variation characteristic (b);
  • Figure 6 shows the structure of the medium wave sky tone network
  • Figure 7 is a Z B track diagram
  • Figure 8 is a Z D trace diagram of critical compensation
  • Figure 9 is a Z D trace diagram of overcompensation
  • Figure 10 is an under-compensated Z D trace diagram
  • Figure 11 is a schematic diagram of the impedance compensation mode of the critical compensation mode
  • Figure 12 is an overcompensation mode matching impedance diagram
  • Figure 13 is a 558kHz single frequency single tower network diagram
  • Figure 14 is a 900 kHz two-frequency common tower network diagram
  • Figure 15 is a 1296 kHz six-frequency common tower network diagram.
  • the traditional method only focuses on the impedance matching of the center frequency, that is, using several reactive components (inductance, capacitance), and the series matching of the antenna load in parallel with the antenna load makes the total matching impedance of the center frequency point equal to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line.
  • the invention increases the analysis of the trend of the total deployment impedance change when the frequency changes near the center frequency (so-called micro-variation parameter analysis), and adopts an effective targeted means to offset and mitigate this.
  • micro-variation parameter analysis increases the analysis of the trend of the total deployment impedance change when the frequency changes near the center frequency
  • micro-variation parameter analysis increases the analysis of the trend of the total deployment impedance change when the frequency changes near the center frequency
  • adopts an effective targeted means to offset and mitigate this A variety of trends, thereby achieving the purpose of broadening the frequency band while increasing the out-of-band attenuation. This is the overall design idea of the microvariate parameter design method.
  • the positive and negative micro-variation characteristics of the reactance a reactance variable, within a certain frequency range, when the frequency increases, if the reactance value changes in the direction of the inductive reactance or the capacitive reactance decreases, then the reactance has f « ⁇ , and vice versa.
  • Characteristic bandwidth of the load - if a load Z(f) R + jX(f) ( ⁇ ), where X(f) has a positive micro-variation near f Q and ⁇ ZL W ( ⁇ / kHz), then The characteristic bandwidth of the load Z(f) in the vicinity is ⁇ H (kHz).
  • the meaning of the physical Af m is that this bandwidth is obtained when the load Z(f) is subjected to impedance transformation by a simple circuit (r network, inverted r network, T network, ⁇ network, etc.) as a transmission line terminal load.
  • the maximum bandwidth of the standing wave ratio ⁇ ⁇ 1.2 This conclusion can be proved by the theory of high-frequency transmission lines, where the proof process is omitted.
  • a single inductor and capacitor have positively variable characteristics.
  • a common feature of the four circuit forms in Figure 3 is that a reactive component (inductor or capacitor) is connected in parallel with a string of resistors, capacitors, and inductors (series connected in series).
  • the impedance map of ⁇ ⁇ is still circular, but has moved to the upper left of the Smith chart, and the diameter of the circle is reduced, as shown in the figure. As the frequency increases, the impedance point remains in a clockwise direction along the small circle.
  • the moving direction of the impedance point is L ⁇ Q ⁇ H, which is clockwise for the small circle, but for the adjacent resistance circle (white dotted line) in the Smith chart. In this case, this direction is counterclockwise. That is to say, in the LQH segment, when the frequency is increased, the inductive reactance portion of Z AB is instead reduced, and its reactance exhibits a negative micro-variation characteristic.
  • f L 1087 kHz
  • f H 1132 kHz
  • f Q 1109 kHz (center frequency).
  • Rl and jXl are load impedances
  • three serial arm units are L1, Cl, C4, L2, C2, C5, and L3, C3, and L4, respectively.
  • A, B, C, D, E, and F are test reference points.
  • String arm The unit is mainly used to adjust and compensate the reactance micro-variation parameters, and the main function of the arm is impedance matching (the last stage is the arm such as L4) and the negative reactance of the circuit is biased into the central frequency symmetry.
  • the medium wave sky tone network designed according to the method of the present invention has a general structure as shown in FIG. 6.
  • R, L0, and CO are antenna equivalent impedances
  • L5 and L6 are preconditioning networks
  • multi-frequency common tower blocking units Used to block other common tower frequencies except the local frequency, from blocking fl (consisting of L7, C7) to blocking fii (consisting of Lk, Ck), T, Q are the test reference points of the circuit, and other parts are the same as in Figure 1. .
  • the following method requires computer simulation software to participate in the auxiliary design, taking the M U ltisim2001 circuit simulation software (this software can be easily downloaded via the Internet) as an example.
