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WO2006100574A1 - Amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules and processes for the preparation thereof - Google Patents

Amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules and processes for the preparation thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006100574A1
WO2006100574A1 PCT/IB2006/000657 IB2006000657W WO2006100574A1 WO 2006100574 A1 WO2006100574 A1 WO 2006100574A1 IB 2006000657 W IB2006000657 W IB 2006000657W WO 2006100574 A1 WO2006100574 A1 WO 2006100574A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
granules
cefditoren pivoxil
mixtures
weight
disintegrants
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2006/000657
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Khalid Rafi
Khan Mohammed Majed
Vinod Kumar Arora
Original Assignee
Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited filed Critical Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited
Publication of WO2006100574A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006100574A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D501/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] octane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula:, e.g. cephalosporins; Such ring systems being further condensed, e.g. 2,3-condensed with an oxygen-, nitrogen- or sulfur-containing hetero ring

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules having improved solubility, absorption and wetting characteristics with a reduced bitter taste, and processes for the preparation thereof.
  • 'Cefditoren' is the generic name of a cepham compound ⁇ chemical name: 7-[2- methoxyimino-2- (2-aminothiazol-4-yl) acetamido]-3-[2-(4-methylthiazol-5-yl) vinyl]-3- cephem-4-carboxylic acid (syn-isomer, cis-isomer) ⁇ .
  • the synthesis of cefditoren is disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,839,350 and 4,918,068; and an injectable cefditoren preparation is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,595,986.
  • Cefditoren pivoxil synthesized by forming a pivaloyloxymethyl (pivoxil) ester at the carboxylic acid moiety of cefditoren, exhibits better oral absorption and is quickly hydrolyzed to cefditoren by enzymatic esterases upon absorption.
  • Cefditoren exhibits broad antibacterial spectrum activity while possessing relatively low toxicity. It has been found to be very useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of diseases induced by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Cefditoren pivoxyl is, by itself, anti-bacterially inactive but is useful as a pro-drug which may be administrated orally and can be converted into the anti-bacterially active cefditoren in the digestive tracts of mammals. This is accomplished by a cleavage of the ester-forming pivaloyloxymethyl group from the carboxylic acid moiety of cefditoren.
  • Crystals of cefditoren pivoxil are known to have high purity, high heat stability and may maintain satisfactory stability even when stored under high humidity conditions as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,294,669).
  • crystals of cefditoren pivoxil have a low solubility in water and thus have not been found to be suitable for oral administration.
  • Low-solubility drugs often show poor bioavailability or irregular absorption. The degree of irregularity of absorption is related to factors such as, dose level, fed state of the patient, and the administrated form of the drug. Over the years, compositions and methods have been developed to achieve improved solubility of such poorly or sparingly soluble drugs.
  • One of the reported methods involves the conversion of a medicinal compound sparingly soluble in water into an amorphous substance, thus to improve the solubility of the compound in water.
  • By converting the crystalline form of cefditoren pivoxil to an amorphous substance leads to higher water solubility and improves the usefulness of cefditoren pivoxil in the treatment of disease.
  • U.S. Application No. 2003/0060451 discloses a method of preventing the premature de-esterification of pro-drug esters and enhancing the oral bioavailability by formulating the prodrug ester such as, cefditoren pivoxil in a non-emulsified formulation with lecithin.
  • U.S. Patent Nos. 6,342,493 and 6,486,149 also disclose processes for converting crystalline cefditoren pivoxil to the amorphous form.
  • the crystalline cefditoren pivoxil is dissolved in an acidic aqueous solution containing a water-soluble polymeric additive.
  • the acidic aqueous solution is then neutralized to co-precipitate cefditoren pivoxil together with the water-soluble polymeric additive.
  • the precipitate is then collected, washed and dried.
  • This method provides a yellow colored powdery composition comprising solid particles of an intimate mixture of an amorphous form of cefditoren and a water-soluble polymeric additive (0.5 to 5%). This method however involves many steps and thus requires process control and increased production time.
  • U.S. Application No. 2004/0115272 discloses another method of conversion of crystalline Cefditoren pivoxil to amorphous form by grinding crystalline cefditoren pivoxil in the presence of a pharmaceutically acceptable organic polymeric compound.
  • EP 0629404 discloses a pharmaceutical composition comprising cefditoren pivoxil and a water soluble polymer like hydroxypropylcellulose.
