WO2006033709A2

WO2006033709A2 - Novel nucleoside derivatives

Info

Publication number: WO2006033709A2
Application number: PCT/US2005/027235
Authority: WO
Inventors: K. Raja Reddy; Mark D. Erion
Original assignee: Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc.
Priority date: 2004-07-29
Filing date: 2005-07-29
Publication date: 2006-03-30
Also published as: WO2006033709A3; JP2008508319A; EP1781101A2; WO2006033709A8

Abstract

Compounds of Formulae I-XVI, stereoisomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof, their preparation, and their uses for the treatment of viral diseases including hepatitis C viral infection, cancer, diabetes, and other diseases are described: Formula (I).

Description

NOVEL NUCLEOSIDE DERIVATIVES

Background of the Invention

Field of the Invention

[0001] The present invention is directed towards novel 2', 3'-cyclic carbonate- containing nucleosides and their derivatives, including 5 '-monophosphate derivatives, their preparation and their uses. More specifically, the novel compounds are useful in the treatment of viral infections, including hepatitis C viral infections, as well as cancer and other diseases and disorders for which treatment with nucleoside derivatives is useful or efficacious.

Background Art

[0002] The following description of the background of the invention is provided to aid in understanding the invention, but is not admitted to be, or to describe, prior art to the invention. AU publications are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0003] Hepatitis C is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the liver that may lead to cirrhosis, primary liver cancer and other long-term complications. Nucleosides are a well-recognized class of compounds shown to be effective against a variety of viral infections, including those caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and herpes virus.

[0004] Nucleosides are generally effective as antiviral agents following conversion of the nucleoside to the corresponding nucleoside 5'-triphosphate (NTP). Conversion occurs inside cells through the action of various intracellular kinases. The first step, i.e., conversion of the nucleoside to the 5'- monophosphate (NMP), is generally the slow step and involves a nucleoside kinase, which is encoded by either the virus or host. Conversion of the NMP to the NTP is generally catalyzed by host nucleotide kinases. The NTP interferes with viral replication through inhibition of viral polymerases and/or via incorporation into a growing strand of DNA or RNA followed by chain termination. [0005] Use of nucleosides to treat viral liver infections is often complicated by one of two problems. In some cases, the desired nucleoside is a good kinase substrate and accordingly produces NTP in the liver as well as other cells and tissues throughout the body. Since NTP production is often associated with toxicity, efficacy can be limited by extrahepatic toxicities. In other cases, the desired nucleoside is a poor kinase substrate so is not efficiently converted into the NMP and ultimately into the NTP.

[0006] For instance, US 6,312,662 discloses the use of certain phosphate prodrugs for the liver-specific delivery of various drugs including nucleosides for the treatment of patients with liver diseases such as hepatitis C, hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Summary of the Invention

[0007] The present invention is directed towards novel nucleoside derivatives, their preparation and their uses for the treatment of diseases and disorders responsive to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleoside as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, including, e.g., viral infections and cancer.

[0008] In some aspects, the invention concerns T, 3 '-cyclic carbonate nucleoside and nucleotide compounds and their derivatives and prodrugs thereof. The invention further relates to the treatment of diseases or disorders using the disclosed 2', 3 '-cyclic carbonate nucleoside or nucleotide compounds, derivatives, or prodrugs thereof.

[0009] Thus, in some aspects, the present invention relates to a compound of

Formula I, or an isomer, solvate, hydrate, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

Formula I wherein:

X', Y, R¹⁹, R¹⁸, R¹⁷, R¹⁶, R¹⁵, B, Z^r, and Z" are as defined below.

[0010] The present invention is also directed to a compound of Formula II:

Formula II or an isomer, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X', Y, R¹⁹, R¹⁸, R¹⁷, R¹⁶, R¹⁵, B, V, Z, W, and W are as defined below. [0011] The present invention is further directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier. [0012] The present invention is further directed to a method of treating a disease or disorder responsive to treatment with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleoside derivative as an active pharmaceutical ingredient. [0013] The present invention is further directed to a method of treating a viral infection in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention.

[0014] The present invention is further directed to a method of treating an

HCV or HBV viral infection in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention.

[0015] The present invention is also directed to a method of inhibiting viral replication in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention.

[0016] The present invention is also directed a method of treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention.

[0017] The present invention is also directed a method of treating a platelet disorder or diabetes in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, wherein said compound is a P2 receptor antagonist.

[0018] The present invention is also directed a method of treating diabetes or cardiovascular disease in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, wherein said compound binds an adenosine receptor.

[0019] The present invention is also directed a method of treating inflammation or a CNS disorder in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, wherein said compound acts as an adenosine analogue. Definitions

[0020] In accordance with the present invention and as used herein, the following terms are defined with the following meanings, unless explicitly stated otherwise.

[0021] The term "alkyl" refers to saturated aliphatic groups including straight- chain, branched chain and cyclic groups, up to and including 12 carbon atoms, or, more preferably, up to and including 10 carbon atoms, or up to and including 6 carbon atoms. Suitable alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, isopropyl, and cyclopropyl. The alkyl may be optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents.

[0022] The term "aryl" refers to aromatic groups which have 5-14 ring atoms, and at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system and includes carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl and biaryl groups, all of which may be optionally substituted. The aryl group may be optionally substituted with 1-6 substituents.

[0023] Carbocyclic aryl groups are groups which have 6-14 ring atoms wherein the ring atoms on the aromatic ring are carbon atoms. Carbocyclic aryl groups include monocyclic carbocyclic aryl groups and polycyclic or fused compounds such as optionally substituted naphthyl groups.

[0024] Heterocyclic aryl or heteroaryl groups are groups which have 5-14 ring atoms wherein 1 to 4 heteroatoms are ring atoms in the aromatic ring and the remainder of the ring atoms being carbon atoms. Suitable heteroatoms include oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. Suitable heteroaryl groups include furanyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, N-lower alkyl pyrrolyl, pyridyl-N-oxide, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, indolyl and the like, all optionally substituted.

[0025] The term "monocyclic aryl" refers to aromatic groups which have 5-6 ring atoms and includes carbocyclic aryl and heterocyclic aryl. Suitable aryl groups include phenyl, furanyl, pyridyl, and thienyl. Aryl groups may be substituted.

[0026] The term "monocyclic heteroaryl" refers to aromatic groups which have 5-6 ring atoms wherein 1 to 4 heteroatoms are ring atoms in the aromatic ring and the remainder of the ring atoms being carbon atoms. Suitable heteroatoms include oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.

[0027] The term "biaryl" represents aryl groups which have 5-14 atoms containing more than one aromatic ring including both fused ring systems and aryl groups substituted with other aryl groups. Such groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable biaryl groups include naphthyl and biphenyl.

[0028] The term "optionally substituted" or "substituted" includes groups substituted by one to four substituents, independently selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, lower cyclic alkyl, lower heterocycloalkyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower aryloxy, perhaloalkoxy, aralkoxy, lower heteroaryl, lower heteroaryloxy, lower heteroarylalkyl, lower heteroaralkoxy, azido, amino, halogen, lower alkylthio, oxo, lower acyl, lower acylalkyl, lower carboxy esters, sulfonyl, sulfonylamido, carboxyl, -carboxamido, nitro, lower acyloxy, lower aminoalkyl, lower alkylamino, lower alkylaminoaryl, lower alkylaryl, lower alkylaminoalkyl, lower alkoxyaryl, lower arylamino, lower aralkylamino, lower alkylsulfonyl, lower -carboxamidoalkylaryl, lower -carboxamidoaryl, lower hydroxyalkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower alkylaminoalkylcarboxy-, lower aminocarboxamidoalkyl-, cyano, lower alkoxyalkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, and lower arylalkyloxyalkyl. "Substituted aryl" and "substituted heteroaryl" refers to aryl and heteroaryl groups substituted with 1-6 of the substituents listed above. Preferred substituents are those selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower perhaloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, and amino.

[0029] The term "-aralkyl" refers to an alkylene group substituted with an aryl group. Suitable aralkyl groups include benzyl, picolyl, and the like, and may be optionally substituted. The aryl portion may have 5-14 ring atoms and the alkyl portion may have up to and including 10 carbon atoms. "Heteroarylalkyl" refers to an alkylene group substituted with a heteroaryl group.

[0030] The term "alkylaryl-" refers to an aryl group substituted with an alkyl group. "Lower alkylaryl-" refers to such groups where alkyl is lower alkyl. The aryl portion may have 5-14 ring atoms and the alkyl portion may have up to and including 10 carbon atoms. The term "lower" referred to herein in connection with organic radicals or compounds respectively defines such as with up to and including 10, in one aspect up to and including 6, and in another aspect one to four carbon atoms. Such groups may be straight chain, branched, or cyclic.

[0031] The term "cyclic alkyl" or "cycloalkyl" refers to alkyl groups that are cyclic of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and in one aspect are 3 to 6 carbon atoms. Suitable cyclic groups include norbornyl and cyclopropyl. Such groups may be substituted.

[0032] The term "heterocyclic," "heterocyclic alkyl" or "heterocycloalkyl" refer to cyclic groups of 3 to 10 atoms, and in one aspect are 3 to 6 atoms, containing at least one heteroatom, in a further aspect are 1 to 3 heteroatoms. Suitable heteroatoms include oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. Heterocyclic groups may be attached through a nitrogen or through a carbon atom in the ring. The heterocyclic alkyl groups include unsaturated cyclic, fused cyclic and spirocyclic groups. ,. Suitable heterocyclic groups include pyrrolidinyl, morpholino, morpholinoethyl, and pyridyl.

[0033] The terms "arylamino" (a), and "aralkylamino" (b), respectively, refer to the group -NRR' wherein respectively, (a) R is aryl and R¹ is hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or aryl, and (b) R is aralkyl and R' is hydrogen, aralkyl, aryl, alkyl or heterocycloalkyl.

[0034] The term "acyl" refers to -C(O)R where R is alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or aryl. The term "lower acyl" refers to where R is lower alkyl. The term C₁-C₄ acyl refers to where R is C₁-C₄.

[0035] The term "carboxy esters" refers to -C(O)OR where R is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyclic alkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, all optionally substituted.

[0036] The term "carboxyl" refers to -C(O)OH.

[0037] The term "oxo" refers to =0 in an alkyl or heterocycloalkyl group.

[0038] The term "amino" refers to -NRR' where R and R' are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and heterocycloalkyl, all except H are optionally substituted; and R and R' can form a cyclic ring system. [0039] The term "-carboxylamido" refers to -CONR₂ where each R is independently hydrogen or alkyl.

[0040] The term "-sulphonylamido" or "-sulfonylamido" refers to -

S(^O)₂NR₂ where each R is independently hydrogen or alkyl.

[0041] The term "halogen" or "halo" refers to -F, -Cl, -Br and -I.

[0042] The term "alkylaminoalkylcarboxy" refers to the group alkyl-NR-alk-C(O)-O- where "alk" is an alkylene group, and R is a H or lower alkyl.

[0043] The term "sulphonyl" or "sulfonyl" refers to -SO₂R, where R is H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.

[0044] The term "sulphonate" or "sulfonate" refers to -SO₂OR, where R is -H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.

[0045] The term "alkenyl" refers to unsaturated groups which have 2 to 12 atoms, 2 to 10 atom, or 2 to 8 atoms, and contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond and includes straight-chain, branched-chain and cyclic groups. Alkenyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkenyl groups include allyl. "1 -Alkenyl" refers to alkenyl groups where the double bond is between the first and second carbon atom. If the 1 -alkenyl group is attached to another group, e.g. it is a W substituent attached to the cyclic phosphate, it is attached at the first carbon.

[0046] The term "alkynyl" refers to unsaturated groups which have 2 to 12 atoms, 2 to 10 atoms, or 2 to 8 atoms, and contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and includes straight-chain, branched-chain and cyclic groups. Alkynyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkynyl groups include ethynyl. "1 -Alkynyl" refers to alkynyl groups where the triple bond is between the first and second carbon atom. If the 1 -alkynyl group is attached to another group, e.g. it is a W substituent attached to the cyclic phosphate, it is attached at the first carbon.

[0047] The term "alkylene" refers to a divalent straight chain, branched chain or cyclic saturated aliphatic group. In one aspect the alkylene group contains up to and including 10 atoms. In another aspect, the alkylene chain contains up to and including 6 atoms. In a further aspect, the alkylene groups contains up to and including 4 atoms. The alkylene group can be either straight, branched or cyclic. The alkylene may be optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents. [0048] The term "acyloxy" refers to the ester group -0-C(O)R, where R is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl. [0049] The term "aminoalkyl-" refers to the group NR₂-alk- wherein "alk" is an alkylene group and R is selected from -H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heterocycloalkyl. [0050] The term "alkylamino-" refers to the group alkyl-NR- wherein R is H or alkyl. "Lower alkylamino-" refers to groups where the alkyl is lower alkyl. [0051] The term "alkylaminoalkyl-" refers to the group alkyl-NR-alk- wherein each "alk" is an independently selected alkylene, and R is H or lower alkyl.

"Lower alkylaminoalkyl-" refers to groups where the alkyl and the alkylene group is lower alkyl and alkylene, respectively. [0052] The term "arylaminoalkyl-" refers to the group aryl-NR-alk- wherein

"alk" is an alkylene group and R is -H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.

In "lower arylaminoalkyl-," the alkylene group is lower alkylene. [0053] The term "alkylaminoaryl-" refers to the group alkyl-NR-aryl- wherein

"aryl" is a divalent group and R is -H, alkyl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl. hi

"lower alkylaminoaryl-," the alkyl group is lower alkyl. [0054] The term "alkoxyaryl-" refers to an aryl group substituted with an alkyloxy group. In "lower alkyloxyaryl-", the alkyl group is lower alkyl. [0055] The term "aryloxyalkyl-" refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryloxy group. [0056] The term "aralkyloxyalkyl-" refers to the group aryl-alk-O-alk- wherein "alk" is an alkylene group. "Lower aralkyloxyalkyl-" refers to such groups where the alkylene groups are lower alkylene. [0057] The term "alkoxy-" or "alkyloxy-" refers to the group alkyl-O-. In

"lower alkoxy-," each alkyl is lower alkyl. [0058] The term "alkoxyalkyl-" or "alkyloxyalkyl-" refer to the group alkyl-O-alk- wherein "alk" is an alkylene group. In "lower alkoxyalkyl-," each alkyl and alkylene is lower alkyl and alkylene, respectively. [0059] The terms "alkylthio-" refers to the group alkyl-S-.

[0060] The term "alkylthioalkyl-" refers to the group alkyl-S-alk- wherein

"alk" is an alkylene group. In "lower alkylthioalkyl-" each alkyl and alkylene is lower alkyl and alkylene, respectively.

[0061] The term "alkoxycarbonyloxy-" refers to alkyl~0-C(0)-O.

[0062] The term "aryloxycarbonyloxy-" refers to aryl-O-C(O)-O-.

[0063] The term "alkylthiocarbonyloxy-" refers to alkyl-S-C(0)-O.

[0064] The term "amido" refers to the NR₂ group next to an acyl or sulfonyl group as in NR₂-C(O)-, RC(O)-NR¹-, NR₂-S(=O)₂- and RS(=O)₂-NR¹-, where

R and R¹ include -H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heterocycloalkyl. [0065] The term "carboxamido" refer to NR₂-C(O)- and RC(O)-NR¹-, where

R and R¹ include -H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heterocycloalkyl. The term does not include urea, -NR-C(O)-NR-. [0066] The terms "sulphonamido" or "sulfonamido" refer to NRrS(=O)₂- and

RSO=O)₂-NR¹-, where R and R¹ include -H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heterocycloalkyl. The term does not include sulfonylurea, -NR-S(=O)₂-NR-. [0067] The term "carboxamidoalkylaryl" and "carboxamidoaryl" refers to an aryl-alk-NR¹-C(O), and ar-NR¹-C(O)-alk-, respectively where "ar" is aryl,

"alk" is alkylene, R¹ and R include H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heterocycloalkyl. [0068] The term "sulfonamidoalkylaryl" and "sulfonamidoaryl" refers to an aryl-alk-NR¹-S(=O)₂-, and ar-NR¹-S(=O)₂-, respectively where "ar" is aryl,

"alk" is alkylene, R¹ and R include -H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heterocycloalkyl. [0069] The term "hydroxyalkyl" refers to an alkyl group substituted with one -OH. [0070] The term "haloalkyl" refers to an alkyl group substituted with one halogen.

[0071] The term "cyano" refers to ^{~ C≡}N .

[0072] The term "nitro" refers to -NO₂. [0073] The term "acylalkyl" refers to an alkyl-C(O)-alk-, where "alk" is alkylene.

[0074] The term "aminocarboxamidoalkyl-" refers to the group

NR₂-C(O)-N(R)-alk- wherein R is an alkyl group or H and "alk" is an alkylene group. "Lower aminocarboxamidoalkyl-" refers to such groups wherein "alk" is lower alkylene.

[0075] The term "heteroarylalkyl" refers to an alkylene group substituted with a heteroaryl group.

[0076] The term "perhalo" refers to groups wherein every C-H bond has been replaced with a C-halo bond on an aliphatic or aryl group. Suitable perhaloalkyl groups include -CF₃ and -CFCl₂.

[0077] The term "purine" refers to nitrogenous bicyclic heterocycles. The term "pyrimidine" refers to nitrogenous monocyclic heterocycles. The term "purine" or "pyrimidine" base includes, but is not limited to, adenine, N⁶- alkylpurines, N⁶-acylpurines (wherein acyl is C(O)(alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, or arylalkyl), N⁶-benzylpurine, N⁶-halopurine, N⁶-vinylpurine, N⁶-acetylenic purine, N⁶-acyl purine, N⁶-hydroxyalkyl purine, N⁶-thioalkyl purine, N²- alkylpurines, N²-alkyl-6-thiopurines, thymine, cytosine, 5-fluorocytosine, 5- methylcytosine, 6-azapyrimidme, including 6-azacytosine, 2- and/or 4- mercaptopyrmidine, uracil, 5-halouracil, including 5-fluorouracil, C⁵- alkylpyrimidines, C⁵-benzylpyrimidines, C⁵-halopyrimidines, C⁵- vinylpyrimidine, C⁵-acetylenic pyrimidine, C⁵-acyl pyrimidine, C⁵- hydroxyalkyl purine, C⁵-amidopyrimidine, C⁵-cyanopyrimidine, C⁵- nitropyrimidine, C⁵-aminopyrimidine- , N²-alcylpurines, N²-alkyl-6- thiopurines, 5-azacytidinyl, 5-azauracilyl, triazolopyridinyl, imidazolopyridinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and pyrazolopyrimidinyl. Purine bases include, but are not limited to, guanine, adenine, hypoxanthine, 2,6- diaminopurine, and 6-chloropurine. Functional oxygen and nitrogen groups on the base can be protected as necessary or desired. Suitable protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art, and include trimethylsilyl, dimethylhexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, and t-butyldiphenylsilyl, trityl, alkyl groups, and acyl groups such as acetyl and propionyl, methanesulfonyl, and p- toluenesulfonyl.

[0078] The phrase "therapeutically effective amount" means an amount of a compound or a combination of compounds that ameliorates, attenuates or eliminates one or more of the symptoms of a particular disease or condition or prevents, modifies, or delays the onset of one or more of the symptoms of a particular disease or condition.

[0079] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" includes salts of a compound of the present invention including compounds of Formulae I-XVI and its prodrugs derived from the combination of a compound of this invention and an organic or inorganic acid or base. Suitable acids include acetic acid, adipic acid, benzenesulfonic acid,

(+)-7,7-dimethyl-2-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-l-methanesulfonic acid, citric acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, dodecyl sulfonic acid, fumaric acid, glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, hippuric acid, hydrochloride hemiethanolic acid, HBr, HCl, HI, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, lactic acid, lactobionic acid, maleic acid, methanesulfonic acid, methylbromide acid, methyl sulfuric acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, nitric acid, oleic acid, 4,4'-methylenebis [3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid], phosphoric acid, polygalacturonic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfosalicylic acid, tannic acid, tartaric acid, terphthalic acid, and j9-toruenesulfonic acid.

