WO2009107365A1 - 複眼測距装置の検査方法及び検査装置並びにそれに用いるチャート - Google Patents
複眼測距装置の検査方法及び検査装置並びにそれに用いるチャート Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009107365A1 WO2009107365A1 PCT/JP2009/000805 JP2009000805W WO2009107365A1 WO 2009107365 A1 WO2009107365 A1 WO 2009107365A1 JP 2009000805 W JP2009000805 W JP 2009000805W WO 2009107365 A1 WO2009107365 A1 WO 2009107365A1
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- baseline
- baseline direction
- distance
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C3/00—Measuring distances in line of sight; Optical rangefinders
- G01C3/02—Details
- G01C3/06—Use of electric means to obtain final indication
- G01C3/08—Use of electric radiation detectors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C25/00—Manufacturing, calibrating, cleaning, or repairing instruments or devices referred to in the other groups of this subclass
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C3/00—Measuring distances in line of sight; Optical rangefinders
- G01C3/10—Measuring distances in line of sight; Optical rangefinders using a parallactic triangle with variable angles and a base of fixed length in the observation station, e.g. in the instrument
- G01C3/14—Measuring distances in line of sight; Optical rangefinders using a parallactic triangle with variable angles and a base of fixed length in the observation station, e.g. in the instrument with binocular observation at a single point, e.g. stereoscopic type
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S11/00—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation
- G01S11/12—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an inspection method for a compound-eye distance measuring device, and in particular, the first baseline direction and the second baseline direction that are different from each other and obtained from at least three or more imaging optical systems.
- the present invention relates to an inspection method and an inspection apparatus for evaluating the distance accuracy of a compound-eye distance measuring apparatus that measures a distance to an object to be measured based on a parallax in a base line direction and a parallax in a second base line direction, and a chart used therefor.
- a compound-eye distance measuring device that captures a measurement object with an imaging device having a pair of imaging optical systems and obtains two images, a left-right image and an upper-lower image, calculates the distance to the measurement object using the principle of triangulation To do.
- Such a compound-eye distance measuring apparatus is used for measuring the distance between vehicles, an autofocus system for a camera, and a three-dimensional shape measuring system.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram for explaining the triangulation of the compound-eye distance measuring apparatus.
- G1 is an imaging lens of the first imaging optical system
- N1 is an imaging surface of the first imaging optical system
- G2 is an imaging lens of the second imaging optical system
- N2 is an imaging surface of the second imaging optical system.
- the distance from the imaging lens to the point P is Z
- the baseline length which is the distance between the optical axes of the two imaging optical systems G1 and G2
- D the focal length of the imaging lens is the same for both f (G1 and G2).
- the distance Z to the point P can be obtained by modifying Equation 1 above. It is possible to extract.
- the correlation degree of pattern matching is the difference (absolute value) of the luminance of each pixel between the small area of the reference image obtained from the first imaging optical system and the small area of the reference image obtained from the second imaging optical system. It is obtained by an evaluation function SAD (Sum of Absolute Difference) which is the sum.
- SAD Sud of Absolute Difference
- Equation 2 x and y are the coordinates of the imaging surface, and I0 and I1 are the luminance value of the standard image and the luminance value of the reference image at the coordinates indicated in parentheses, respectively.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram for explaining the SAD calculation.
- the position of the search block area of the reference image is calculated by shifting the position of the search block area of the reference image by dx in the baseline direction as shown in FIG.
- the amount of parallax is ⁇ . Since SAD can be calculated with arbitrary coordinates, it is possible to acquire distance information of the entire region within the imaging field of view.
- the distance information acquired due to performance variations, assembly errors, calibration errors, etc. of the imaging optical system and image sensor varies, so the distance measurement accuracy falls within the defined standards.
- a process for inspecting whether or not it is necessary is required.
- the SAD search range is obtained when imaging from the longest distance to the shortest distance of the distance measurement object range. It is necessary to set so as to cover the range of parallax to be achieved. On the other hand, in order to increase the surface resolution for distance measurement, it is necessary to make the chart pattern fine. However, in the lattice pattern chart as shown in FIG. If the pattern pitch becomes finer and the SAD search range is wide, there will be a plurality of lattice patterns in the search range. Therefore, a plurality of matching points appear in the SAD search range, and parallax can be detected correctly. Can not.
- the pitch of the lattice pattern must be set large so that there is one matching portion in the search range.
- the grid pattern pitch is set to be large
- the computation block size is set to be smaller than the grid pattern, there will be locations where there is no contrast in the computation block and pattern matching will not be possible. The problem that cannot be done.
- the calculation block size must be increased, which causes a problem that the surface resolution of the distance measurement is lowered.
- the object of the present invention is to solve such a problem, to accurately inspect the entire area in the imaging field of view, and to check the distance accuracy of the compound-eye distance measuring device having two baseline directions with one imaging.
- An inspection method and an inspection apparatus are provided.
- an inspection method for a compound-eye distance measuring device of the present invention has a first baseline direction and a second baseline direction that are different from each other, and is obtained from at least three imaging optical systems.
- An inspection method for evaluating distance accuracy of a compound-eye distance measuring device that measures a distance to a measurement object based on the parallax in the first baseline direction and the parallax in the second baseline direction.
- the measuring step measures a distance to the chart from a shift of each imaging position in each baseline direction of the same geometric pattern imaged on an imaging surface of the at least three imaging optical systems. .
- the “baseline direction” means a direction in which parallax occurs in the two imaging optical systems, that is, an arrangement direction in which the two imaging optical systems are arranged, more specifically, an imaging center (imaging surface) of the two imaging optical systems. Or the center of the imaging lens).
- the “geometric pattern” is an individual geometric figure that forms a pattern formed on the chart, for example, one circular figure.