  • EP 0339465 discloses a composition comprising cefditoren pivoxil, ⁇ -cyclodextrin, and an ionic surfactant in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Cefditoren pivoxil apart from exhibiting low solubility,is also a bitter compound. . Cefditoren itself does not exhibit a bitter taste profile, only when administered as cefditoren pivoxil does it exhibit a strong bitter taste.. Thus, there is a need for a reduction of the bitter taste profile associated with cefditoren pivoxil in order to increase patient compliance.
  • the known methods of masking the bitter taste of a drug compound include a method of coating the surfaces of the particles of the drug compound with a coat-film.
  • the method of coating the particle surfaces of the drug compound with the coat-film can suitably be applied to the preparations of the tablet form.
  • this method is utilized for the preparation of granules, the surfaces of the granules becomes rough and results in a gritty feel to the tongue.
  • the steps for the production of the coated granules or the fine granules are complicated and time- consuming.
  • U.S. Application No. 2003/0026843 discloses a method relating to amorphous drug beads comprising an amorphous active drug and an organic surfactant, such as casein, having improved solubility, absorption and wetting characteristics.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,958,915 discloses the addition of a water-soluble casein salt to cefditoren pivoxil as a method for enhancing solubility of the drug, while minimizing the bitter taste.
  • this method includes the steps of granulating, drying, milling, and compressing, for preparing the tablets, which is increases production time and costs associated with formulation.
  • an acceptable dosage form comprising cefditoren pivoxil that exhibits improved solubility and minimized bitter taste while at the same time employing a simple process which is easy, cost-effective and efficient.
  • the present invention provides such acceptable dosage form, and in particular provide amorphous cefditoren pivoxil prepared by spraying a solution of crystalline cefditoren pivoxil over a mixture of surfactant and disintegrant to obtain granules of amorphous cefditoren pivoxil. These granules may be used as such or further blended with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and compressed into tablets or filled into capsules.
  • a process for the preparation of amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules includes spraying a solution comprising crystalline cefditoren pivoxil and one or more solvents over a core comprising a mixture of one or more surfactants and one or more disintegrants to form granules.
  • Embodiments of the process may include one or more of the following features.
  • the cefditoren pivoxil may be present at a concentration from about 20% to about 60% (w/w), based on the weight of the granules.
  • the surfactants may be one or more of polymers, low molecular weight oligomers, natural products, gelatin, casein, lecithin (phosphatides), gum acacia, cholesterol, tragacanth, stearic acid, benzalkonium chloride, calcium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, cetostearyl alcohol, cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, macrogol ethers, and mixtures thereof.
  • the one or more surfactants may be present at a concentration of from about 10% to about 25% (w/w) based on the weight of the granules.
  • the one or more disintegrants may be one or more of starch, cross-linked carboxy methyl cellulose sodium, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium starch glycolate, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof.
  • the one or more disintegrants may be present at a concentration of from about 10% to about 60% (w/w) based on the weight of the granules.
  • the one or more solvents may be one or more of acetone, isopropyl alcohol, methylene chloride and mixtures thereof.
  • the solution of cefditoren pivoxil may further include one or more wetting agents.
  • the one or more wetting agents may be propylene glycol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, poloxamers, polyethylene glycols, tweens and mixtures thereof.
  • the wetting agent may be present at a concentration of from about 0.5% to about 10% (w/w), based on the weight of the granules.
  • amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules include a core comprising a mixture of one or more surfactants and one or more disintegrants, wherein the core is coated with a solution comprising crystalline cefditoren pivoxil and one or more solvents.
  • Embodiments of the granules may include one or more of the following features.
  • the cefditoren pivoxil may be present at a concentration of from about 20% to about 60% (w/w), based on the weight of the granules.
  • the one or more surfactants may be one or more of polymers, low molecular weight oligomers, natural products, gelatin, casein, lecithin (phosphatides), gum acacia, cholesterol, tragacanth, stearic acid, benzalkonium chloride, calcium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, cetostearyl alcohol, cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, macrogol ethers, and mixtures thereof.
  • the one or more surfactants may be present at a concentration of from about 10% to about 25% (w/w) based on the weight of the granules.
  • the one or more disintegrants may be one or more of starch, cross-linked carboxy methyl cellulose sodium, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium starch glycolate, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof.
  • the one or more disintegrants may be present at a concentration from about 10% to about 60% (w/w) based on the weight of the granules.
  • the one or more solvents may be one or more of acetone, isopropyl alcohol, methylene chloride and mixtures thereof.
