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WO2009139621A1 - Combustibles au bois présentant des propriétés de cendre de combustible améliorées et leur fabrication - Google Patents

Combustibles au bois présentant des propriétés de cendre de combustible améliorées et leur fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009139621A1
WO2009139621A1 PCT/NL2009/050003 NL2009050003W WO2009139621A1 WO 2009139621 A1 WO2009139621 A1 WO 2009139621A1 NL 2009050003 W NL2009050003 W NL 2009050003W WO 2009139621 A1 WO2009139621 A1 WO 2009139621A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
flour
wood
fuel body
fuel
slagging
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NL2009/050003
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jacobus Gerardus Renirie
Jacobus Adrianus Antonius Van Der Meijden
Jeroen Johannes Gerardus Van Soest
Johannes Jozef Plijter
Original Assignee
Meneba B.V.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Meneba B.V. filed Critical Meneba B.V.
Priority to EP09746798A priority Critical patent/EP2276823A1/fr
Publication of WO2009139621A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009139621A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/34—Other details of the shaped fuels, e.g. briquettes
    • C10L5/36—Shape
    • C10L5/363—Pellets or granulates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
    • C10L9/10—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by using additives
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Definitions

  • the present invention pertains to an improved wood fuels, based on saw dust and/or chips, exhibiting improved fuel ash properties, upon combustion in the high temperature regions resulting in smaller, less tenacious fireside deposits, reduced slagging and less fouling, and is easy-to -remove using conventional cleaning methods.
  • the invention also pertains to the production and use of such wood fuels.
  • Wood fuels, briquettes or pellets based on wood saw dust or wood flour or wood chips are becoming an increasingly popular energy source for power stations and central heating boilers. While pellets derived from other sources may sometimes be selected for economic reasons, their application is fairly limited. At present, most, if not all civil and small- and moderate-sized industrial applications require wood pellets, due to their favourable burning properties. Wood pellets are relatively clean burning, have a high energy content and are easy to dose. However, when burned, wood is one of those fuels having solid residues, commonly called ash. The management of this ash is a major consideration in the design and operations of all combustion systems. A large portion of the ash collects on the fireside surfaces as a strongly adhering, tenacious deposit that resists the normal cleaning techniques.
  • Fouling deposits are generally located in the non-radiant section, such as the convection section of boilers, and are typically hard, sintered masses of fly ash. Slagging is generally located in the radiant section or furnace.
  • blowing agents (ammonium bicarbonate in US 3,133,799; soda in FR 802.971) is not allowed for by the International standards for pellets. Again, it would have an adverse impact on the bulk density.
  • CA2156010 describes an additive to reduce slagging of biomass based solid fuel products. It explicitly describes not to apply binding agents. It teaches to apply inorganic additives, which affect the binding and therewith the pellet properties such as fines, hardness and density adversely instead.
  • the preferred additive contains large amounts Of SiO 2 , and also MgO and potassium salts. It is found that high amounts of Si disadvantageously lower combustion yields.
  • Pellet production often requires a binding agent. Wood pellet production, starting from dry shavings mixed with dried sawdust, is no different there from. The binding properties of natural wood lignin are found insufficient. At present, purified and even food-grade starches are applied [see e.g. Conference book Interpellets 2007, Stuttgart]. These starches reduce processing energy, increase wear, ease production and, above all, reduce the amount of fines. However, purified grades of starches are expensive. Therefore, it has been attempted to switch to lesser, technical grades or even maize grits and rye meal for a binding material, all abundantly present and inexpensive. DE19955844 describes such a use of a lesser grade of binder (maize grits or meal).
  • Ohman et al. (Energy Fuels, 18, 1370 -1376, 2004) tested the effects of kaolin and limestone addition at additive-to-fuel ratios between 0 and 0.7 wt% on the slagging propensities of problematic and problem-free wood fuels during combustion in residential pellet appliances (burners).