- a pitch that is a repetition period of arrangement of the geometric pattern in the first baseline direction on the image captured by the imaging optical system is the first baseline direction at the predetermined distance.
- An angle of the first arrangement direction with respect to the first baseline direction is set to be greater than the parallax of the second and the second of the geometric patterns on the image captured by the imaging optical system
- a chart in which an angle of the second arrangement direction with respect to the second baseline direction is set so that a pitch, which is a repetition cycle of arrangement in the baseline direction, is larger than a parallax in the second baseline direction at the predetermined distance Is preferably arranged.
- the arranging step it is preferable to arrange a chart in which the gradation of the geometric pattern periodically changes in the first baseline direction and the second baseline direction.
- the arranging step it is preferable to arrange a chart in which the shape of the geometric pattern periodically changes in the first baseline direction and the second baseline direction.
- the arranging step it is preferable to arrange a chart in which the size of the geometric pattern periodically changes in the first baseline direction and the second baseline direction.
- the difference between the smallest minimum value in the SAD calculation value and the minimum value existing before and after the SAD calculation value can be increased, and the probability of erroneous detection of parallax can be reduced.
- the processing is repeated for each block obtained by dividing the imaging surface so that there is contrast in the geometric pattern imaged on the imaging surface, and the inspection method further includes the inspection method,
- the number of the blocks evaluated as good (the difference is within a predetermined value range) in the evaluation step is equal to or greater than a predetermined number
- the compound-eye distance measuring device is determined to pass the inspection. It is preferable to have a discrimination step.
- the chart of the present invention is a chart used in the inspection method of the compound-eye distance measuring apparatus, and the chart has a predetermined geometric pattern two-dimensionally in the first arrangement direction and the second arrangement direction.
- 6 is a chart in which the first arrangement direction and the second arrangement direction are inclined at a predetermined angle with respect to the first base line direction and the second base line direction, respectively.
- the present invention has a first baseline direction and a second baseline direction that are different from each other, and the parallax in the first baseline direction obtained from at least three or more imaging optical systems and the second baseline direction.
- An inspection apparatus that evaluates the distance accuracy of a compound-eye distance measuring apparatus that measures a distance to a measurement object by parallax in a baseline direction, and is disposed at a predetermined distance from the imaging optical system on the optical axis of the imaging optical system
- the present invention can be realized as a program for causing a computer to execute the evaluation process and the discrimination process included in the inspection method for the compound-eye distance measuring apparatus, or a recording medium such as a computer-readable CD-ROM in which the program is recorded.
- the present invention it is possible to realize a chart, an inspection method, and an inspection apparatus capable of inspecting the entire region in the imaging field of view with high accuracy and inspecting the distance accuracy of the compound eye distance measuring device having two baseline directions by one imaging.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of a distance measurement chart and an inspection method according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an imaging pattern of the distance measurement chart according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the SAD calculation when the distance measurement chart according to the present invention is used.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of a method of drawing a distance measurement chart according to the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a distance measurement chart according to the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a functional configuration of the inspection apparatus according to the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing a processing procedure for evaluating the distance measurement accuracy of the compound eye distance measuring apparatus by the inspection apparatus.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of a distance measurement chart and an inspection method according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an imaging pattern of the distance measurement chart according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the SAD calculation when the
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a distance measurement chart according to the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an imaging pattern of the distance measurement chart according to the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining the SAD calculation when the distance measurement chart according to the present invention is used.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an imaging pattern of the distance measurement chart according to the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an imaging pattern of the distance measurement chart according to the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an imaging pattern of the distance measurement chart according to the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing an imaging pattern of the distance measurement chart according to the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram for explaining the triangulation of the compound eye distance measuring device.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating the SAD calculation.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a conventional lattice pattern chart.
- FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a distance measurement evaluation chart (such a chart is also referred to as “range measurement chart” or “inspection chart”) C1 according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- the chart C1 includes, for example, a pattern printed on a sheet-like medium, a pattern displayed on an image display monitor, and a pattern projected on a screen by a projector.
- circular patterns A0 are arranged in a two-dimensional array in two (first and second) arrangement directions as geometric patterns.
- the geometric pattern is not limited to a circle but may be a geometric pattern such as a triangle, rectangle, or polygon.
- FIG. 1A is inclined by ⁇ 1 with respect to the first base line direction (here, the long side direction of the chart C1), and the second arrangement direction is the second base line direction (here Then, it is inclined by ⁇ 2 with respect to the short side direction of the chart C1.
- FIG. 1B is a perspective view showing an inspection method for the compound-eye distance measuring apparatus according to the present embodiment.
- C1 is a chart, and the first baseline direction and the second baseline direction shown in FIG. 1A correspond to the first of the compound-eye distance measuring device 1 configured by three imaging optical systems shown in FIG.
- the imaging optical system 2c is installed so as to correspond to the direction in which parallax occurs.
- 2a, 2b, and 2c are a first imaging optical system, a second imaging optical system, and a third imaging optical system, respectively, and 3a, 3b, and 3c are a first imaging optical system, a second imaging optical system, The first image sensor, the second image sensor, and the third image sensor respectively corresponding to the third image pickup optical system.
- the chart C1 is arranged on the optical axis of the imaging optical system and separated from each imaging optical system by a predetermined distance.
- B1 is a repetition period in which the pitch of the circular pattern in the first base line direction, that is, the position of the circular pattern when viewed in the first base line direction coincides, and the center of the circular pattern A0 is B1 can be changed by changing ⁇ 1 as the rotation center.
- B2 is a repetition period in which the pitch of the circular pattern in the second baseline direction, that is, the position of the circular pattern when viewed in the second baseline direction coincides, and the center of the circle of the circular pattern A0 is the center of rotation. B2 can be changed by changing the ⁇ 2.