  • the solution of cefditoren pivoxil may further include one or more wetting agents.
  • the one or more wetting agents may be propylene glycol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, poloxamers, polyethylene glycols, tweens and mixtures thereof.
  • the wetting agent may be present at a concentration of from about 0.5% to about 10% (w/w), based on the weight of the granules.
  • the method includes administering a therapeutically effective amount of amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules, wherein the granules comprise a core comprising a mixture of one or more surfactants and one or more disintegrants, wherein the core is coated with a solution comprising crystalline cefditoren pivoxil and one or more solvents.
  • amorphous cefditoren pivoxil is prepared by spraying a solution of crystalline cefditoren pivoxil over a core, wherein the core includes a mixture of one or more surfactants and one or more disintegrants, to obtain granules of amorphous cefditoren pivoxil.
  • These granules may be used as is or may be further blended with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and compressed into tablets or filled into capsules.
  • one or more wetting agents or polymers may be added to increase cefditoren pivoxil' s solubility.
  • Crystalline cefditoren pivoxil solution may be sprayed using coating equipment known in the pharmaceutical arts, such as fluidized bed coaters (Wurster coaters or top- sprayers), pan coaters and rotary granulators.
  • the spray nozzle may be placed in the top, side walls or the bottom of the spraying chamber and the chamber may include one or more nozzle.
  • the core may include a mixture of the one or more surfactants and the one or more disintegrants. This core may be fluidized in air and may be carried upwards from the bottom of the spraying chamber.
  • the fluidized core particles are then hit by one or more small droplets of a cefditoren pivoxil solution, which optionally may include one or more wetting agents or polymers ejected from the nozzle.
  • the solvent provided on the cores is evaporated to obtain granules of amorphous cefditoren pivoxil.
  • Cefditoren pivoxil may be added in an amount of about 20% to about 60% (w/w), based on the weight of the amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules.
  • Suitable wetting agents or polymers include one or more of propylene glycol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, poloxamers, polyethylene glycols and tweens.
  • the one or more wetting agents or polymers may be added in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% (w/w), based on the weight of the amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules.
  • Suitable solvents include one or more of ketones such as, acetone; alcohols, such as, isopropyl alcohol; hydrogenated hydrocarbons, such as methylene chloride; and mixtures thereof.
  • the solvent may he a single solvent or a mixture of one or more solvents.
  • surfactant refers to organic surfactants which may include at least one nonionic and one anionic surfactant.
  • Suitable surfactants include one or more of polymers, low molecular weight oligomers, natural products, gelatin, casein, lecithin (phosphatides), gum acacia, cholesterol, tragacanth, stearic acid, henzalkonium chloride, calcium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, cetostearyl alcohol, cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, macrogol ethers, and mixtures thereof.
  • the surfactant may be added in an amount of about 10% to about 25% (w/w), based on the weight of the amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules.
  • Suitable disintegrants include one or more of starch, cross-linked carboxy methyl cellulose sodium, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium starch glycolate, low substituted hydroxy propyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof.
  • the disintegrant may be added in an amount of about 10% to about 60% (w/w), based on the weight of the amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include one or more of fillers, binders, buffering agents, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, colors, and mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable fillers include one or more of corn starch, lactose, white sugar, sucrose, sugar compressible, sugar confectioners, glucose, sorbitol, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate-dibasic, calcium phosphate-tribasic, calcium sulfate, microcrystalline cellulose, silicified microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose powdered, dextrates, dextrins, dextrose, fructose, kaolin, lactitol, mannitol, sorbitol, starch, starch pregelatinized, sucrose, and mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable binders include one or more of methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, gum arabic, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, pullutan, pregelatinized starch, agar, tragacanth, sodium alginate, propylene glycol, and mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable buffering agents include one or more of sodium citrate, sodium tartarate, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate, sodium polyphosphate, potassium polyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, potassium pyrophosphate, disodium hydrogenphosphate, dipotassium hydrogenphosphate, trisodium phosphate, tripotassium phosphate, sodium acetate, potassium metaphosphate, other sodium or potassium salts, and mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable lubricants and glidants include one or more of colloidal anhydrous silica, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, talc, hydrogenated castor oil, sucrose esters of fatty acids, microcrystalline wax, yellow beeswax, white beeswax, and mixtures thereof.
  • the coloring agents of the present invention may include any FDA approved colors for oral use.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be formulated into one or more various pharmaceutical preparations for oral administration including in the form of tablets or capsules in accordance with any of the conventional procedure known in the field of art, for example, milling, sieving, slugging, kneading, granulating, tabletting, coating, etc. These steps may be carried out in the conventional manner.