  • the contents of this publication is herein incorporated by reference. It was shown there that by adding relative high levels of 0.5% limestone slagging could be reduced.
  • the role of kaolin was biased, giving contradictory results for problematic and problem- free stemwood raw material. Large amounts of limestone deteriorates the overall binding properties.
  • these materials are often associated with negative effects on processing. Hence, it does not make sense for a skilled person to incorporate large amounts of such materials in a lesser grade of starch, where the starch is intended to improve both binding and processing, and the binding properties of the starch-grade material itself are already inferior to that of starch.
  • the inventors have found that the objects of the invention are achieved and disadvantages existing in the field reduced or even eliminated when using a particular flour-based product for a binding agent in producing wood fuel, preferably pellets.
  • the flour-based wood fuel additive essentially comprises high amounts of flour and an optimized content of calcium and/or aluminium salts.
  • the reason for success may rest in the fact that these metals form ash or induce the forming of wood ash having melting points higher than typical burning conditions, thus preventing (ash) particle adherence, melting and thus slag.
  • calcium-, and/or aluminium- containing inorganic or organic materials are added to the flour in significant amounts.
  • Preferred mineral-metal enhancers are calcium-containing salts such as oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, phosphate, stearate, gluconate salts.
  • the optimised calcium content conditions the flour, improving its fuel ash properties and resulting in the formation of smaller, less tenacious fireside deposits or lower slagging and less fouling, which may be more easily removed by conventional cleaning methods.
  • the weight amount of flour (including anti-slag additives) added to the fuel is less than 2 wt%, making it suitable according to international standards as laid down in e.g. ONORM M1735 (Austria), SS 187120 (Sweden), DIN+ / Din 51731 (Germany).
  • the natural and economically favourable flour is multifunctional. It improves wood fuel production, e.g. when using pelletising press, and exhibits binding capacity which exceeds that of rye meal, corn grits and even that of purified starch, presumably due to the presence of pentosans and proteins, and low levels of bran or fibre. Also, caking is greatly avoided and the flowability is excellent, making it easy to implement in the solid fuel production process. Best results are obtained with cereal flour, preferably wheat and rye flour.
  • flour demonstrates improved binding capacity over purified starch, which was already known to be superior to meal.
  • less of the flour is required, compared to purified starch, let alone to starch-containing meal.
  • the unexpected effects of flour over purified starch, and other starch-based materials are demonstrated in the examples, focusing on slag, caking, and binding capacity.
  • the binding agent of the invention provides anti-slagging properties at addition levels even below 1%, based on the total weight of the wood fuel. Upon combustion, wood ash can be kept below 0.5%.
  • the wood fuel of the present invention find particularly good use at burning conditions involving temperatures higher than 800 0 C, preferably 900 - 1200 0 C.
  • the invention thus pertains to a solid wood fuel body, e.g. pellet, containing 0.1 - 3 wt% of flour content, based on the total weight of the solid fuel, and wherein said flour content includes anti-slagging metal salts.
  • the flour-based composition is preferably used at 0.2 - 2%, more preferably in the range of 0.3 - 1.2 wt%, preferably 0.4 - 1 wt%, based on the total weight of the solid fuel.
  • the terms "flour content”, "flour-based composition” as used throughout the text are used interchangeably, and refer to the sum of flour and anti-slagging additives, thus comprising both flour and the metal salts of the present invention.
  • the invention also pertains to a method of producing the above wood fuel bodies, preferably pellets, by providing a mixture of wood and saw dust with 0.1 - 3 wt% of a flour content or flour-based composition, based on the total weight of the wood fuel bodies thus obtained, wherein the mixture thus obtained is processed, i.e. shaped, e.g. using conventional pelletisation, to obtain the desired solid fuel body.
  • solid wood fuel bodies are typically formed and shaped - by pelletisation - to pellets, the invention is not considered limited to this form. Hence, in the remainder of the text, where "pellet" is mentioned, it also comprises other shapings. However, solid wood fuel pellets are considered the best mode.