  • the network analyzer in the software is set to: normalized impedance value 50 ⁇ , scan width set to about 200 ⁇ 400kHz around fo, linear frequency sweep, take the corresponding number of scan points, so that the minimum frequency increment during observation is lkHz.
  • the impedance of the antenna at the carrier center frequency fo (kHz) be two + ⁇ . ( ⁇ ). Within the range of ⁇ 10 kHz, reactance X. It has a positive micro-variation characteristic, and its average rate of change with frequency is X WQ ( ⁇ / kHz), and the characteristic impedance of the transmission cable is ⁇ 0 ( ⁇ ).
  • Step 1 Calculate the equivalent circuit model of the microvariable parameter of the antenna load.
  • Step 2 Determine the antenna pre-tuning network component parameters.
  • the real part of the impedance seen from the T point to the antenna is 20 ⁇ or more (if the real part R of the original antenna impedance is less than 20 ⁇ , it is as close as possible to the original antenna impedance. Real);
  • Step 3 Determine the component parameters of the blocking unit when multi-frequency common tower. As shown in FIG. 6, each blocking unit is composed of a parallel circuit of Lk and Ck, and Lk and Ck are connected in parallel to the blocked common tower frequency fn, wherein the value of Lk is generally 5 to 30 ⁇ .
  • the blocking factor of the blocking unit at the two frequencies of positive and negative 9 kHz is not less than the common frequency for the three-frequency and four-frequency common towers, which is not less than 1.5 kQ; , this value is not less than 2kQ.
  • Step 4 Determine C l and coarsely select the value of L1.
  • B takes 2.4 to 3
  • fo is in kHz
  • X W Q is ⁇ / kHz
  • RQ and XQ units are ⁇ .
  • Step 5 Find the exact values of Ll and C4.
  • Adjustment rule the larger the capacity C4, the smaller the maximum value of the real part of [zeta] Beta.
  • C4 fine-tuning L1 can make ⁇ ⁇ the real part at ft maximum.
  • the frequency scan obtained by Z B in the simulation network analyzer is shown in Fig. 7.
  • Step 6 Determine C2 and rough select the L2 value.
  • Z B R B + jX B when the frequency is fo, and the absolute value X WB of the average micro-variation parameter of X B in the range of f Q positive and negative 5 KHz.
  • the unit of kHz of fo, the unit of X WB is ⁇ /kHz, n is the compensation coefficient, and the empirical value range is 1.3 ⁇ 1.5.
  • the obtained X ⁇ XL 2 unit is ⁇ .
  • Step 7 Find the exact values of L2 and C5.
  • the capacity of C5 is estimated according to the capacitive reactance of 7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ (at f Q frequency), and the intermediate value is used as the test value.
  • the other parameters are not moving, fine-tune the L2 inductance so that the frequency change trajectory of Z D is as shown in Fig. 8.
  • the trajectory should present a double peak pointing to the upper right, and the double peak is just tangent to the same Smith resistance circle.
  • the bottom of the valley between the two peaks is the impedance point corresponding to fo.
  • the real part of the impedance should be between 8 and 15 ⁇ . Otherwise, the capacitance of C5 should be changed and the adjustment process of L2 should be repeated until the requirements are met.
  • the tuned Z D trajectory map is the overcompensation mode, see Figure 9.
  • the adjusted Z D track map is the under-compensation mode, see Figure 10.
  • the critical compensation mode can obtain the maximum bandwidth, but the out-of-band attenuation performance is not the best; the over-compensation mode can obtain the best out-of-band attenuation performance, but the bandwidth is not the largest; the under-compensation is the mode that should be avoided. Both the available bandwidth and the out-of-band attenuation performance are worse than the first two.
  • Step 8 Determine the exact value of L4, and the values of L3 and C3.
  • the above relationship can be used to determine the modulation impedance trace map to achieve a bandwidth of P 1.2 of f Q ⁇ 9 kHz.
  • Example 1 An iron tower antenna with a side width of 50 cm and a height of 76 m has an impedance of 15 _"' 173 (; ⁇ ) at a frequency of 558 kHz, and the imaginary capacitance of each 1 kHz impedance is reduced by 0.5 ⁇ at a frequency of around 558 kHz.
  • Figure 13 shows that there are fewer blocking units because there is no common tower frequency.
