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WO2008145744A1 - Émulsion huile-dans-eau et son utilisation pour la libération différée d'éléments actifs - Google Patents

Émulsion huile-dans-eau et son utilisation pour la libération différée d'éléments actifs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008145744A1
WO2008145744A1 PCT/EP2008/056717 EP2008056717W WO2008145744A1 WO 2008145744 A1 WO2008145744 A1 WO 2008145744A1 EP 2008056717 W EP2008056717 W EP 2008056717W WO 2008145744 A1 WO2008145744 A1 WO 2008145744A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
oil
water emulsion
peg
lipophilic
water
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2008/056717
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Van Anh Phan
Nicolas Godinot
Laurent Sagalowicz
Martin Leser
Fabien Robert
Original Assignee
Nestec S.A.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nestec S.A. filed Critical Nestec S.A.
Priority to US12/602,339 priority Critical patent/US20100172875A1/en
Priority to AU2008257443A priority patent/AU2008257443B2/en
Priority to CN200880018257.2A priority patent/CN101686700B/zh
Priority to CA002687367A priority patent/CA2687367A1/fr
Priority to EP08760304A priority patent/EP2162010A1/fr
Publication of WO2008145744A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008145744A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
    • A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
    • A23D7/005—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines characterised by ingredients other than fatty acid triglycerides
    • A23D7/0053—Compositions other than spreads
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
    • A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
    • A23D7/01—Other fatty acid esters, e.g. phosphatides
    • A23D7/011—Compositions other than spreads
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L29/10—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing emulsifiers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/02—Nutrients, e.g. vitamins, minerals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
    • A61P39/06—Free radical scavengers or antioxidants

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns an oil-in-water emulsion that is used to delay the release of active elements.
  • emulsions in Industry One of the uses of emulsions in Industry is to deliver active elements, such as, flavours, aromas vitamins, antioxidants, neutraceuticals, phytochemicals, drugs, chemicals, etc. Controlled release of the active elements requires the use of an appropriate vehicle for obtaining the desired release profile.
  • Active elements such as, flavours, aromas vitamins, antioxidants, neutraceuticals, phytochemicals, drugs, chemicals, etc.
  • Controlled release of the active elements requires the use of an appropriate vehicle for obtaining the desired release profile.
  • Oil-in-water emulsions are commonly used delivery systems since they take advantage of the increased solubility of lipophilic active compounds in the oil. These kinds of emulsions are obtained using common lab-scale or industrial homogenizers .
  • oil-in- water microemulsion Evans, D. F.; Wennerstr ⁇ m, H. (Eds . ) ; ⁇ The Colloidal Domain', Wiley-VCH, New York, (1999)).
  • LPA lipophilic additive
  • dispersed oil droplets in products are used as delivery systems for molecules, such as aromas and nutrients which are dissolved in the oil droplets.
  • One of the drawback of this kind of dispersions or emulsions as a vehicle system is that a high level of fat is required in order to have a delayed release of all the molecules and in particular of the more lipophilic ones (Bennett, C. J., "Formulating low-fat foods with good taste,” Cereal Foods World, Vol. 37, 1992, pp. 429- 432).
  • in vitro instrumental analysis and in vivo measurements reported an increase in the headspace and nose-space concentrations of lipophilic aroma compounds while lowering fat content in the media
  • the present invention is based on the finding that the presence in the interior of oil droplets of interfaces, between lipophilic domains and hydrophilic or amphiphilic domains, created by the presence of a lipophilic additive solubilized in the interior of ordinary oil droplets or oil can lead to a delayed release of active elements from the oil-in-water emulsion of this invention.
  • this structure can lead to a delayed release of molecules present and in particular of the more lipophilic one and the delayed release effect can be obtained while maintaining a relatively low fat or oil level.
  • the structures inside the oil droplets are formed by the addition of a lipophilic additive (denoted as LPA) to the oil droplets.
  • Example of active elements are flavors, flavor precursors, aromas, aroma precursors, taste enhancers, salts, sugars, amino-acids, polysaccharides, enzymes, peptides, proteins or carbohydrates, food supplements, food additives, hormones, bacteria, plant extracts, medicaments, drugs, nutrients, chemicals for agro- chemical or cosmetical applications, carotenoids, vitamins, antioxydants or nutraceuticals selected from the group comprising of lutein, lutein esters, ⁇ - carotene, tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, tocotrienol, lycopene, Co-Qio, flax seed oil, fish oil, omega-3 oils, omega-6 oils, DHA, EPA, arachidonic-rich oils, LCPUFA oils, menthol, mint oil, lipoic acid, vitamins, polyphenols and their glycosides, ester and/or sulfate conjugates, isoflavones, flavonols, flavanones and their glycosides
  • WO880059 describes a controlled release delivery system of active elements dissolved in a L2-phase.