  • the flour-based composition or flour content preferably contains more than 70 wt%, more preferably at least 80 %, most preferably at least 90 wt% of flour.
  • the amount of flour in the above-defined flour content can be calculated straightforwardly. Because of the high amounts of flour, it will thus be referred to as a "flour-based composition". It is preferred that the flour-based composition consists of flour and the calcium and/or aluminium salts of the present invention.
  • flour does not comprise "wood flour” as wood saw dust is sometimes expressed.
  • the term “flour” concerns protein-containing and starch-containing fractions originating from one and the same vegetable source, wherein the protein- containing fraction and the starch-containing fraction have not been separated from one another. Other components originating from the vegetable source may be present likewise, such as cell wall or non-starch polysaccharides, fibres, lipids and ash.
  • the flour may be subjected to any treatment, such as an enzymatic treatment, but its treated components are jointly introduced to the solid fuel.
  • the invention thus relates to a process wherein flour can be used entirely, without generating waste products, in wood fuel production. The energy consumption is reduced considerably.
  • the choice for flour over starch can also be an economic one, since less is required to achieve the same binding capacity. Otherwise, pellet quality can be improved considerably.
  • flour in the context of the invention may be called “non-wood originating flour”.
  • Flour encompasses flour that is derived from seeds, tubers, roots, grains or grasses. More extensibly, flour may be derived from seeds, legumes, nuts, and grains, such as beans, kidney beans, soybeans, lentils, (yellow, green, wrinkled) pea, chickpea, wheat, buckwheat, triticale, sorghum, amaranth grain, corn, sago, barley, oat and rice. Additionally, flour may be derived from grasses, roots or tubers, such as potatoes, sweet potato, quinoa, arrow root and cassava.
  • the flour may be derived from amylose-rich (amylo) or amylopectin-rich (waxy) plant resources.
  • Flour preferably comprises cereal flour, more preferably rye flour and/or wheat flour, preferably in predominant amounts. More preferably, the flour source of the flour-based composition consists of rye flour and/or wheat flour.
  • flour does not encompass meal.
  • Meal is simply milled grain, while flour requires additional sieving and/or a higher degree of bolting (cloth or drum sifting), refinement or extraction rate. Again, the skilled person is well capable of distinguishing meal from flour.
  • flour differs from meal, sometimes confusingly referred to as "whole- grain flour,” in that it contains reduced amounts of ash, germ, bran and fiber. It is preferred that flour contains less than 1.2 wt% of ash, preferably less than 1.0 wt% of ash, more preferably at most 0.85 wt% of ash, based on the total weight of flour. It is preferred that flour contains less than 0.5 wt% of germ, based on the total weight of flour. It is preferred that flour contains less than 1 wt% of bran, based on the total weight of flour. It is preferred that flour contains less than 1 wt% of fibre, based on the total weight of flour, more preferably less then 0.75 wt% fibre.
  • flours are used which are not or slightly chemically modified, preferably phosphorylated.
  • flour is applied being chemically modified having a degree of modification of less than 10%, more preferably less than 5%, wherein the percentage is based on the maximum degree of substitution for that type of modification.
  • the flour comprises a flour with a protein content of 2-20 wt%, based on dry matter, in particular a cereal flour, preferably rye flour and/or wheat flour.
  • a flour rich in pentosans and/or hemicellulose it is preferred to use a flour rich in pentosans and/or hemicellulose. It is especially preferred to use a flour rich in pentosans.
  • the amount of pentosans present in the flour-based composition is preferably 0.1 - 10%, preferably 0.5 - 5%, based on the total weight of flour present in the composition.
  • the amount of pentosans in the additive and in the wood fuel body can be calculated there from.
  • the increased metal content of the flour-based composition is achieved by the addition of 0.1 - 30 wt%, more preferably at least 0.2 wt%, most preferably at least 0.3 wt%, more preferably at most 10 wt%, most preferably at most 5 wt% of calcium and/or aluminium salt(s), calculated on total metal content.