  • the characteristic bandwidth of ⁇ ⁇ is set to 3.1 kHz, the critical compensation mode, the total bandwidth of the modulation is slightly larger than ⁇ 11 kHz, and the frequency of the carrier frequency (558 kH Z ) is above 28 kHz, and the attenuation is greater than 20 dB.
  • Example 2 An iron tower antenna with a side width of 50 cm and a height of 64 m, and a 900 kHz and 819 kHz two-frequency common tower.
  • the antenna impedances are: 31. 29.07 ( ⁇ ) and 24.00-j68.01 (Q).
  • the antenna impedance varies little within the carrier frequency ⁇ 10 kHz.
  • the 900kHz design parameters are as follows:
  • the antenna equivalent impedance CO is 6083pF, R is 31.1 ⁇ ; blocking 819: C7 is 4000pF, L7 is 9.44 ⁇ , L6 is 7 ⁇ ; L1 is 44.5 ⁇ , C4 is 10000pF, C2 is 600pF, L2 is 56.55 ⁇ , C5 is 23000pF , C3 is 667pF, L3 is 44.8 ⁇ , L4 is 4.01 ⁇ ; inlet F: 900kHz.
  • Fig. 14 omits L0. Since the antenna impedance changes little around the carrier frequency, the reactance component in the equivalent antenna can be directly used with C0. Since the antenna capacitive reactance is small, L5 is omitted; C1 is also omitted because the above-mentioned C1 capacitive reactance calculated in step 4 is very small.
  • the characteristic bandwidth of Z A is set to 2.47 kHz, and the reactance values of the blocking unit at 900 kHz plus or minus 9 kHz (ie, 89 lkHz, 909 kHz) are around 2.2 k ⁇ , and the critical compensation mode is adjusted to a total bandwidth slightly larger than ⁇ 10 kHz.
  • the frequency of the carrier frequency above 39 kHz, the attenuation is greater than 20 dB.
  • Example 3 An iron tower antenna with a side width of 50 cm and a height of 64 m. 6 frequency common tower.
  • the common tower frequency is (unit: kHz) 567, 747, 900, 1080, 1296, 1557.
  • the value of L6 is large, which is selected according to the requirement of step 2 and satisfying the six common tower frequencies at the same time; since it is a 6-frequency common tower, five blocking units are provided.