[0080] The term "naturally-occurring L-amino acid" refers to those amino acids routinely found as components of proteinaceous molecules in nature, including alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamme, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine and histidine. In one aspect, this term is intended to encompass L-amino acids having only the amine and carboxylic acid as charged functional groups, i.e., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine and tyrosine. In another aspect they are alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, and glycine. Ia a further aspect, it is valine. [0081] The term "ester of an L-amino acid" refers to ester formed by coupling of a hydroxyl group of the compound with a carboxylic acid of naturally occurring L-amino acid. [0082] The term "patient" refers to an animal being treated including a mammal, such as a dog, a cat, a cow, a horse, a sheep, and a human. Another aspect includes a mammal, both male and female. [0083] The term "prodrug" as used herein refers to any compound that when administered to a biological system generates a biologically active compound as a result of spontaneous chemical reaction(s), enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction(s), and/or metabolic chemical reaction(s), or a combination of each.

Standard prodrugs are formed using groups attached to a functionality, e.g.

HO-, HS-, HOOC-, R₂N-, associated with the drug, that cleave in vivo.

Standard prodrugs include but are not limited to carboxylate esters where the group is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl as well as esters of hydroxyl, thiol and amines where the group attached is an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, phosphate or sulfate. [0084] For example, phosphonate or monophosphate prodrugs are compounds that breakdown chemically or enzymatically to a phosphonic acid or monophosphate or phosphinic acid group or a monoester thereof in vivo. As employed herein the term includes, but is not limited to, the following groups and combinations of these groups:

Acyloxyalkyl esters which are well described in the literature (Farquhar et ah,

J. Pharm. Sci. 72:324-325 (1983)). [0085] Other acyloxyalkyl esters are possible in which a cyclic alkyl ring is formed. These esters have been shown to generate phosphorus-containing nucleotides inside cells through a postulated sequence of reactions beginning with deesterification and followed by a series of elimination reactions (e.g.,

Freed et ah, Biochem. Pharm, 3(5:3193-3198 (1989)). [0086] Another class of these double esters known as alkyloxycarbonyloxymethyl esters, as shown in formula A, where R is alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylamino, and arylamino; R', and R" are independently -H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, and heterocycloalkyl have been studied in the area of β-lactam antibiotics (Nishimura et al, J. Antibiotics 40(l):Sl-90 (1987); for a review see Ferres, H., Drugs of Today, 19:499 (1983)). More recently Cathy, M. S. et al. (Abstract from AAPS Western Regional Meeting, April, 1997) showed that these alkyloxycarbonyloxymethyl ester prodrugs on (9-[(R)-2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) are bioavailable up to 30% in dogs.

Formula A wherein R, R', and R" are independently H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, and alicyclic (see, e.g., International Publ. Nos. WO 90/08155 and WO 90/10636). [0087] Other acyloxyalkyl esters are possible in which a cyclic alkyl ring is formed such as shown in Formula B. These esters have been shown to generate phosphorus-containing nucleotides inside cells through a postulated sequence of reactions beginning with deesterification and followed by a series of elimination reactions (see, e.g., Freed et al., Biochem. Pharm. 35:3193- 3198 (1989)).

Formula B wherein R is -H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylamino, arylamino, or cycloalkyl.

[0088] Aryl esters have also been used as phosphorus prodrugs {e.g.,

DeLambert et al, J. Med. Chem. 37(7J:498-511 (1994); Serafmowska et al, J. Med. Chem. 55(^:1372-1379 (1995)). Phenyl as well as mono and poly- substituted phenyl proesters have generated the parent phosphonic acid in studies conducted in animals and in man (Formula C). Another approach has been described where Y is a carboxylic ester ortho to the phosphate (Khamnei et al, J. Med. Chem. 3P:4109-4115 (1996)).

Formula C wherein Y is -H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, acyloxy, halogen, amino, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, cyano, and heterocycloalkyl.

[0089] Benzyl esters have also been reported to generate the parent phosphonic acid. In some cases, using substituents at the para-position can accelerate the hydrolysis. Benzyl analogs with 4-acyloxy or 4-alkyloxy group (Formula D below, wherein X = -H, OR or 0(CO)R or O(CO)OR) can generate the 4-hydroxy compound more readily through the action of enzymes, e.g., oxidases, esterases, etc. Examples of this class of prodrugs are described in Mitchell et al, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I 2345 (1992); International Publ. No. WO 91/19721.

Formula D wherein X and Y are independently -H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, acyloxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, perhaloalkyl, halo, or alkyloxycarbonyl; and R' and R" are independently -H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, halogen, and cyclic alkyl. [0090] Thio-containing phosphonate proesters may also be useful in the delivery of drugs to hepatocytes. These proesters contain a protected thioethyl moiety as shown in Formula E. One or more of the oxygens of the phosphonate can be esterified. Since the mechanism that results in de- esterification requires the generation of a free thiolate, a variety of thiol protecting groups are possible. For example, the disulfide is reduced by a reductase-mediated process (Puech et al, Antiviral Res. 22:155-174 (1993)). Thioesters will also generate free thiolates after esterase-mediated hydrolysis Benzaria, et al, J. Med. Chem. 39 (25) -.4958-4965 (1996)). Cyclic analogs are also possible and were shown to liberate phosphonate in isolated rat hepatocytes. The cyclic disulfide shown below has not been previously described and is novel.

Formula E wherein Z is alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, or alkylthio. Other examples of suitable prodrugs include proester classes exemplified by Biller and Magnin (U.S. Patent No. 5,157,027); Serafmowska et al, J. Med. Chem. 38(8): 1372-1379 (1995); Starrett Qt al, J. Med. Chem. 37:1857 (1994); Martin et al, J. Pharm. Sd. 7(5:180 (1987); Alexander et al, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 59:1853 (1994); and EP 0 632 048 Al. Some of the structural classes described are optionally substituted, including fused lactones attached at the omega position (Formulae E-I and E-2) and optionally substituted 2-oxo-l,3-dioxolenes attached through a methylene to the phosphorus oxygen (Formula E-3) such as:

didehydro-1,3- dioxolanemethyl

Formula E-I Formula E-2 Formula E-3 wherein R is -H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; and wherein Y is -H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, cyano, alkoxy, acyloxy, halogen, amino, heterocycloalkyl, and alkoxycarbonyl.

[0092] The prodrugs of Formula E-3 are an example of "optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate."

[0093] Propyl phosphonate proesters can also be used to deliver drugs into hepatocytes. These proesters may contain a hydroxyl and hydroxyl group derivatives at the 3-position of the propyl group as shown in Formula F. The R and X groups can form a cyclic ring system as shown in Formula F. One or more of the oxygens of the phosphonate can be esterified.

Formula F wherein R is alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl; X is hydrogen, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyloxy; and Y is alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, alkylamino, alkylthio, halogen, hydrogen, hydroxy, acyloxy, amino.

[0094] Phosphoramidate derivatives have been explored as phosphate prodrugs (e.g., McGuigan et ah, J. Med. Chem. 42:393 (1999) and references cited therein) as shown in Formula G and H.

Formula G Formula H [0095] Cyclic phosphoramidates have also been studied as phosphonate prodrugs because of their speculated higher stability compared to non-cyclic phosphoramidates (e.g., Starrett et al., J. Med. Chem. 37:1857 (1994)).

[0096] Another type of phosphoramidate prodrug was reported as the combination of S-acyl-2-thioethyl ester and phosphoramidate (Egron et al., Nucleosides Nucleotides 75:981 (1999)) as shown in Formula J:

Formula J

[0097] Other prodrugs are possible based on literature reports such as substituted ethyls, for example, bis(trichloroethyl)esters as disclosed by McGuigan, et al., Bioorg Med. Chem. Lett. 3:1207-1210 (1993), and the phenyl and benzyl combined nucleotide esters reported by Meier, C. et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 7:99-104 (1997).

[0098] The groups illustrated are exemplary, not exhaustive, and one skilled in the art could prepare other known varieties of prodrugs. Such prodrugs of the compounds of Formula I fall within this scope. Prodrugs must undergo some form of a chemical transformation to produce the compound that is biologically active or is a precursor of the biologically active compound. In some cases, the prodrug is biologically active, usually less than the drug itself, and serves to improve drug efficacy or safety through improved oral bioavailability, pharmacodynamic half-life, etc. Prodrug forms of compounds may be utilized, for example, to improve bioavailability, improve subject acceptability such as by masking or reducing unpleasant characteristics such as bitter taste or gastrointestinal irritability, alter solubility such as for intravenous use, provide for prolonged or sustained release or delivery, improve ease of formulation, or provide site-specific delivery of the compound. Prodrugs are described in The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, by Richard B. Silverman, Academic Press, San Diego (1992); Chapter 8: "Prodrugs and Drug delivery Systems," pp.352-401; Design of Prodrugs, edited by H. Bundgaard, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam (1985); Design of Biopharmaceutical Properties through Prodrugs and Analogs, Ed. by E.B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington (1977); and Drug Delivery Systems, ed. by R. L. Juliano, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford (1980).

[0099] In the case of bases, "prodrugs" are preferred at the 6-position of purine analogs. Such substitution may include H, halogen, amino, acetoxy or azido or alkyl carbamoyl groups. Hydrogen substituted prodrugs at the 6- position of guanosine analogs undergo oxidation in vivo by aldehyde oxidase or xanthine oxidase to give the required functionality (Rashidi et at, Drug Metab. Dispos. 25:805 (1997)). While esterases unmask acetoxy groups, amine and halogen substituents are known to be substrates for deaminases. 6- Azido substituted compounds are also known to give the corresponding amino derivatives by the action of reductases (Koudriakova, et at, J. Med Chem. 39:4676 (1996)).

[0100] The structure

has a plane of symmetry running through the phosphorus-oxygen double bond when V=W and V and W are either both pointing up or both pointing down. [0101] The term "cyclic phosphate ester of l,3-propanediol,","cyclic phosphate diester of 1,3-propanediol," "2 oxo 2λ⁵ [1,3,2] dioxaphosphorinane," "2-oxo-[l,3,2]- dioxaphosphorinane," or "dioxaphosphorinane" refers to the following:

[0102] The phrase "V and Z are connected together via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group attached at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus" includes the following:

[0103] As shown above V and Z are connected together via 4 additional atoms. [0104] The phrase "W and W are connected together via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl" includes the following:

[0105] As shown above W and W are connected together via an additional 2 atoms. The structure above has V=aryl, and a spiro-fused cyclopropyl group for W and W.

[0106] The term "cyclic phosphate" refers to

[0107] The carbon attached to V must have a C-H bond. The carbon attached to Z must also have a C-H bond.

[0108] The term "cis" stereochemistry refers to the spatial relationship of the

V group and the substituent attached to the phosphorus atom via an exocyclic single bond on the six membered 2-oxo-phosphorinane ring. The structures K and L below show two possible czs-isomers of 2- and 4- substituted 2-oxo- phosphorinane. Structure K shows czs-isomer of (2S, 4R)- configuration whereas structure L shows cz^'s-isomer of (2R, 4S)- configuration.

K L

[0109] The term "trans" stereochemistry refers to the spatial relationship of the V group and the substituent attached to the phosphorus atom via an exocyclic single bond on the six membered 2-oxo-phosphorinane ring. The structures M and N below show two possible trans- isomers of 2- and A- substituted 2-oxo-phosphorinane. Structure M shows trans- isomer of (2S, 4S)- configuration whereas structure N shows trans- isomer of (2R, 4R)- configuration.

M N

[0110] The term "percent enantiomeric excess (% ee)" refers to optical purity.

It is obtained by using the following formula:

ΓRI - rsi x 100 = %R - %s [R] + [S] where [R] is the amount of the R isomer and [S] is the amount of the S isomer. This formula provides the % ee when R is the dominant isomer.

[0111] The term "enantioenriched" or "enantiomerically enriched" refers to a sample of a chiral compound that consists of more of one enantiomer than the other. The extent to which a sample is enantiomerically enriched is quantitated by the enantiomeric ratio or the enantiomeric excess.

[0112] The term "liver" refers to liver organ. [0113] The term "enhancing" refers to increasing or improving a specific property. [0114] The term "liver specificity" refers to the ratio: [drug or a drug metabolite in liver tissue!

[drug or a drug metabolite in blood or another tissue] as measured in animals treated with the drug or a prodrug. The ratio can be determined by measuring tissue levels at a specific time or may represent an AUC based on values measured at three or more time points.

[0115] The term "increased or enhanced liver specificity" refers to an increase in the liver specificity ratio in animals treated with the prodrug relative to animals treated with the parent drug.

[0116] The term "enhanced oral bioavailability" refers to an increase of at least 50% of the absorption of the dose of the parent drug. In an additional aspect the increase in oral bioavailability of the prodrug (compared to the parent drug) is at least 100%, that is a doubling of the absorption. Measurement of oral bioavailability usually refers to measurements of the prodrug, drug, or drug metabolite in blood, plasma, tissues, or urine following oral administration compared to measurements following parenteral administration.

[0117] The term "therapeutic index" refers to the ratio of the dose of a drug or prodrug that produces a therapeutically beneficial response relative to the dose that produces an undesired response such as death, an elevation of markers that are indicative of toxicity, and/or pharmacological side effects.

[0118] The term "sustained delivery" refers to an increase in the period in which there is a prolongation of therapeutically-effective drug levels due to the presence of the prodrug.

[0119] The term "bypassing drug resistance" refers to the loss or partial loss of therapeutic effectiveness of a drug (drug resistance) due to changes in the biochemical pathways and cellular activities important for producing and maintaining the biological activity of the drug and the ability of an agent to bypass this resistance through the use of alternative pathways or the failure of the agent to induce changes that tend to resistance. [0120] The terms "treating" or "treatment" of a disease includes inhibiting the disease (slowing or arresting its development), providing relief from the symptoms or side-effects of the disease (including palliative treatment), and relieving the disease (causing regression of the disease).

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0121] The present invention relates to compounds of Formula I, and isomers, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, co-crystals, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

Formula I wherein:

X¹ is O, S, S-O, or NR²⁰, wherein R²⁰ is H or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, C_3-6 cycloalkyl, OH₅ OR^20', or 0(C=O)R^20', wherein R^20' is H, lower alkyl or C_3-6 cycloalkyl;

Y is -O-, -S-, -N-, -C(R^20')-, or -CH₂-;

R¹⁹ is H or optionally substituted C_1-4 alkyl, C_2-4 alkenyl, or C_2-4 alkynyl, -OH, -0-lower alkyl, halogen, CN, or -C=CR²¹R²², wherein R²¹ and R²² are independently H or lower alkyl; or R¹⁹ is absent; or R¹⁹ is joined together with R¹⁷ to form -(CH₂)_P-, -O-(CH₂)_p-, wherein p is 0 to 4;

R¹⁸ is independently H, C_1-4 alkyl, C_2-4 alkenyl, or C_2-4 alkynyl; wherein said C_1-4 alkyl is optionally substituted with amino, hydroxy, or 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, C_1-4 alkylamino, dialkylamino, C_3-6 cycloalkylamino, halogen, or alkoxy; R¹⁷ is H, halogen, alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, Ci_-10 alkoxy optionally substituted with C_1-3 alkoxy or 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, C_2-6 alkenyloxy, C_1-4 alkylthio, Ci_-8 alkylcarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyl, azido, amino, alkylamino, or dialkylamino;

R¹⁶ and R¹⁵ are independently H, Ci_-4 alkyl, C_2-4 alkenyl, or C_2-4 alkynyl; wherein said C_1-4 alkyl is optionally substituted with amino, hydroxy, or 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, and said C_2-4 alkenyl and C_2-4 alkynyl are each optionally substituted with one or more of Ci_-3 alkoxy, carboxy, C_2-6 alkenyloxy, Ci_-4 alkylthio, C_1-8 alkylcarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyl, azido, amino, alkylamino, or dialkylamino;

B is a purine or pyrimidine base or an analogue or derivative thereof;

Z' is -CH(R²³)-OH, -O-, -CH(R²³)-O-, Ci_-4 cycloalkyl, -OC(R²VO₃H₂, -CH₂C(R²VO₃H₂, C_2-4 alkenyl, C_2-4 alkynyl, Ci_-4 cycloalkylene, C_2-4 alkenylene, or C_2-4 alkynylene; wherein R²³ is H, F, methyl, ethyl, hydroxymethyl, fluoromethyl, -CH₂N₃, -CH₂-NR²¹R²², -CH₂-, or -CH₂-NH₂; and

Z" is absent, or Z" is R²⁴(C=O)-, R²⁴-O-(C=O)-, or an ester of an L-amino acid such as an L-valine ester R²⁴CH(NH₂)(C=O)-, wherein R²⁴ is optionally substituted Ci_-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; or Z" is

wherein:

V, W, and W are independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted 1 -alkenyl, or optionally substituted 1 -alkynyl; and

Z is -CHR²OH, -CHR^zOC(O)R^y, -CHR^zOC(S)R^y, -CHR^zOC(S)OR^y, -CHR^zOC(O)SR^y, -CHR^zOCO₂R^y, -OR^Z, -SR^Z, -CHR²N₃, -CH₂aryl, -CH(aryl)OH, -CH(CH=CR^z ₂)0H, -CH(C≡CR^Z)OH, -R², -NR^Z ₂, -OCOR^y, -OCO₂R^y, -SCOR^y, -SCO₂R^y, -NHCOR², -NHCO₂R^y, -CH₂NHaryl, -(CH₂)_q-OR^z, and -(CH₂)_q-SR^z, halogen, -CN, -COR^y, -CONR^Z ₂, -CO₂R^y, -SO₂R^y, or -SO₂NR^Z ₂, wherein q is 2 or 3, R^z is R^y or -H, and R^y is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or aralkyl; or

Z" is P(O)Y¹R¹¹Y¹R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently H or C_1-4 alkyl; Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of -O-, and -NR^V-; and when Y' and Y" are both -O-, R¹¹ attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted CH₂-heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, -C(R^Z)₂OC(O)NR^Z ₂,

-NR^z-C(0)-R^y, -C(R^z)₂-OC(O)R^y, -C(R^z)₂-O-C(O)OR^y, -C(R^z)₂OC(O)SR^y, -alkyl-S-C(O)R^y, -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy, and -alkyl-S-S-S-alkylhydroxy; or when Y' and Y" are both -NR^V-, then R¹¹ attached to -NR^V- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, -[C(R^z)₂]_q-C00R^y, -C(R^₂COOR³', -[C(R^z)₂]_q-C(O)SR^y, and

-cycloalkylene-COOR^y; or when Y¹ is -O- and Y" is NR^V, then R¹¹ attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted CH₂-heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, -C(R^Z)₂OC(O)NR^Z ₂,

-NR^z-C(0)-R^y, -C(R^z)₂-0C(0)R^y, -C(R^z)₂-0-C(0)0R^y, -C(R^z)₂OC(O)SR^y, -alkyl-S-C(O)R^y, -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy, and -alkyl-S-S-S-alkylhydroxy; and R¹¹ attached to -NR^V- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, -[C(R^z)₂]_q-C00R^y, -C(R^x)₂C00R^y, -[C(R^z)₂]_q-C(O)SR^y, and -cycloalkylene-COOR^y; or when Y' and Y" are independently selected from -O- and -NR^V-, then R¹¹ and R¹¹ together form a cyclic group comprising -alkyl-S-S-alkyl-; wherein q is an integer 2 or 3; each R^z is selected from the group consisting of R^y and -H; each R^y is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl; each R^x is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, and alkyl, or together R^x and R^x form a cycloalkyl group; and each R^v is selected from the group consisting of -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl.

[0122] In some aspects of the present invention, the following provisos apply:

(a) V, Z, W, W are not all -H; (b) when Z is -R^z, then at least one of V, W, and W is not -H, alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; c) when Z' is - CH₂OH and R¹⁷ is H, then one of R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is other than H; and d) when Z' is -CH₂O-, Z" is -(C=O)R²⁴, and R¹⁷ is H, then one of R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R is other than H.

[0123] In some aspects of the present invention, compounds of Formula I are those in which X' is O or S. For example, in some aspects, compounds of Formula I are those in which X' is O. In other aspects, compounds of Formula I are those in which X' is S.