  • the weighted amount of these calcium and/or aluminium salts is 2 - 15 wt%, more preferably 5 - 10 wt%.
  • the metal salts preferably comprises oxides, hydroxides and/or carbonates of the above metals.
  • the resulting amount of metal additives added to the solid fuel can thus be calculated to be less than 1 wt%, more preferably less than 0.3 wt%, most preferably less than 0.15 wt%, based on the total weight of the solid fuel.
  • High amounts of additives are to be avoided, since it would affect the overall binding capacity of the flour-based composition negatively.
  • the numbers in this paragraph apply to calcium and/or aluminium salts, preferably the oxides, hydroxides, and/or carbonates, phosphates, stearates, gluconates, or mixtures thereof.
  • O-containing counter ions are preferred.
  • the weight amounts pertain to the total weight of the metal salts, including their counter ions.
  • the metal salts contain less then 5%, preferably less than 2.5% of the sum of magnesium and silicium salts, based on the total mass of the metal salts incorporated in the solid fuel body.
  • the relative amount of different metals in the anti-slagging additive can be expressed in one or more of the following weight ratios, calculated on the weights of the metals at dispute, neglecting the contribution of counter ions. It is preferred that the weight ratio of (Ca and A1)/(K and Na) is at least 1.6, more preferably at least 1.8. It is preferred that the ratio of (Ca and Al)/K is at least 1.8, more preferred at least 1.9. It is preferred that the ratio of Ca/K is at least 1.7, more preferably at least 2.0.
  • the weighted amount of Ca in the wood fuel is at least 300 mg/kg fuel, more preferably at least 400 mg/kg fuel; it is preferred that the weighted amount of Al in the wood fuel is at least 30 mg/kg fuel, more preferably at least 40 mg/kg fuel.
  • the amount of magnesium salts is at a low level; preferably the Mg content is below 300 mg/kg fuel. It is preferred that the weighted amount of Mg in the wood pellet is in the range of 30 - 250 mg/kg, preferably up to 200 mg/kg fuel body.
  • alkali metal salts may affect the properties of the solid fuel body negatively. Therefore, it is preferred to maintain the amount of alkali metal salts, preferably Na, K and Si below 5000 mg/kg, preferably less than 4500 mg/kg, most preferably less than 4000 mg/kg, most preferably les than 3000 mg/kg of the solid fuel body.
  • the total amount of Na and K is below 2000 mg/kg, more preferably less than 1500 mg/kg, even more preferably less than 500 mg/kg, more preferably below 400 mg/kg fuel.
  • the amount of K is preferably below 400 mg/kg fuel. It is preferred to keep the amount of Si, traditionally present as SiO 2 , at low levels. This is already reflected in the above preferred weight ratios.
  • the silicium content of the pellets is lower than 3000 mg/kg, more preferably less than 2000 mg/kg, more preferably less than 1500 mg/kg, most preferably less than 750 mg/kg, preferably lower than 600 mg per kg of solid fuel. Additionally or alternatively, it is preferred to maintain Si at a level lower than 500 mg/kg, based on the total weight of the wood fuel, in particular if levels of Al are lower than 60 mg/kg fuel. The above numbers are calculated on weight contribution of the alkali ions, neglecting the counter anions.
  • the Ca/(K+Si) weight ratio is at least 0.5, more preferably at least 0.8, more preferably at least 1.0.
  • the Ca/(K+Na+Si) weight ratio is at least 0.5, more preferably at least 0.8, more preferably at least 1.0.
  • ratio Ca/(Mg+K+Si) is at least 0.5, more preferably at least 0.8, more preferably at least 1.0.
  • ratio (Ca+Al+Fe+P)/(Si+K+Na+Mg) weight ratio is at least 0.5, more preferably at least 0.8, more preferably at least 1.0. Counter ions do not contribute to the preceding weight ratios.