- FIG. 2 shows a part 10a of an image output from the imaging element of the first imaging optical system when the chart of FIG. 1A is imaged by the compound-eye distance measuring device 1 of FIG.
- a part 10b of an image output from the imaging element of the imaging optical system and a part 10c of an image output from the imaging element of the third imaging optical system are shown. Since the imaging pattern is an inverse image when viewed from the subject side, it is inverted and output when the image is output. Therefore, the images 10a, 10b, and 10c correspond to the imaging pattern viewed from the back side of the imaging surface.
- a0 is a circular pattern image corresponding to the pattern A0 on the chart of FIG.
- b1 is a circular pattern in a direction orthogonal to the first baseline direction on the imaging surface.
- the repetition cycle in the first baseline direction when the positions match, and b2 is the repetition cycle in the second baseline direction when the positions of the circular patterns in the direction orthogonal to the second baseline direction match on the imaging surface It is.
- the imaging pattern is imaged upside down and horizontally with respect to the chart pattern, and is inverted and output when the image is output as described above. Therefore, ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 shown in FIG. 2 are respectively shown in FIG. Is equal to ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2.
- FIG. 2 is a block (for example, 8 ⁇ 8 pixels) composed of a plurality of pixels, and SAD calculation is performed for each block. Is called.
- 10a is a reference image formed by the first image pickup optical system
- 10b is a reference image formed by the second image pickup optical system. Focusing on the reference block (calculation block) La of the reference image 10a, SAD calculation is performed on La 'of the reference image 10b within the search range indicated by Sh. Accordingly, if the chart cycle B1 in FIG. 1A is set so that the value of the cycle b1 is larger than the search range Sh of the SAD calculation, only one portion of the pattern matches in the search range of the SAD calculation. Become.
- the angle ⁇ 1 of the first arrangement direction with respect to the first baseline direction is set so as to be larger than the parallax (search range Sh) in the first baseline direction corresponding to the distance (predetermined distance) and imaging
- the pitch B2 in the second baseline direction of the geometric pattern on the images captured by the optical systems 2a to 2c is larger than the parallax (search range Sv) in the second baseline direction corresponding to the predetermined distance.
- an angle ⁇ 2 in the second arrangement direction with respect to the second baseline direction is set.
- FIG. 3A is a graph showing changes in SAD calculation values of the standard image 10a and the reference image 10b in FIG. That is, the search position when the SAD calculation of the block of interest on the base image 10a and the block on the reference image 10b is repeated while shifting the block on the reference image 10b pixel by pixel in the first baseline direction ( It is a graph which shows the relationship between the pixel position of a 1st baseline direction) and SAD (calculation result).
- B1, Sh, and ⁇ h in FIG. 3A correspond to the reference numerals shown in the reference image 10b in FIG. 2, and the search position where the SAD calculation value is the smallest within the search range Sh is the parallax amount ⁇ h.
- the minimum value of the SAD calculation value is the search range as shown in FIG. Multiple occurrences within If the search range is not limited, the smallest minimum value repeatedly appears in the period b1 as the SAD calculation value indicated by the broken line in FIG. 3A, but the period b1 becomes larger than the search range Sh. Therefore, there is only one minimum value in the search range, and the amount of parallax is not erroneously detected.
- FIG. 3B is a graph showing changes in SAD calculation values of the standard image 10a and the reference image 10c in FIG. That is, the search position when the SAD calculation of the block of interest on the base image 10a and the block on the reference image 10c is repeated while shifting the block on the reference image 10c one pixel at a time in the second baseline direction ( It is a graph which shows the relationship between the pixel position of a 2nd base line direction) and SAD (calculation result).
- B2, Sv, and ⁇ v in FIG. 3B correspond to the reference numerals shown in the reference image 10c in FIG. 2, and the search position where the SAD calculation value is the smallest within the search range Sv is the parallax amount ⁇ v.
- the minimum value of the SAD calculation value is the search range as shown in FIG. Multiple occurrences within If there is no restriction on the search range, the smallest minimum value such as the SAD calculation value indicated by the broken line in FIG. 3B repeatedly appears in the period b2, but the period b2 becomes larger than the search range Sv. Therefore, there is only one minimum value in the search range, and the amount of parallax is not erroneously detected. As described above, according to the inspection method of the present embodiment, it is possible to inspect the distance accuracy of the compound-eye distance measuring device having two baseline directions with high accuracy by one imaging.
- FIG. 4 shows that the ratio of the baseline length between the imaging optical systems arranged in the first baseline direction to the baseline length between the imaging optical systems arranged in the second baseline direction is 5: 4, and the focal length of each imaging optical system is It is a figure explaining the drawing method of the test
- the search range of the SAD calculation needs to have a margin with respect to the parallax range obtained when imaging from the longest distance to the shortest distance of the distance measurement target range.
- both the parallax search range Sh between the imaging optical systems arranged in the first baseline direction and the parallax search range Sv between the imaging optical systems arranged in the second baseline direction have a margin at the same ratio with respect to the search range.
- the ratio of Sh and Sv is also preferably about 5: 4, and the repetition period b1 (b1> Sh) of the imaging pattern in the first baseline direction on the imaging surface described in FIG. 2 and the second baseline direction
- the ratio of the repetition period b2 (b2> Sv) in the baseline direction of the imaging pattern is also preferably about 5: 4. Therefore, it is desirable that the repetition period of the pattern in the first baseline direction and the repetition period of the pattern in the second baseline direction are also about 5: 4 on the chart.
- the drawing is performed in an xy orthogonal coordinate system in which the first baseline direction is the x direction and the second baseline direction is the y direction.
- the squares formed by broken lines are virtual lines for drawing. The lower left is the origin (0, 0), the size of one square is 1 in both the x and y directions, and one square corresponds to the size of one computation block (for example, 8 ⁇ 8 pixels). Yes.