  • the tablets prepared by the present invention may be coated with one or more layers comprising film forming agents and/or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • the coating layers over the tablet may be applied as solution/dispersion of coating ingredients using any conventional technique known in the prior art such as spray coating in a conventional coating pan or fluidized bed processor or dip coating.
  • Suitable solvents used for preparing a solution/dispersion of the coating ingredients include one or more of methylene chloride, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, methanol, ethanol, water and mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable film forming agents include one or more of ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl phthalate, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate trimelliatate, cellulose acetate phthalate; waxes, such as, polyethylene glycol; methacrylic acid polymers such as Eudragit ® RL and RS; and mixtures thereof.
  • commercially available coating compositions comprising film-forming polymers marketed under various trade names, such as Opadry ® may also be used for coating.
  • the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention comprising amorphous cefditoren pivoxil may be administered to treat bacteria infections in mammals.
  • Bacteria referred to herein include, for example gram-positive bacteria, such as staphylococcus and streptococcus, gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherchia coli, Branhamella catarrhalis, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Haemophilus influenzae, and anaerobes such as Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium acnes, and Bacteriocides.
  • the composition according to the present invention is useful for the prophylaxis or therapy of diseases induced by gram-positive bacteria or gram-negative bacteria.
  • compositions according to the present invention comprising amorphous cefditoren pivoxil may be administered in combination with other medicines, for example, other antibacterial agents.
  • step 1 Cefditoren pivoxil and hydroxypropyl cellulose were dissolved in the mixture of dichloromethane and isopropyl alcohol. 2. The solution of step 1 was sprayed over the mixture of casein and cross-linked carboxy methyl cellulose sodium.
  • step 3 The dried granules were sifted and mixed with mannitol, sodium polyphosphate, magnesium stearate and extragranular cross-linked carboxy methyl cellulose sodium. 4. The mixture obtained from step 3 was compressed into tablets.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules having improved solubility, absorption and wetting characteristics with a reduced bitter taste, and processes for the preparation thereof.

Description

AMORPHOUS CEFDITOREN PIVOXIL GRANULES AND PROCESSES FOR
THE PREPARATION THEREOF
Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules having improved solubility, absorption and wetting characteristics with a reduced bitter taste, and processes for the preparation thereof.
Background of the Invention
'Cefditoren' is the generic name of a cepham compound {chemical name: 7-[2- methoxyimino-2- (2-aminothiazol-4-yl) acetamido]-3-[2-(4-methylthiazol-5-yl) vinyl]-3- cephem-4-carboxylic acid (syn-isomer, cis-isomer)}. The synthesis of cefditoren is disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,839,350 and 4,918,068; and an injectable cefditoren preparation is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,595,986. Cefditoren pivoxil, synthesized by forming a pivaloyloxymethyl (pivoxil) ester at the carboxylic acid moiety of cefditoren, exhibits better oral absorption and is quickly hydrolyzed to cefditoren by enzymatic esterases upon absorption.
Cefditoren exhibits broad antibacterial spectrum activity while possessing relatively low toxicity. It has been found to be very useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of diseases induced by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Cefditoren pivoxyl is, by itself, anti-bacterially inactive but is useful as a pro-drug which may be administrated orally and can be converted into the anti-bacterially active cefditoren in the digestive tracts of mammals. This is accomplished by a cleavage of the ester-forming pivaloyloxymethyl group from the carboxylic acid moiety of cefditoren.
Crystals of cefditoren pivoxil are known to have high purity, high heat stability and may maintain satisfactory stability even when stored under high humidity conditions as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,294,669). However, crystals of cefditoren pivoxil, have a low solubility in water and thus have not been found to be suitable for oral administration. Low-solubility drugs often show poor bioavailability or irregular absorption. The degree of irregularity of absorption is related to factors such as, dose level, fed state of the patient, and the administrated form of the drug. Over the years, compositions and methods have been developed to achieve improved solubility of such poorly or sparingly soluble drugs. One of the reported methods involves the conversion of a medicinal compound sparingly soluble in water into an amorphous substance, thus to improve the solubility of the compound in water. By converting the crystalline form of cefditoren pivoxil to an amorphous substance leads to higher water solubility and improves the usefulness of cefditoren pivoxil in the treatment of disease.