  • the structure of the L2 phase has some similarities with the structure of the oil droplet of the present invention.
  • the L2 structure was not dispersed into water and therefore could be considered as a pure oily system and did not form an oil-in-water emulsion.
  • it cannot be forecast that if a controlled release system is obtained for a given structure, the same will be true when the controlled release system is dispersed in an aqueous system.
  • Boyd et al for example, Boyd et al .
  • US 6.703.062 Bl describes a controlled released system based on oil encapsulation within gel particles.
  • the oil droplets in the oil-in-water emulsions so formed are incorporated into gelled beadlets.
  • the rationale is to create barriers around the oil droplets, which hinder the movement of the lipophilic aroma compounds from the oil phase into the aqueous continuous phase.
  • the structure described in US 6.703.062 Bl is very different from the oil-in-water emulsion of the present invention since, in the present invention the oil droplets are structured with the LPA and contain hydrophilic or amphiphilic domains which is not the case in US 6.703.062 Bl.
  • the present invention concerns the use of an oil-in-water emulsion where the interior of oil droplets exhibit interfaces, between lipophilic domains and hydrophilic or amphiphilic domains, due to the presence of a lipophilic additive solubilized inside the oil droplets and which is used for delayed release of active elements such that the release of at least one active element, which has a octanol/water partitioning coefficient logP higher than - 1, corresponds to a higher Tmax than the Tmax obtained for the simple reference oil-in-water emulsion where no lipophilic additive is used.
  • said invention concerns the use of an oil-in-water emulsion where the interior of oil droplets exhibit interfaces, between lipophilic domains and hydrophilic or amphiphilic domains, due to the presence of a lipophilic additive solubilized inside the oil droplets and which is used for delayed release of active elements which have an octanol/water partitioning coefficient logP higher than - 1 and which corresponds to a higher Tmax than the Tmax obtained for the simple reference oil-in-water emulsion where no lipophilic additive is used.
  • logP is used extensively to describe the lipophilic or hydrophobic properties of an active element.
  • the logP property value is taken from the ratio of the respective concentrations of the active element in the n-octanol and water partitions of a two-phase system at equilibrium.
  • the classical and most reliable method of logP determination is the shake-flask method, which consists of dissolving some of the active element in question in a volume of n-octanol and water, then measuring the concentration of the solute in each solvent
  • the Tmax of a given active element released from a given emulsion is a parameter determined from the curve representing the variation over time of the given active element concentration in the water phase or in the headspace of the emulsion or of product containing the emulsion under dynamic condition (denoted as release curve) as time at which the measured concentration of the given active element reaches its maximum ( Figure 1) .
  • the analytical methods that can be applied for measurement of release curve and corresponding Tmax in dynamic condition include, but are not restricted to, measuring in headspace under a continuous purging flow of nitrogen and analyzing the active element in the purged headspace gas through its specific mass-to-charge using Proton Transfer Reaction - Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) (Pollien, P.
  • the ratio of the Tmax of the oil-in-water emulsion covered by the present invention to the Tmax of the simple reference oil-in-water emulsion is higher than 1.05, more preferably higher than 1.1, more preferably than 1.15, more preferably higher than 1.3 and even more preferably higher than 1.5.
  • a lipophilic additive' refers to a lipophilic amphiphilic agent which forms interfaces between lipophilic domains and hydrophilic or amphiphilic domains in a dispersed oil phase.
  • the lipophilic additive (or the mixture of lipophilic additives) is selected from the group consisting of fatty acids, sorbitan esters, propylene glycol mono- or diesters, pegylated fatty acids, monoglycerides, derivatives of monoglycerides, diglycerides, pegylated vegetable oils, polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters, phospholipids, cephalins, lipids, sugar esters, sugar ethers, sucrose esters, polyglycerol esters and mixtures thereof.
  • the simple reference oil-in-water emulsion is an oil-in- water emulsion with no LPA and where the quantity of LPA present in the oil in water emulsion of the present invention is replaced by the same quantity of oil forming the oil-in-water emulsion of the present invention.
  • the presence of the LPA inside the oil droplets can result in "self-assembly" structures demonstrating the presence of interfaces, between lipophilic domains and hydrophilic or amphiphilic domains.