- circular patterns A1, A2, and A3 having the origin (0, 0), coordinates (5, 1), and coordinates (1, 4) as the center of the circle are formed.
- the condition for the size of the circular pattern will be described later.
- the angle formed by the line connecting the origin (0,0) and the coordinates (5,1) and the first baseline direction is ⁇ 1
- the origin (0,0) and the coordinates (1,4) The angle formed by the line segment connecting the two and the second baseline direction is ⁇ 2.
- a circular pattern is formed at each point that divides the line segment connected by the origin (0, 0) and the coordinates (5, 1) into five equal parts, and the origin (0, 0) And a circular pattern is formed at each point that divides the line segment connected by the coordinates (1, 4) into four equal parts.
- the line segment direction connecting the origin (0,0) and the coordinates (5,1) and the line segment direction connecting the origin (0,0) and the coordinates (1,4) are patterned.
- a circular pattern is arranged in an array as the arrangement direction.
- the y components coincide when viewed in the first baseline direction. 75
- the ratio of the period B1 to the period B2 is 5: 4.
- the radius of the circular pattern is half the radius of the circumscribed circle.
- the image shown in FIG. 2 is formed on the imaging surface, and the same pattern is used in the search range in both the first baseline direction and the second baseline direction. Is not repeated, there is only one minimum value in the search range in the SAD calculation, and the amount of parallax is not erroneously detected.
- the coordinates of the circular pattern A2 are (5, 1) and the coordinates of A3 are (1, 4).
- the coordinates of A2 are used. (10, 1) and the coordinates of A3 may be (1, 8).
- the repetition cycle b1 of the imaging pattern in the first baseline direction and the repetition cycle of the imaging pattern in the second baseline direction The ratio of b2 is also 5: 4.
- the ranging accuracy of the compound-eye distance measuring device in which the ratio of the baseline length between the imaging optical systems arranged in the first baseline direction and the baseline length between the imaging optical systems arranged in the second baseline direction is m: n.
- the coordinates of the circular pattern A2 may be (m ⁇ a, 1) and the coordinates of A3 may be (1, n ⁇ a).
- ⁇ 2 sets the circular pattern arrangement direction in the clockwise direction with respect to the second base line direction.
- ⁇ 2 is the second base line direction.
- the arrangement direction of the circular patterns may be set in a counterclockwise direction with respect to the direction.
- the ratio of the repetition period B1 ′ having the same x component when viewed in the first baseline direction and the repetition period B2 ′ having the same y component when viewed in the second baseline direction is also 5: 4. .
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a functional configuration example of the inspection apparatus 100 according to the present embodiment.
- the inspection apparatus 100 is an apparatus that evaluates the distance accuracy of the compound-eye distance measuring apparatus 200, and includes a chart C1, an input unit 101, a display unit 102, and a control unit 110 (measurement distance acquisition unit 103, storage unit 104, and evaluation unit 105). It has.
- the compound-eye distance measuring apparatus 200 has a first baseline direction and a second baseline direction that are different from each other.
- the parallax and the second baseline in the first baseline direction obtained from at least three or more imaging optical systems. It is a device that measures the distance to the measurement object by the parallax in the direction.
- the chart C1 is characterized by a pattern as described above.
- the chart C1 includes a pattern printed on a sheet-like medium, a pattern displayed on an image display monitor, and a pattern projected on a screen by a projector.
- the chart C1 is arranged at a predetermined distance (for example, 50 cm) from the imaging optical systems on the optical axes of the three imaging optical systems provided in the compound-eye distance measuring device 200.
- the input unit 101 includes, for example, a keyboard and a mouse, receives an operation from the operator, and notifies the control unit 110 and the like of the operation result.
- the display unit 102 is composed of, for example, a liquid crystal display, and displays data stored in the storage unit 104, inspection results, and the like.
- the control unit 110 is connected to the compound eye distance measuring device 200, the input unit 101, and the display unit 102, and controls the compound eye distance measurement device 200 by controlling them and exchanging signals with them.
- the measurement distance acquisition unit 103, the storage unit 104, and the evaluation unit 105 are provided.
- the control unit 110 is realized by, for example, a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a RAM (Random Access Memory), a ROM (Read Only Memory) storing a control program, a communication interface, an auxiliary memory (nonvolatile memory such as a hard disk), and the like. Is done.
- the measurement distance acquisition unit 103 acquires the distance (measurement distance) to the calculation block or the chart for each pixel measured by the compound eye distance measuring device 200.
- the storage unit 104 includes a readable / writable memory and the like, and holds arrangement distance data 104a indicating distances (predetermined distances) between the three imaging optical systems included in the compound-eye distance measuring apparatus 200 and the chart C1.
- the evaluation unit 105 calculates the difference between the distance (predetermined distance) indicated by the arrangement distance data 104a and the distance (measurement distance) acquired by the measurement distance acquisition unit 103, and the calculated difference is within a predetermined value range. It is a processing part which evaluates whether it exists in.
- the inspection method of the compound eye distance measuring apparatus 200 using the inspection apparatus 100 according to the present embodiment configured as described above is as follows.
- the inspection method includes a first baseline direction and a second baseline direction that are different from each other, and a first baseline direction parallax obtained from at least three or more imaging optical systems and a second baseline direction.
- This is a method for evaluating the distance accuracy of the compound-eye distance measuring apparatus 200 that measures the distance to the measurement object by the parallax in the baseline direction.
- the inspection method includes the following steps. In other words, (1) An arrangement step in which the chart C1 is arranged at a predetermined distance from the imaging optical system (here, the compound-eye distance measuring device 200) on the optical axis of the imaging optical system by manpower or a robot. (2) A measuring step of measuring the distance to the chart C1 by the compound eye distance measuring device 200. (3) An evaluation step of calculating a difference between the predetermined distance and the measured distance and evaluating whether the calculated difference is within a predetermined value range.