U.S. Application No. 2003/0060451 discloses a method of preventing the premature de-esterification of pro-drug esters and enhancing the oral bioavailability by formulating the prodrug ester such as, cefditoren pivoxil in a non-emulsified formulation with lecithin.
U.S. Patent Nos. 6,342,493 and 6,486,149 also disclose processes for converting crystalline cefditoren pivoxil to the amorphous form. In this method the crystalline cefditoren pivoxil is dissolved in an acidic aqueous solution containing a water-soluble polymeric additive. The acidic aqueous solution is then neutralized to co-precipitate cefditoren pivoxil together with the water-soluble polymeric additive. The precipitate is then collected, washed and dried. This method provides a yellow colored powdery composition comprising solid particles of an intimate mixture of an amorphous form of cefditoren and a water-soluble polymeric additive (0.5 to 5%). This method however involves many steps and thus requires process control and increased production time.
U.S. Application No. 2004/0115272 discloses another method of conversion of crystalline Cefditoren pivoxil to amorphous form by grinding crystalline cefditoren pivoxil in the presence of a pharmaceutically acceptable organic polymeric compound.
EP 0629404 discloses a pharmaceutical composition comprising cefditoren pivoxil and a water soluble polymer like hydroxypropylcellulose. EP 0339465 discloses a composition comprising cefditoren pivoxil, β-cyclodextrin, and an ionic surfactant in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Cefditoren pivoxil, apart from exhibiting low solubility,is also a bitter compound. . Cefditoren itself does not exhibit a bitter taste profile, only when administered as cefditoren pivoxil does it exhibit a strong bitter taste.. Thus, there is a need for a reduction of the bitter taste profile associated with cefditoren pivoxil in order to increase patient compliance.
Various methods for masking or reducing the bitter taste of medicinal compositions or formulations containing a drug compound having a bitter taste are generally known in the art. For instance, the known methods of masking the bitter taste of a drug compound include a method of coating the surfaces of the particles of the drug compound with a coat-film. The method of coating the particle surfaces of the drug compound with the coat-film can suitably be applied to the preparations of the tablet form. However, when this method is utilized for the preparation of granules, the surfaces of the granules becomes rough and results in a gritty feel to the tongue. The steps for the production of the coated granules or the fine granules are complicated and time- consuming.
U.S. Application No. 2003/0026843 discloses a method relating to amorphous drug beads comprising an amorphous active drug and an organic surfactant, such as casein, having improved solubility, absorption and wetting characteristics.
U.S. Patent No. 5,958,915 discloses the addition of a water-soluble casein salt to cefditoren pivoxil as a method for enhancing solubility of the drug, while minimizing the bitter taste. However, this method includes the steps of granulating, drying, milling, and compressing, for preparing the tablets, which is increases production time and costs associated with formulation.
However, no known methods provide an acceptable dosage form comprising cefditoren pivoxil that exhibits improved solubility and minimized bitter taste while at the same time employing a simple process which is easy, cost-effective and efficient. The present invention provides such acceptable dosage form, and in particular provide amorphous cefditoren pivoxil prepared by spraying a solution of crystalline cefditoren pivoxil over a mixture of surfactant and disintegrant to obtain granules of amorphous cefditoren pivoxil. These granules may be used as such or further blended with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and compressed into tablets or filled into capsules. Summary of the Invention
In one general aspect there is provided a process for the preparation of amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules. The process includes spraying a solution comprising crystalline cefditoren pivoxil and one or more solvents over a core comprising a mixture of one or more surfactants and one or more disintegrants to form granules.
Embodiments of the process may include one or more of the following features. For example, the cefditoren pivoxil may be present at a concentration from about 20% to about 60% (w/w), based on the weight of the granules.
The surfactants may be one or more of polymers, low molecular weight oligomers, natural products, gelatin, casein, lecithin (phosphatides), gum acacia, cholesterol, tragacanth, stearic acid, benzalkonium chloride, calcium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, cetostearyl alcohol, cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, macrogol ethers, and mixtures thereof. The one or more surfactants may be present at a concentration of from about 10% to about 25% (w/w) based on the weight of the granules.
The one or more disintegrants may be one or more of starch, cross-linked carboxy methyl cellulose sodium, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium starch glycolate, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof. The one or more disintegrants may be present at a concentration of from about 10% to about 60% (w/w) based on the weight of the granules.
The one or more solvents may be one or more of acetone, isopropyl alcohol, methylene chloride and mixtures thereof.