  • the present invention concerns also the use of an oil-in-water emulsion where the oil droplets exhibit a self-assembled structurization with hydrophilic or amphiphilic domains due to the presence of a lipophilic additive solubilized inside the oil droplets and which is used for delayed release of active elements such that the release of at least one active element, which has a water/octanol partitioning coefficient log p higher than -1, corresponds to a higher Tmax than the Tmax obtained for the simple reference oil-in-water emulsion where no lipophilic additive is used.
  • the present invention concerns an oil-in-water emulsion where the interior of oil droplets exhibit interfaces, between lipophilic domains and hydrophilic or amphiphilic domains, due to the presence of a lipophilic additive solubilized inside the oil droplets and which is used for delayed release of active elements such that the release of at least one active element, which has a octanol/water partitioning coefficient logP higher than -1, preferably higher than 0, even more prefereably higher then 1, corresponds to a higher Tmax than the Tmax obtained for the simple reference oil-in-water emulsion where no lipophilic additive is used.
  • the present invention concerns also the use of an oil-in- water emulsion where the oil droplets exhibit a self- assembled structurization with hydrophilic or amphiphilic domains due to the presence of a lipophilic additive solubilized inside the oil droplets and which is used for delayed release of active elements such that the release of at least one active element, which has a water/octanol partitioning coefficient log p higher than -1, preferably higher than 0, even more preferably higher than 1 corresponds to a higher Tmax than the Tmax obtained for the simple reference oil-in-water emulsion where no lipophilic additive is used.
  • ⁇ self-assembly' or ⁇ self-organization' refers to the spontaneous formation of aggregates (associates) by separate molecules.
  • Molecules in self-assembled structures find their appropriate location based solely on their structural and chemical properties due to given intermolecular forces, such as hydrophobic, hydration or electrostatic forces (Evans, D. F.; Wennerstr ⁇ m, H. (Eds.); ⁇ The Colloidal Domain', Wiley-VCH, New York, (1999)).
  • the result of self-assembly does not depend on the process of preparation itself and corresponds to a state of minimum energy (stable equilibrium) of the system.
  • the invention is directed to the delivery of active elements, which will interact with interfaces, between lipophilic domains and hydrophilic or amphiphilic domains, created by the presence of the LPA, changing their release characteristic depending on the type of molecules and on the octanol/water partitioning coefficient.
  • the invention is directed to the delayed release of at least one active elements.
  • the amount of the active element is higher than 0.0001 PPM of the total composition and lower than 80 % of the total composition.
  • the amount of the active element is preferably higher than 0.0001 PPM of the total composition and lower than 20 % of the total composition.
  • the oil-in-water emulsions of this invention have oil droplets of a diameter in the range of 5 nm to hundreds of micrometers.
  • the LPA can be added as such or made in-situ by chemical, biochemical, enzymatic or biological means.
  • the amount of oil droplets present in the emulsion of this invention can be added as such or made in-situ by chemical, biochemical, enzymatic or biological means.
  • oil droplet volume fraction is the amount generally used in ordinary oil-in-water emulsion products. It can vary between 0.00001 wt% and 80 wt%.
  • the oil-in-water emulsion of the invention can be either an oil-in-water emulsion (larger oil droplets) , a o/w minie-emulsion, a o/w nano-emulsion or an o/w microemulsion, depending on the size of the oil droplets.
  • the oil-in-water emulsion of this invention comprises dispersed oil droplets having interfaces, between lipophilic domains and hydrophilic or amphiphilic domains, created by the lipophilic additives and comprising
  • an oil selected from the group of consisting of mineral oils, hydrocarbons, vegetable oils, waxes, alcohols, fatty acids, mono-, di-, tri-acylglycerols, essential oils, flavouring oils, lipophilic vitamins, esters, neutraceuticals, terpins, terpenes and mixtures thereof .
  • a lipophilic additive or mixtures of lipophilic and hydrophilic additives, having a resulting HLB value (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) lower than about 10,
  • aqueous continuous phase which contains a hydrophilic emulsifier.
  • the oil is taken in the large sense. It can be liquid or solid.
  • the lipophilic additive can also be mixed with a hydrophilic additive (having a HLB larger than 10) up to the amount that the mixture is not exceeding the overall
  • the additive can also be made in-situ by chemical, biochemical, enzymatic or biological means.
  • the amount of added lipophilic additive is defined as CC.
  • ⁇ is defined as the ratio LPA/ (LPA+oil) xlOO .
  • CC is preferably higher than 0.1, more preferably higher than 0.5, even more preferably higher than 1, even more preferably higher than 2, even more preferably higher than 3.