  • Solid fuel its production
  • the solid body is based on non-pyrolysed wood. That is to say, it is preferred that the wood present in the solid fuel predominantly comprises ground or milled wood (or: wood flour, wood chips and/or saw dust). It is preferred that the solid body contains at least 70 wt%, preferably at least 80 wt%, more preferably at least 90 wt% of non- pyrolysed wood, calculated on total wood content. Most preferably, all of the wood is non-pyrolysed.
  • Amounts of charcoal, if any, are preferably less than 5 wt%, more preferably less than 1 wt%, calculated on the total weight of the solid body. It is preferred that the solid fuel body does not comprise any charcoal at all.
  • solid fuel body incorporates both pellets and briquettes, where pellets are most preferred.
  • the solid fuel body is preferably characterized by a density of at least 800 kg/m 3 , preferably at least 1000 kg/m 3 , most preferably at least 1.100 kg/m 3 .
  • the solid fuel body is preferably characterized by a bulk density of at least 500 kg/m 3 , preferably at least 600 kg/m 3 , most preferably at least 650 kg/m 3 . It preferably does not contain any blowing agents or alternative means to lower the density.
  • charcoal has a density of 200-300 kg/m 3
  • porous charcoal pellets traditionally have a bulk density of about 300 kg/m 3
  • wood chips typically have a bulk density of about 200 kg/m 3 .
  • "Bulk density" as used herein is determined by measuring the volume that a given weight of the composition occupies when poured through a funnel into a stationary graduated cylinder.
  • Hardness of the solid fuel body may also be characterized in terms of Kahl hardness (according to methods as ASTM D 3313a). It is preferred that the solid fuel body of the present invention has a Kahl of at least 30 kg, more preferably at least 35 kg- Wood flour, chips or saw dust maybe composed of hard and soft woods. Examples of soft wood are conifers such as spruce (picea), pine, etc.. Wood flour may be obtained from fresh wood as well as used old wood or timber wood, or combinations thereof. It is preferred to keep inorganic materials to acceptable levels. Therefore, an amount of less than 0.5 wt% inorganic materials is preferred. It is preferred to maintain fines at levels of less than 2 wt%, more preferably less than 1 wt% of the total solid body.
  • the solid body preferably has an ash content of less than 1.5 %, more preferably less than 1.0 %, according to DIN standards (DIN 51731).
  • moist sawdust is typically dried from 50-55 percent moisture content to 8-12 percent, which usually requires a lot of energy. It also leads to emissions of terpenes and other hydrocarbons. Dry shavings are mixed with the dried sawdust. The mixture is ground. Other non-pyrolysed wood sources may be applied instead or additionally.
  • the binding agent of the invention is no different therein.
  • the binding agent adds stability to the pellet, compared to the binding by natural wood lignin.
  • the mixture of ground wood and binding agent is then shaped.
  • the mixture is pelletised using a pelletising device.
  • a pelletising device typically includes a conveyor, a spreading and compressing device, and optional breaking means.
  • Such pelletising means are long known and commercially available.
  • the pelletising step is not considered part of the invention.
  • the pellet strings are cut off with a knife or automatically broken.
  • the pellets are left to cool before sieving, storing and transporting to the customer.
  • Important cost factors are the high energy consumption when producing pellets, wear-to-die that compresses the sawdust and the production yield. Two important parameters influencing these cost factors are the wear resistance and hardness of the wood pellets. If the pellets have low resistance to wear, there are high losses during the drying and sieving process. This lowers the final production yield.
  • the hardness of the pellets is primarily influential on the energy produced when the pellets are burnt.
  • Firm, high density pellets disintegrate less quickly during combustion, so are more economical to use as a fuel.
  • compacting sawdust into hard pellets also uses a lot of energy.
  • the higher the pressure force the more wear and tear is exerted on the costly dies in the press.