The solution of cefditoren pivoxil may further include one or more wetting agents. The one or more wetting agents may be propylene glycol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, poloxamers, polyethylene glycols, tweens and mixtures thereof. The wetting agent may be present at a concentration of from about 0.5% to about 10% (w/w), based on the weight of the granules.
In another general aspect there is provided amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules. The granules include a core comprising a mixture of one or more surfactants and one or more disintegrants, wherein the core is coated with a solution comprising crystalline cefditoren pivoxil and one or more solvents.
Embodiments of the granules may include one or more of the following features. For example, the cefditoren pivoxil may be present at a concentration of from about 20% to about 60% (w/w), based on the weight of the granules.
The one or more surfactants may be one or more of polymers, low molecular weight oligomers, natural products, gelatin, casein, lecithin (phosphatides), gum acacia, cholesterol, tragacanth, stearic acid, benzalkonium chloride, calcium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, cetostearyl alcohol, cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, macrogol ethers, and mixtures thereof. The one or more surfactants may be present at a concentration of from about 10% to about 25% (w/w) based on the weight of the granules.
The one or more disintegrants may be one or more of starch, cross-linked carboxy methyl cellulose sodium, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium starch glycolate, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof. The one or more disintegrants may be present at a concentration from about 10% to about 60% (w/w) based on the weight of the granules.
The one or more solvents may be one or more of acetone, isopropyl alcohol, methylene chloride and mixtures thereof. The solution of cefditoren pivoxil may further include one or more wetting agents.
The one or more wetting agents may be propylene glycol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, poloxamers, polyethylene glycols, tweens and mixtures thereof. The wetting agent may be present at a concentration of from about 0.5% to about 10% (w/w), based on the weight of the granules. In another general aspect there is provided a method of treating bacterial infections in a mammal in need thereof. The method includes administering a therapeutically effective amount of amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules, wherein the granules comprise a core comprising a mixture of one or more surfactants and one or more disintegrants, wherein the core is coated with a solution comprising crystalline cefditoren pivoxil and one or more solvents. Detailed Description of Hie Invention
In the present invention, an efficient and cost effective method of increasing the solubility and absorption profile of cedfitoren pivoxil is provided. The amorphous cefditoren pivoxil is prepared by spraying a solution of crystalline cefditoren pivoxil over a core, wherein the core includes a mixture of one or more surfactants and one or more disintegrants, to obtain granules of amorphous cefditoren pivoxil. These granules may be used as is or may be further blended with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and compressed into tablets or filled into capsules. In addition, one or more wetting agents or polymers may be added to increase cefditoren pivoxil' s solubility. Crystalline cefditoren pivoxil solution may be sprayed using coating equipment known in the pharmaceutical arts, such as fluidized bed coaters (Wurster coaters or top- sprayers), pan coaters and rotary granulators. The spray nozzle may be placed in the top, side walls or the bottom of the spraying chamber and the chamber may include one or more nozzle. The core may include a mixture of the one or more surfactants and the one or more disintegrants. This core may be fluidized in air and may be carried upwards from the bottom of the spraying chamber. The fluidized core particles are then hit by one or more small droplets of a cefditoren pivoxil solution, which optionally may include one or more wetting agents or polymers ejected from the nozzle. After spraying, the solvent provided on the cores is evaporated to obtain granules of amorphous cefditoren pivoxil.
Cefditoren pivoxil may be added in an amount of about 20% to about 60% (w/w), based on the weight of the amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules.
Suitable wetting agents or polymers include one or more of propylene glycol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, poloxamers, polyethylene glycols and tweens.
The one or more wetting agents or polymers may be added in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% (w/w), based on the weight of the amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules.
Suitable solvents include one or more of ketones such as, acetone; alcohols, such as, isopropyl alcohol; hydrogenated hydrocarbons, such as methylene chloride; and mixtures thereof. The solvent may he a single solvent or a mixture of one or more solvents.
The term surfactant refers to organic surfactants which may include at least one nonionic and one anionic surfactant. Suitable surfactants include one or more of polymers, low molecular weight oligomers, natural products, gelatin, casein, lecithin (phosphatides), gum acacia, cholesterol, tragacanth, stearic acid, henzalkonium chloride, calcium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, cetostearyl alcohol, cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, macrogol ethers, and mixtures thereof.
The surfactant may be added in an amount of about 10% to about 25% (w/w), based on the weight of the amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules.