  • the ratio CC LPA/ (LPA+oil) *100 is preferably lower than 99.9, more preferably lower than 99.5, even more preferably lower than 99.0, even more preferably lower than 95, even more preferably lower than 84, even more preferably lower than 80 and most preferably lower than 70. Any combination of the lower and upper range is comprised in the scope of the present invention.
  • CC can be given either in wt-% or mol-%.
  • the lower and higher limit of CC depends on the properties of the taken oil and LPA, such as the polarity, the molecular weight, dielectric constant, etc., or physical characteristics such as the critical aggregation concentration (cac) or the critical micellar concentration (cmc) of the LPA in the oil droplet phase.
  • the active element can be taken from the group consisting of flavors, flavor precursors, aromas, aroma precursors, taste enhancers, salts, sugars, amino-acids, polysaccharides, enzymes, peptides, proteins or carbohydrates, food supplements, food additives, hormones, bacteria, plant extracts, medicaments, drugs, nutrients, chemicals for agro-chemical or cosmetical applications, carotenoids, vitamins, antioxidants or nutraceuticals selected from the group comprising of lutein, lutein esters, ⁇ -carotene, tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, tocotrienol, lycopene, Co-Qio, flax seed oil, fish oil, omega-3 oils, omega-6 oils, DHA, EPA, arachidonic-rich oils, LCPUFA oils, menthol, mint oil, lipoic acid, vitamins, polyphenols and their glycosides, ester and/or sulfate conjugates, isoflavones, flavonols,
  • the active element can also be an oil or a LPA.
  • the LPA is selected from the group of long-chain alcohols, fatty acids, pegylated fatty acids, glycerol fatty acid esters, monoglycerides, diglycerides, derivatives of mono-diglycerides, pegylated vegetable oils, sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters, propylene glycol mono- or diesters, phospholipids, phosphatides, cerebrosides, gangliosides, cephalins, lipids, glycolipids, sulfatides, sugar esters, sugar ethers, sucrose esters, sterols, polyglycerol esters.
  • the LPA is selected from the group consisting of myristic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, PEG 1-4 stearate, PEG 2-4 oleate, PEG-4 dilaurate, PEG-4 dioleate, PEG-4 distearate, PEG-6 dioleate, PEG-6 distearate, PEG-8- dioleate, PEG-3-16 castor oil, PEG 5-10 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG 6-20 corn oil, PEG 6-20 almond oil, PEG-6 olive oil, PEG-6 peanut oil, PEG-6 palm kernel oil, PEG-6 hydrogenated palm kernel oil, PEG-4 capric/caprylic triglyceride, mono, di, tri, tetraesters of vegetable oil and sorbitol, pentaerythrityl di, tetra stearate, isostearate, oleate, caprylate or caprate, polyglyceryl-3 dioleate,
  • the oil-in-water emulsion of this invention is stabilized by a hydrophilic emulsifier suitable to stabilize ordinary oil-in-water emulsion droplets.
  • the hydrophilic emulsifier can also be denoted "secondary emulsifier” or “stabilizer”.
  • the emulsion can be aggregated (flocculated) or not depending on the used hydrophilic emulsifier.
  • the hydrophilic emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of low molecular weight hydrophilic surfactants having a HLB>8, gelatin, proteins from e.g.
  • milk whey protein isolate, caseinate
  • block copolymers surface active hydrocolloids such as gum arabic, diblock-copolymer or apoprotein-like biopolymers, such as protein-polysaccaride conjugates or coacervates, or protein-polysaccharide, protein-protein, or polysaccharide-polysaccharide hybrids, conjugates or coacervates or mixtures of polymers and biopolymers .
  • Particles nano or micro
  • emulsion technologists concerns the selection of surface active ingredients, also denoted as surfactants or emulsifiers, which show good surface properties (or activity), i.e., an effective adsorption to the interface formed around the oil droplets, and an effective and efficient reduction of the interfacial tension.
  • surface active ingredients also denoted as surfactants or emulsifiers, which show good surface properties (or activity), i.e., an effective adsorption to the interface formed around the oil droplets, and an effective and efficient reduction of the interfacial tension.
  • the hydrophilic emulsifier can also be mixed with the LPA, or with the oil, or with the LPA and the oil. This means, that the hydrophilic emulsifier can partly also be present in the interior of the oil droplet and affecting the internal structure and the interfaces in the oil droplet .
  • ⁇ is preferably higher than 0.1, more preferably higher than 0.5, more preferably higher than 1, and more preferably higher than 2.
  • the hydrophilic emulsifier can be present in the product itself such as a food product, a cream, etc and in this case, it is not necessary to add it.