[0124] In some aspects, compounds of Formula I are those in which X¹ is

NR²⁰. In these aspects, suitable values of R²⁰ include H, C_1-1O alkyl, C_6-10 aryl, C_6-10 aryl(C_1-6)alkyl, or C_3-6 cycloalkyl. In other aspects, suitable values of R²⁰ include OH, OR^20', or 0(C=O)R^20', wherein R^20' is H, C_1-6 alkyl or C_3-6 cycloalkyl

[0125] In some aspects, compounds of Formula I are those in which Y is -O-,

-S-, -N-, or -CH₂-. In other aspects, Y is -C(R^20')-. In yet other aspects of the invention, Y is -O-.

[0126] In some aspects, R¹⁹ is absent in compounds of Formula I. In other aspects, R¹⁹ is present and is H, -OH, -0-lower alkyl, e.g., -OCH₃, or R¹⁹ is optionally substituted C_1-4 alkyl, e.g., methyl. In yet other aspects, R¹⁹ is joined together with R¹⁷ to form -O-(CH₂)_P, wherein p is 2 or 3.

[0127] In some aspects, R¹⁸ is H, C_1-4 alkyl, wherein said C_1-4 alkyl is optionallysubstituted with amino, hydroxy, or 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, hi other aspects, R¹⁸ is H or C_1-4 alkyl, e.g., methyl or ethyl. [0128] In some aspects, R¹⁸, R¹⁷, R¹⁵, and R¹⁵ are independently H or lower alkyl, e.g., C_1-6 alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, or propyl. For example, in some aspects, R¹⁶ is -CH₃.

[0129] The variable B depicted in Formula I above represents a purine or pyrimidine base or analogue or derivative thereof. B will be preferably linked to the ribose ring of Formula I at the 9- or 1- position, respectively, of the purine or pyrimidine base B. By "purine or pyrimidine base or analogue or derivative thereof is meant a purine or pyrimidine base found in native nucleosides, or an analogue thereof, which mimics such bases in that their structures (the kinds of atoms and their arrangement) are similar to the native bases but may either possess additional or lack certain of the functional properties of the native bases. Such analogues include those derived by replacement of a CH moiety by a nitrogen atom (for example, 5- azapyrimidines such as 5-azacytosine) or vice versa (for example, 7- deazapurines such as 7-deazadenine or 7-deazaguanine) or both (e.g., 7-deaza, 8-azapurines). By derivatives of such bases or analogues are meant those compounds wherein ring substituents are either incorporated, removed, or modified by conventional substituents known in the art, e.g., halogen, hydroxyl, amino, and C_1-6 alkyl. Such purine or pyrimidine bases, analogues, and derivatives will be well known to those skilled in the art.

[0130] Thus, in some aspects of the present invention, B is selected from:

wherein:

A, D, E, J, and G are each independently selected from the group consisting of C and N;

L is selected from O or S;

M is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and Se;

X₁ is absent, or X₁ is selected from the group consisting of H, -OH, -SH, -NH₂, -CO, -COOR¹¹, -CONH₂, -CSNH₂, alkylamino, dialkylamino, cycloalkylamino, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxy, CF₃, and -NHCORx₁, wherein Rx₁ is H, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy, and wherein R¹¹ is H or C_1-4 alkyl;

X₂ is absent, or X₂ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, acyl, and C₁-C₆ alkyl;

X₃, X₄ and X₆ are each independently absent, or X₃, X₄ and X₆ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, acyl, OH, SH, NH₂, CF₃, alkyl, amino, halogen, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, and dialkylamino; and

X₅ is absent, or X₅ is selected from the group consisting of H, -CN, -NO₂, -alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, acyl, -NHCONH₂, -CONR¹¹R^11', -CSNR¹¹R^11', -COOR^11', -C(^NH)NH₂, -hydroxy, -C_1-3 alkoxy, -amino, -alkylamino, -dialkylamino, halogen, -(l,3-oxazol-2-yl), -(1,3-thiazol- 2-yl), and -(imidazol-2-yl); wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one to three groups independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, and C_1-3 alkoxy; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹¹ are independently H or C_1-4 alkyl. [0131] In one aspect of the present invention, B is selected from:

wherein R²⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of H and NH₂; and R²⁶ is selected from the group consisting of NH₂, NHCH₃, N(CH₃)₂, OCH₃, SCH₃, OH, Cl, Br, SH, cyclopropyl amino, cyclobutyl amino, and cyclopentyl amino. [0132] In other aspects, B is selected from:

In another aspect of the present invention, B is selected from the following:

(Q (D) (E)

(K)

(I) (J)

(W)

(U) (V)

(AQ

(AA) (AB)

(AF)

(AD) (AE)

(AG) (AH)

(BA)

(BB)

(BC) (BD) (BE)

(BI) (BJ) (BK)

(BU) (BV) (BW)

(BX) CBV) (BZ)

(BAA) (BAB) (BAQ

(BAD) (BAE) (BAF)

wherein: each R₄ and R₅ is independently H, acyl, Cj-C₆ alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or cycloalkyl;

Wi, W₂, W₃ and W₄ are each independently N, CH, CF, Cl, CBr, CCl, CCN, CCH₃, CCF₃, CCH₂CH₃, CC(O)NH₂, CC(O)N(R₄)_S, CC(O)OH, CC(O)OR₄ or CT₃; wherein T₃ is as defined below;

W_S iS O₅ S₅ NH Or NR₄; T₂ is H, optionally substituted alkyl (such as, e.g., CH₃, CF₃, C(Y₃)₃, 2- Br-ethyl, CH₂F, CH₂Cl, CF₂CF₃, C(Y₃)₂C(Y₃)₃, or CH₂OH), optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, COOH, COOR₄, COO- alkyl, COO-aryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, CONH₂, CONHR₄, CON(R₄^, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, CN, N₃, OH, OR₄, NH₂, NHR₄, NR₄R₅, SH or SR₅, wherein Y₃ is as defined below;

T₃ is optionally substituted alkyl (including lower alkyl, such as, e.g., CH₃, CH₂CN, CH₂N₃, CH₂NH₂, CH₂NHCH₃, CH₂N(CH₃)₂, CH₂OH), halogenated alkyl (including halogenated lower alkyl such as, e.g., CF₃, C(Y₃)₃, 2-Br-ethyl, CH₂F, CH₂Cl, CH₂CF₃, CF₂CF₃, C(Y₃)₂C(Y₃)₃), optionally substituted alkenyl, haloalkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, haloalkynyl, Br-vinyl, N₃, CN, -C(O)OH, -C(O)OR₄, -C(O)O(lower alkyl), -C(O)NH₂, -CONHR₄, -C(O)NH(lower alkyl), -C(O)N(R₄^, -C(O)N(lower alkyl)₂, OH, OR₄, -O(acyl), -O(lower acyl), -O(alkyl), -OQower alkyl), -O(alkenyl), -O(alkynyl), -O(aralkyl), -O(cycloalkyl), -S(acyl), -S(lower acyl), -S(alkyl), -S(lower alkyl), -S(alkenyl), -S(alkynyl), -S(aralkyl), -S(cycloalkyl), chloro, bromo, iodo, fluoro, NH₂, NHR₄, NR₄R₅, -NH(lower alkyl), -NH(acyl), -N(lower alkyl)₂, -NH(alkenyl), -NH(alkynyl), -NH(aralkyl), -O(cycloalkyl), or -N(acyl)₂, wherein Y₃ is as defined below;

Y₁ is H, Br, Cl, I, F, CN, OH, OR₄, NH₂, NHR₄, NR₄R₅, SH or SR₄, wherein R₄ and R₅ are as defined below;

Y₂ is O, S, NH or NR₄, wherein R₄ is as defined below;

Y₃ is H, Br, Cl, I, F;

Y₄ is H, optionally substituted lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, CH₂OH, CH₂NH₂, CH₂NHCH₃, CH₂N(CH₃)₂, CH₂F, CH₂Cl, CH₂N₂, CH₂CN, CH₂CF₃, CF₃, CF₂CF₃, CH₂CO₂R, (CH₂)_mCOOH, (CH₂)_mCOOR, (CH₂)_mCONH₂, (CH₂)_mCONR₂, or (CH₂)_mC0NHR; wherein R is H, alkyl or acyl, and m is 0, 1 or 2; wherein for base (B), W₄ cannot be CH if W₁, W₂, and W₃ are N; and wherein for base (E), (F), (K), (L), (W), and (X), W₄ cannot be CH if W₁ is N. [0134] In some aspects of the present invention, compounds of Formula I are those in which Z' is -CHR²³-OH, C_1-4 cycloalkyl, C_2-4 alkenyl, or C_2-4 alkynyl, wherein R²³ is methyl, ethyl, hydroxymethyl, fluoromethyl, -CH₂N₃, -CH₂-NR²¹R²², -CH₂-, or -CH₂-NH₂, wherein R²¹ and R²² are independently H or lower alkyl. In other aspects, Z' is -CHR²³-OH, -OC(R²³)₂PO₃H₂ or -CH₂C(R²³)₂PO₃H₂, wherein R²³ is methyl or ethyl.

[0135] In some aspects, Z' is -O-, -CH(R²³)-O-, C_1-4 cycloalkylene,

C_2-4 alkenylene, or C_2-4 alkynylene; wherein R²³ is H, F, methyl, ethyl, hydroxymethyl, fluoromethyl, -CH₂N₃, -CH₂-NR²¹R²², -CH₂-, or -CH₂-NH₂, wherein R²¹ and R²² are independently H or lower alkyl.

[0136] In some aspects of the present invention, Z" is absent. In other aspects,

Z" is R²⁴(C=O)-, R²⁴-O-(C=O)-, or an ester of an L-amino acid such as an L-valine ester, e.g., R²⁴CH(NH₂)(C=O)-, wherein R²⁴ is optionally substituted C_1-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; or Z" is

wherein:

Z is -CHR²OH, -CHR^zOC(O)R^y, -CHR^zOC(S)R^y, -CHR^zOC(S)OR^y, -CHR^zOC(O)SR^y, -CHR^zOCO₂R^y, -OR^Z, -SR^Z, -CHR²N₃, -CH₂aryl, -CH(aryl)OH, -CH(CH=CR^Z ₂)OH, -CH(C≡CR^Z)OH, -R^z, -NR^Z ₂, -OCOR^y, -OCO₂R^y, -SCOR^y, -SCO₂R^y, -NHCOR², -NHCO₂R^y, -CH₂NHaryl, -(CH₂)_q-OR^z, and -(CH₂)_q-SR², halogen, -CN, -COR^y, -CONR^Z ₂, -CO₂R^y, -SO₂R^y, or -SO₂NR^Z ₂, wherein q is 2 or 3, R^z is R^y or -H, and R^y is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or aralkyl. [0137] In some aspects of the present invention, Z" is

wherein

V, Z, W, W, q, R^z, and R^y are as defined above. [0138] In some aspects of the invention in which Z" is

V and Z are connected together via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both O groups attached to the phosphorus.

[0139] In other aspects, V and Z are connected together via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus, hi yet other aspects, V and W are connected together via an additional 3 carbon atoms to form an optionally substituted cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms and substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, and aryloxycarbonyloxy, attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from an O attached to the phosphorus. [0140] In other aspects, Z and W are connected together via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl.

[0141] Or, in yet other aspects, W and W are connected together via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-2 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl.

[0142] In those aspects of the invention wherein Z" is

the following provisos apply: a) V, Z, W, W are not all -H; and b) when Z is -R^z, then at least one of V, W, and W is not -H, alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl.

[0143] In some aspects of the present invention, V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C_1-6 alkyl, -CF₃, -OR³, -OR¹², -COR³, -CO₂R³, -N(R³)₂, -N(R¹²)₂, -CO₂N(R²)₂, -SR³, -SO₂R³, -SO₂N(R²)₂ and -CN; monocyclic heteroaryl; and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C_1-6 alkyl, -CF₃, -OR₃, -OR¹², -COR³, -CO₂R³, -N(R³)₂, -N(R¹²)₂, -CO₂N(R²)₂, -SR³, -SO₂R³, -SO₂N(R²)₂ and -CN; wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; wherein R² is H or R³, R³ is C_1-6 alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, or aralkyl, and R¹² is H or lower acyl; with the provisos that a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S, and b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or

V and Z together are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus.

[0144] In other aspects, V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C_1-3 alkyl, -CF₃, -COCH₃, -OMe, -NMe₂, -OEt, -C0₂t-butyl, -CO₂NH₂, -SMe, -SO₂Me, -SO₂NH₂, and -CN; monocyclic heteroaryl; and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C_1-3 alkyl, -CF₃, -COCH₃, -OMe, -NMe₂, -OEt, -CCtø-butyl, -CO₂NH₂, -SMe, -SO₂Me, -SO₂NH₂ and -CN; wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, with the provisos that a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S, and b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or

V and Z are connected together via an additional 4 atoms to form a 6- membered ring that is fused to a phenyl or substituted phenyl at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus.

[0145] In yet other aspects of the present invention, V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, Cj-₃ alkyl, and -CF₃; pyridyl; substituted pyridyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C_1-3 alkyl, and -CF₃; furanyl; substituted furanyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, Ci_-3 alkyl, and -CF₃; thienyl; and substituted thienyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, Ci_-3 alkyl, and -CF₃.

[0146] hi further aspects, V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 3- chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-bromo- 4-fluorophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl. In other aspects, V is selected from the group consisting of 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2- bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.

[0147] In some aspects, V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C_1-3 alkyl, -CF₃, -COCH₃, -OH, -OMe, -NH₂, -NMe₂, -OEt, -COOH, -C0₂t-butyl, -CO₂NH₂, -SMe, -SO₂Me, -SO₂NH₂ and - CN; monocyclic heteroaryl; and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, Ci -₃ alkyl, -CF₃, -COCH₃, -OH, -OMe, -NH₂, -NMe₂, -OEt, -COOH, -C0₂t- butyl, -CO₂NH₂, -SMe, -SO₂Me, -SO₂NH₂ and -CN; wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; with the provisos that a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S, and b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or

[0148] In some aspects, Z is selected from the group consisting of -H, -OMe,

-OEt, phenyl, Ci_-3 alkyl, -N(R⁴)₂, -SR⁴, -(CH₂)_P-OR⁶, -(CH₂)_P-SR⁶ and -OCOR⁵; wherein R⁴ is Ci-C₄ alkyl; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting Of Ci-C₄ alkyl, monocyclic aryl, and monocyclic aralkyl; and R⁶ is Ci-C₄ acyl. In further aspects, Z is selected from the group consisting of H, -OMe, -OEt, and phenyl. [0149] In some aspects, W and W are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ci_-6 alkyl, and phenyl; or W and W are connected together via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, hi yet other aspects, W and W are independently selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, and V, or W and W are each methyl, with the proviso that when W is V, then W is H.

[0150] In some aspects, V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted monocyclic aryl and optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl;

W and W are independently selected from the group consisting of -H, methyl, and V; or W and W are each methyl; with the proviso that when W is V, then W is H; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of -H, -OMe, -OEt, phenyl, C_1-3 alkyl, -N(R⁴)₂, -SR⁴, -(CH₂)_P-OR⁶, -(CH₂)_P-SR⁶ and -OCOR⁵ , wherein R⁴ is Ci_-4 alkyl; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of Ci_-4 alkyl, monocyclic aryl, and monocyclic aralkyl; and R⁶ is Ci_-4 acyl; or

Z and V are connected together via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus; or

Z and W are connected together via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom; or

W and W are connected together via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group.

[0151] In other aspects, V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, Ci_-6 alkyl, -CF₃, -OR³, -OR¹², -COR³, -CO₂R³, -N(R³)₂, -N(R¹²)₂, -CO₂N(R²)₂, -SR³, -SO₂R³, -SO₂N(R²)₂ and -CN; monocyclic heteroaryl; and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, Ci_-6 alkyl, -CF₃, -OR³, -OR¹², -COR³, -CO₂R³, -N(R³)₂, -N(R¹²)₂, -CO₂N(R²)₂, -SR³, -SO₂R³, -SO₂N(R²)₂ and -CN; wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; wherein R is H or R , R is Ci_-6 alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, or aralkyl, and R¹² is H or lower acyl; with the provisos that a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S, and b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or

W and W are independently selected from the group consisting of -H, methyl, and V; or W and W are each methyl, with the proviso that when W is V, then W is H;

Z is selected from the group consisting of -H, -OMe, -OEt, phenyl, C₁-C₃ alkyl, -N(R⁴)₂, -SR⁴, ~(CH₂)_P-OR⁶, -(CH₂)_P-SR⁶ and -OCOR⁵; wherein R⁴ is C₁-C₄ alkyl, R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₄ alkyl, monocyclic aryl, and monocyclic aralkyl, and R⁶ is C₁-C₄ acyl; or

W and W are connected together via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group. In other aspects, V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C_1-3 alkyl, -CF₃, -COCH₃, -OMe, -NMe₂, -OEt, - CCtø-butyl, -CO₂NH₂, -SMe, -SO₂Me, -SO₂NH₂ and -CN; monocyclic heteroaryl; and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl₅ -Br, -F, C_1-3 alkyl, -CF₃, -COCH₃, -OMe, -NMe₂, -OEt, -C0₂t-butyl, -CO₂NH₂, -SMe, -SO₂Me, -SO₂NH₂ and -CN; wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; with the provisos that a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S; and b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or

[0153] W and W are independently selected from the group consisting of -H, methyl, and V, or W and W are each methyl, with the proviso that when W is V, then W is H;

Z is selected from the group consisting of -H, -OMe, -OEt, phenyl, C_1-3 alkyl, -N(R⁴)₂, -SR⁴, -(CH₂)_P-OR⁶, -(CH₂)_P-SR⁶ and -OCOR⁵, wherein R⁴ is C₁-C₄ alkyl, R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₄ alkyl, monocyclic aryl, and monocyclic aralkyl, and R⁶ is C₁-C₄ acyl; or

V and Z are connected together via an additional 4 atoms to form a 6- membered ring that is fused to a phenyl or substituted phenyl at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus; or

[0154] In yet other aspects, V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C_1-3 alkyl, and -CF₃; pyridyl; substituted pyridyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C_1-3 alkyl, and -CF₃; furanyl; substituted furanyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C_1-3 alkyl, and -CF₃; thienyl; and substituted thienyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C₁-C₃ alkyl, and -CF₃;

W and W are independently selected from the group consisting of -H, methyl, and V, or W and W are each methyl, with the proviso that when W is V, then W is H; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of -H, -OMe, -OEt, phenyl, C₁-C₃ alkyl, -N(R⁴)₂, -SR⁴, -(CH₂)_P-OR⁶, -(CH₂)_P-SR⁶ and -OCOR⁵, wherein R⁴ is C₁-C₄ alkyl, R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₄ alkyl, monocyclic aryl, and monocyclic aralkyl, and R⁶ is C₁-C₄ acyl; or Z and W are connected together via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom; or

[0155] rn further aspects, V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 3- chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-bromo- 4-fluorophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl;

Z is selected from the group consisting of -H, OMe, OEt, and phenyl; and

W and W are independently selected from the group consisting of -H and phenyl, or W and W are each methyl.