- the process is repeated for each block obtained by dividing the imaging surface so that a contrast exists in the geometric pattern formed on the imaging surface. (4) Discrimination for discriminating that the compound-eye distance measuring device 200 is inspected when the number of blocks evaluated that the difference is within a predetermined value range in the evaluation step is equal to or greater than a predetermined number. Process.
- the chart C1 has a predetermined geometric pattern two-dimensionally arranged in the first arrangement direction and the second arrangement direction, and the first arrangement direction and the second arrangement direction.
- the arrangement direction is inclined at a predetermined angle with respect to the first baseline direction and the second baseline direction, respectively, and further, in the measurement step, an image is formed on imaging surfaces of at least three imaging optical systems.
- the distance to the chart is measured from the shift of each imaging position in the baseline direction of the same geometric pattern.
- FIG. 7 shows a processing procedure for evaluating the accuracy of the measurement distance extracted from between the imaging optical systems of the compound-eye distance measuring apparatus 200 by the inspection apparatus 100 after the arrangement process (that is, the measurement process, the evaluation process, and the discrimination process). It is the flowchart which showed.
- the inspection apparatus 100 performs the same evaluation for each of the two baseline directions. Here, an evaluation processing procedure for one baseline direction will be described.
- the measurement distance acquisition unit 103 receives a standard image and a reference image from the compound-eye distance measuring device 200, and selects a calculation block that has not yet been evaluated for those images (S101). Next, the measurement distance acquisition unit 103 acquires the measurement distance by extracting the parallax by the SAD calculation in the selected calculation block and converting the parallax into the measurement distance according to the above equation 2 (S102). Steps S102 to S103 correspond to the measurement process.
- the measurement distance obtaining unit 103 may obtain the measurement distance calculated by the compound eye distance measuring device 200.
- the parallax extraction by the SAD calculation is performed by specifying the difference (the number of pixels in the base line direction) between the position of the calculation block of the base image and the position of the calculation block of the reference image where the SAD calculation value is a minimum value.
- the accuracy of extracting the parallax may be a pixel unit or a sub-pixel unit.
- a plurality of SAD calculation values including local minimum values are fitted to an approximate curve in the SAD calculation value graph shown in FIG. 3, and a search position (baseline) at the lowest point of the curve is obtained. The pixel position in the direction) may be obtained.
- the evaluation unit 105 acquires the arrangement distance from the compound eye distance measuring device 200 corresponding to the selected calculation block to the chart C1 from the arrangement distance data 104a stored in the storage unit 104 (S103).
- the evaluation part 105 calculates the difference of the measurement distance acquired by step S102, and the arrangement
- the evaluation unit 105 determines that the selected calculation block is good (S106).
- the evaluation unit 105 determines that the selected calculation block is defective (S107). Steps S104 to S107 correspond to the evaluation process.
- the evaluation unit 105 determines whether or not the determination has been completed for all the calculation blocks determined (S108). If it is determined that the determination has not been completed for all the calculation blocks (No in S108), the process returns to step S101 again, and the process is repeated from the selection of the calculation block. On the other hand, when it is determined that the determination has been completed for all the calculation blocks (Yes in S108), the evaluation unit 105 calculates the number of calculation blocks (the number of good determination blocks) p determined to be good in Step S106 (S109). ).
- the evaluation unit 105 determines that the compound-eye distance measuring apparatus 200 to be inspected has passed the inspection (S111), and ends the process.
- the evaluation unit 105 fails the test on the compound-eye distance measuring device 200 that is the subject of the test. (S112), the process is terminated. Steps S109 to S112 correspond to the determination step.
- the inspection apparatus 100 performs the evaluation according to the above processing procedure for each of the two baseline directions, and determines whether the inspection is acceptable for each of the two baseline directions. Alternatively, it is determined as a pass as a comprehensive determination only when both of the two baseline directions pass the inspection.
- distance information can be acquired for each calculation block in the entire area within the imaging field of view. Then, by evaluating the difference between the acquired distance information and the actual distance information, it becomes possible to inspect the distance measuring accuracy of the compound eye distance measuring device with high accuracy.
- FIG. 8A shows a part of the inspection chart pattern of the compound eye range finder in which the first baseline direction and the second baseline direction are not orthogonal as shown in FIG. 8B.
- the pattern is drawn in the xy ′ non-orthogonal coordinate system in which the first baseline direction is the x direction and the second baseline direction is the y ′ direction.
- the squares formed by broken lines are imaginary lines for drawing. The lower left is the origin (0, 0), and the size of one square is 1 in both the x and y ′ directions.
- This embodiment differs from FIG. 4 only in the second baseline direction, and the drawing method is the same.
- the pixels of the image sensor are usually arranged orthogonally, when searching for the parallax in the second baseline direction, the image is rotated so that the second baseline direction is orthogonal to the first baseline direction. It is desirable to perform the parallax calculation after performing the processing.
- FIG. 9 shows the first imaging optical system when the gradation (tone, hue, brightness, saturation, etc.) of the geometric pattern of the chart is periodically changed between the first baseline direction and the second baseline direction. A part of the imaging pattern formed on the imaging surface is shown.
- P1 and P2 are circular patterns having different gradations
- the first pattern arrangement direction is inclined by ⁇ with respect to the first base line direction
- the second pattern arrangement direction is the second base line. Inclined by ⁇ relative to the direction.
- the gradation of the circular pattern of the chart is alternately repeated as two types, but may be periodically changed by three or more types of gradation.
- the pattern arranged in an array as in the first embodiment Are all the same gradation, the difference between the minimum value of the smallest SAD calculation value and the adjacent minimum value becomes small, and the amount of parallax may be erroneously detected.