  • An example is milk where the proteins already present can be used as hydrophilic emulsifier of the oil-in-water emulsion of this invention .
  • the emulsifier can be also selected from the group consisting of low molecular weight surfactants having a HLB>8, proteins from milk, such as whey proteins, whey protein isolates, whey protein concentrates, whey protein aggregates, caseinates, casein micelles, caseins, lysozyme, albumins, or proteins from soya, or amino acids peptides, protein hydrolysates, block co-polymer, random co-polymers, Gemini surfactants, surface active hydrocolloids such as gum arabic, xanthan gum, gelatin, polyelectrolytes, carrageenans, caboxymethylcellulose, cellulose derivatives, Acacia gum, galactomannans, chitosans, hyaluronc acid, pectins, propylene glycol alginate, modified starches, Portulaca Oleracea, Tragacanth, gellan gum, apoprotein-like biopolymers, such as protein- poly(ethylene glycol
  • the invention concerns the use of the oil-in-water emulsion for delayed release of active elements during storage, consumption or digestion.
  • the invention concerns the use of the oil-in-water emulsion for delayed release in the mouth.
  • the oil-in-water emulsion of this invention can be dried and and can be in a powder form.
  • the oil-in-water emulsion according to the invention can be a final product.
  • the oil-in-water emulsion according to the invention can also be an intermediate product or an additive to a final product .
  • the oil-in-water emulsion according to the invention is normally in liquid or semi-liquid form. According to another embodiment of the invention, the emulsion is dried and is available in powder form.
  • the oil-in-water emulsion according to the invention is either a final product or an additive. The amount of the additive in the final product is not critical and can be varied.
  • the emulsion, for controlling the release of molecules, described in this invention is different from ordinary oil-in-water or water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions, including nano- and microemulsions, in which the oil droplets do not have LPA and interfaces, between lipophilic domains and hydrophilic or amphiphilic domains inside the oil droplets.
  • the droplets basically consist of oil droplets which have interfaces with hydrophilic or amphiphilic domains.
  • an object of this invention to provide a new oil-in-water emulsion formulation which can be used for delaying the release of active elements in order to deliver new sensation or new nutritional impact or new delivery systems for drugs.
  • the present invention can be used not only for controlled release of active elements present in food products, but also to products produced in other Industries, such as, Pet Food, Neutraceuticals, Functional Food, Detergents, Nutri-cosmeticals, Cosmetics, Pharmaceuticals, Drug Delivery, Paints, Medical or Agro-chemical Industry, Explosives, Textiles, Mining, Oil well drilling, Paints, Paper Industry, Polymer Industry.
  • the formation of the interfaces between lipophilic domains and hydrophilic or amphiphilic domains inside the oil droplets of the oil- in-water emulsion of this invention can be realised in different ways.
  • One way is to add a lipophilic additive (LPA) that allows the spontaneous formation of interfaces, to the oil phase prior to the homogenisation step.
  • the other way is to add the lipophilic additive (LPA) to the emulsion product after the homogenisation step.
  • the lipophilic additive will dissolve into the oil droplets and will lead to the formation of the interfaces inside the oil droplets.
  • an ordinary industrial or lab-scale homogeniser such as a Rannie piston homogeniser, a Kinematica rotor stator mixer, a colloid mill, a Stephan mixer, a Couette shear cell or a membrane emulsification device can be taken.
  • ultrasound, steam injection or a kitchen mixer are also suitable to produce the emulsion described in this invention.
  • the spontaneous formation of the interfaces inside the oil droplets is independent on the energy intake, used to make the emulsion, and the sequence of LPA addition. This means that also Nano and Microfluidics technics are suitable to make the emulsion of this invention.
  • Heating may also facilitate the dispersion process since the internal structure at high temperatures may be less viscous and the dispersion process may require less shear forces at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures.
  • Another route for making the emulsion of this invention is the use of hydrotropes or water structure breakers, or spontaneous emulsification which can be chemically or thermodynamically driven (Evans, D. F.; Wennerstr ⁇ m, H. (Eds.); ⁇ The Colloidal Domain', Wiley-VCH, New York, (1999) ) .
  • Another route for making the emulsion of this invention is by combining the spontaneous formation of the interfaces inside the oil droplets of the oil-in-water emulsion with the spontaneous formation of the oil droplets, i.e., the entire emulsion of this invention, by adding diblock-copolymer or apoprotein-like biopolymers, such as protein-polysaccharide conjugates or coacervates or protein-polysaccharide, protein-protein, or polysaccharide-polysaccharide hybrids or mixtures of polymers or biopolymers or hydrophilic low molecular weight surfactants.