Suitable disintegrants include one or more of starch, cross-linked carboxy methyl cellulose sodium, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium starch glycolate, low substituted hydroxy propyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof. The disintegrant may be added in an amount of about 10% to about 60% (w/w), based on the weight of the amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules.
Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include one or more of fillers, binders, buffering agents, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, colors, and mixtures thereof.
Suitable fillers include one or more of corn starch, lactose, white sugar, sucrose, sugar compressible, sugar confectioners, glucose, sorbitol, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate-dibasic, calcium phosphate-tribasic, calcium sulfate, microcrystalline cellulose, silicified microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose powdered, dextrates, dextrins, dextrose, fructose, kaolin, lactitol, mannitol, sorbitol, starch, starch pregelatinized, sucrose, and mixtures thereof.
Suitable binders include one or more of methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, gum arabic, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, pullutan, pregelatinized starch, agar, tragacanth, sodium alginate, propylene glycol, and mixtures thereof.
Suitable buffering agents include one or more of sodium citrate, sodium tartarate, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate, sodium polyphosphate, potassium polyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, potassium pyrophosphate, disodium hydrogenphosphate, dipotassium hydrogenphosphate, trisodium phosphate, tripotassium phosphate, sodium acetate, potassium metaphosphate, other sodium or potassium salts, and mixtures thereof.
Suitable lubricants and glidants include one or more of colloidal anhydrous silica, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, talc, hydrogenated castor oil, sucrose esters of fatty acids, microcrystalline wax, yellow beeswax, white beeswax, and mixtures thereof.
The coloring agents of the present invention may include any FDA approved colors for oral use.
The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated into one or more various pharmaceutical preparations for oral administration including in the form of tablets or capsules in accordance with any of the conventional procedure known in the field of art, for example, milling, sieving, slugging, kneading, granulating, tabletting, coating, etc. These steps may be carried out in the conventional manner.
The tablets prepared by the present invention may be coated with one or more layers comprising film forming agents and/or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
The coating layers over the tablet may be applied as solution/dispersion of coating ingredients using any conventional technique known in the prior art such as spray coating in a conventional coating pan or fluidized bed processor or dip coating.
Suitable solvents used for preparing a solution/dispersion of the coating ingredients include one or more of methylene chloride, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, methanol, ethanol, water and mixtures thereof.
Suitable film forming agents include one or more of ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl phthalate, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate trimelliatate, cellulose acetate phthalate; waxes, such as, polyethylene glycol; methacrylic acid polymers such as Eudragit® RL and RS; and mixtures thereof. Alternatively, commercially available coating compositions comprising film-forming polymers marketed under various trade names, such as Opadry® may also be used for coating. The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention comprising amorphous cefditoren pivoxil may be administered to treat bacteria infections in mammals. Bacteria referred to herein include, for example gram-positive bacteria, such as staphylococcus and streptococcus, gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherchia coli, Branhamella catarrhalis, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Haemophilus influenzae, and anaerobes such as Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium acnes, and Bacteriocides. Further, the composition according to the present invention is useful for the prophylaxis or therapy of diseases induced by gram-positive bacteria or gram-negative bacteria.
The pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention comprising amorphous cefditoren pivoxil may be administered in combination with other medicines, for example, other antibacterial agents.
While the present invention has been described in terms of its specific embodiments, certain modifications and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are included within the scope of the present invention. The examples are provided to illustrate particular aspects of the disclosure and do not limit the scope of the present invention as defined by the claims.
EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of tablets containing amorphous cefditoren pivoxil tablet with an organic surfactant
Composition of amorphous cefditoren pivoxil with organic surfactant
Figure imgf000011_0001
Procedure:
1. Cefditoren pivoxil and hydroxypropyl cellulose were dissolved in the mixture of dichloromethane and isopropyl alcohol. 2. The solution of step 1 was sprayed over the mixture of casein and cross-linked carboxy methyl cellulose sodium.
3. The dried granules were sifted and mixed with mannitol, sodium polyphosphate, magnesium stearate and extragranular cross-linked carboxy methyl cellulose sodium. 4. The mixture obtained from step 3 was compressed into tablets.
5. The compressed tablets were coated with the coating composition. In vitro dissolution study
In vitro release of cefditoren pivoxil from tablets as per composition of the above example and lOOmg MEIACT® tablets were studied in 900 ml water, using a USP Dissolution Apparatus (Paddle Type II), at 50 rpm, at 370C. The results are listed in Table 1.
Table 1
In vitro release profile of cefditoren pivoxil from tablets measured in 900 ml water, USP Apparatus II, at 50 rpm and 370C.