- FIGS. 10A and 10B are diagrams showing SAD calculation when the angle formed by the pattern arrangement direction and the baseline direction is small, ⁇ h is the amount of parallax, Sh is the search range of the SAD calculation, b1 Is a repetition period in the baseline direction when circular patterns in the orthogonal axis direction orthogonal to the baseline direction coincide on the imaging surface.
- FIG. 10A is a diagram showing the SAD calculation when patterns are arranged with the same gradation
- FIG. 10B shows gradations of two types of patterns as in the present embodiment (FIG. 9). It is a figure which shows SAD calculation at the time of arranging alternately.
- the difference between adjacent local minimum values can be increased as shown in FIG. 10B. Accordingly, the difference between the smallest minimum value and the adjacent minimum values before and after that can be increased as compared with FIG. 10A, and the possibility of erroneously detecting the amount of parallax can be reduced.
- the smallest minimum value of the SAD calculation can be made one in the search range. Since the difference between the smallest minimum value and the adjacent minimum value can be increased by tilting, and erroneous detection of the amount of parallax can be reduced, it is preferable to tilt the pattern arrangement.
- FIG. 11 shows an example of an imaging pattern formed on the imaging surface of the first imaging optical system when the shape of the geometric pattern of the chart is periodically changed between the first baseline direction and the second baseline direction. Shows the part.
- P1 and P3 are patterns having different shapes
- the first pattern arrangement direction is inclined by ⁇ with respect to the first baseline direction
- the second pattern arrangement direction is in the second baseline direction. It is tilted by ⁇ .
- the circular pattern and the square pattern of the chart are alternately repeated, but may be periodically changed by three or more types of shapes.
- the angle formed by the pattern arrangement direction and the base line direction is small, the difference between the smallest minimum value in the SAD calculation and the neighboring minimum values before and after that is increased. This can reduce the possibility of erroneously detecting the amount of parallax.
- the smallest minimum value of the SAD calculation can be made one within the search range. It is preferable to incline the arrangement of patterns because the difference between the smallest minimum value and the adjacent minimum value can be increased by tilting, and erroneous detection of the amount of parallax can be reduced.
- FIG. 12 shows an imaging pattern formed on the imaging surface of the first imaging optical system when the size of the geometric pattern of the chart is periodically changed in the first baseline direction and the second baseline direction. Some are shown.
- P1 and P4 are patterns having different sizes, the first pattern arrangement direction is inclined by ⁇ with respect to the first baseline direction, and the second pattern arrangement direction is the second baseline direction. Is tilted by ⁇ .
- the size of the circular pattern of the chart is alternately repeated as two types, but may be periodically changed according to three or more types.
- the angle formed by the pattern arrangement direction and the base line direction is small, the difference between the smallest minimum value in the SAD calculation and the neighboring minimum values before and after that is increased. This can reduce the possibility of erroneously detecting the amount of parallax.
- the smallest minimum value of the SAD calculation can be made one in the search range. Since the difference between the smallest minimum value and the adjacent minimum value can be increased by tilting, and erroneous detection of the amount of parallax can be reduced, it is preferable to tilt the pattern arrangement.
- FIG. 13 shows a case where the orientation of the geometric pattern of the chart (here, the geometric pattern is a square, and the rotation angle of the square itself) is periodically changed between the first baseline direction and the second baseline direction.
- 2 shows a part of an imaging pattern formed on the imaging surface of the first imaging optical system.
- P1 and P5 are patterns having different directions
- the first pattern arrangement direction is inclined by ⁇ with respect to the first base line direction
- the second pattern arrangement direction is the second base line direction. It is tilted by ⁇ .
- the chart pattern directions are alternately repeated as two types, but may be periodically changed according to three or more types.
- the difference between the smallest minimum value in the SAD calculation and the neighboring minimum values before and after that is increased. This can reduce the possibility of erroneously detecting the amount of parallax.
- the smallest minimum value of the SAD calculation can be made one in the search range. It is preferable to incline the arrangement of patterns because the difference between the smallest minimum value and the adjacent minimum value can be increased by tilting, and erroneous detection of the amount of parallax can be reduced.
- the inspection methods of the first to sixth embodiments it is possible to acquire distance information of the entire imaging field with an arbitrary block size. Therefore, it is possible to perform an inspection in which a pass / fail standard is set for each region, an inspection in which the pass / fail standard is set in the distribution state of acquired data, and the like.
- the parallax can be extracted from between the imaging optical systems arranged in the first baseline direction and between the imaging optical systems arranged in the second baseline direction by an image acquired by one imaging, a chart or It is not necessary to change the direction of the compound-eye distance measuring device.
- the inspection chart, the inspection method, and the inspection apparatus according to the present invention have been described based on the first to sixth embodiments.
- the present invention is not limited to these embodiments. Modifications obtained by modifying each embodiment without departing from the gist of the present invention and modifications obtained by appropriately combining features of each embodiment are also included in the present invention.
- the inspection chart according to the invention is not limited to such an arrangement of geometric patterns, and at least two of gradation, shape, size, and orientation periodically change in the first baseline direction and the second baseline direction. You may do it.
- one of the gradation, shape, size, and orientation of the geometric pattern is cycled in n ( ⁇ 2) stages in the first baseline direction and the second baseline direction.
- the other one of the gradation, shape, size and orientation of the geometric pattern periodically changes in m ( ⁇ 2) stages in the first baseline direction and the second baseline direction.
- n and m may be different values.
- the gradation of the geometric pattern changes in three stages, and the shape of the geometric pattern changes in two stages.
- the difference between the smallest minimum value in the SAD calculation and the neighboring minimum values before and after the SAD operation is made larger than when only the gradation, shape, size, and orientation of the geometric pattern are changed. And the possibility of erroneous detection of the amount of parallax can be further reduced.