[0156] In some aspects, Z, W, and W are each — H. In other aspects, V and W are the same and each is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted monocyclic aryl and optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl. [0157] In some aspects of the present invention, Z" is:

wherein

V is as defined above. In other aspects, Z" is selected from the following non-limiting examples:

In some aspects of the present invention, Z" is P(O)Y¹R¹¹YR¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently H or C_1-4 alkyl; Y' and Y" are each independently selected from the group consisting of-O-, and -NR^V-; and when Y' and Y" are both -O-, R¹¹ attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted CH₂-heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, -C(R^Z)₂OC(O)NR^Z ₂,

-NR^z-C(0)-R^y, -C(R^z)₂-OC(O)R^y, -C(R^z)₂-O-C(O)OR^y, -C(R^z)₂OC(O)SR^y, -alkyl-S-C(O)R^y, -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy, and -alkyl-S-S-S-alkylhydroxy; or when Y' and Y" are both -NR^V-, then R¹¹ attached to -NR^V- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, -[C(R^z)₂]_q-COOR^y, -C(R^x)₂COOR^y, -[C(R^z)₂]_q-C(O)SR^y, and

-cycloalkylene-COOR^y; or when Y' is -O- and Y" is NR^V, then R¹¹ attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted CH₂-heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, -C(R^Z)₂OC(O)NR^Z ₂,

-NR^z-C(0)-R^y, -C(R^z)₂-0C(0)R^y, -C(R²)₂-O-C(O)OR^y, -C(R^z)₂OC(O)SR^y, -alkyl-S-C(O)R^y, -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy, and -alkyl-S-S-S-alkylhydroxy; and R¹¹ attached to -NR^V- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, -[C(R^z)₂]_q-C00R^y, -C(R^x)₂C00R^y, -[C(R^z)₂]_q-C(O)SR^y, and -cycloalkylene-COOR^y; or when Y' and Y" are independently selected from -O- and -NR^V-, then R¹¹ and R¹¹ together form a cyclic group comprising -alkyl-S-S-alkyl-; wherein q is an integer 2 or 3; each R^z is selected from the group consisting of R^y and -H; each R^y is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl; each R^x is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, and alkyl, or together R^x and R^x form a cycloalkyl group; and each R^v is selected from the group consisting of -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl.

[0159] In one aspect, Z" is -P(O)Y¹R¹¹Y¹¹R¹¹.

[0160] In one aspect, Z" is selected from the group consisting of-P(O)[-OCR^z ₂OC(O)R^y]₂, -P(O)[-OCR^z ₂OC(O)OR^y]₂, -P(O)[-N(H)CR^z ₂C(O)OR^y]₂, -P(O)[-N(H)CR^z ₂C(O)OR^y][-OR¹¹],

[0161] In another aspect, Z" is selected from the group consisting of -P(O)[-OCR^z ₂OC(O)R^y]₂, -P(O)[-OCR^z ₂OC(O)OR^y]₂, -P(0)[-OCH₂CH₂SC(0)Me]₂, -P(0)[-N(H)CR^z ₂C(0)OR^y]₂, and -P(O)[-N(H)CR^z ₂C(O)OR^y][ -OR¹¹].

[0162] In another aspect, Z" is selected from the group consisting of

-P(O)[-OCR^z ₂OC(O)R^y]₂, -P(O)[-OCR^z ₂OC(O)OR^y]₂, -P(O)[-Oalk-SC(O)R^y]₂, -P(O)[-N(H)CR^z ₂C(O)OR^y]₂, and -P(O)[-N(H)CR^z ₂C(O)OR^y][-OR^π].

[0163] In one aspect, Z" is selected from the group consisting of -P(O)[-OCR^z ₂OC(O)R^y]₂, -P(O)[-OCR^z ₂OC(O)OR^y]₂, -P(O)[-N(H)CR^z ₂C(O)OR^y]₂, -P(O)[-N(H)CR^z ₂C(O)OR^y][-OR^π], -P(O)(OH)( OR¹¹), -P(O)(OR^e)(OR^e), -P(O)[-OCR^z ₂OC(O)R^y](OR^e), -P(O)[-OCR^Z ₂OC(O) OR^y](OR^e), and -P(O)[-N(H)CR^z ₂C(O)OR^y](OR^e),

[0164] In another aspect, Z" is selected from the group consisting of -P(O)[-OCR^z ₂OC(O)R^y]₂, -P(O)[-OCR^z ₂OC(O)OR^y]₂, -P(O)[-N(H)CR^z ₂C(O)OR^y]₂, -P(O)[-N(H)CR^z ₂C(O)OR^y][-OR^π], -P(O)(OH)(OR⁶), -P(O)(OR^e)(OR^e), -P(O)[-OCR^z ₂OC(O)R^y](OR^e), -P(0)[-0 CR^z ₂OC(O)OR^y](OR^e), -P(O)[-N(H)CR^z ₂C(O)OR^y](OR^e), and

[0165] In one aspect, Z" is selected from the group consisting of -P(O)[-OCH₂OC(O)-t-butyl]₂, -P(0)[-OCH₂OC(0)0-/-propyl]₂, -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH₃)C(O)OCH₂CH₃]₂,

-P(O)[-N(H)C(CH₃)₂C(O)OCH₂CH₃]₂, -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH₃)C(O)OCH₂CH₃] [3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl], -P(O)[-N(H)C(CH₃)₂C(O)OCH₂CH₃][3,4- methylenedioxyphenyl], -P(O) [-0-CH₂CH₂S-C(O)CH₃J₂, and -P(O)[-OCH(3-chloroρhenyl)CH₂CH₂O-]. In a further aspect, Z" is selected from the group consisting of -P(O)[-OCH₂OC(O)-t-butyl]₂, -P(O)[-OCH₂OC(O)O-z-propyl]₂, -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH₃)C(O)OCH₂CH₃]₂, -P(O)[-N(H)C(CH₃)₂C(O)OCH₂CH₃]₂,

-P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH₃)C(O)OCH₂CH₃][3,4-methylenedioxy-phenyl], -P(O)[-N(H)C(CH₃)₂C(O)OCH₂CH₃][3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl], and -P(O)[-OCH(3-chlorophenyl)CH₂CH₂O-].

[0166] In yet another aspect, Z" is selected from the group consisting of -P(O)[-OCH₂OC(OH-butyl]₂ and -P(O)[-OCH₂OC(O)-?-propyl]₂. In another aspect, Z" is selected from the group consisting of-P(O)[-OCH₂OC(O)-t-butyl]₂, -P(O)[-OCH₂OC(O)O-?-propyl]₂, -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH₃)C(O)OCH₂CH₃]₂,

-P(O)[-N(H)C(CH₃)₂C(O)OCH₂CH₃]₂, -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH₃)C(O)OCH₂CH₃][ 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl], -P(O)[-N(H)C(CH₃)₂C(O)OCH₂CH₃][3,4- methylenedioxyphenyl], -P(O)[-OCH₂OC(O)-t-butyl](OCH₃), -P(O)[-OCH₂OC(O)O-/-propyl](OCH₃), -P(O)[-OCH(CH₃)OC(O)-t-butyl] (OCH₃), -P(O)[-OCH(CH₃)OC(O)O-r-propyl](OCH₃), -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH₃)C(O)OCH₂CH₃](OCH₃), -P(O)[-N(H)C(CH₃)₂C(O)OCH₂CH₃](OCH₃), and -P(O)(OH)(NH₂).

[0167] In one aspect, Z" is selected from the group consisting of -P(O)[-OCH₂OC(O)O-ethyl]₂ and -P(O)[-OCH₂OC(O)O-z-propyl]_2. In another aspect, Z" is selected from the group consisting of -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH₃)C(O)OCH₂CH₃]₂ and

-P(O)[-N(H)C(CH₃)₂C(0)0CH₂CH₃]₂. In a further aspect, Z" is -P(OX-OCH₂CH₂SC(O)Me]₂. In another aspect, Z" is selected from the group consisting of -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH₃)C(O)OCH₂CH₃]

[3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl] and -P(O)[-N(H)C(CH₃)₂C(O)OCH₂CH₃] [3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl]. In a further aspect, Z" is selected from the group consisting of -P(O)[-OCR^z ₂OC(O)R^y]₂, -P(O)[-OCR^z ₂OC(O)OR^y]₂, -P(O)[-N(H)CR^z ₂C(O)OR^y]₂, -P(O)[-N(H)CR^z ₂C(O)OR^y][-ORⁿ] and -P(O)[-OCH(V)CH₂CH₂O-]. In another aspect, Z" is selected from the group consisting of -P(O)[-OCH₂OC(O)-t-butyl]₂, -P(O)[-OCH₂OC(O)O-z-propyl]₂, -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH₃)C(O)OCH₂CH₃]₂,

-P(O)[-N(H)C(CH₃)₂C(O)OCH₂CH₃]₂, -P(OX-N(H)CH(CH₃)C(O)OCH₂CH₃] [3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl], -P(O)[-N(H)C(CH₃)₂C(O)OCH₂CH₃] [3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl], and -P(O)[-OCH(3-chlorophenyl)CH₂CH₂O-]. [0168] In some aspects, the present invention relates to compounds of

Formulae ϋ-VIII, and hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, co-crystals, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, including stereoisomers thereof and mixtures of stereoisomers thereof:

Formula II

wherein X', Y, B, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, Z', Z", V, Z, W, and W are as defined above for Formula I.

[0169] Some of the compounds of Formulae I- VIII have asymmetric centers where the stereochemistry is unspecified, and the diastereomeric mixtures of these compounds are included, as well as the individual stereoisomers when referring to a compound of Formulae I- VIII generally. [0170] In some aspects, Formulae II- VIII have the stereochemistry of

Formula I. [0171] For example, compounds of Formula II above include compounds with the following structure:

Formula II'

[0172] Some of the compounds described herein may also exist as tautomers such as keto-enol tautomers and imine-enamine tautomers. The individual tautomers as well as mixtures thereof are encompassed with compounds of Formulae I- VIII. An example of keto-enol tautomers which are intended to be encompassed within the compounds of the present invention is illustrated below:

[0173] An example of imine-enamine tautomers which are intended to be encompassed within the compounds of the present invention is illustrated below:

[0174] A further aspect of this invention includes compounds of Formula XVI and isomers, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

Formula XVI wherein:

B and X' are as defined in Formula I above;

V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted monocyclic aryl and optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl; and

V and the 5' oxymethylene group of the ribose sugar moiety are cis to one another.

[0175] In further aspects, this invention includes a compound of Formula

XVI, or a solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

B and X' are as defined in Formula I above;

V and the 5' oxymethylene group of the ribose sugar moiety are cis to one another. [0176] In additional aspects, compounds of Formula XVI are those in which V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C_1-6 alkyl, -CF₃, -OR³, -OR¹², -COR³, -CO₂R³, -N(R³)₂, -N(R¹²)₂, -CO₂N(R²)₂, -SR³, -SO₂R³, -SO₂N(R²)₂ and -CN; monocyclic heteroaryl; and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C_1-6 alkyl, -CF₃, -OR³, -OR¹², -COR³, -CO₂R³, -N(R³)₂, -N(R¹²)₂, -CO₂N(R²)₂, -SR³, -SO₂R³, -SO₂N(R²)₂ and -CN; wherein R³ is Ci-C₆ alkyl, and R¹² is H and C₁-C₆ alkyl, and wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; with the provisos that a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S, and b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S.

[0177] In further aspects, V of Formula XVI is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C_1-3 alkyl, -CF₃, -COCH₃, -OMe, -NMe₂, -OEt, -CCtø-butyl, -CO₂NH₂, -SMe, -SO₂Me, -SO₂NH₂ and -CN; monocyclic heteroaryl; and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C_1-3 alkyl, -CF₃, -COCH₃, -OMe, -NMe₂, -OEt, -CCtø-butyl, -CO₂NH₂, -SMe, -SO₂Me, -SO₂NH₂ and -CN; wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; with the provisos that a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S, and b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or V and Z are connected together via an additional 4 atoms to form a 6- membered ring that is fused to a phenyl or substituted phenyl at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus.

[0178] hi additional aspects, V of Formula XVI is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C₁-C₃ alkyl, and -CF₃; pyridyl; substituted pyridyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C₁-C₃ alkyl, and -CF₃; furanyl; substituted furanyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C₁-C₃ alkyl, and -CF₃; thienyl; and substituted thienyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C₁-C₃ alkyl, and -CF₃.

[0179] In yet other aspects, V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl,

3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3- bromo-4-fluorophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl. hi other aspects, V is selected from the group consisting of 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2- bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.

[0180] In some aspects, V of Formula XVI is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C_1-3 alkyl, -CF₃, -COCH₃, -OMe, -NMe₂, -OEt, -CCtø-butyl, -CO₂NH₂, -SMe, -SO₂Me, -SO₂NH₂ and -CN; monocyclic heteroaryl; and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C₁-C₃ alkyl, -CF₃, -COCH₃, -OMe, -NMe₂, -OEt, -CCtø-butyl, -CO₂NH₂, -SMe, -SO₂Me, -SO₂NH₂ and -CN. hi other aspects, V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4- pyridyl.

[0181] In some aspects of the present invention, the compounds of this invention have R-stereochemistry at the V-attached carbon and have S- stereochemistry at the phosphorus center, hi other aspects, the compounds of this invention have S-stereochemistry at the V-attached carbon and have R- stereochemistry at the phosphoras center.

[0182] In some aspects, the following compounds are included in the invention but the compounds are not limited to these illustrative compounds.

[0183] The following prodrugs are preferred compounds of the invention.

The compounds are shown without depiction of stereochemistry since the compounds are biologically active as the diastereomeric mixture or as a single stereoisomer. Compounds named in Table 1 are designated by numbers assigned to the variables of formula using the following convention: M1.V.L1.L2. Ml is a variable that represents nucleosides of Formulae IX- XIV which are attached via 5'-hydroxyl group that is phosphorylated with a group P(O)(O-CH(V)CH₂CH₂-O) to make compounds of Formula XV. V is an aryl or heteroaryl group that has 2 substituents, Ll and L2, at the designated positions. V may have additional substituents.

Formula XV

1) Formula IX 2) Formula X 3) Formula XI

4) Formula XII 5) Formul III 6) Formula XIV wherein Y₅ R¹⁹, R¹⁸, R¹⁷, R¹⁶, R¹⁵, X X¹' ; and B are as defined above for

Formula I.

[0185] Variable V: Group Vl

1) 2-(Ll)-3(L2)-phenyl

2) 2-(Ll)-4(L2)-phenyl

3) 2-(Ll)-5(L2)-phenyl

4) 2-(Ll)-6(L2)-phenyl

5) 3-(Ll)~4(L2)-phenyl

6) 3-(Ll)-5(L2)-phenyl

7) 3-(Ll)-6(L2>phenyl

8) 2-(Ll)-6(L2)-3-chlorophenyl

9) 4-(Ll)-5(L2)-3-chlorophenyl

[0186] Variable V: Group V2

1) 2-(Ll)-3(L2)-4-pyridyl

2) 2-(Ll)-5(L2)-4-pyridyl

3) 2-(Ll)-6(L2)-4-pyridyl

4) 3-(Ll)-5(L2)-4-pyridyl

5) 3-(Ll)-6(L2)-4-pyridyl

6) 2-(Ll)-4(L2)-3-pyridyl

V) 2-(Ll)-5(L2)-3-pyridyl

8) 2-(Ll)-6(L2)-3-pyridyl

9) 4-(Ll)-5(L2)-3-pyridyl [0187] Variable V: Group V3

1) 4-(Ll)-6(L2)-3-pyridyl

2) 5-(Ll)-6(L2)-3-pyridyl

3) 3-(Ll)-4(L2)-2-pyridyl

4) 3-(Ll)-5(L2)-2-pyridyl

5) 3-(Ll)-6(L2)-2-pyridyl

6) 4-(Ll)-5(L2)-2-pyridyl

7) 4-(Ll)-6(L2)-2-pyridyl

8) 3-(Ll)-4(L2)-2-thienyl

9) 3-(Ll)-4(L2)-2-furanyl

[0188] Variable Ll

1) hydrogen

2) chloro

3) bromo

4) fluoro

5) methyl

6) trifluoromethyl

7) methoxy

8) dimethylamino

9) cyano

[0189] Variable L2

1) hydrogen

2) chloro

3) bromo

4) fluoro

5) methyl

6) trifluoromethyl

7) methoxy

8) dimethylamino

9) cyano

[0190] Preferred groups of compounds are those listed in Table 1 using variables Ml and Vl and Ll and L2 listed in that order. For example, "1.3.6.7" represents structure 1 of variable Ml (for example, where Y is O, R¹⁹ is absent, R¹⁵-R¹⁸ are each H, and B is 7-deaza-2'-methyl adenine, the 2', 3'- cyclic carbonate form of 7-deaza-2'-methyl adenosine); structure 3 of group Vl {i.e., 2-(Ll)-5-(L2) phenyl); structure 6 of variable Ll (i.e., trifluoromethyl); and structure 7 of variable L2 {i.e., methoxy). The group 1.3.6.7. therefore includes 7-deaza-2'-methyladenosine 2', 3'-cyclic carbonate with the P(O)(O-CH(V)CH₂CH₂O) group attached to the 5'-primary hydroxyl of the ribose ring being [1 -(2 -trifluoromethyl -5-methoxyphenyl)-l,3- propyljphosphoryl.

[0191] Preferred groups of compounds are also[those listed in Table 1 using variables Ml and V2 wherein the four digit number represents M1.V2.L1.L2.

[0192] Preferred groups of compounds are also those listed in Table 1 using variables Ml and V3 wherein the four digit number represents M1.V3.L1.L2.

[0193] Table 1

1.1.1.1 1.1.1.2 1.1.1.3 1.1.1.4 1.1.1.5 1.1.1.6 1.1.1.7 1.1.1.8 1.1.1.9

1.1.2.1 1.1.2.2 1.1.2.3 1.1.2.4 1.1.2.5 1.1.2.6 1.1.2.7 1.1.2.8 1.1.2.9

1.1.3.1 1.1.3.2 1.1.3.3 1.1.3.4 1.1.3.5 1.1.3.6 1.1.3.7 1.1.3.8 1.1.3.9

1.1.4.1 1.1.4.2 1.1.4.3 1.1.4.4 1.1.4.5 1.1.4.6 1.1.4.7 1.1.4.8 1.1.4.9

1.1.5.1 1.1.5.2 1.1.5.3 1.1.5.4 1.1.5.5 1.1.5.6 1.1.5.7 1.1.5.8 1.1.5.9

1.1.6.1 1.1.6.2 1.1.6.3 1.1.6.4 1.1.6.5 1.1.6.6 1.1.6.7 1.1.6.8 1.1.6.9

1.1.7.1 1.1.7.2 1.1.7.3 1.1.7.4 1.1.7.5 1.1.7.6 1.1.7.7 1.1.7.8 1.1.7.9

1.1.8.1 1.1.8.2 1.1.8.3 1.1.8.4 1.1.8.5 1.1.8.6 1.1.8.7 1.1.8.8 1.1.8.9

1.1.9.1 1.1.9.2 1.1.9.3 1.1.9.4 1.1.9.5 1.1.9.6 1.1.9.7 1.1.9.8 1.1.9.9

1.2.1.1 1.2.1.2 1.2.1.3 1.2.1.4 1.2.1.5 1.2.1.6 1.2.1.7 1.2.1.8 1.2.1.9

1.2.2.1 1.2.2.2 1.2.2.3 1.2.2.4 1.2.2.5 1.2.2.6 1.2.2.7 1.2.2.8 1.2.2.9

1.2.3.1 1.2.3.2 1.2.3.3 1.2.3.4 1.2.3.5 1.2.3.6 1.2.3.7 1.2.3.8 1.2.3.9

1.2.4.1 1.2.4.2 1.2.4.3 1.2.4.4 1.2.4.5 1.2.4.6 1.2.4.7 1.2.4.8 1.2.4.9

1.2.5.1 1.2.5.2 1.2.5.3 1.2.5.4 1.2.5.5 1.2.5.6 1.2.5.7 1.2.5.8 1.2.5.9

1.2.6.1 1.2.6.2 1.2.6.3 1.2.6.4 1.2.6.5 1.2.6.6 1.2.6.7 1.2.6.8 1.2.6.9

1.2.7.1 1.2.7.2 1.2.7.3 1.2.7.4 1.2.7.5 1.2.7.6 1.2.7.7 1.2.7.8 1.2.7.9

1.2.8.1 1.2.8.2 1.2.8.3 1.2.8.4 1.2.8.5 1.2.8.6 1.2.8.7 1.2.8.8 1.2.8.9

1.2.9.1 1.2.9.2 1.2.9.3 1.2.9.4 1.2.9.5 1.2.9.6 1.2.9.7 1.2.9.8 1.2.9.9

1.3.1.1 1.3.1.2 1.3.1.3 1.3.1.4 1.3.1.5 1.3.1.6 1.3.1.7 1.3.1.8 1.3.1.9

1.3.2.1 1.3.2.2 1.3.2.3 1.3.2.4 1.3.2.5 1.3.2.6 1.3.2.7 1.3.2.8 1.3.2.9

1.3.3.1 1.3.3.2 1.3.3.3 1.3.3.4 1.3.3.5 1.3.3.6 1.3.3.7 1.3.3.8 1.3.3.9

1.3.4.1 1.3.4.2 1.3.4.3 1.3.4.4 1.3.4.5 1.3.4.6 1.3.4.7 1.3.4.8 1.3.4.9

1.3.5.1 1.3.5.2 1.3.5.3 1.3.5.4 1.3.5.5 1.3.5.6 1.3.5.7 1.3.5.8 1.3.5.9 1.3.6.1 1.3.6.2 1.3.6.3 1.3.6.4 1.3.6.5 1.3.6.6 1.3.6.7 1.3.6.8 1.3.6.9