  • the blocking reactance value of all common tower frequency bandwidths ( ⁇ 9kHz) is above 4kQ; the characteristic bandwidth of Z A is set to 2.42kHz, the critical compensation mode, the total bandwidth is slightly larger than ⁇ l lkHz, and the carrier frequency is above 36kHz. At the frequency point, the attenuation is greater than 20dB.

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Description

集总参数矩形带通滤波器 技术领域
本发明涉及一种滤波器, 主要应用于高频功率传输网络, 尤其是涉及一种主要用于无线 发射系统中的中波天调网络的集总参数矩形带通滤波器。
背景技术 说
在小信号处理领域, 高性能带通滤波器的设计可以采用有源电路, 通过引入反馈来改善 滤波器的矩形特性, 也可以使用数字滤波器; 还可以使用频率搬移的办法, 来利用陶瓷滤波 器或声表面波滤波器的高矩形度通频特性。
但在大功率发射的情况下, 以上办法都是不可能的。 当频率很高(电视、 调频频段以上) 时, 窄带通滤波器的设计可以利用谐振腔和传输线的性能, 但在频率不很高 (短波段以下) 书
的情况下, 只能使用电感和电容元件, 以无源方式实现。
在大功率 (几百瓦到几百千瓦) 无线发射系统中, 在发射机与天线之间需要一个通频特 性接近矩形的带通滤波器, 既让带内频率可以顺利通过, 又大幅度衰减带外频率, 以避免带 外辐射和其它频率对发射机的反串干扰。 在中波、 长波和短波的低频段 (几百千赫兹到几兆 赫兹), 这个带通滤波器只能用集总参数元件(电感线圈、 电容器)来实现。 例如中波的天调 网络, 理想情况下也应该使用这种带通滤波器, 来同时实现阻抗匹配、抗干扰和防雷等功能。 但是由于高矩形度的集总参数带通滤波器的设计一直以来是学界的难题, 因此传统方法上中 波天调网络都是用针对载波中心频率的阻抗匹配加上针对干扰频率的点频阻塞或吸收来实 现。
传统的中波天调网络设计方法存在以下问题:
1、 使用传统设计方法, 当台内发射频率较多 (或附近有大功率电台) 时, 需要在天调网 络加入很多针对性的阻塞或吸收单元, 这样必然使网络的带宽严重收窄, 边带反射急剧增加。 因此, 只好建设新的台站来分散这些频率, 很浪费土地资源和人力资源。
2、 在中波段的低频端, 当天线的有效高度远小于四分之一波长 (例如 558kHz载频, 天 线高度 76m) 时, 天线在载频附近的带宽很窄, 传统设计方法因为不能扩展带宽, 所以无法 得到合格的天调网络设计结果 (指在载频 ±9kHz范围内, 驻波比小于 1.2)。
3、 当三个或三个以上的频率共塔时, 如果相邻频率的比值在 1.2以内, 那么因为共塔阻 塞单元的接入, 会使网络带宽收窄, 传统设计方法一样无法得到合格的设计结果。 以下给出有关传统中波天调网络设计的参考文献:
1、 张丕灶等编著.全固态 PDM 中波发送系统原理与维护 [M].北京: 中国广播电视出版 社, 1999年 11月, 第一版, 266-336。
2、 张丕灶等编著.全固态中波发送系统调整与维修 [M].厦门: 厦门大学出版社, 2007年 7月, 第一版, 317- 412。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种不仅能较好实现阻抗变换满足阻抗匹配要求, 而且能同时具 有较好的带内通频特性、 带外衰减特性、 带宽扩展能力和防雷电干扰能力, 具有统一电路形 式, 主要应用于中波天调网络的集总参数矩形带通滤波器。
本发明的技术方案是采用集总参数电感、 电容元件组成。
本发明设有至少 2级串并臂单元, 每 1级串并臂单元由 1个串臂和 1个并臂组成, 串臂 由电容与电感串接而成, 并臂为电抗元件。
第 1级串并臂单元的串臂中的电容最好为 200〜2000pf, 电感最好为 1〜100μΗ, 并臂的 电抗值最好为 5〜150Ω; 从第 2级串并臂单元起的串臂中的电容最好为 100〜5000pf, 电感最 好为 1〜100μΗ, 并臂的电抗值最好为 5〜200Ω。