- the inspection method for a compound eye distance measuring device according to the present invention is useful for inspection of the distance measuring accuracy of a compound eye distance measuring device for in-vehicle use, for a surveillance camera, for a three-dimensional shape measurement system, or the like.
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Abstract
Description
2a 第1の撮像光学系
2b 第2の撮像光学系
2c 第3の撮像光学系
3a 第1の撮像素子
3b 第2の撮像素子
3c 第3の撮像素子
100 検査装置
101 入力部
102 表示部
103 測定距離取得部
104 記憶部
104a 配置距離データ
105 評価部
110 制御部
200 複眼測距装置
C1,C2 測距チャート
A0~A5 測距チャート上の幾何学的パターン
B1 チャートの幾何学的パターンの第1の基線方向のピッチ
B2 チャートの幾何学的パターンの第2の基線方向のピッチ
P1~P5 撮像面に結像された幾何学的パターン
θ1,α パターン配列方向の第1の基線方向と成す角
θ2,β パターン配列方向の第2の基線方向と成す角
La 基準画像の演算ブロック
La’ 第1の基線方向の参照画像の演算ブロック
La’’ 第2の基線方向の参照画像の演算ブロック
Sh SAD演算の第1の基線方向の探索範囲
Sv SAD演算の第2の基線方向の探索範囲
b1 撮像面上に結像された幾何学的パターンの第1の基線方向のピッチ
b2 撮像面上に結像された幾何学的パターンの第2の基線方向のピッチ
Δh 第1の基線方向の視差量
Δv 第2の基線方向の視差量
図1(a)は本発明の実施の形態1に係る測距評価用のチャート(このようなチャートを「測距チャート」または「検査チャート」ともいう。)C1の構成例を示す図である。チャートC1は、例えばシート状の媒体にパターンを印刷したもの、画像表示モニターによってパターンを表示したもの、投影機によってスクリーン上にパターンを投影したもの等である。図1(a)では、幾何学的パターンとして円形パターンA0を、2つ(第1および第2)の配列方向に2次元的にアレイ状に配列している。幾何学的パターンとしては円形に限らず、三角形、矩形、多角形等の幾何学的パターンとしてもよい。図1(a)における第1の配列方向は第1の基線方向(ここでは、チャートC1の長辺方向)に対してθ1だけ傾けてあり、第2の配列方向は第2の基線方向(ここでは、チャートC1の短辺方向)に対してθ2だけ傾けてある。図1(b)は、本実施の形態に係る複眼測距装置の検査方法を示す斜視図である。C1はチャートであり、図1(a)で示した第1の基線方向と第2の基線方向が、図1(b)に示す3つの撮像光学系から構成される複眼測距装置1の第1の基線方向(ここでは、第1の撮像光学系2aと第2の撮像光学系2bにおいて視差が生じる方向)と第2の基線方向(ここでは、第1の撮像光学系2aと第3の撮像光学系2cにおいて視差が生じる方向)にそれぞれ対応するように設置されている。2a、2b、2cはそれぞれ第1の撮像光学系、第2の撮像光学系、第3の撮像光学系であり、3a、3b、3cは第1の撮像光学系、第2の撮像光学系、第3の撮像光学系にそれぞれ対応する第1の撮像素子、第2の撮像素子、第3の撮像素子である。チャートC1は、撮像光学系の光軸上であって、各撮像光学系から所定距離だけ離して配置している。
(1)人手またはロボット等により、撮像光学系の光軸上で撮像光学系(ここでは、複眼測距装置200)から所定距離にチャートC1を配置する配置工程。
(2)複眼測距装置200によってチャートC1までの距離を測定する測定工程。
(3)所定距離と測定された距離との差分を算出し、算出した差分が予め定められた値の範囲内にあるかどうかを評価する評価工程。
(4)評価工程において上記差分が予め定められた値の範囲内にあると評価されたブロックの数が予め定められた数以上である場合に、複眼測距装置200を検査合格と判別する判別工程。
次に、本発明の実施の形態2における検査チャートについて説明する。
次に、本発明の実施の形態3における検査チャートについて説明する。
次に、本発明の実施の形態4における検査チャートについて説明する。
次に、本発明の実施の形態5における検査チャートについて説明する。
次に、本発明の実施の形態6における検査チャートについて説明する。
Claims (16)
- 互いに方向が異なる第1の基線方向と第2の基線方向を有し、少なくとも3つ以上の撮像光学系間から得られる前記第1の基線方向の視差と前記第2の基線方向の視差によって測定対象物までの距離を測定する複眼測距装置の距離精度を評価する検査方法であって、
前記撮像光学系の光軸上で前記撮像光学系から所定距離にチャートを配置する配置工程と、
前記複眼測距装置によって前記チャートまでの距離を測定する測定工程と、
前記所定距離と前記測定された距離との差分を算出し、算出した差分が予め定められた値の範囲内にあるかどうかを評価する評価工程とを有し、
前記チャートは、所定の幾何学的パターンが第1の配列方向および第2の配列方向に2次元的に配列され、かつ、前記第1の配列方向および前記第2の配列方向がそれぞれ前記第1の基線方向および前記第2の基線方向に対して所定の角度で傾いていることを特徴としており、
前記測定工程では、前記少なくとも3つ以上の撮像光学系の撮像面に結像された同一の前記幾何学的パターンの各基線方向における各結像位置のずれから、前記チャートまでの距離を測定する複眼測距装置の検査方法。 - 前記配置工程では、前記撮像光学系により撮像された画像上における前記幾何学的パターンの前記第1の基線方向における配置の繰り返し周期であるピッチが、前記所定距離における前記第1の基線方向の視差よりも大きくなるように前記第1の基線方向に対する前記第1の配列方向の角度が設定され、かつ、前記撮像光学系により撮像された画像上における前記幾何学的パターンの前記第2の基線方向における配置の繰り返し周期であるピッチが、前記所定距離における前記第2の基線方向の視差よりも大きくなるように前記第2の基線方向に対する前記第2の配列方向の角度が設定されたチャートを配置する請求項1に記載の複眼測距装置の検査方法。