1.3.7.1 1.3.7.2 1.3.7.3 1.3.7.4 1.3.7.5 1.3.7.6 1.3.7.7 1.3.7.8 1.3.7.9

1.3.8.1 1.3.8.2 1.3.8.3 1.3.8.4 1.3.8.5 1.3.8.6 1.3.8.7 1.3.8.8 1.3.8.9

1.3.9.1 1.3.9.2 1.3.9.3 1.3.9.4 1.3.9.5 1.3.9.6 1.3.9.7 1.3.9.8 1.3.9.9

1.4.1.1 1.4.1.2 1.4.1.3 1.4.1.4 1.4.1.5 1.4.1.6 1.4.1.7 1.4.1.8 1.4.1.9

1.4.2.1 1.4.2.2 1.4.2.3 1.4.2.4 1.4.2.5 1.4.2.6 1.4.2.7 1.4.2.8 1.4.2.9

1.4.3.1 1.4.3.2 1.4.3.3 1.4.3.4 1.4.3.5 1.4.3.6 1.4.3.7 1.4.3.8 1.4.3.9

1.4.4.1 1.4.4.2 1.4.4.3 1.4.4.4 1.4.4.5 1.4.4.6 1.4.4.7 1.4.4.8 1.4.4.9

1.4.5.1 1.4.5.2 1.4.5.3 1.4.5.4 1.4.5.5 1.4.5.6 1.4.5.7 1.4.5.8 1.4.5.9

1.4.6.1 1.4.6.2 1.4.6.3 1.4.6.4 1.4.6.5 1.4.6.6 1.4.6.7 1.4.6.8 1.4.6.9

1.4.7.1 1.4.7.2 1.4.7.3 1.4.7.4 1.4.7.5 1.4.7.6 1.4.7.7 1.4.7.8 1.4.7.9

1.4.8.1 1.4.8.2 1.4.8.3 1.4.8.4 1.4.8.5 1.4.8.6 1.4.8.7 1.4.8.8 1.4.8.9

1.4.9.1 1.4.9.2 1.4.9.3 1.4.9.4 1.4.9.5 1.4.9.6 1.4.9.7 1.4.9.8 1.4.9.9

1.5.1.1 1.5.1.2 1.5.1.3 1.5.1.4 1.5.1.5 1.5.1.6 1.5.1.7 1.5.1.8 1.5.1.9

1.5.2.1 1.5.2.2 1.5.2.3 1.5.2.4 1.5.2.5 1.5.2.6 1.5.2.7 1.5.2.8 1.5.2.9

1.5.3.1 1.5.3.2 1.5.3.3 1.5.3.4 1.5.3.5 1.5.3.6 1.5.3.7 1.5.3.8 1.5.3.9

1.5.4.1 1.5.4.2 1.5.4.3 1.5.4.4 1.5.4.5 1.5.4.6 1.5.4.7 1.5.4.8 1.5.4.9

1.5.5.1 1.5.5.2 1.5.5.3 1.5.5.4 1.5.5.5 1.5.5.6 1.5.5.7 1.5.5.8 1.5.5.9

1.5.6.1 1.5.6.2 1.5.6.3 1.5.6.4 1.5.6.5 1.5.6.6 1.5.6.7 1.5.6.8 1.5.6.9

1.5.7.1 '1.5.7.2 1.5.7.3 1.5.7.4 1.5.7.5 1.5.7.6 1.5.7.7 1.5.7.8 1.5.7.9

1.5.8.1 1.5.8.2 1.5.8.3 1.5.8.4 1.5.8.5 1.5.8.6 1.5.8.7 1.5.8.8 1.5.8.9

1.5.9.1 1.5.9.2 1.5.9.3 1.5.9.4 1.5.9.5 1.5.9.6 1.5.9.7 1.5.9.8 1.5.9.9

1.6.1.1 1.6.1.2 1.6.1.3 1.6.1.4 1.6.1.5 1.6.1.6 1.6.1.7 1.6.1.8 1.6.1.9

1.6.2.1 1.6.2.2 1.6.2.3 1.6.2.4 1.6.2.5 1.6.2.6 1.6.2.7 1.6.2.8 1.6.2.9

1.6.3.1 1.6.3.2 1.6.3.3 1.6.3.4 1.6.3.5 1.6.3.6 1.6.3.7 1.6.3.8 1.6.3.9

1.6.4.1 1.6.4.2 1.6.4.3 1.6.4.4 1.6.4.5 1.6.4.6 1.6.4.7 1.6.4.8 1.6.4.9

1.6.5.1 1.6.5.2 1.6.5.3 1.6.5.4 1.6.5.5 1.6.5.6 1.6.5.7 1.6.5.8 1.6.5.9

1.6.6.1 1.6.6.2 1.6.6.3 1.6.6.4 1.6.6.5 1.6.6.6 1.6.6.7 1.6.6.8 1.6.6.9

1.6.7.1 1.6.7.2 1.6.7.3 1.6.7.4 1.6.7.5 1.6.7.6 1.6.7.7 1.6.7.8 1.6.7.9

1.6.8.1 1.6.8.2 1.6.8.3 1.6.8.4 1.6.8.5 1.6.8.6 1.6.8.7 1.6.8.8 1.6.8.9

1.6.9.1 1.6.9.2 1.6.9.3 1.6.9.4 1.6.9.5 1.6.9.6 1.6.9.7 1.6.9.8 1.6.9.9

1.7.1.1 1.7.1.2 1.7.1.3 1.7.1.4 1.7.1.5 1.7.1.6 1.7.1.7 1.7.1.8 1.7.1.9

1.7.2.1 1.7.2.2 1.7.2.3 1.7.2.4 1.7.2.5 1.7.2.6 1.7.2.7 1.7.2.8 1.7.2.9

1.7.3.1 1.7.3.2 1.7.3.3 1.7.3.4 1.7.3.5 1.7.3.6 1.7.3.7 1.7.3.8 1.7.3.9

1.7.4.1 1.7.4.2 1.7.4.3 1.7.4.4 1.7.4.5 1.7.4.6 1.7.4.7 1.7.4.8 1.7.4.9

1.7.5.1 1.7.5.2 1.7.5.3 1.7.5.4 1.7.5.5 1.7.5.6 1.7.5.7 1.7.5.8 1.7.5.9

1.7.6.1 1.7.6.2 1.7.6.3 1.7.6.4 1.7.6.5 1.7.6.6 1.7.6.7 1.7.6.8 1.7.6.9

1.7.7.1 1.7.7.2 1.7.7.3 1.7.7.4 1.7.7.5 1.7.7.6 1.7.7.7 1.7.7.8 1.7.7.9

1.7.8.1 1.7.8.2 1.7.8.3 1.7.8.4 1.7.8.5 1.7.8.6 1.7.8.7 1.7.8.8 1.7.8.9

1.7.9.1 1.7.9.2 1.7.9.3 1.7.9.4 1.7.9.5 1.7.9.6 1.7.9.7 1.7.9.8 1.7.9.9

1.8.1.1 1.8.1.2 1.8.1.3 1.8.1.4 1.8.1.5 1.8.1.6 1.8.1.7 1.8.1.8 1.8.1.9

1.8.2.1 1.8.2.2 1.8.2.3 1.8.2.4 1.8.2.5 1.8.2.6 1.8.2.7 1.8.2.8 1.8.2.9 1.8.3.1 1.8.3.2 1.8.3.3 1.8.3.4 1.8.3.5 1.8.3.6 1.8.3.7 1.8.3.8 1.8.3.9

1.8.4.1 1.8.4.2 1.8.4.3 1.8.4.4 1.8.4.5 1.8.4.6 1.8.4.7 1.8.4.8 1.8.4.9

1.8.5.1 1.8.5.2 1.8.5.3 1.8.5.4 1.8.5.5 1.8.5.6 1.8.5.7 1.8.5.8 1.8.5.9

1.8.6.1 1.8.6.2 1.8.6.3 1.8.6.4 1.8.6.5 1.8.6.6 1.8.6.7 1.8.6.8 1.8.6.9

1.8.7.1 1.8.7.2 1.8.7.3 1.8.7.4 1.8.7.5 1.8.7.6 1.8.7.7 1.8.7.8 1.8.7.9

1.8.8.1 1.8.8.2 1.8.8.3 1.8.8.4 1.8.8.5 1.8.8.6 1.8.8.7 1.8.8.8 1.8.8.9

1.8.9.1 1.8.9.2 1.8.9.3 1.8.9.4 1.8.9.5 1.8.9.6 1.8.9.7 1.8.9.8 1.8.9.9

1.9.1.1 1.9.1.2 1.9.1.3 1.9.1.4 1.9.1.5 1.9.1.6 1.9.1.7 1.9.1.8 1.9.1.9

1.9.2.1 1.9.2.2 1.9.2.3 1.9.2.4 1.9.2.5 1.9.2.6 1.9.2.7 1.9.2.8 1.9.2.9

1.9.3.1 1.9.3.2 1.9.3.3 1.9.3.4 1.9.3.5 1.9.3.6 1.9.3.7 1.9.3.8 1.9.3.9

1.9.4.1 1.9.4.2 1.9.4.3 1.9.4.4 1.9.4.5 1.9.4.6 1.9.4.7 1.9.4.8 1.9.4.9

1.9.5.1 1.9.5.2 1.9.5.3 1.9.5.4 1.9.5.5 1.9.5.6 1.9.5.7 1.9.5.8 1.9.5.9

1.9.6.1 1.9.6.2 1.9.6.3 1.9.6.4 1.9.6.5 1.9.6.6 1.9.6.7 1.9.6.8 1.9.6.9

1.9.7.1 1.9.7.2 1.9.7.3 1.9.7.4 1.9.7.5 1.9.7.6 1.9.7.7 1.9.7.8 1.9.7.9

1.9.8.1 1.9.8.2 1.9.8.3 1.9.8.4 1.9.8.5 1.9.8.6 1.9.8.7 1.9.8.8 1.9.8.9

1.9.9.1 1.9.9.2 1.9.9.3 1.9.9.4 1.9.9.5 1.9.9.6 1.9.9.7 1.9.9.8 1.9.9.9

2.1.1.1 2.1.1.2 2.1.1.3 2.1.1.4 2.1.1.5 2.1.1.6 2.1.1.7 2.1.1.8 2.1.1.9

2.1.2.1 2.1.2.2 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.4 2.1.2.5 2.1.2.6 2.1.2.7 2.1.2.8 2.1.2.9

2.1.3.1 2.1.3.2 2.1.3.3 2.1.3.4 2.1.3.5 2.1.3.6 2.1.3.7 2.1.3.8 2.1.3.9

2.1.4.1 2.1.4.2 2.1.4.3 2.1.4.4 2.1.4.5 2.1.4.6 2.1.4.7 2.1.4.8 2.1.4.9

2.1.5.1 2.1.5.2 2.1.5.3 2.1.5.4 2.1.5.5 2.1.5.6 2.1.5.7 2.1.5.8 2.1.5.9

2.1.6.1 2.1.6.2 2.1.6.3 2.1.6.4 2.1.6.5 2.1.6.6 2.1.6.7 2.1.6.8 2.1.6.9

2.1.7.1 2.1.7.2 2.1.7.3 2.1.7.4 2.1.7.5 2.1.7.6 2.1.7.7 2.1.7.8 2.1.7.9

2.1.8.1 2.1.8.2 2.1.8.3 2.1.8.4 2.1.8.5 2.1.8.6 2.1.8.7 2.1.8.8 2.1.8.9

2.1.9.1 2.1.9.2 2.1.9.3 2.1.9.4 2.1.9.5 2.1.9.6 2.1.9.7 2.1.9.8 2.1.9.9

2.2.1.1 2.2.1.2 2.2.1.3 2.2.1.4 2.2.1.5 2.2.1.6 2.2.1.7 2.2.1.8 2.2.1.9

2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2 2.2.2.3 2.2.2.4 2.2.2.5 2.2.2.6 2.2.2.7 2.2.2.8 2.2.2.9

2.2.3.1 2.2.3.2 2.2.3.3 2.2.3.4 2.2.3.5 2.2.3.6 2.2.3.7 2.2.3.8 2.2.3.9

2.2.4.1 2.2.4.2 2.2.4.3 2.2.4.4 2.2.4.5 2.2.4.6 2.2.4.7 2.2.4.8 2.2.4.9

2.2.5.1 2.2.5.2 2.2.5.3 2.2.5.4 2.2.5.5 2.2.5.6 2.2.5.7 2.2.5.8 2.2.5.9

2.2.6.1 2.2.6.2 2.2.6.3 2.2.6.4 2.2.6.5 2.2.6.6 2.2.6.7 2.2.6.8 2.2.6.9

2.2.7.1 2.2.7.2 2.2.7.3 2.2.7.4 2.2.7.5 2.2.7.6 2.2.7.7 2.2.7.8 2.2.7.9

2.2.8.1 2.2.8.2 2.2.8.3 2.2.8.4 2.2.8.5 2.2.8.6 2.2.8.7 2.2.8.8 2.2.8.9

2.2.9.1 2.2.9.2 2.2.9.3 2.2.9.4 2.2.9.5 2.2.9.6 2.2.9.7 2.2.9.8 2.2.9.9

2.3.1.1 2.3.1.2 2.3.1.3 2.3.1.4 2.3.1.5 2.3.1.6 2.3.1.7 2.3.1.8 2.3.1.9

2.3.2.1 2.3.2.2 2.3.2.3 2.3.2.4 2.3.2.5 2.3.2.6 2.3.2.7 2.3.2.8 2.3.2.9

2.3.3.1 2.3.3.2 2.3.3.3 2.3.3.4 2.3.3.5 2.3.3.6 2.3.3.7 2.3.3.8 2.3.3.9

2.3.4.1 2.3.4.2 2.3.4.3 2.3.4.4 2.3.4.5 2.3.4.6 2.3.4.7 2.3.4.8 2.3.4.9

2.3.5.1 2.3.5.2 2.3.5.3 2.3.5.4 2.3.5.5 2.3.5.6 2.3.5.7 2.3.5.8 2.3.5.9

2.3.6.1 2.3.6.2 2.3.6.3 2.3.6.4 2.3.6.5 2.3.6.6 2.3.6.7 2.3.6.8 2.3.6.9

2.3.7.1 2.3.7.2 2.3.7.3 2.3.7.4 2.3.7.5 2.3.7.6 2.3.7.7 2.3.7.8 2.3.7.9

2.3.8.1 2.3.8.2 2.3.8.3 2.3.8.4 2.3.8.5 2.3.8.6 2.3.8.7 2.3.8.8 2.3.8.9

2.3.9.1 2.3.9.2 2.3.9.3 2.3.9.4 2.3.9.5 2.3.9.6 2.3.9.7 2.3.9.8 2.3.9.9 2.4.1.1 2.4.1.2 2.4.1.3 2.4.1.4 2.4.1.5 2.4.1.6 2.4.1.7 2.4.1.8 2.4.1.9