并臂的电抗元件可采用电感线圈或电容器, 也可以是电容器与电感线圈的串联或并联, 但没必要这样用, 因为与单纯的电容器或电感线圈相比毕竟是复杂化了, 而起到的作用没有 区别。
最后一级串并臂单元中的并臂最好使用电感线圈, 其电感量为 2〜12μΗ。 最后一级使用 电感线圈只是为了方便调试时对其电感量的调整。 大功率容量的可变电感比可变电容成本低 得多。
与现有的中波天调网络相比, 本发明具有以下突出的优点:
1 ) 带内通频特性:
中心频率点 fo的驻波比为 1.0, ±9kHz ( 18kHz带宽) 的带内驻波比小于 1.2, 因此能彻 底解决边带反射过大的困扰。 如果用于其它频段, 这个带宽约为 ft的 1%〜4%。
2) 带外衰减特性- 当本发明的电路包含 3个串并臂单元时, 在保证带内通频特性的同时, 只要带外在距离 中心频率 40kHz左右, 衰减量就能达到 20dB以上, 因此通频特性曲线接近矩形, 对本台或 附近的大功率发射干扰具有截止特性。 例如中心频率 801kHz, 带外频率大于 841kHz和小于 761kkHz的衰减大于 20dB, 这样使网络有理想的抗干扰能力, 无需另加任何阻塞或吸收单元 电路。 因此本发明可以很好地解决上述传统方法所存在的第 1个问题。 如果用于其它频段, 一 20dB带宽约为载波频率 fQ的 4%〜15%。
3 ) 带宽扩展能力- 本发明能扩展带宽最大达到 4倍, 因此可以轻松解决上述传统方法所存在的第 2和第 3 个问题。 对于传统天线 (区别于短天线), 只要相邻载波频率的比值达到 1.1, 就能通过本发 明顺利实现两频共塔; 只要这个比值达到 1.15, 就能实现三频和四频共塔; 而当这个比值达 到 1.2时 (如果载波频率小于 700kHz , 这个比例要求达到 1.3 ) 则可以轻松解决五频和六频 共塔的问题, 这一技术使制造 "中波多工器" 的行业梦想成为现实, 如果在全国推广, 至少 能使发射场地的占地面积减少几十万亩, 具有重大的现实意义。
4) 防雷电干扰能力:
雷电能量的主要频率在直流和低频 (几十 kHz以下), 以及高频段 (几 MHz以上), 因 为本发明的设计只允许载频附近的窄频带能量通过, 对其它频率呈现截止特性, 因此能极大 地衰减雷电能量, 实际效果非常出色。
5 ) 统一的电路形式:
本发明的设计使任何情况下的中波天调网络都具有统一的电路形式,有利于标准化生产。 在不同的载波频率下, 网络只需要调整元件参数数值, 而无需改变电路形式。
如果采用 2级串并臂单元的形式 (参见图 1, 即去掉 L2、 C2和 C5 ), 那么带宽扩展能力 只能达到 2倍, 20dB衰减频率点与 fQ的距离在 100kHz左右。
附图说明
图 1为本发明实施例的结构组成示意图;
图 2为正微变特性电路组成原理图;
图 3为在一定频率范围内具有负微变特性电抗的电路组成原理图;
图 4为1^、 C、 R串联电路 (a) 及其阻抗特性 (b);
图 5为具有负微变特性电抗的电路组合 (a) 及其负微变特性 (b);
图 6为中波天调网络的结构;
图 7为 ZB轨迹图;
图 8为临界补偿的 ZD轨迹图;
图 9为过补偿的 ZD轨迹图;
图 10为欠补偿的 ZD轨迹图;
图 11为临界补偿模式调配阻抗图;
图 12为过补偿模式调配阻抗图;
图 13为 558kHz单频单塔网络图; 图 14为 900kHz两频共塔网络图;
图 15为 1296kHz六频共塔网络图。
具体实施方式
以下实施例将结合附图对本发明作进一步的说明。
以下介绍本发明的设计原理。
传统方法仅着眼于中心频率的阻抗匹配, 即使用若干电抗元件(电感、 电容), 通过与天 线负载的串、 并联, 使中心频率点的总调配阻抗等于传输线特性阻抗。 此外对频带内其它频 率的阻抗匹配情况没有针对性手段来保证。
本发明在传统方法的基础上, 增加了对频率在中心频率附近变化时, 总调配阻抗变化趋 势的分析(即所谓的微变参数分析),并采取了有效的针对性手段来抵消和减缓这种变化趋势, 从而达到展宽频带同时增加带外衰减的目的。 这就是微变参数设计法的总体设计思想。
因为本发明是一种全新的设计理念, 为了说明其中的原理, 需要引入 3个新的概念和定 义:
电抗的正微变特性和负微变特性——某一电抗变量,在一定频率范围内, 当频率增加时, 如果其电抗值往感抗增加或容抗减少的方向变化, 那么这个电抗就具有 f«^ , 反之则 负微变特性。 数学表达如下- 设 = , 则 ^^