- 前記測定工程及び前記評価工程では、前記撮像面に結像した前記幾何学的パターンにおいてコントラストが存在するように前記撮像面を分割したブロック毎に処理を繰り返し、
前記検査方法はさらに、前記評価工程において前記差分が予め定められた値の範囲内にあると評価された前記ブロックの数が予め定められた数以上である場合に、前記複眼測距装置を検査合格と判別する判別工程を有する請求項1に記載の複眼測距装置の検査方法。 - 前記配置工程では、前記幾何学的パターンの階調が前記第1の基線方向及び前記第2の基線方向に周期的に変化するチャートを配置する請求項1に記載の複眼測距装置の検査方法。
- 前記配置工程では、前記幾何学的パターンの形状が前記第1の基線方向及び前記第2の基線方向に周期的に変化するチャートを配置する請求項1に記載の複眼測距装置の検査方法。
- 前記配置工程では、前記幾何学的パターンの大きさが前記第1の基線方向及び前記第2の基線方向に周期的に変化するチャートを配置する請求項1に記載の複眼測距装置の検査方法。
- 前記配置工程では、前記幾何学的パターンの向きが前記第1の基線方向及び前記第2の基線方向に周期的に変化するチャートを配置する請求項1に記載の複眼測距装置の検査方法。
- 互いに方向が異なる第1の基線方向と第2の基線方向を有し、少なくとも3つ以上の撮像光学系間から得られる前記第1の基線方向の視差と前記第2の基線方向の視差によって測定対象物までの距離を測定する複眼測距装置の距離精度を評価する検査で用いるチャートであって、
前記チャートは、所定の幾何学的パターンが第1の配列方向および第2の配列方向に2次元的に配列され、かつ、前記第1の配列方向および前記第2の配列方向がそれぞれ前記第1の基線方向および前記第2の基線方向に対してそれぞれ所定の角度で傾いていることを特徴とする複眼測距装置の検査に用いるチャート。 - 前記撮像光学系により撮像された画像上における前記幾何学的パターンの前記第1の基線方向における配置の繰り返し周期であるピッチが、前記所定距離における前記第1の基線方向の視差よりも大きくなるように前記第1の基線方向に対する前記第1の配列方向の角度が設定され、かつ、前記撮像光学系により撮像された画像上における前記幾何学的パターンの前記第2の基線方向における配置の繰り返し周期であるピッチが、前記所定距離における前記第2の基線方向の視差よりも大きくなるように前記第2の基線方向に対する前記第2の配列方向の角度が設定された請求項8に記載の複眼測距装置の検査に用いるチャート。
- 前記幾何学的パターンの階調が前記第1の基線方向及び前記第2の基線方向に周期的に変化している請求項8に記載の複眼測距装置の検査に用いるチャート。
- 前記幾何学的パターンの形状が前記第1の基線方向及び前記第2の基線方向に周期的に変化している請求項8に記載の複眼測距装置の検査に用いるチャート。
- 前記幾何学的パターンの大きさが前記第1の基線方向及び前記第2の基線方向に周期的に変化している請求項8に記載の複眼測距装置の検査に用いるチャート。
- 前記幾何学的パターンの向きが前記第1の基線方向及び前記第2の基線方向に周期的に変化している請求項8に記載の複眼測距装置の検査に用いるチャート。
- 前記幾何学的パターンの向き、形状、大きさおよび向きの少なくとも2つが前記第1の基線方向及び前記第2の基線方向に周期的に変化している請求項8に記載の複眼測距装置の検査に用いるチャート。
- 前記幾何学的パターンの向き、形状、大きさおよび向きの1つが前記第1の基線方向及び前記第2の基線方向にn(≧2)段階で周期的に変化し、かつ、当該幾何学的パターンの向き、形状、大きさおよび向きの他の1つが前記第1の基線方向及び前記第2の基線方向にm(≧2)段階で周期的に変化しており、かつ、前記nと前記mとは異なる値である請求項14に記載の複眼測距装置の検査に用いるチャート。
- 互いに方向が異なる第1の基線方向と第2の基線方向を有し、少なくとも3つ以上の撮像光学系間から得られる前記第1の基線方向の視差と前記第2の基線方向の視差によって測定対象物までの距離を測定する複眼測距装置の距離精度を評価する検査装置であって、
前記撮像光学系の光軸上で前記撮像光学系から所定距離に配置されたチャートと、
前記所定距離を記憶する記憶手段と、
前記複眼測距装置によって測定された前記チャートまでの測定距離を取得する測定距離取得手段と、
前記所定距離と前記測定距離との差分が、予め定められた値の範囲内にあるかどうかを評価する評価手段とを備え、
前記チャートは、所定の幾何学的パターンが第1の配列方向および第2の配列方向に2次元的に配列され、かつ、前記第1の配列方向および前記第2の配列方向がそれぞれ前記第1の基線方向および前記第2の基線方向に対してそれぞれ所定の角度を成すように配置されている複眼測距装置の検査装置。
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JP2002286415A (ja) * | 2001-03-23 | 2002-10-03 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | 距離情報取得装置又はシステム、パターン投影装置、及び、距離情報取得方法 |
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US8102516B2 (en) | 2012-01-24 |
US20100128249A1 (en) | 2010-05-27 |
JPWO2009107365A1 (ja) | 2011-06-30 |
JP4423347B2 (ja) | 2010-03-03 |
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