  • diblock-copolymer or apoprotein-like biopolymers such as protein-polysaccharide conjugates or coacervates or protein-polysaccharide, protein-protein, or polysaccharide-polysaccharide hybrids or mixtures of polymers or biopolymers or hydrophilic low molecular weight surfactants.
  • Another route for making the emulsion of this invention is to use dialysis.
  • One way is to mix the lipophilic additive (LPA) to the oil phase and to the hydrophilic emulsifier, used to stabilize the oil droplets in the emulsion.
  • the mixture consisting of the LPA, the oil phase and the hydrophilic emulsifier are mixed with water in such a way that a micellar or lamellar or any other phase is formed.
  • Using a dialysis membrane enables to remove the excess of the hydrophilic emulsifier in the bulk aqueous phase and the oil-in-water emulsion of this invention is formed.
  • Another route for making the emulsion of this invention is to use the control action of a guest molecule to modify the internal structure of the oil droplets of this invention in such a way that the oil droplet phase is less viscous and requires less energy to be dispersed into the aqueous phase than the droplet phase consisting of the oil-LPA-water and no guest molecule. Dispersing the concentrated mixture (oil-LPA-Guest molecule-water) will be easy since the oil phase structure is of low viscosity.
  • the internal structure of the oil droplets of the emulsion changes upon dilution since guest molecules leave the oil droplets and dissolves into the aqueous continuous phase during homogenisation and dilution.
  • the guest molecule is preferably hydrophilic and osmotically active.
  • Table 1 presents the information about aroma compounds used as active elements in the examples 3 to 6.
  • Figure 1 shows two theoretical release curves of a given active element from two oil-in-water emulsions, A and B, with corresponding parameters: the maximum concentration Cmax (A) , the time to reach maximum concentration Tmax (A) and Cmax (B) , Tmax (B) .
  • the oil-in-water emulsion B shows a delayed release of the active element compared to the oil-in-water emulsion A: illustrated by a Cmax (B) lower than Cmax (A) and notably a Tmax (B) larger than Tmax (A)
  • Figure 2 shows the maximum concentration (Cmax) of nine active elements released under in vitro dynamic condition in the headspace of three emulsions (one emulsion of the present invention and two comparative emulsions) .
  • Figure 3 shows the time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) of nine active elements released under in vitro dynamic condition in the headspace of three emulsions (one emulsion of the present invention and two comparative emulsions) .
  • Tmax maximum concentration
  • Table 1 lists active elements used in the study, providing chemical name (first column) , the Chemical Abstract Service number (CAS#, second column) , supplier and supplier product code (third and fourth column) , the logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient (logP) and the concentration used in final formulations in parts per million of volume (ppmV) . These nine active elements are volatile aroma compounds.
  • Figure 2 shows the maximum concentration (Cmax) of nine active elements released in the headspace of three emulsions under in vitro dynamic conditions, monitored by
  • PTR-MS Proton Transfert-Mass Spectrometry
  • a double-j acketted glass cell was held at 36°C with a circulating water bath. This cell was put in the oven which was held at 60 0 C in order to avoid cold points and water condensation.
  • the headspace cell was continuously purged at 200sccm (standard cubic centimeters per minute) with pure nitrogen. Prior to introduction into the PTR- MS, the headspace was diluted with 1960sccm of nitrogen to avoid water saturation of the instrument.
  • 100ml of sample after being stabilized at 36°C in a water bath, was poured inside the cell, which was quickly reconnected and put under agitation at 135 rpm. The release of active elements was monitored on-line during 10 minutes for each sample.
  • the PTR-MS signals enabled us to calculate the active element concentration in the headspace of the emulsion so that to build the release curve for the active element.
  • Cmax of a given active element released from a given emulsion was determined from the release curve as the maximum concentration of the active element released in the headspace of the emulsion, expressed in ppmV (parts per million in volume) .
  • the nine active elements are listed in X axis and sorted along their logP, from the lowest logP value (hydrophilic compounds) to the highest logP
  • Figure 2 also indicates that Cmax of lipophilic active elements released in the headspace of the emulsion of the present invention with 5 wt% (MG:MCT 1:20) is significantly lower than that of the simple reference emulsion with 5 wt% MCT and has no difference with that of the simple emulsion with 10 wt% MCT, excepted that Cmax of linalool is still significantly higher for the emulsion of the present invention with 5 wt% (MG:MCT 1:20) than for the simple emulsion 10 wt% MCT.
  • Tmax of nine active elements released in the headspace of three emulsions under in vitro dynamic condition, monitored by PRT-MS as explained in the figure 2.