df df 若^ >0, 则;^具有正微变特性;
df 若^ <0, 则;^具有负微变特性。
df
负载的特性带宽——如果一负载 Z(f)=R+jX(f) ( Ω ),其中 X(f)在 fQ附近具有正微变特性, 且^ ZL W ( Ω / kHz), 则负载 Z(f)在 附近的特性带宽为士 H (kHz)。 其物理 Af m 意义在于, 这个带宽是当负载 Z(f)经过简单的电路 (r网络、 倒 r网络、 T网络、 π网络等) 做阻抗变换后做为传输线终端负载时, 所能获得的驻波比 ρ≤1.2 的最大带宽。 这个结论可以 由高频传输线理论得到证明, 这里略去证明过程。
1 ) 具有正微变特性的电抗电路
单个电感和电容的电抗分别为: Xc = -j— XL = j2 ^ fL 因为 j2nL , 所以单个的电感、 电容元件都具有正微变特性。
Figure imgf000006_0001
同理可以证明, 如图 2所示的电路组合人、 B之间的电抗都具有正微变特性。
在图 2中, 图 (a) 在全频率范围的电抗都具有正微变特性, 其它电路 (图 b、 c、 d、 e、 f) 除个别频率点上电抗有突变外, 其余频率都具有正微变特性。
实际上, 在没有电阻元件参与的情况下, 只由电感、 电容元件组成的电路, 除了个别频 率点外, 组合电抗都具有正微变特性
2) 在一定频率范围具有负微变特性电抗的电路
要在一定频率范围内获得负微变特性电抗, 必须包含电阻、 电容、 电感三种元件, 并具 有如图 3所示的电路形式。
在图 3中的 4种电路形式的共同特征是, 由一个电抗元件 (电感或电容) 并联上一串至 少含有电阻、 电容、 电感 (三者之间串联连接) 的支路。
以上电路的分析, 解析式的复数数学表达过于复杂烦琐, 为了更直观地突出其物理意义, 下面以图 3 (b) 为例, 用史密斯阻抗圆图来说明。
在图 3 (b) 中, 元件参数如图中所示, Rl、 C6、 L4支路阻抗在史密斯圆图上的轨迹如 图 4所示。
在图 4中, 当频率变化时, 支路阻抗在 Ι =30 Ω的电阻圆上移动, 且当频率增加时, 按顺 时针方向移动, 呈现正微变特性的电抗特征。在 L4、 C6的串谐频率 fo= _ _ ^l 125kHz 上 支路电抗为 0, 如图 4中三角形标记所示。
支路并联上 L5之后, ΖΑΒ的阻抗图如图 5所示。
ΖΑΒ的阻抗图依然是圆形, 但已经移到了史密斯圆图的左上方, 且圆形的直径减小了, 如图中所示。 当频率增加时, 阻抗点依然是沿着小圆的顺时针方向移动。
在小圆的 L Q Η段, 当频率增加时, 阻抗点的移动方向是 L→Q→H, 对于小圆来说 这还是顺时针方向, 但对于史密斯圆图中邻近的电阻圆 (白色虚线) 而言这个方向是逆时针 的。 就是说, 在 L Q H段, 当频率增加时, ZAB的感抗部分反而是减小的, 其电抗呈现负 微变特性。 本例中, fL=1087kHz, fH= 1132kHz, fQ= 1109kHz (中心频率)。
图 1为本发明实施例的结构组成示意图, Rl、 jXl为负载阻抗, 3个串并臂单元分别为 Ll、 Cl、 C4, L2、 C2、 C5禾口 L3、 C3、 L4。 图中 A、 B、 C、 D、 E、 F为测试参考点。 串臂 单元主要用来对电抗微变参数进行调整和补偿, 并臂的主要作用是阻抗匹配 (最后一级并臂 如 L4) 和把电路的电抗偏置成中心频率对称的负微变特性 (前 2级并臂如 C4、 C5)
以下给出应用本发明的方法进行中波天调网络设计的所有步骤。 按本发明的方法设计的 中波天调网络有如图 6的一般性结构, 在图 6中, R、 L0、 CO为天线等效阻抗, L5、 L6为 预调网络, 多频共塔阻塞单元用来阻塞除本频以外的其它共塔频率, 从阻塞 fl (由 L7、 C7 构成) 到阻塞 fii (由 Lk、 Ck构成), T、 Q为电路的测试参考点, 其它部分与图 1相同。
下面的方法需要计算机仿真软件来参与辅助设计, 以 MUltisim2001电路仿真软件(此软 件可以通过互联网很方便地下载到) 为例。 软件中网络分析仪设置为: 归一化阻抗值 50Ω, 扫描宽度设置成 fo左右各 200〜400kHz, 线性频率扫描, 取相应数量的扫描点, 使观察时最 小频率增量为 lkHz。
设天线在载波中心频率 fo (kHz) 的阻抗为 二 +^^。 ( Ω)。 在 附近 ±10kHz范围内, 电抗 X。具有正微变特性, 设其随频率的平均变化率为 XWQ ( Ω /kHz), 传输电缆特性阻抗为 Ζ0(Ω)。
步骤 1: 算出天线负载的微变参数等效电路模型。