2.4.2.1 2.4.2.2 2.4.2.3 2.4.2.4 2.4.2.5 2.4.2.6 2.4.2.7 2.4.2.8 2.4.2.9

2.4.3.1 2.4.3.2 2.4.3.3 2.4.3.4 2.4.3.5 2.4.3.6 2.4.3.7 2.4.3.8 2.4.3.9

2.4.4.1 2.4.4.2 2.4.4.3 2.4.4.4 2.4.4.5 2.4.4.6 2.4.4.7 2.4.4.8 2.4.4.9

2.4.5.1 2.4.5.2 2.4.5.3 2.4.5.4 2.4.5.5 2.4.5.6 2.4.5.7 2.4.5.8 2.4.5.9

2.4.6.1 2.4.6.2 2.4.6.3 2.4.6.4 2.4.6.5 2.4.6.6 2.4.6.7 2.4.6.8 2.4.6.9

2.4.7.1 2.4.7.2 2.4.7.3 2.4.7.4 2.4.7.5 2.4.7.6 2.4.7.7 2.4.7.8 2.4.7.9

2.4.8.1 2.4.8.2 2.4.8.3 2.4.8.4 2.4.8.5 2.4.8.6 2.4.8.7 2.4.8.8 2.4.8.9

2.4.9.1 2.4.9.2 2.4.9.3 2.4.9.4 2.4.9.5 2.4.9.6 2.4.9.7 2.4.9.8 2.4.9.9

2.5.1.1 2.5.1.2 2.5.1.3 2.5.1.4 2.5.1.5 2.5.1.6 2.5.1.7 2.5.1.8 2.5.1.9

2.5.2.1 2.5.2.2 2.5.2.3 2.5.2.4 2.5.2.5 2.5.2.6 2.5.2.7 2.5.2.8 2.5.2.9

2.5.3.1 2.5.3.2 2.5.3.3 2.5.3.4 2.5.3.5 2.5.3.6 2.5.3.7 2.5.3.8 2.5.3.9

2.5.4.1 2.5.4.2 2.5.4.3 2.5.4.4 2.5.4.5 2.5.4.6 2.5.4.7 2.5.4.8 2.5.4.9

2.5.5.1 2.5.5.2 2.5.5.3 2.5.5.4 2.5.5.5 2.5.5.6 2.5.5.7 2.5.5.8 2.5.5.9

2.5.6.1 2.5.6.2 2.5.6.3 2.5.6.4 2.5.6.5 2.5.6.6 2.5.6.7 2.5.6.8 2.5.6.9

2.5.7.1 2.5.7.2 2.5.7.3 2.5.7.4 2.5.7.5 2.5.7.6 2.5.7.7 2.5.7.8 2.5.7.9

2.5.8.1 2.5.8.2 2.5.8.3 2.5.8.4 2.5.8.5 2.5.8.6 2.5.8.7 2.5.8.8 2.5.8.9

2.5.9.1 2.5.9.2 2.5.9.3 2.5.9.4 2.5.9.5 2.5.9.6 2.5.9.7 2.5.9.8 2.5.9.9

2.6.1.1 2.6.1.2 2.6.1.3 2.6.1.4 2.6.1.5 2.6.1.6 2.6.1.7 2.6.1.8 2.6.1.9

2.6.2.1 2.6.2.2 2.6.2.3 2.6.2.4 2.6.2.5 2.6.2.6 2.6.2.7 2.6.2.8 2.6.2.9

2.6.3.1 2.6.3.2 2.6.3.3 2.6.3.4 2.6.3.5 2.6.3.6 2.6.3.7 2.6.3.8 2.6.3.9

2.6.4.1 2.6.4.2 2.6.4.3 2.6.4.4 2.6.4.5 2.6.4.6 2.6.4.7 2.6.4.8 2.6.4.9

2.6.5.1 2.6.5.2 2.6.5.3 2.6.5.4 2.6.5.5 2.6.5.6 2.6.5.7 2.6.5.8 2.6.5.9

2.6.6.1 2.6.6.2 2.6.6.3 2.6.6.4 2.6.6.5 2.6.6.6 2.6.6.7 2.6.6.8 2.6.6.9

2.6.7.1 2.6.7.2 2.6.7.3 2.6.7.4 2.6.7.5 2.6.7.6 2.6.7.7 2.6.7.8 2.6.7.9

2.6.8.1 2.6.8.2 2.6.8.3 2.6.8.4 2.6.8.5 2.6.8.6 2.6.8.7 2.6.8.8 2.6.8.9

2.6.9.1 2.6.9.2 2.6.9.3 2.6.9.4 2.6.9.5 2.6.9.6 2.6.9.7 2.6.9.8 2.6.9.9

2.7.1.1 2.7.1.2 2.7.1.3 2.7.1.4 2.7.1.5 2.7.1.6 2.7.1.7 2.7.1.8 2.7.1.9

2.7.2.1 2.7.2.2 2.7.2.3 2.7.2.4 2.7.2.5 2.7.2.6 2.7.2.7 2.7.2.8 2.7.2.9

2.7.3.1 2.7.3.2 2.7.3.3 2.7.3.4 2.7.3.5 2.7.3.6 2.7.3.7 2.7.3.8 2.7.3.9

2.7.4.1 2.7.4.2 2.7.4.3 2.7.4.4 2.7.4.5 2.7.4.6 2.7.4.7 2.7.4.8 2.7.4.9

2.7.5.1 2.7.5.2 2.7.5.3 2.7.5.4 2.7.5.5 2.7.5.6 2.7.5.7 2.7.5.8 2.7.5.9

2.7.6.1 2.7.6.2 2.7.6.3 2.7.6.4 2.7.6.5 2.7.6.6 2.7.6.7 2.7.6.8 2.7.6.9

2.7.7.1 2.7.7.2 2.7.7.3 2.7.7.4 2.7.7.5 2.7.7.6 2.7.7.7 2.7.7.8 2.7.7.9

2.7.8.1 2.7.8.2 2.7.8.3 2.7.8.4 2.7.8.5 2.7.8.6 2.7.8.7 2.7.8.8 2.7.8.9

2.7.9.1 2.7.9.2 2.7.9.3 2.7.9.4 2.7.9.5 2.7.9.6 2.7.9.7 2.7.9.8 2.7.9.9

2.8.1.1 2.8.1.2 2.8.1.3 2.8.1.4 2.8.1.5 2.8.1.6 2.8.1.7 2.8.1.8 2.8.1.9

2.8.2.1 2.8.2.2 2.8.2.3 2.8.2.4 2.8.2.5 2.8.2.6 2.8.2.7 2.8.2.8 2.8.2.9

2.8.3.1 2.8.3.2 2.8.3.3 2.8.3.4 2.8.3.5 2.8.3.6 2.8.3.7 2.8.3.8 2.8.3.9

2.8.4.1 2.8.4.2 2.8.4.3 2.8.4.4 2.8.4.5 2.8.4.6 2.8.4.7 2.8.4.8 2.8.4.9

2.8.5.1 2.8.5.2 2.8.5.3 2.8.5.4 2.8.5.5 2.8.5.6 2.8.5.7 2.8.5.8 2.8.5.9

2.8.6.1 2.8.6.2 2.8.6.3 2.8.6.4 2.8.6.5 2.8.6.6 2.8.6.7 2.8.6.8 2.8.6.9

2.8.7.1 2.8.7.2 2.8.7.3 2.8.7.4 2.8.7.5 2.8.7.6 2.8.7.7 2.8.7.8 2.8.7.9 2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2 2.8.8.3 2.8.8.4 2.8.8.5 2.8.8.6 2.8.8.7 2.8.8.8 2.8.8.9

2.8.9.1 2.8.9.2 2.8.9.3 2.8.9.4 2.8.9.5 2.8.9.6 2.8.9.7 2.8.9.8 2.8.9.9

2.9.1.1 2.9.1.2 2.9.1.3 2.9.1.4 2.9.1.5 2.9.1.6 2.9.1.7 2.9.1.8 2.9.1.9

2.9.2.1 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 2.9.2.5 2.9.2.6 2.9.2.7 2.9.2.8 2.9.2.9

2.9.3.1 2.9.3.2 2.9.3.3 2.9.3.4 2.9.3.5 2.9.3.6 2.9.3.7 2.9.3.8 2.9.3.9

2.9.4.1 2.9.4.2 2.9.4.3 2.9.4.4 2.9.4.5 2.9.4.6 2.9.4.7 2.9.4.8 2.9.4.9

2.9.5.1 2.9.5.2 2.9.5.3 2.9.5.4 2.9.5.5 2.9.5.6 2.9.5.7 2.9.5.8 2.9.5.9

2.9.6.1 2.9.6.2 2.9.6.3 2.9.6.4 2.9.6.5 2.9.6.6 2.9.6.7 2.9.6.8 2.9.6.9

2.9.7.1 2.9.7.2 2.9.7.3 2.9.7.4 2.9.7.5 2.9.7.6 2.9.7.7 2.9.7.8 2.9.7.9

2.9.8.1 2.9.8.2 2.9.8.3 2.9.8.4 2.9.8.5 2.9.8.6 2.9.8.7 2.9.8.8 2.9.8.9

2.9.9.1 2.9.9.2 2.9.9.3 2.9.9.4 2.9.9.5 2.9.9.6 2.9.9.7 2.9.9.8 2.9.9.9

3.1.1.1 3.1.1.2 3.1.1.3 3.1.1.4 3.1.1.5 3.1.1.6 3.1.1.7 3.1.1.8 3.1.1.9

3.1.2.1 3.1.2.2 3.1.2.3 3.1.2.4 3.1.2.5 3.1.2.6 3.1.2.7 3.1.2.8 3.1.2.9

3.1.3.1 3.1.3.2 3.1.3.3 3.1.3.4 3.1.3.5 3.1.3.6 3.1.3.7 3.1.3.8 3.1.3.9

3.1.4.1 3.1.4.2 3.1.4.3 3.1.4.4 3.1.4.5 3.1.4.6 3.1.4.7 3.1.4.8 3.1.4.9

3.1.5.1 3.1.5.2 3.1.5.3 3.1.5.4 3.1.5.5 3.1.5.6 3.1.5.7 3.1.5.8 3.1.5.9

3.1.6.1 3.1.6.2 3.1.6.3 3.1.6.4 3.1.6.5 3.1.6.6 3.1.6.7 3.1.6.8 3.1.6.9

3.1.7.1 3.1.7.2 3.1.7.3 3.1.7.4 3.1.7.5 3.1.7.6 3.1.7.7 3.1.7.8 3.1.7.9

3.1.8.1 3.1.8.2 3.1.8.3 3.1.8.4 3.1.8.5 3.1.8.6 3.1.8.7 3.1.8.8 3.1.8.9

3.1.9.1 3.1.9.2 3.1.9.3 3.1.9.4 3.1.9.5 3.1.9.6 3.1.9.7 3.1.9.8 3.1.9.9

3.2.1.1 3.2.1.2 3.2.1.3 3.2.1.4 3.2.1.5 3.2.1.6 3.2.1.7 3.2.1.8 3.2.1.9

3.2.2.1 3.2.2.2 3.2.2.3 3.2.2.4 3.2.2.5 3.2.2.6 3.2.2.7 3.2.2.8 3.2.2.9

3.2.3.1 3.2.3.2 3.2.3.3 3.2.3.4 3.2.3.5 3.2.3.6 3.2.3.7 3.2.3.8 3.2.3.9

3.2.4.1 3.2.4.2 3.2.4.3 3.2.4.4 3.2.4.5 3.2.4.6 3.2.4.7 3.2.4.8 3.2.4.9

3.2.5.1 3.2.5.2 3.2.5.3 3.2.5.4 3.2.5.5 3.2.5.6 3.2.5.7 3.2.5.8 3.2.5.9

3.2.6.1 3.2.6.2 3.2.6.3 3.2.6.4 3.2.6.5 3.2.6.6 3.2.6.7 3.2.6.8 3.2.6.9

3.2.7.1 3.2.7.2 3.2.7.3 3.2.7.4 3.2.7.5 3.2.7.6 3.2.7.7 3.2.7.8 3.2.7.9

3.2.8.1 3.2.8.2 3.2.8.3 3.2.8.4 3.2.8.5 3.2.8.6 3.2.8.7 3.2.8.8 3.2.8.9

3.2.9.1 3.2.9.2 3.2.9.3 3.2.9.4 3.2.9.5 3.2.9.6 3.2.9.7 3.2.9.8 3.2.9.9

3.3.1.1 3.3.1.2 3.3.1.3 3.3.1.4 3.3.1.5 3.3.1.6 3.3.1.7 3.3.1.8 3.3.1.9

3.3.2.1 3.3.2.2 3.3.2.3 3.3.2.4 3.3.2.5 3.3.2.6 3.3.2.7 3.3.2.8 3.3.2.9

3.3.3.1 3.3.3.2 3.3.3.3 3.3.3.4 3.3.3.5 3.3.3.6 3.3.3.7 3.3.3.8 3.3.3.9

3.3.4.1 3.3.4.2 3.3.4.3 3.3.4.4 3.3.4.5 3.3.4.6 3.3.4.7 3.3.4.8 3.3.4.9

3.3.5.1 3.3.5.2 3.3.5.3 3.3.5.4 3.3.5.5 3.3.5.6 3.3.5.7 3.3.5.8 3.3.5.9

3.3.6.1 3.3.6.2 3.3.6.3 3.3.6.4 3.3.6.5 3.3.6.6 3.3.6.7 3.3.6.8 3.3.6.9

3.3.7.1 3.3.7.2 3.3.7.3 3.3.7.4 3.3.7.5 3.3.7.6 3.3.7.7 3.3.7.8 3.3.7.9

3.3.8.1 3.3.8.2 3.3.8.3 3.3.8.4 3.3.8.5 3.3.8.6 3.3.8.7 3.3.8.8 3.3.8.9

3.3.9.1 3.3.9.2 3.3.9.3 3.3.9.4 3.3.9.5 3.3.9.6 3.3.9.7 3.3.9.8 3.3.9.9

3.4.1.1 3.4.1.2 3.4.1.3 3.4.1.4 3.4.1.5 3.4.1.6 3.4.1.7 3.4.1.8 3.4.1.9

3.4.2.1 3.4.2.2 3.4.2.3 3.4.2.4 3.4.2.5 3.4.2.6 3.4.2.7 3.4.2.8 3.4.2.9

3.4.3.1 3.4.3.2 3.4.3.3 3.4.3.4 3.4.3.5 3.4.3.6 3.4.3.7 3.4.3.8 3.4.3.9

3.4.4.1 3.4.4.2 3.4.4.3 3.4.4.4 3.4.4.5 3.4.4.6 3.4.4.7 3.4.4.8 3.4.4.9 3.4.5.1 3.4.5.2 3.4.5.3 3.4.5.4 3.4.5.5 3.4.5.6 3.4.5.7 3.4.5.8 3.4.5.9

3.4.6.1 3.4.6.2 3.4.6.3 3.4.6.4 3.4.6.5 3.4.6.6 3.4.6.7 3.4.6.8 3.4.6.9

3.4.7.1 3.4.7.2 3.4.7.3 3.4.7.4 3.4.7.5 3.4.7.6 3.4.7.7 3.4.7.8 3.4.7.9

3.4.8.1 3.4.8.2 3.4.8.3 3.4.8.4 3.4.8.5 3.4.8.6 3.4.8.7 3.4.8.8 3.4.8.9

3.4.9.1 3.4.9.2 3.4.9.3 3.4.9.4 3.4.9.5 3.4.9.6 3.4.9.7 3.4.9.8 3.4.9.9

3.5.1.1 3.5.1.2 3.5.1.3 3.5.1.4 3.5.1.5 3.5.1.6 3.5.1.7 3.5.1.8 3.5.1.9

3.5.2.1 3.5.2.2 3.5.2.3 3.5.2.4 3.5.2.5 3.5.2.6 3.5.2.7 3.5.2.8 3.5.2.9

3.5.3.1 3.5.3.2 3.5.3.3 3.5.3.4 3.5.3.5 3.5.3.6 3.5.3.7 3.5.3.8 3.5.3.9

3.5.4.1 3.5.4.2 3.5.4.3 3.5.4.4 3.5.4.5 3.5.4.6 3.5.4.7 3.5.4.8 3.5.4.9

3.5.5.1 3.5.5.2 3.5.5.3 3.5.5.4 3.5.5.5 3.5.5.6 3.5.5.7 3.5.5.8 3.5.5.9

3.5.6.1 3.5.6.2 3.5.6.3 3.5.6.4 3.5.6.5 3.5.6.6 3.5.6.7 3.5.6.8 3.5.6.9

3.5.7.1 3.5.7.2 3.5.7.3 3.5.7.4 3.5.7.5 3.5.7.6 3.5.7.7 3.5.7.8 3.5.7.9

3.5.8.1 3.5.8.2 3.5.8.3 3.5.8.4 3.5.8.5 3.5.8.6 3.5.8.7 3.5.8.8 3.5.8.9

3.5.9.1 3.5.9.2 3.5.9.3 3.5.9.4 3.5.9.5 3.5.9.6 3.5.9.7 3.5.9.8 3.5.9.9

3.6.1.1 3.6.1.2 3.6.1.3 3.6.1.4 3.6.1.5 3.6.1.6 3.6.1.7 3.6.1.8 3.6.1.9

3.6.2.1 3.6.2.2 3.6.2.3 3.6.2.4 3.6.2.5 3.6.2.6 3.6.2.7 3.6.2.8 3.6.2.9

3.6.3.1 3.6.3.2 3.6.3.3 3.6.3.4 3.6.3.5 3.6.3.6 3.6.3.7 3.6.3.8 3.6.3.9

3.6.4.1 3.6.4.2 3.6.4.3 3.6.4.4 3.6.4.5 3.6.4.6 3.6.4.7 3.6.4.8 3.6.4.9

3.6.5.1 3.6.5.2 3.6.5.3 3.6.5.4 3.6.5.5 3.6.5.6 3.6.5.7 3.6.5.8 3.6.5.9

3.6.6.1 3.6.6.2 3.6.6.3 3.6.6.4 3.6.6.5 3.6.6.6 3.6.6.7 3.6.6.8 3.6.6.9

3.6.7.1 3.6.7.2 3.6.7.3 3.6.7.4 3.6.7.5 3.6.7.6 3.6.7.7 3.6.7.8 3.6.7.9

3.6.8.1 3.6.8.2 3.6.8.3 3.6.8.4 3.6.8.5 3.6.8.6 3.6.8.7 3.6.8.8 3.6.8.9

3.6.9.1 3.6.9.2 3.6.9.3 3.6.9.4 3.6.9.5 3.6.9.6 3.6.9.7 3.6.9.8 3.6.9.9

3.7.1.1 3.7.1.2 3.7.1.3 3.7.1.4 3.7.1.5 3.7.1.6 3.7.1.7 3.7.1.8 3.7.1.9

3.7.2.1 3.7.2.2 3.7.2.3 3.7.2.4 3.7.2.5 3.7.2.6 3.7.2.7 3.7.2.8 3.7.2.9

3.7.3.1 3.7.3.2 3.7.3.3 3.7.3.4 3.7.3.5 3.7.3.6 3.7.3.7 3.7.3.8 3.7.3.9

3.7.4.1 3.7.4.2 3.7.4.3 3.7.4.4 3.7.4.5 3.7.4.6 3.7.4.7 3.7.4.8 3.7.4.9

3.7.5.1 3.7.5.2 3.7.5.3 3.7.5.4 3.7.5.5 3.7.5.6 3.7.5.7 3.7.5.8 3.7.5.9

3.7.6.1 3.7.6.2 3.7.6.3 3.7.6.4 3.7.6.5 3.7.6.6 3.7.6.7 3.7.6.8 3.7.6.9

3.7.7.1 3.7.7.2 3.7.7.3 3.7.7.4 3.7.7.5 3.7.7.6 3.7.7.7 3.7.7.8 3.7.7.9

3.7.8.1 3.7.8.2 3.7.8.3 3.7.8.4 3.7.8.5 3.7.8.6 3.7.8.7 3.7.8.8 3.7.8.9

3.7.9.1 3.7.9.2 3.7.9.3 3.7.9.4 3.7.9.5 3.7.9.6 3.7.9.7 3.7.9.8 3.7.9.9

3.8.1.1 3.8.1.2 3.8.1.3 3.8.1.4 3.8.1.5 3.8.1.6 3.8.1.7 3.8.1.8 3.8.1.9

3.8.2.1 3.8.2.2 3.8.2.3 3.8.2.4 3.8.2.5 3.8.2.6 3.8.2.7 3.8.2.8 3.8.2.9

3.8.3.1 3.8.3.2 3.8.3.3 3.8.3.4 3.8.3.5 3.8.3.6 3.8.3.7 3.8.3.8 3.8.3.9

3.8.4.1 3.8.4.2 3.8.4.3 3.8.4.4 3.8.4.5 3.8.4.6 3.8.4.7 3.8.4.8 3.8.4.9

3.8.5.1 3.8.5.2 3.8.5.3 3.8.5.4 3.8.5.5 3.8.5.6 3.8.5.7 3.8.5.8 3.8.5.9

3.8.6.1 3.8.6.2 3.8.6.3 3.8.6.4 3.8.6.5 3.8.6.6 3.8.6.7 3.8.6.8 3.8.6.9

3.8.7.1 3.8.7.2 3.8.7.3 3.8.7.4 3.8.7.5 3.8.7.6 3.8.7.7 3.8.7.8 3.8.7.9

3.8.8.1 3.8.8.2 3.8.8.3 3.8.8.4 3.8.8.5 3.8.8.6 3.8.8.7 3.8.8.8 3.8.8.9

3.8.9.1 3.8.9.2 3.8.9.3 3.8.9.4 3.8.9.5 3.8.9.6 3.8.9.7 3.8.9.8 3.8.9.9 3.9.1.1 3.9.1.2 3.9.1.3 3.9.1.4 3.9.1.5 3.9.1.6 3.9.1.7 3.9.1.8 3.9.1.9