  • foregoing also applies to other shaped wood fuel bodies.
  • table 1 shows that energy consumption (at fixed throughput) advantageously decreases with the addition of flour.
  • throughput of pellets increases with flour content at fixed energy consumption.
  • the results are the effect of a more even load of the die at higher capacities. As the die is filled more evenly, it is more durable and wear and tear is more regular, increasing life-time of the die.
  • the hardness of the pellet increased with 15 %, compared to a wood pellet containing on flour at all.
  • the hardness was measured as fines with a New Holmen Tester of TEKPRO (100 g pellets direct from cooler during 60 sec (DIN 51731).
  • Wood pellets were produced using purified starch or varying amounts of cereal flour
  • a wood pellet containing 0.8 wt% starch, producing 1.2 % fines, (according to DIN 51731) is set as the standard; At 70, 80 and 100 % flour, which corresponds to the relative weight amounts of flour, compared to 0.8 wt% starch, the fines were 0.7, 0.9, 1.0 %, respectively Hence, even a reduction of the amount of binder with 30 % in case of flour (0.56 wt% flour), binding capacity is far better than with 0.8 wt% starch. It is noted that the addition of metal salts in accordance with the present invention does not affect the binding properties.
  • Example 3 Increased industrial pellet production and reduction energy usage
  • An industrial press was fed with 3 tons/h of wood saw dust (spruce) without the addition of additives. These presses run at around 70% of their maximum capacity, which is about 400 Amp.
  • the power output (I) of the press was around 350-400 Amp.
  • pellets incorporating 1.2 wt% flour With pellets incorporating 1.2 wt% flour, the capacity could be increased to 75% of the maximal capacity at lower energy usage (I is around 290-330 A).
  • the capacity could be increased to 80% (3.4 tons/h) at 350-400 Amp using only 1% flour additive.
  • Normally 1.2% starch wheat starch, Cargill
  • the amount of fines was still low, at less than 2%. It was shown that good quality pellets can be obtained at lower energy and at an increase of the pellet production of 200 kg/h.
  • Example 4 Energy usage for rye meal and rye flour
  • Starch versus rye flour An industrial press was run at around 2.5 tons/h of wood saw dust (coniferous soft wood) at constant power output. As additive, purified starch (corn, Cargill) or rye flour were used at various dosage levels. 0.8 wt% of starch is set as the standard.
  • Table 3 (amounts of flour based on 0.8 wt% standard) shows that the dosage of additive can be reduced significantly by using flour instead of a purified starch, while maintaining low fines and good pellet quality. Ash content was not affected by using flour.
  • Example 7 Slagging and calcium-potassium content
  • the metal composition such as calcium and potassium content of the ash was analyzed using DIN 51729, section 1, section 11 (Avemschl ⁇ sse, ICP) HEZ Olsberg biovorschrift DBI/AUA 003. Ash content was determined according to DIN CEN/TS 14775: 2004-
  • Table 4 Ca/K content per kg pellets and ratio Ca/K food-grade wheat off-grade wheat purified corn starch potato starch from starch starch blanching water
  • Pellets were made from soft wood saw dust using a pellet press. Various additives (pressing aids) were used at constant dosage speeds. A conventional purified starch (corn, Cargill) and two cereal flours 1 and 2 (Meneba, Rotterdam) were used, to which varying amounts of calcium were added. As a source of calcium, calcium carbonate or phosphate (Carlroth, Germany) were used.
  • Ash metal composition was determined and the ratio Ca/K was calculated. Standard amounts of pellets were burned and the amount of slagging was determined semi-quantitatively (visually). The results are shown in table 5, for the different relative amounts of anti-slagging additives.
  • Example 10 flowing and anti-caking properties calcium or clay-modified flour
  • Flowing properties of the pellets of example 9 were determined of various cereal flour based pellet additive compositions.