  • Tmax of a given active element released from a given emulsion was determined from the release curve as the time to reach maximum concentration of the active element released in the headspace of the emulsion, expressed in seconds.
  • the nine active elements are listed in X axis and sorted along their logP, from the lowest logP value (hydrophilic compounds) to the highest logP (lipophilic compounds) .
  • Black , grey and hatched bars represent respectively Tmax the active elements released in the headspace of an oil- in-water emulsion containing with 10 wt% Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT) (herein labelled as simple emulsion with 10 wt% MCT) , of an oil-in-water emulsion containing 5 wt% MCT (herein labelled as simple reference emulsion with 5 wt% MCT) , and an oil-in-water emulsion containing 5 wt% of an 1:20 mixture of a unsaturated monoglyceride (DIMODAN MO90, Danisco, Denmark) and MCT (herein Emulsion of the present invention with 5 wt% (MG:MCT 1:20)).
  • MCT Medium Chain Triglycerides
  • Tmax values were obtained on 6 replicated measurements.
  • Tmax of 2E-Hexenal for the simple emulsion with 10 wt% MCT is not determined because its concentration in the headspace was continuously and gradually increasing over the 10 minutes of measurement.
  • Tmax is increased by a factor of 1.1 and 1.12 respectively for diacetyl and acetaldehyde (hydrophilic active elements) , which leads to a non-significant difference, and increased by a factor of 1.46, 1.30, 1.55, 1.7, 1.91 and 1.7 respectively for cis-3-hexen-l-ol, benzaldehyde, ethyl isovalerate, 3-methoxy-2-isobutylpyrazine, octanal et linalool (intermediate and lipophilic active elements, which leads to a significant increase.
  • Figure 3 also reveals no significant difference in Tmax between the emulsion of this invention with 5 wt% (MG:MCT 1:20) and the simple emulsion with 10 wt% MCT for all active elements.
  • lipophilic active elements are released earlier when the oil content of a simple emulsion is reduced from 10 wt% to 5 wt%, and that the emulsion of this invention with 5 wt% (MG:MCT 1:20), with the same overall oil level as the simple emulsion with 5 wt% MCT and the presence of the lipophilic additive, delays the release of lipophilic active elements and therefore moves the kinetic of active element release closer to that of the simple emulsion with 10 wt% MCT.
  • EXAMPLE 1 This example covers the invention. Preparation of an oil in water emulsion where the oil droplets are structured according to the invention.
  • SPC soya phosphatidylcoline
  • the Diacylglycerol (DAG) rich in diolein used was Glycerol Dioleate, and was supplied by Danisco (Brabrand, Denmark). It contains 95.3% of diglycerides, 4.0% triglycerides, 0.5% monoglycerides and 0.1% of free fatty acids.
  • Ethanol absolute GR for analysis, 99.9% pure and obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany) . Water used was Milli-Q water.
  • the Soyabean oil fully refined, with more than 0.1% of fully fatty acid was provided from Nutriswiss (Lyss, Switzerland) .
  • Tween 80 from Fluka Chemie Gmbh (Burchs, Switzerland) .
  • the different non dispersed samples were prepared individually by weighing the appropriate amounts of the substances Epikuron 200 and Diacylglycerol into 18> ⁇ 100mm Pyrex tubes and then adding approximately 0.5ml (plastic pipette) of the organic solvent ethanol, in order to help solubilise the Epikuron 200. They were then heated (approximately 90 0 C) in a block heater (URB, Grant, UK) and homogenized by vigorous agitation with a Vortex (Bender&Hobein AG, Zurich, Switzerland) until total solubilisation of the Epikuron 200. The ethanol was removed from the samples by using nitrogen. The samples were then left to cool at room temperature. After this step, the samples were again heated, approximately to 90 0 C, the water was added and the temperature was increased to 100 0 C during 5 minutes, followed by vigorous stirring with a Vortex. The samples were then let cooled to room temperature.
  • aqueous dispersions were prepared by weighing the appropriate amounts of water and stabilizer in a 25ml beaker, mixing it by magnetic agitation, until total solubilisation of the stabilizer. This solution was added to a mixture of a certain amount of stock solution.
  • this mixture was treated by ultrasonication in a High-Intensity Ultrasonic Processor (UP400S. Hielscher, Ultrasound Technology,
  • This example covers the invention. Obtention of an oil in water emulsion where the oil droplets are structured according to the invention and contains Phospholipids, triglycerides, Diacylglycerol (DAG), Tween 80 and water.