即用 X。和 Xw。求出 L0、 COo
Figure imgf000007_0001
以上方程组可求出 XLO、 XCO (单位: Ω ), 其中 fQ的单位是 kHz, XWQ的单位是 Ω /kHz, Xo的单位为0。 进一步求出
L0= -^; CO 1
2 o 27 oXco
步骤 2: 确定天线预调网络元件参数。
Xo为容抗且在 150 Ω以上时, 5=^ ; 否则取 £5 = 0, 即取消 L5。
2 o
L6的选值要同时满足以下要求:
1)无论是单频单塔还是多频共塔,使从 T点往天线看过去的阻抗的实部在 20Ω以上(如 果原天线阻抗的实部 R小于 20 Ω, 则尽量接近原天线阻抗的实部);
2) 如果是多频共塔, 使所有频率在 T点的阻抗实部大小尽量接近。
3) 使当频率在载波频率 ±10kHz变化时, 从 T往天线看过去的阻抗的实部变化尽量小。 如图 6所示, 一般取值为 5〜50μΗ。 , 步骤 3 : 确定多频共塔时阻塞单元的元件参数。 如图 6, 每个阻塞单元由 Lk、 Ck并联电 路构成, Lk、 Ck并联谐振于所阻塞的共塔频率 fn, 其中 Lk的取值范围一般为 5〜30μΗ。
Lk的取值越大, Lk、 Ck并联电路对 fn的阻塞电抗值越高, 效果就越好。
Lk的取值要同时满足以下原则:
1 ) 对于两频共塔, 阻塞单元对所阻塞频率正、 负 9kHz两个频点处的阻塞电抗值不小于 对于三频和四频共塔, 这个值不小于 1.5kQ; 对于五频以上共塔, 这个值不小于 2kQ。
A 1 o n
2 ) 使」 ~~ ^ 2.5kHz。 为工作频率 fQ 下 Q点的阻抗实部, 。为0点阻抗的虚部 在 fo ± 10kHz的平均变化率, 单位是 Ω /kHz。
步骤 4: 确定 C l, 粗选 L1取值。
设测得的 Q点在 fo处的阻抗 ZQ = RQ + jXQ , 以及 XQ在 fQ左右 10kHz内的平均微变量 由下列方程求出 XL:
0.1 e B ( 1 )
2X, Cl
X, WQ +■
f。
XLI = XCI - XQ + 10 ( 2 ) 然后求出: Cl= LI-
Figure imgf000008_0001
B取 2.4〜3, fo的单位为 kHz, XWQ单位 Ω /kHz, RQ和 XQ单位是 Ω。
步骤 5 : 找出 Ll、 C4的精确值。
L1按步骤 2所取的值, 进行小范围调整, 同时选择 C4 (在 fQ的容抗一般为 5〜15Ω ) 的 值, 使 ΖΒ的实部在 fQ时为最大, 并处在 6〜8Ω。
调整规律: C4容量越大, ΖΒ的实部最大值越小。 对于某一 C4取值, 微调 L1可使 ΖΒ实 部在 ft最大。 ZB在仿真网络分析仪中得到的频率扫描图如图 7所示。
调好后, fQ应处于图中圆轨迹的右上角的三角形标记处, 如图 7所示。 这一点也是轨迹 圆与史密斯圆图其中一个电阻圆 (图 7中的电阻圆为 R=0.15, 归一化电阻) 的相切点。
步骤 6: 确定 C2, 粗选 L2数值。
先测出频率为 fo时的 ZB = RB+jXB, 以及 XB在 fQ正、 负 5KHz范围内的平均微变参数的 绝对值 XWB。 则频率为 fo时的电抗 XC2和 XL2由下列方程确定: L2 = c2 ~XB + 10
fo的单位 kHz, XWB的单位 Ω/kHz, n为补偿系数, 经验取值范围 1.3〜1.5, 得到的 X< XL2单位为 Ω。
Figure imgf000009_0001
步骤 7: 找出 L2、 C5的精确值。
C5 的容量按容抗 7〜10Ω (fQ频率下) 估算, 并以中间值做为试验值。 在其它参数不动 的情况下, 微调 L2电感量, 使 ZD的频变轨迹图如图 8所示。
轨迹图应呈现指向右上方的双峰, 且双峰刚好与同一个史密斯电阻圆相切。 而双峰之间 的谷底就是 fo所对应的阻抗点, 这一点阻抗的实部应该在 8〜15Ω之间, 否则应该改变 C5的 电容量, 并重复 L2的调整过程, 直到满足要求。
如果在步骤 6中 η的取值比较大, 那么调出来的 ZD轨迹图为过补偿模式, 参见图 9。 而如果在步骤 6中 n的取值比较小, 那么调出来的 ZD轨迹图为欠补偿模式, 参见图 10。 临界补偿的模式可以获得最大的带宽, 但带外衰减性能不是最好的; 过补偿模式可以获 得最好的带外衰减性能, 但带宽不是最大的; 欠补偿则是应该避免的模式, 它所能获得的带 宽和带外衰减性能都差于前两者。
步骤 8: 确定 L4的精确值, 以及 L3、 C3取值。
完成步骤 7后, 测得在 f。处, ZD= RD + jXD (Ω)。