  • Maize starch (Cargill) direct 5.0 176.5 caked 2.7 141.8
  • **Direct and caked refers to measurements taken before and after applying pressure, respectively
  • Example 11 Pellet hardness
  • Kahl hardness of the pellets of the invention as made in the preceding examples were found at least 35 kg. Most often values of 40-50 kg were found.

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Abstract

L'invention porte sur un corps de combustible au bois solide, contenant de 0,1 à 3 % en poids de teneur en farine, sur la base du poids total du corps de combustible, ladite teneur en farine contenant des additifs contre la scorification choisis parmi les sels de calcium et d'aluminium. La farine naturelle et économiquement avantageuse est multifonctionnelle. Elle améliore la production de combustible au bois, par exemple lors de l'utilisation d'une presse de pastillage, et présente un pouvoir liant qui dépasse celui de la farine brute, du gruau de maïs et même celui de l'amidon purifié. De plus, l'agglomération est fortement évitée et la fluidité est excellente. Le combustible au bois à base de farine présente ainsi des propriétés de cendre de combustible améliorées, lors de la combustion dans les régions de température élevée, ce qui résulte en des dépôts du côté exposé aux flammes plus petits et moins tenaces, une scorification réduite et moins d'encrassement, et il est facile à enlever à l'aide de procédés de nettoyage classiques.
PCT/NL2009/050003 2008-05-14 2009-01-09 Combustibles au bois présentant des propriétés de cendre de combustible améliorées et leur fabrication WO2009139621A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP09746798A EP2276823A1 (fr) 2008-05-14 2009-01-09 Combustibles au bois présentant des propriétés de cendre de combustible améliorées et leur fabrication

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP08156149.0 2008-05-14
EP08156149 2008-05-14

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2953852A1 (fr) * 2009-12-16 2011-06-17 Ragt En Procede de formulation de granules combustibles vegetaux a partir de la biomasse
WO2011094720A1 (fr) * 2010-01-29 2011-08-04 Enginuity Worldwide, LLC Produit compact composite combustible de biomasse
WO2011131869A1 (fr) * 2010-04-23 2011-10-27 Zeta Procédé de fabrication de pellets et pellets obtenus par le procédé
US20130042521A1 (en) * 2011-08-16 2013-02-21 Danile Thomas Querrey Clean burning wood fiber fuel pellets and its method of manufacture
CN103013611A (zh) * 2012-12-26 2013-04-03 济南三农能源科技有限公司 生物质固化成型燃料及其制备方法
CN103666626A (zh) * 2013-12-05 2014-03-26 叶杰珍 一种抗烧结生物质燃料颗粒及其制备方法
CZ304964B6 (cs) * 2012-06-11 2015-02-11 Vysoká škola chemicko - technologická v Praze Způsob zamezení spékání biomasového paliva přídavkem aditiva
CN105087098A (zh) * 2015-07-30 2015-11-25 格薪源生物质燃料有限公司 高效抗结渣生物质复合燃料
WO2015185498A1 (fr) * 2014-06-04 2015-12-10 Firestixx Holz-Energie Gmbh Granulés pour applications de chauffage
EP2948533A4 (fr) * 2012-10-25 2016-10-05 Queston Inc Carburant de biomasse de bois à combustion propre et son procédé de production
EP2968242A4 (fr) * 2013-03-15 2016-12-28 V35A Entpr Llc Procédé de production d'un combustible issu d'une biomasse à faible taux d'émission
FR3059676A1 (fr) * 2016-12-02 2018-06-08 Ragt Energie Granules pour chaudiere a combustion amelioree

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109097139A (zh) * 2018-08-21 2018-12-28 芜湖聚焰生物质能源科技有限公司 木质生物质燃料及其生产方法