  • Phospholipids triglycerides
  • DAG Diacylglycerol
  • a dispersion is obtained where the final composition is 0.294% Phospholipid (Epikuron 200), 0.595% DAG, 0.115% Soyabean oil, 98.886% water and 0.110% Tween 80.
  • the oil droplets containing Phospholipids (Epikuron 200), diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol (Soyabean oil) and Tween 80 are structured by the phospholipids and exhibit interfaces, between lipophilic domains, hydrophilic or amphiphilic domains .
  • This example covers the invention.
  • the maximum concentration Cmax of a given active element released in the headspace of the emulsion of the present invention with 5 wt% (MG:MCT 1:20) is represented by a hatched bar in the figure 2.
  • the time to reach maximum concentration Tmax of a given active element released in the headspace of the emulsion of the present invention with 5 wt% (MG:MCT 1:20) is represented by a hatched bar in the figure 3.
  • active elements for which Cmax and Tmax were determined are listed in X axis and sorted along their logP, from the lowest logP (hydrophilic compounds) to the highest logP (lipophilic compounds) .
  • the active elements are either solubilized in the oil droplets, at the oil droplet/continuous aqueous phase interface or in the continuous phase. Lipophilic active elements are probably mainly solubilized in the oil droplet except during release where they are transported through the aqueous phase to the air.
  • MCT Medium Chain Triglycerides
  • Table 1 (Table 1) were incorporated in the simple reference emulsion with 5 wt% MCT.
  • the active element-incorporated simple reference emulsion with 5 wt% MCT sample was stocked in the fridge at 5°C during 24 hours before the active element release analysis. This procedure was done in six replicates, leading to 6 samples of active element-incorporated simple reference emulsion with 5% wt MCT to be used for release measurement.
  • the active element release from the simple reference emulsion with 5wt % MCT samples was monitored by Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry PTR-MS under in vitro dynamic conditions.
  • the maximum concentration Cmax of a given active element released in the headspace of the simple reference emulsion with 5 wt% MCT was represented by a grey bar in the figure 2.
  • the time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) of a given active element released in the headspace of the simple reference emulsion with 5 wt % MCT was represented by a grey bar in the figure 3.
  • MCT Medium Chain Triglycerides
  • simple emulsion with 10 wt% MCT was made by dispersing MCT oil in sodium caseinate solutions 1.6% wt using Polytron and homogenized under high pressure by Rannie homogeniser.
  • the same nine active elements as listed in example 1, varying in octanol/water partition coefficient logP (Table 1) were incorporated in the simple emulsion with 10 wt% MCT.
  • the active element-incorporated simple emulsion with 10 wt% MCT sample was stocked in the fridge at 5°C during 24 hours before the active element release analysis. This procedure was done in six replicates, leading to 6 samples of active element-incorporated simple emulsion with 10% wt MCT to be used for active element release measurement.
  • the maximum concentration Cmax of a given active element released in the headspace of the simple emulsion with 10 wt % MCT was represented by a black bar in the figure 2.
  • the time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) of a given active element released in the headspace of the simple emulsion with 10 wt % MCT was represented by a black bar in the figure 3.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne l'utilisation d'une émulsion huile-dans-eau dans laquelle l'intérieur des gouttelettes présente des interfaces entre les domaines lipophiles et les domaines hydrophiles ou amphiphiles par suite de la présence d'un additif lipophile solubilisé dans les gouttelettes utilisé pour la libération différée d'éléments actifs, de telle sorte que la libération d'au moins un élément actif à coefficient de fractionnement octanol/eau logP supérieur à -1 correspond à un Tmax plus élevé que le Tmax de la simple émulsion huile-dans-eau de référence sans additif lipophile.
PCT/EP2008/056717 2007-05-30 2008-05-30 Émulsion huile-dans-eau et son utilisation pour la libération différée d'éléments actifs WO2008145744A1 (fr)

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US12/602,339 US20100172875A1 (en) 2007-05-30 2008-05-30 Oil-in-water emulsion and its use for the delayed release of active elements
AU2008257443A AU2008257443B2 (en) 2007-05-30 2008-05-30 Oil-in-water emulsion and its use for the delayed release of active elements
CN200880018257.2A CN101686700B (zh) 2007-05-30 2008-05-30 水包油乳剂及其用于延迟释放活性成分的用途
CA002687367A CA2687367A1 (fr) 2007-05-30 2008-05-30 Emulsion huile-dans-eau et son utilisation pour la liberation differee d'elements actifs
EP08760304A EP2162010A1 (fr) 2007-05-30 2008-05-30 Émulsion huile-dans-eau et son utilisation pour la libération différée d'éléments actifs

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