Figure imgf000009_0002
C3和 L3只要得到其中一个参数, 另一个就可以根据以上方程求出来。 以下是调试方法: 取 C3 C2, 并在其左右每隔 50〜100pf取若干个数值, 并算出各自对应的 L3, 得到几 组 C3、 L3的试验数据, 然后输入仿真图, 最后取带宽最大的那一组。 这时 ZF的轨迹图参见 图 11和 12。
设ZF = RF + jXF, 且做为传输线 (特性阻抗 ZQ) 终端负载所造成的反射系数和驻波比分 别为 r和 P, 则有
Figure imgf000010_0001
以上关系可以用来判断调配阻抗轨迹图, 达到 P 1.2的带宽是否达到 fQ±9kHz。
实际调试过程中, 要在步骤 7和步骤 8之间反复调整几次, 才能达到理想效果。
以下给出设计实例。
例 1、某边宽 50 cm,高度 76m的铁塔天线,在频率 558kHz的阻抗 15_」'173(; Ω ),在 558kHz 附近频率每增加 1kHz阻抗的虚部容抗减少 0.5Ω。
该例的设计结果参见图 13。
对比图 6的通用形式, 图 13因为没有共塔频率的存在而少了阻塞单元。
在图 13中, ΖΑ的特性带宽被设置为 3.1kHz,临界补偿方式,调配总带宽略大于 ± 11 kHz, 距离载波频率 (558kHZ)28kHz以上的频点, 衰减量大于 20dB。
例 2、 边宽 50 cm, 高度 64m的铁塔天线, 900kHz和 819kHz两频共塔。 天线阻抗分别 为: 31. 29.07( Ω )和 24.00-j68.01(Q)。 天线阻抗在载波频率 ± 10kHz内的变化很小。
其中 900kHz的设计参数如下:
天线等效阻抗 CO为 6083pF, R为 31.1Ω; 阻塞 819: C7为 4000pF, L7为 9.44μΗ, L6 为 7μΗ; L1为 44.5μΗ, C4为 10000pF, C2为 600pF, L2为 56.55μΗ, C5为 23000pF, C3 为 667pF, L3为 44.8μΗ, L4为 4.01μΗ; 入口 F: 900kHz。
图 14与图 6的通用形式相比, 省去 L0, 因为天线阻抗在载波频率附近变化很小, 所以 直接用 C0来等效天线中的电抗分量就可以。 因为天线容抗较小, 所以省去 L5; C1也省去, 因为上述按步骤 4的计算得出的 C1容抗非常小。
图中 ZA的特性带宽被设置成 2.47kHz,阻塞单元在 900kHz正负 9kHz(即 89 lkHz、 909kHz) 上的电抗值都在 2.2kQ左右,临界补偿方式,调配总带宽略大于 ± 10kHz,距离载波频率 39kHz 以上的频点, 衰减量大于 20dB。
例 3、边宽 50cm, 高度 64m的铁塔天线。 6频共塔。共塔频率为(单位: kHz) 567、 747、 900、 1080、 1296、 1557。
其中 1296kHz的设计如下:
在图 15中, L6取值较大, 是按步骤 2的要求并同时满足 6个共塔频率的情况而折中选 取的; 因为是 6频共塔, 所以设置了 5个阻塞单元。 对所有共塔频率带宽内 (±9kHz) 的阻 塞电抗值都在 4kQ以上; ZA的特性带宽被设置成 2.42kHz, 临界补偿方式, 调配总带宽略大 于 ± l lkHz, 距离载波频率 36kHz以上的频点, 衰减量大于 20dB。

Claims

权 利 要 求 书
1. 集总参数矩形带通滤波器, 其特征在于设有至少 2级串并臂单元, 每 1级串并臂单元 由 1个串臂和 1个并臂组成, 串臂由电容与电感串接而成, 并臂为电抗元件。
2. 如权利要求 1所述的集总参数矩形带通滤波器, 其特征在于第 1级串并臂单元的串臂 中的电容 C为 200〜2000pf, 电感 1^为 1〜10(^11, 并臂的电抗值为 5〜150Ω。
3. 如权利要求 1所述的集总参数矩形带通滤波器, 其特征在于从第 2级串并臂单元起的 串臂中的电容 C为 100〜5000pf, 电感 1^为 1〜10(^11, 并臂的电抗值为 5〜200Ω。
4. 如权利要求 1 所述的集总参数矩形带通滤波器, 其特征在于并臂为电抗元件,电抗元 件采用电感线圈或电容器, 或电容器与电感线圈的串并联。
5. 如权利要求 1所述的集总参数矩形带通滤波器, 其特征在于最后一级串并臂单元中并 臂为电感线圈, 电感线圈的电感量为 2〜12μΗ。
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