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US3133799A (en) * 1960-06-15 1964-05-19 Leo A Spano Charcoal-containing porous fuel composition
EP0281370A2 (fr) * 1987-03-02 1988-09-07 Hickory Specialties, Inc. Briquette pour un grill électrique ou à gaz
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DE19955844A1 (de) * 1998-11-19 2000-05-25 Pelletsverband Vertriebs Und B Pellets aus gepresster Biomasse
EP1063278A2 (fr) * 1999-06-24 2000-12-27 Swedish Match UK Limited Bûches synthétiques
DE10228206A1 (de) * 2002-06-24 2004-01-22 BüHLER GMBH Verfahren zur Herstellung von Pellets aus Kleie und Verwendung derselben
DE202005004140U1 (de) * 2005-03-12 2005-05-19 Stahlberg, Peter Abbrandkörper

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FR802971A (fr) * 1936-03-05 1936-09-19 Procédé de fabrication d'agglomérés de charbon de bois et agglomérés en résultant
US3133799A (en) * 1960-06-15 1964-05-19 Leo A Spano Charcoal-containing porous fuel composition
EP0281370A2 (fr) * 1987-03-02 1988-09-07 Hickory Specialties, Inc. Briquette pour un grill électrique ou à gaz
CA2156010A1 (fr) * 1995-08-14 1997-02-15 Mark Drisdelle Combustibles solides a combustion ne produisant pas de crasse et methode de production de ces combustibles
DE19955844A1 (de) * 1998-11-19 2000-05-25 Pelletsverband Vertriebs Und B Pellets aus gepresster Biomasse
EP1063278A2 (fr) * 1999-06-24 2000-12-27 Swedish Match UK Limited Bûches synthétiques
DE10228206A1 (de) * 2002-06-24 2004-01-22 BüHLER GMBH Verfahren zur Herstellung von Pellets aus Kleie und Verwendung derselben
DE202005004140U1 (de) * 2005-03-12 2005-05-19 Stahlberg, Peter Abbrandkörper

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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2953852A1 (fr) * 2009-12-16 2011-06-17 Ragt En Procede de formulation de granules combustibles vegetaux a partir de la biomasse
WO2011094720A1 (fr) * 2010-01-29 2011-08-04 Enginuity Worldwide, LLC Produit compact composite combustible de biomasse
WO2011094721A1 (fr) * 2010-01-29 2011-08-04 Enginuity Worldwide, LLC Procédé de traitement de produit compact combustible de biomasse
WO2011131869A1 (fr) * 2010-04-23 2011-10-27 Zeta Procédé de fabrication de pellets et pellets obtenus par le procédé
US20130042521A1 (en) * 2011-08-16 2013-02-21 Danile Thomas Querrey Clean burning wood fiber fuel pellets and its method of manufacture
CZ304964B6 (cs) * 2012-06-11 2015-02-11 Vysoká škola chemicko - technologická v Praze Způsob zamezení spékání biomasového paliva přídavkem aditiva
EP2948533A4 (fr) * 2012-10-25 2016-10-05 Queston Inc Carburant de biomasse de bois à combustion propre et son procédé de production
CN103013611A (zh) * 2012-12-26 2013-04-03 济南三农能源科技有限公司 生物质固化成型燃料及其制备方法
EP2968242A4 (fr) * 2013-03-15 2016-12-28 V35A Entpr Llc Procédé de production d'un combustible issu d'une biomasse à faible taux d'émission
CN103666626A (zh) * 2013-12-05 2014-03-26 叶杰珍 一种抗烧结生物质燃料颗粒及其制备方法
CN103666626B (zh) * 2013-12-05 2016-03-02 叶杰珍 一种抗烧结生物质燃料颗粒及其制备方法
WO2015185498A1 (fr) * 2014-06-04 2015-12-10 Firestixx Holz-Energie Gmbh Granulés pour applications de chauffage
CN105087098A (zh) * 2015-07-30 2015-11-25 格薪源生物质燃料有限公司 高效抗结渣生物质复合燃料
FR3059676A1 (fr) * 2016-12-02 2018-06-08 Ragt Energie Granules pour chaudiere a combustion amelioree

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