3.9.2.1 3.9.2.2 3.9.2.3 3.9.2.4 3.9.2.5 3.9.2.6 3.9.2.7 3.9.2.8 3.9.2.9

3.9.3.1 3.9.3.2 3.9.3.3 3.9.3.4 3.9.3.5 3.9.3.6 3.9.3.7 3.9.3.8 3.9.3.9

3.9.4.1 3.9.4.2 3.9.4.3 3.9.4.4 3.9.4.5 3.9.4.6 3.9.4.7 3.9.4.8 3.9.4.9

3.9.5.1 3.9.5.2 3.9.5.3 3.9.5.4 3.9.5.5 3.9.5.6 3.9.5.7 3.9.5.8 3.9.5.9

3.9.6.1 3.9.6.2 3.9.6.3 3.9.6.4 3.9.6.5 3.9.6.6 3.9.6.7 3.9.6.8 3.9.6.9

3.9.7.1 3.9.7.2 3.9.7.3 3.9.7.4 3.9.7.5 3.9.7.6 3.9.7.7 3.9.7.8 3.9.7.9

3.9.8.1 3.9.8.2 3.9.8.3 3.9.8.4 3.9.8.5 3.9.8.6 3.9.8.7 3.9.8.8 3.9.8.9

3.9.9.1 3.9.9.2 3.9.9.3 3.9.9.4 3.9.9.5 3.9.9.6 3.9.9.7 3.9.9.8 3.9.9.9

4.1.1.1 4.1.1.2 4.1.1.3 4.1.1.4 4.1.1.5 4.1.1.6 4.1.1.7 4.1.1.8 4.1.1.9

4.1.2.1 4.1.2.2 4.1.2.3 4.1.2.4 4.1.2.5 4.1.2.6 4.1.2.7 4.1.2.8 4.1.2.9

4.1.3.1 4.1.3.2 4.1.3.3 4.1.3.4 4.1.3.5 4.1.3.6 4.1.3.7 4.1.3.8 4.1.3.9

4.1.4.1 4.1.4.2 4.1.4.3 4.1.4.4 4.1.4.5 4.1.4.6 4.1.4.7 4.1.4.8 4.1.4.9

4.1.5.1 4.1.5.2 4.1.5.3 4.1.5.4 4.1.5.5 4.1.5.6 4.1.5.7 4.1.5.8 4.1.5.9

4.1.6.1 4.1.6.2 4.1.6.3 4.1.6.4 4.1.6.5 4.1.6.6 4.1.6.7 4.1.6.8 4.1.6.9

4.1.7.1 4.1.7.2 4.1.7.3 4.1.7.4 4.1.7.5 4.1.7.6 4.1.7.7 4.1.7.8 4.1.7.9

4.1.8.1 4.1.8.2 4.1.8.3 4.1.8.4 4.1.8.5 4.1.8.6 4.1.8.7 4.1.8.8 4.1.8.9

4.1.9.1 4.1.9.2 4.1.9.3 4.1.9.4 4.1.9.5 4.1.9.6 4.1.9.7 4.1.9.8 4.1.9.9

4.2.1.1 4.2.1.2 4.2.1.3 4.2.1.4 4.2.1.5 4.2.1.6 4.2.1.7 4.2.1.8 4.2.1.9

4.2.2.1 4.2.2.2 4.2.2.3 4.2.2.4 4.2.2.5 4.2.2.6 4.2.2.7 4.2.2.8 4.2.2.9

4.2.3.1 4.2.3.2 4.2.3.3 4.2.3.4 4.2.3.5 4.2.3.6 4.2.3.7 4.2.3.8 4.2.3.9

4.2.4.1 4.2.4.2 4.2.4.3 4.2.4.4 4.2.4.5 4.2.4.6 4.2.4.7 4.2.4.8 4.2.4.9

4.2.5.1 4.2.5.2 4.2.5.3 4.2.5.4 4.2.5.5 4.2.5.6 4.2.5.7 4.2.5.8 4.2.5.9

4.2.6.1 4.2.6.2 4.2.6.3 4.2.6.4 4.2.6.5 4.2.6.6 4.2.6.7 4.2.6.8 4.2.6.9

4.2.7.1 4.2.7.2 4.2.7.3 4.2.7.4 4.2.7.5 4.2.7.6 4.2.7.7 4.2.7.8 4.2.7.9

4.2.8.1 4.2.8.2 4.2.8.3 4.2.8.4 4.2.8.5 4.2.8.6 4.2.8.7 4.2.8.8 4.2.8.9

4.2.9.1 4.2.9.2 4.2.9.3 4.2.9.4 4.2.9.5 4.2.9.6 4.2.9.7 4.2.9.8 4.2.9.9

4.3.1.1 4.3.1.2 4.3.1.3 4.3.1.4 4.3.1.5 4.3.1.6 4.3.1.7 4.3.1.8 4.3.1.9

4.3.2.1 4.3.2.2 4.3.2.3 4.3.2.4 4.3.2.5 4.3.2.6 4.3.2.7 4.3.2.8 4.3.2.9

4.3.3.1 4.3.3.2 4.3.3.3 4.3.3.4 4.3.3.5 4.3.3.6 4.3.3.7 4.3.3.8 4.3.3.9

4.3.4.1 4.3.4.2 4.3.4.3 4.3.4.4 4.3.4.5 4.3.4.6 4.3.4.7 4.3.4.8 4.3.4.9

4.3.5.1 4.3.5.2 4.3.5.3 4.3.5.4 4.3.5.5 4.3.5.6 4.3.5.7 4.3.5.8 4.3.5.9

4.3.6.1 4.3.6.2 4.3.6.3 4.3.6.4 4.3.6.5 4.3.6.6 4.3.6.7 4.3.6.8 4.3.6.9

4.3.7.1 4.3.7.2 4.3.7.3 4.3.7.4 4.3.7.5 4.3.7.6 4.3.7.7 4.3.7.8 4.3.7.9

4.3.8.1 4.3.8.2 4.3.8.3 4.3.8.4 4.3.8.5 4.3.8.6 4.3.8.7 4.3.8.8 4.3.8.9

4.3.9.1 4.3.9.2 4.3.9.3 4.3.9.4 4.3.9.5 4.3.9.6 4.3.9.7 4.3.9.8 4.3.9.9

4.4.1.1 4.4.1.2 4.4.1.3 4.4.1.4 4.4.1.5 4.4.1.6 4.4.1.7 4.4.1.8 4.4.1.9

4.4.2.1 4.4.2.2 4.4.2.3 4.4.2.4 4.4.2.5 4.4.2.6 4.4.2.7 4.4.2.8 4.4.2.9

4.4.3.1 4.4.3.2 4.4.3.3 4.4.3.4 4.4.3.5 4.4.3.6 4.4.3.7 4.4.3.8 4.4.3.9

4.4.4.1 4.4.4.2 4.4.4.3 4.4.4.4 4.4.4.5 4.4.4.6 4.4.4.7 4.4.4.8 4.4.4.9

4.4.5.1 4.4.5.2 4.4.5.3 4.4.5.4 4.4.5.5 4.4.5.6 4.4.5.7 4.4.5.8 4.4.5.9

4.4.6.1 4.4.6.2 4.4.6.3 4.4.6.4 4.4.6.5 4.4.6.6 4.4.6.7 4.4.6.8 4.4.6.9

4.4.7.1 4.4.7.2 4.4.7.3 4.4.7.4 4.4.7.5 4.4.7.6 4.4.7.7 4.4.7.8 4.4.7.9 4.4.8.1 4.4.8.2 4.4.8.3 4.4.8.4 4.4.8.5 4.4.8.6 4.4.8.7 4.4.8.8 4.4.8.9

4.4.9.1 4.4.9.2 4.4.9.3 4.4.9.4 4.4.9.5 4.4.9.6 4.4.9.7 4.4.9.8 4.4.9.9

4.5.1.1 4.5.1.2 4.5.1.3 4.5.1.4 4.5.1.5 4.5.1.6 4.5.1.7 4.5.1.8 4.5.1.9

4.5.2.1 4.5.2.2 4.5.2.3 4.5.2.4 4.5.2.5 4.5.2.6 4.5.2.7 4.5.2.8 4.5.2.9

4.5.3.1 4.5.3.2 4.5.3.3 4.5.3.4 4.5.3.5 4.5.3.6 4.5.3.7 4.5.3.8 4.5.3.9

4.5.4.1 4.5.4.2 4.5.4.3 4.5.4.4 4.5.4.5 4.5.4.6 4.5.4.7 4.5.4.8 4.5.4.9

4.5.5.1 4.5.5.2 4.5.5.3 4.5.5.4 4.5.5.5 4.5.5.6 4.5.5.7 4.5.5.8 4.5.5.9

4.5.6.1 4.5.6.2 4.5.6.3 4.5.6.4 4.5.6.5 4.5.6.6 4.5.6.7 4.5.6.8 4.5.6.9

4.5.7.1 4.5.7.2 4.5.7.3 4.5.7.4 4.5.7.5 4.5.7.6 4.5.7.7 4.5.7.8 4.5.7.9

4.5.8.1 4.5.8.2 4.5.8.3 4.5.8.4 4.5.8.5 4.5.8.6 4.5.8.7 4.5.8.8 4.5.8.9

4.5.9.1 4.5.9.2 4.5.9.3 4.5.9.4 4.5.9.5 4.5.9.6 4.5.9.7 4.5.9.8 4.5.9.9

4.6.1.1 4.6.1.2 4.6.1.3 4.6.1.4 4.6.1.5 4.6.1.6 4.6.1.7 4.6.1.8 4.6.1.9

4.6.2.1 4.6.2.2 4.6.2.3 4.6.2.4 4.6.2.5 4.6.2.6 4.6.2.7 4.6.2.8 4.6.2.9

4.6.3.1 4.6.3.2 4.6.3.3 4.6.3.4 4.6.3.5 4.6.3.6 4.6.3.7 4.6.3.8 4.6.3.9

4.6.4.1 4.6.4.2 4.6.4.3 4.6.4.4 4.6.4.5 4.6.4.6 4.6.4.7 4.6.4.8 4.6.4.9

4.6.5.1 4.6.5.2 4.6.5.3 4.6.5.4 4.6.5.5 4.6.5.6 4.6.5.7 4.6.5.8 4.6.5.9

4.6.6.1 4.6.6.2 4.6.6.3 4.6.6.4 4.6.6.5 4.6.6.6 4.6.6.7 4.6.6.8 4.6.6.9

4.6.7.1 4.6.7.2 4.6.7.3 4.6.7.4 4.6.7.5 4.6.7.6 4.6.7.7 4.6.7.8 4.6.7.9

4.6.8.1 4.6.8.2 4.6.8.3 4.6.8.4 4.6.8.5 4.6.8.6 4.6.8.7 4.6.8.8 4.6.8.9

4.6.9.1 4.6.9.2 4.6.9.3 4.6.9.4 4.6.9.5 4.6.9.6 4.6.9.7 4.6.9.8 4.6.9.9

4.7.1.1 4.7.1.2 4.7.1.3 4.7.1.4 4.7.1.5 4.7.1.6 4.7.1.7 4.7.1.8 4.7.1.9

4.7.2.1 4.7.2.2 4.7.2.3 4.7.2.4 4.7.2.5 4.7.2.6 4.7.2.7 4.7.2.8 4.7.2.9

4.7.3.1 4.7.3.2 4.7.3.3 4.7.3.4 4.7.3.5 4.7.3.6 4.7.3.7 4.7.3.8 4.7.3.9

4.7.4.1 4.7.4.2 4.7.4.3 4.7.4.4 4.7.4.5 4.7.4.6 4.7.4.7 4.7.4.8 4.7.4.9

4.7.5.1 4.7.5.2 4.7.5.3 4.7.5.4 4.7.5.5 4.7.5.6 4.7.5.7 4.7.5.8 4.7.5.9

4.7.6.1 4.7.6.2 4.7.6.3 4.7.6.4 4.7.6.5 4.7.6.6 4.7.6.7 4.7.6.8 4.7.6.9

4.7.7.1 4.7.7.2 4.7.7.3 4.7.7.4 4.7.7.5 4.7.7.6 4.7.7.7 4.7.7.8 4.7.7.9

4.7.8.1 4.7.8.2 4.7.8.3 4.7.8.4 4.7.8.5 4.7.8.6 4.7.8.7 4.7.8.8 4.7.8.9

4.7.9.1 4.7.9.2 4.7.9.3 4.7.9.4 4.7.9.5 4.7.9.6 4.7.9.7 4.7.9.8 4.7.9.9

4.8.1.1 4.8.1.2 4.8.1.3 4.8.1.4 4.8.1.5 4.8.1.6 4.8.1.7 4.8.1.8 4.8.1.9

4.8.2.1 4.8.2.2 4.8.2.3 4.8.2.4 4.8.2.5 4.8.2.6 4.8.2.7 4.8.2.8 4.8.2.9

4.8.3.1 4.8.3.2 4.8.3.3 4.8.3.4 4.8.3.5 4.8.3.6 4.8.3.7 4.8.3.8 4.8.3.9

4.8.4.1 4.8.4.2 4.8.4.3 4.8.4.4 4.8.4.5 4.8.4.6 4.8.4.7 4.8.4.8 4.8.4.9

4.8.5.1 4.8.5.2 4.8.5.3 4.8.5.4 4.8.5.5 4.8.5.6 4.8.5.7 4.8.5.8 4.8.5.9

4.8.6.1 4.8.6.2 4.8.6.3 4.8.6.4 4.8.6.5 4.8.6.6 4.8.6.7 4.8.6.8 4.8.6.9

4.8.7.1 4.8.7.2 4.8.7.3 4.8.7.4 4.8.7.5 4.8.7.6 4.8.7.7 4.8.7.8 4.8.7.9

4.8.8.1 4.8.8.2 4.8.8.3 4.8.8.4 4.8.8.5 4.8.8.6 4.8.8.7 4.8.8.8 4.8.8.9

4.8.9.1 4.8.9.2 4.8.9.3 4.8.9.4 4.8.9.5 4.8.9.6 4.8.9.7 4.8.9.8 4.8.9.9

4.9.1.1 4.9.1.2 4.9.1.3 4.9.1.4 4.9.1.5 4.9.1.6 4.9.1.7 4.9.1.8 4.9.1.9

4.9.2.1 4.9.2.2 4.9.2.3 4.9.2.4 4.9.2.5 4.9.2.6 4.9.2.7 4.9.2.8 4.9.2.9

4.9.3.1 4.9.3.2 4.9.3.3 4.9.3.4 4.9.3.5 4.9.3.6 4.9.3.7 4.9.3.8 4.9.3.9

4.9.4.1 4.9.4.2 4.9.4.3 4.9.4.4 4.9.4.5 4.9.4.6 4.9.4.7 4.9.4.8 4.9.4.9 4.9.5.1 4.9.5.2 4.9.5.3 4.9.5.4 4.9.5.5 4.9.5.6 4.9.5.7 4.9.5.8 4.9.5.9

4.9.6.1 4.9.6.2 4.9.6.3 4.9.6.4 4.9.6.5 4.9.6.6 4.9.6.7 4.9.6.8 4.9.6.9

4.9.7.1 4.9.7.2 4.9.7.3 4.9.7.4 4.9.7.5 4.9.7.6 4.9.7.7 4.9.7.8 4.9.7.9

4.9.8.1 4.9.8.2 4.9.8.3 4.9.8.4 4.9.8.5 4.9.8.6 4.9.8.7 4.9.8.8 4.9.8.9

4.9.9.1 4.9.9.2 4.9.9.3 4.9.9.4 4.9.9.5 4.9.9.6 4.9.9.7 4.9.9.8 4.9.9.9

5.1.1.1 5.1.1.2 5.1.1.3 5.1.1.4 5.1.1.5 5.1.1.6 5.1.1.7 5.1.1.8 5.1.1.9

5.1.2.1 5.1.2.2 5.1.2.3 5.1.2.4 5.1.2.5 5.1.2.6 5.1.2.7 5.1.2.8 5.1.2.9

5.1.3.1 5.1.3.2 5.1.3.3 5.1.3.4 5.1.3.5 5.1.3.6 5.1.3.7 5.1.3.8 5.1.3.9

5.1.4.1 5.1.4.2 5.1.4.3 5.1.4.4 5.1.4.5 5.1.4.6 5.1.4.7 5.1.4.8 5.1.4.9

5.1.5.1 5.1.5.2 5.1.5.3 5.1.5.4 5.1.5.5 5.1.5.6 5.1.5.7 5.1.5.8 5.1.5.9

5.1.6.1 5.1.6.2 5.1.6.3 5.1.6.4 5.1.6.5 5.1.6.6 5.1.6.7 5.1.6.8 5.1.6.9

5.1.7.1 5.1.7.2 5.1.7.3 5.1.7.4 5.1.7.5 5.1.7.6 5.1.7.7 5.1.7.8 5.1.7.9

5.1.8.1 5.1.8.2 5.1.8.3 5.1.8.4 5.1.8.5 5.1.8.6 5.1.8.7 5.1.8.8 5.1.8.9

5.1.9.1 5.1.9.2 5.1.9.3 5.1.9.4 5.1.9.5 5.1.9.6 5.1.9.7 5.1.9.8 5.1.9.9

5.2.1.1 5.2.1.2 5.2.1.3 5.2.1.4 5.2.1.5 5.2.1.6 5.2.1.7 5.2.1.8 5.2.1.9

5.2.2.1 5.2.2.2 5.2.2.3 5.2.2.4 5.2.2.5 5.2.2.6 5.2.2.7 5.2.2.8 5.2.2.9

5.2.3.1 5.2.3.2 5.2.3.3 5.2.3.4 5.2.3.5 5.2.3.6 5.2.3.7 5.2.3.8 5.2.3.9

5.2.4.1 5.2.4.2 5.2.4.3 5.2.4.4 5.2.4.5 5.2.4.6 5.2.4.7 5.2.4.8 5.2.4.9

5.2.5.1 5.2.5.2 5.2.5.3 5.2.5.4 5.2.5.5 5.2.5.6 5.2.5.7 5.2.5.8 5.2.5.9

5.2.6.1 5.2.6.2 5.2.6.3 5.2.6.4 5.2.6.5 5.2.6.6 5.2.6.7 5.2.6.8 5.2.6.9

5.2.7.1 5.2.7.2 5.2.7.3 5.2.7.4 5.2.7.5 5.2.7.6 5.2.7.7 5.2.7.8 5.2.7.9

5.2.8.1 5.2.8.2 5.2.8.3 5.2.8.4 5.2.8.5 5.2.8.6 5.2.8.7 5.2.8.8 5.2.8.9

5.2.9.1 5.2.9.2 5.2.9.3 5.2.9.4 5.2.9.5 5.2.9.6 5.2.9.7 5.2.9.8 5.2.9.9

5.3.1.1 5.3.1.2 5.3.1.3 5.3.1.4 5.3.1.5 5.3.1.6 5.3.1.7 5.3.1.8 5.3.1.9

5.3.2.1 5.3.2.2 5.3.2.3 5.3.2.4 5.3.2.5 5.3.2.6 5.3.2.7 5.3.2.8 5.3.2.9

5.3.3.1 5.3.3.2 5.3.3.3 5.3.3.4 5.3.3.5 5.3.3.6 5.3.3.7 5.3.3.8 5.3.3.9

5.3.4.1 5.3.4.2 5.3.4.3 5.3.4.4 5.3.4.5 5.3.4.6 5.3.4.7 5.3.4.8 5.3.4.9

5.3.5.1 5.3.5.2 5.3.5.3 5.3.5.4 5.3.5.5 5.3.5.6 5.3.5.7 5.3.5.8 5.3.5.9

5.3.6.1 5.3.6.2 5.3.6.3 5.3.6.4 5.3.6.5 5.3.6.6 5.3.6.7 5.3.6.8 5.3.6.9

5.3.7.1 5.3.7.2 5.3.7.3 5.3.7.4 5.3.7.5 5.3.7.6 5.3.7.7 5.3.7.8 5.3.7.9

5.3.8.1 5.3.8.2 5.3.8.3 5.3.8.4 5.3.8.5 5.3.8.6 5.3.8.7 5.3.8.8 5.3.8.9

5.3.9.1 5.3.9.2 5.3.9.3 5.3.9.4 5.3.9.5 5.3.9.6 5.3.9.7 5.3.9.8 5.3.9.9

5.4.1.1 5.4.1.2 5.4.1.3 5.4.1.4 5.4.1.5 5.4.1.6 5.4.1.7 5.4.1.8 5.4.1.9

5.4.2.1 5.4.2.2 5.4.2.3 5.4.2.4 5.4.2.5 5.4.2.6 5.4.2.7 5.4.2.8 5.4.2.9

5.4.3.1 5.4.3.2 5.4.3.3 5.4.3.4 5.4.3.5 5.4.3.6 5.4.3.7 5.4.3.8 5.4.3.9

5.4.4.1 5.4.4.2 5.4.4.3 5.4.4.4 5.4.4.5 5.4.4.6 5.4.4.7 5.4.4.8 5.4.4.9

5.4.5.1 5.4.5.2 5.4.5.3 5.4.5.4 5.4.5.5 5.4.5.6 5.4.5.7 5.4.5.8 5.4.5.9

5.4.6.1 5.4.6.2 5.4.6.3 5.4.6.4 5.4.6.5 5.4.6.6 5.4.6.7 5.4.6.8 5.4.6.9

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5.5.1.1 5.5.1.2 5.5.1.3 5.5.1.4 5.5.1.5 5.5.1.6 5.5.1.7 5.5.1.8 5.5.1.9

5.5.2.1 5.5.2.2 5.5.2.3 5.5.2.4 5.5.2.5 5.5.2.6 5.5.2.7 5.5.2.8 5.5.2.9 5.5.3.1 5.5.3.2 5.5.3.3 5.5.3.4 5.5.3.5 5.5.3.6 5.5.3.7 5.5.3.8 5.5.3.9

5.5.4.1 5.5.4.2 5.5.4.3 5.5.4.4 5.5.4.5 5.5.4.6 5.5.4.7 5.5.4.8 5.5.4.9

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5.6.1.1 5.6.1.2 5.6.1.3 5.6.1.4 5.6.1.5 5.6.1.6 5.6.1.7 5.6.1.8 5.6.1.9