Figure imgf000012_0001
In vivo bioeguivalence study
In vivo performance of cefditoren pivoxil tablets prepared as per the composition of Example 1 (T) was evaluated with respect to the MEIACT® tablets lOOmg (R) in healthy male volunteers under fasted conditions. Pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax (Maximum plasma concentration), AUCo-iast (Area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve from 0 hours to the time of last sample collected) and AUCinf_ObS (Area under the plasma concentration vs time curve from 0 hours to infinity) were calculated from the data obtained. Statistical analysis was carried out at 90% interval using "SAS" software package. The results of the study are given in Table 2. Table 2
Pharmacokinetic data for tablets of Example 1 (T) vs. MEIACT® tablet (R) lOOmg
Figure imgf000013_0001
While there has been shown and described what are the preferred embodiments of the invention, one skilled in the pharmaceutical formulation art will appreciate that various modifications in the formulations and process can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as it is defined by the appended claims.

Claims

We Claim: 1. A process for the preparation of amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules, the process comprising spraying a solution comprising crystalline cefditoren pivoxil and one or more solvents over a core comprising a mixture of one or more surfactants and one or more disintegrants to form granules. 2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the cefditoren pivoxil comprises from about 20% to about 60% (w/w), based on the weight of the granules. 3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the one or more surfactants comprise one or more of polymers, low molecular weight oligomers, natural products, gelatin, casein, lecithin (phosphatides), gum acacia, cholesterol, tragacanth, stearic acid, benzalkonium chloride, calcium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, cetostearyl alcohol, cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, macrogol ethers, and mixtures thereof. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the one or more surfactants comprise from about 10% to about 25% (w/w) based on the weight of the granules. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the one or more disintegrants comprise one or more of starch, cross-linked carboxy methyl cellulose sodium, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium starch glycolate, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the one or more disintegrants comprise from about 10% to about 60% (w/w) based on the weight of the granules. 7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the one or more solvents comprise one or more of acetone, isopropyl alcohol, methylene chloride and mixtures thereof. 8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the solution of cefditoren pivoxil further comprises one or more wetting agents. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the one or more wetting agents comprise propylene glycol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, poloxamers, polyethylene glycols, tweens and mixtures thereof. 10. The process of claim 8, wherein the wetting agent comprises from about 0.5% to about 10% (w/w), based on the weight of the granules. 11. Amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules comprising a core comprising a mixture of one or more surfactants and one or more disintegrants, wherein the core is coated with a solution comprising crystalline cefditoren pivoxil and one or more solvents. 12. The granules of claim 11, wherein the cefditoren pivoxil comprises from about 20% to about 60% (w/w), based on the weight of the granules. 13. The granules of claim 11, wherein the one or more surfactants comprise one or more of polymers, low molecular weight oligomers, natural products, gelatin, casein, lecithin (phosphatides), gum acacia, cholesterol, tragacanth, stearic acid, benzalkonium chloride, calcium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, cetostearyl alcohol, cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, macrogol ethers, and mixtures thereof. 14. The granules of claim 11, wherein the one or more surfactants comprise from about 10% to about 25% (w/w) based on the weight of the granules. 15. The granules of claim 11 , wherein the one or more disintegrants comprise one or more of starch, cross-linked carboxy methyl cellulose sodium, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium starch glycolate, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof. 16. The granules of claim 11 , wherein the one or more disintegrants comprise from about 10% to about 60% (w/w) based on the weight of the granules. 17. The granules of claim 11, wherein the one or more solvents comprise one or more of acetone, isopropyl alcohol, methylene chloride and mixtures thereof. 18. The granules of claim 11 , wherein the solution of cefditoren pivoxil further comprises one or more wetting agents. 19. The granules of claim 18, wherein the one or more wetting agents comprise propylene glycol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, poloxamers, polyethylene glycols, tweens and mixtures thereof. 20. The granules of claim 18, wherein the wetting agent comprises from about 0.5% to about 10% (w/w), based on the weight of the granules. 21. A method of treating bacterial infections in a mammal in need thereof, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules, wherein the granules comprise a core comprising a mixture of one or more surfactants and one or more disintegrants, wherein the core is coated with a solution comprising crystalline cefditoren pivoxil and one or more solvents.
PCT/IB2006/000657 2005-03-23 2006-03-22 Amorphous cefditoren pivoxil granules and processes for the preparation thereof WO2006100574A1 (en)

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