5.6.2.1 5.6.2.2 5.6.2.3 5.6.2.4 5.6.2.5 5.6.2.6 5.6.2.7 5.6.2.8 5.6.2.9

5.6.3.1 5.6.3.2 5.6.3.3 5.6.3.4 5.6.3.5 5.6.3.6 5.6.3.7 5.6.3.8 5.6.3.9

5.6.4.1 5.6.4.2 5.6.4.3 5.6.4.4 5.6.4.5 5.6.4.6 5.6.4.7 5.6.4.8 5.6.4.9

5.6.5.1 5.6.5.2 5.6.5.3 5.6.5.4 5.6.5.5 5.6.5.6 5.6.5.7 5.6.5.8 5.6.5.9

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5.7.1.1 5.7.1.2 5.7.1.3 5.7.1.4 5.7.1.5 5.7.1.6 5.7.1.7 5.7.1.8 5.7.1.9

5.7.2.1 5.7.2.2 5.7.2.3 5.7.2.4 5.7.2.5 5.7.2.6 5.7.2.7 5.7.2.8 5.7.2.9

5.7.3.1 5.7.3.2 5.7.3.3 5.7.3.4 5.7.3.5 5.7.3.6 5.7.3.7 5.7.3.8 5.7.3.9

5.7.4.1 5.7.4.2 5.7.4.3 5.7.4.4 5.7.4.5 5.7.4.6 5.7.4.7 5.7.4.8 5.7.4.9

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5.8.1.1 5.8.1.2 5.8.1.3 5.8.1.4 5.8.1.5 5.8.1.6 5.8.1.7 5.8.1.8 5.8.1.9

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5.8.3.1 5.8.3.2 5.8.3.3 5.8.3.4 5.8.3.5 5.8.3.6 5.8.3.7 5.8.3.8 5.8.3.9

5.8.4.1 5.8.4.2 5.8.4.3 5.8.4.4 5.8.4.5 5.8.4.6 5.8.4.7 5.8.4.8 5.8.4.9

5.8.5.1 5.8.5.2 5.8.5.3 5.8.5.4 5.8.5.5 5.8.5.6 5.8.5.7 5.8.5.8 5.8.5.9

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5.8.7.1 5.8.7.2 5.8.7.3 5.8.7.4 5.8.7.5 5.8.7.6 5.8.7.7 5.8.7.8 5.8.7.9

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5.9.1.1 5.9.1.2 5.9.1.3 5.9.1.4 5.9.1.5 5.9.1.6 5.9.1.7 5.9.1.8 5.9.1.9

5.9.2.1 5.9.2.2 5.9.2.3 5.9.2.4 5.9.2.5 5.9.2.6 5.9.2.7 5.9.2.8 5.9.2.9

5.9.3.1 5.9.3.2 5.9.3.3 5.9.3.4 5.9.3.5 5.9.3.6 5.9.3.7 5.9.3.8 5.9.3.9

5.9.4.1 5.9.4.2 5.9.4.3 5.9.4.4 5.9.4.5 5.9.4.6 5.9.4.7 5.9.4.8 5.9.4.9

5.9.5.1 5.9.5.2 5.9.5.3 5.9.5.4 5.9.5.5 5.9.5.6 5.9.5.7 5.9.5.8 5.9.5.9

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5.9.9.1 5.9.9.2 5.9.9.3 5.9.9.4 5.9.9.5 5.9.9.6 5.9.9.7 5.9.9.8 5.9.9.9 6.1.1.1 6.1.1.2 6.1.1.3 6.1.1.4 6.1.1.5 6.1.1.6 6.1.1.7 6.1.1.8 6.1.1.9

6.1.2.1 6.1.2.2 6.1.2.3 6.1.2.4 6.1.2.5 6.1.2.6 6.1.2.7 6.1.2 .8 6.1.2.9

6.1.3.1 6.1.3.2 6.1.3.3 6.1.3.4 6.1.3.5 6.1.3.6 6.1.3.7 6.1.3 .8 6.1.3.9

6.1.4.1 6.1.4.2 6.1.4.3 6.1.4.4 6.1.4.5 6.1.4.6 6.1.4.7 6.1.4 .8 6.1.4.9

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6.1.6.1 6.1.6.2 6.1.6.3 6.1.6.4 6.1.6.5 6.1.6.6 6.1.6.7 6.1.6 .8 6.1.6.9

6.1.7.1 6.1.7.2 6.1.7.3 6.1.7.4 6.1.7.5 6.1.7.6 6.1.7.7 6.1.7 .8 6.1.7.9

6.1.8.1 6.1.8.2 6.1.8.3 6.1.8.4 6.1.8.5 6.1.8.6 6.1.8.7 6.1.8 .8 6.1.8.9

6.1.9.1 6.1.9.2 6.1.9.3 6.1.9.4 6.1.9.5 6.1.9.6 6.1.9.7 6.1.9 .8 6.1.9.9

6.2.1.1 6.2.1.2 6.2.1.3 6.2.1.4 6.2.1.5 6.2.1.6 6.2.1.7 6.2.1.8 6.2.1.9

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6.6.5.1 6.6.5.2 6.6.5.3 6.6.5.4 6.6.5.5 6.6.5.6 6.6.5.7 6.6.5.8 6.6.5.9

6.6.6.1 6.6.6.2 6.6.6.3 6.6.6.4 6.6.6.5 6.6.6.6 6.6.6.7 6.6.6.8 6.6.6.9

6.6.7.1 6.6.7.2 6.6.7.3 6.6.7.4 6.6.7.5 6.6.7.6 6.6.7.7 6.6.7.8 6.6.7.9

6.6.8.1 6.6.8.2 6.6.8.3 6.6.8.4 6.6.8.5 6.6.8.6 6.6.8.7 6.6.8.8 6.6.8.9

6.6.9.1 6.6.9.2 6.6.9.3 6.6.9.4 6.6.9.5 6.6.9.6 6.6.9.7 6.6.9.8 6.6.9.9

6.7.1.1 6.7.1.2 6.7.1.3 6.7.1.4 6.7.1.5 6.7.1.6 6.7.1.7 6.7.1.8 6.7.1.9

6.7.2.1 6.7.2.2 6.7.2.3 6.7.2.4 6.7.2.5 6.7.2.6 6.7.2.7 6.7.2.8 6.7.2.9

6.7.3.1 6.7.3.2 6.7.3.3 6.7.3.4 6.7.3.5 6.7.3.6 6.7.3.7 6.7.3.8 6.7.3.9

6.7.4.1 6.7.4.2 6.7.4.3 6.7.4.4 6.7.4.5 6.7.4.6 6.7.4.7 6.7.4.8 6.7.4.9

6.7.5.1 6.7.5.2 6.7.5.3 6.7.5.4 6.7.5.5 6.7.5.6 6.7.5.7 6.7.5.8 6.7.5.9

6.7.6.1 6.7.6.2 6.7.6.3 6.7.6.4 6.7.6.5 6.7.6.6 6.7.6.7 6.7.6.8 6.7.6.9

6.7.7.1 6.7.7.2 6.7.7.3 6.7.7.4 6.7.7.5 6.7.7.6 6.7.7.7 6.7.7.8 6.7.7.9

6.7.8.1 6.7.8.2 6.7.8.3 6.7.8.4 6.7.8.5 6.7.8.6 6.7.8.7 6.7.8.8 6.7.8.9

6.7.9.1 6.7.9.2 6.7.9.3 6.7.9.4 6.7.9.5 6.7.9.6 6.7.9.7 6.7.9.8 6.7.9.9

6.8.1.1 6.8.1.2 6.8.1.3 6.8.1.4 6.8.1.5 6.8.1.6 6.8.1.7 6.8.1.8 6.8.1.9

6.8.2.1 6.8.2.2 6.8.2.3 6.8.2.4 6.8.2.5 6.8.2.6 6.8.2.7 6.8.2.8 6.8.2.9

6.8.3.1 6.8.3.2 6.8.3.3 6.8.3.4 6.8.3.5 6.8.3.6 6.8.3.7 6.8.3.8 6.8.3.9

6.8.4.1 6.8.4.2 6.8.4.3 6.8.4.4 6.8.4.5 6.8.4.6 6.8.4.7 6.8.4.8 6.8.4.9

6.8.5.1 6.8.5.2 6.8.5.3 6.8.5.4 6.8.5.5 6.8.5.6 6.8.5.7 6.8.5.8 6.8.5.9

6.8.6.1 6.8.6.2 6.8.6.3 6.8.6.4 6.8.6.5 6.8.6.6 6.8.6.7 6.8.6.8 6.8.6.9

6.8.7.1 6.8.7.2 6.8.7.3 6.8.7.4 6.8.7.5 6.8.7.6 6.8.7.7 6.8.7.8 6.8.7.9

6.8.8.1 6.8.8.2 6.8.8.3 6.8.8.4 6.8.8.5 6.8.8.6 6.8.8.7 6.8.8.8 6.8.8.9

6.8.9.1 6.8.9.2 6.8.9.3 6.8.9.4 6.8.9.5 6.8.9.6 6.8.9.7 6.8.9.8 6.8.9.9

6.9.1.1 6.9.1.2 6.9.1.3 6.9.1.4 6.9.1.5 6.9.1.6 6.9.1.7 6.9.1.8 6.9.1.9

6.9.2.1 6.9.2.2 6.9.2.3 6.9.2.4 6.9.2.5 6.9.2.6 6.9.2.7 6.9.2.8 6.9.2.9

6.9.3.1 6.9.3.2 6.9.3.3 6.9.3.4 6.9.3.5 6.9.3.6 6.9.3.7 6.9.3.8 6.9.3.9

6.9.4.1 6.9.4.2 6.9.4.3 6.9.4.4 6.9.4.5 6.9.4.6 6.9.4.7 6.9.4.8 6.9.4.9

6.9.5.1 6.9.5.2 6.9.5.3 6.9.5.4 6.9.5.5 6.9.5.6 6.9.5.7 6.9.5.8 6.9.5.9

6.9.6.1 6.9.6.2 6.9.6.3 6.9.6.4 6.9.6.5 6.9.6.6 6.9.6.7 6.9.6.8 6.9.6.9

6.9.7.1 6.9.7.2 6.9.7.3 6.9.7.4 6.9.7.5 6.9.7.6 6.9.7.7 6.9.7.8 6.9.7.9

6.9.8.1 6.9.8.2 6.9.8.3 6.9.8.4 6.9.8.5 6.9.8.6 6.9.8.7 6.9.8.8 6.9.8.9

6.9.9.1 6.9.9.2 6.9.9.3 6.9.9.4 6.9.9.5 6.9.9.6 6.9.9.7 6.9.9.8 6.9.9.9.

[0194] Additional examples of compounds falling within the scope of Formula I and Formula II include the following:

[0195] The compounds of the present invention incorporate a carbonate group or derivative thereof when X¹ is O, S, NR²⁰, or S-O (wherein R²⁰ is H, optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, C_3-6 cycloalkyl, OH, OR²¹, or 0(C=O)R²¹, wherein R²¹ is H, lower alkyl or C_3-6 cycloalkyl) attached to the 2'C and 3 'C positions on the ribose sugar as indicated below in the boxed portion of Formula I:

Formula I

[0196] The presence of the carbonate group leads to surprisingly enhanced properties of the compounds of the present invention when compared to the same compounds without a carbonate group at the same location. The compounds of the present invention have improved pharmacological properties including one or more of the following: enhanced absorption, increased chemical stability, increased metabolic stability, and increased liver distribution.

[0197] Although not being bound to any particular mechanism, it is believed that the unexpected improvement in pharmacological properties involved one or more of the following: a) enhanced absorption through improvements in the physical properties of the nucleoside, including one of more of the following: increased lipophilicity, decreased solvation, increased solubility, and increased dissolution in biological fluids; b) decreased chemical instability that limits oral absorption or first pass liver exposure. The increased stability results from changes in the physical properties of the compound, including one or more of the following: i) decreased chemical instability in gastrointestinal tract through decreasing the susceptibility for glycosyl bond cleavage through changes in preferred conformation and or electronics in the vicinity of the glycosyl bond; ii) decreased hydrolysis in gastrointestinal tract through decreased water exposure as a result of increased lipophilicity; c) decreased metabolic instability that limits oral absorption or first pass liver exposure. Increased stability results from changes in the physical properties of the compound that result in the compound being less susceptible to enzymes that catalyze its metabolism.

[0198] Examples of nucleoside and nucleotide degradation that can be affected by a 2',3'-cyclic carbonate include one or more of the following: i) decreased deamination by enzymes known to catalyze purine or pyrimidine base deamination. These enzymes limit absorption of certain nucleosides, especially nucleoside containing adenine- and cytidine-related analogues. Enzymes known to catalyze deamination include cytosine deaminase, adenosine deaminase and adenylate deaminase. One or more of the 2' and more often 3' hydroxyls of ribofuranosyl-containing nucleosides and nucleotides (e.g. with AMP deaminase) interact with protein residues (cytidine deaminase, Marquez 1984), (adenosine deaminase, Sharff, 1992). Cyclic carbonates remove both the 2' and 3' hydroxyl which are known to aid in catalytic efficiency. ii) decreased glycosyl bond cleavage by nucleosidases. These enzymes limit absorption by catalyzing the cleavage of the C-N bond of purine, pyrimidine and other related nucleosides. For example, purine nucleoside phosphorylase which is sensitive to modifications at 3' (Parks et al., 1981). Cyclic carbonates remove both the 2' and 3' hydroxyl which are known to aid in catalytic efficiency. iii) decreased modification of either or both the 2' or 3' hydroxyl by enzymes that catalyze their oxidation to a ketone or their derivatization to products such as a glucoronide, sulphate, phosphate, or acylated analogue.

[0199] The improved properties of the carbonate compounds of the present invention make them particularly useful for the sustained delivery of nucleoside- and nucleotide-containing compounds. Standard prodrugs, such as acylated analogues of nucleosides undergo rapid hydrolysis in vivo resulting in the rapid production of the nucleoside. Compounds that cleave more slowly are useful for sustained delivery of the active drug (nucleoside or phosphorylated metabolites of the nucleoside).

[0200] The improved properties of the carbonate compounds of the present invention, including increased liver distribution/targeting, also make them particularly useful for the liver-delivery of nucleoside- and nucleotide- containing compounds. Activation of the prodrug in the liver can result in increased drug levels in the liver and improved efficacy, decreased drag levels outside of the liver and therefore improved safety, or both. Prodrugs that are efficiently activated by enzymes widely distributed throughout the body often result in wide drug distribution and in the case of nucleosides in a variety of toxicities, including for example neuropathies, myelosuppression, gastrointestinal toxicity, renal toxicity and cardiovascular toxicity.

[0201] The improved properties of the carbonate compounds of the present invention make them particularly useful for the treatment of chronic liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, primary liver cancer, cancers that metastasize to the liver, liver fibrosis, and metabolic diseases that involve pathways in the liver that are sensitive to nucleosides and phosphorylated metabolites of nucleosides, including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

[0202] The compounds of the present invention are also useful for the treatment of nucleoside and nucleotide responsive diseases including the treatment of liver diseases responsive to nucleotides which include hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and other viruses that result in viral hepatitis, primary liver cancer, secondary liver cancer. The compounds of the present invention are also useful for the treatment of diseases outside of the liver but responsive to nucleotide analogues, including viral infections, and cancer. The compounds of the present invention are also useful for the treatment of diseases outside the liver that are responsive to nucleotides and nucleoside analogues which include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), herpes simplex type 1 and 2, herpes genitalis, herpes keratitis, herpes encephalitis, herpes zoster, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza A virus, hantann virus (hemorrhagic fever), human papilloma virus (HPV), measles, fungal infections, protozoan infections, antiplatelet therapy (P2 receptor antagonists), diabetes (e.g., compounds that bind to the adenosine receptor, P2 receptor ligands, AMP- activated protein kinase ("AMPK") activators, cardiovascular disease (e.g., with adenosine based compounds that are agonists or antagonists for the adenosine receptor), immunostimulants (e.g., inosine-5'-nionophosphate dehydrogenase ("IMPDH") inhibitors, guanosine-related compounds), inflammation (e.g., anenosine-related compounds), CNS disorders (sleep, seizure, stroke, pain all of which can be affected by, e.g., adenosine analogues).

[0203] Activation of the prodrug compounds of this invention results in the production of a nucleoside monophosphate ("NMP"). NMPs are frequently further phosphorylated inside the hepatocyte to the biologically active nucleoside triphosphate ("NTP"). Drug elimination from the hepatocyte typically entails degradation of phosphorylated metabolites back to a species capable of being transported out of the hepatocyte and into the blood for elimination by the kidney or into the bile for biliary excretion. Often with nucleoside-based drugs, the phosphorylated metabolites are dephosphorylated to the uncharged nucleoside.

[0204] Nucleosides that leak back into the systemic circulation result in systemic exposure. If the nucleoside is active systemically, e.g. through entry into virally infected cells and phosphorylation to the active species, escape of the nucleoside from the liver leads to biological activity outside of the liver (i.e. extrahepatic tissues, blood cells). In this case, prodrugs of the invention can be effective for treating diseases outside of the liver, e.g. viral infections. Since many nucleosides exhibit poor oral bioavailability due to breakdown in the gastrointestinal tract either enzymatically (e.g. deamination by adenosine deaminase) or chemically (e.g. acid instability), the prodrug can be used for oral drug delivery. Moreover, given that the prodrugs in some cases are broken down slowly relative to e.g. most ester based prodrugs, the prodrugs could advantageously result in slow, sustained systemic release of the nucleoside. [0205] In other cases, however, systemic exposure to the nucleoside can result in toxicity. This can be minimized by selecting nucleosides that are preferentially excreted through the bile or nucleosides that are unable to undergo phosphorylation in tissues or nucleosides that undergo rapid intrahepatic metabolism to a biologically inactive metabolite. Some enzymes in the hepatocyte are present that can degrade nucleosides and therefore minimize exposure (e.g. Phase I and Phase II enzymes). One example is adenosine deaminase, which can deaminate some adenosine-based nucleosides to produce the corresponding inosine analogue. Rapid intracellular deamination of the nucleoside following its dephosphorylation to the nucleoside limits systemic exposure to the nucleoside and diminishes the risk of toxicity.

[0206] Methods described in Examples A-D of the Biological Examples section below are used to test activation of compounds of this invention. Methods in Example E can be used to evaluate the ability of compounds of the invention to generate NTPs.

[0207] HCV replication in human liver tissue is evaluated as in Example F.

Liver specificity of the prodrugs relative to the nucleosides is measured by methods in Example G.

[0208] Tissue distribution can be determined according to methods in

Example H. Oral bioavailability is determined by methods described in Example I. The susceptibility of nucleoside analogs to metabolism can be determined as in Example J.

[0209] In some aspects of the present invention, the RNA-dependent RNA viral infection is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA-dependent viral infection. Li other aspects, the positive-sense single-stranded RNA-dependent RNA viral infection is Flaviviridae viral infection or Picornaviridae viral infection. In a subclass of this class, the Picornaviridae viral infection is rhinovirus infection, poliovirus infection, or hepatitis A virus infection. In a second subclass of this class, the Flaviviridae viral infection is selected from the group consisting of hepatitis C virus infection, yellow fever virus infection, dengue virus infection, West Nile virus infection, Japanese encephalitis virus infection, Banzi virus infection, and bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. In a subclass of this subclass, the Flaviviridae viral infections hepatitis C virus infection.

[0210] In further aspects, compounds of the present invention can be used to enhance the oral bioavailability of the parent drug, hi some aspects, compounds of the present invention can be used to enhance the oral bioavailability of the parent drug by at least 5%. hi other aspects, compounds of the present invention can be used to enhance the oral bioavailability of the parent drug by at least 10%. In yet other aspects, oral bioavailability is enhanced by 50% compared to the parent drug administered orally, hi further aspects, the oral bioavailability is enhanced by at least 100%.

[0211] hi some aspects, compounds of the present invention can be used to increase the therapeutic index of a drug.

[0212] hi some aspects, compounds of the present invention can be used to bypass drug resistance.

[0213] hi other aspects, compounds of the present invention can be used to treat cancer.

[0214] Thus, the present invention provides methods for inhibiting viral replication comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0215] The present invention also provides methods for inhibiting RNA- dependent RNA viral replication comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0216] The present invention further provides methods for inhibiting HCV replication comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0217] The present invention also provides methods for treating viral infections comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0218] The present invention also provides methods for treating viral infections of the liver comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0219] The present invention also provides methods for treating RNA- dependent RNA viral infection comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0220] The present invention also provides methods for treating hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0221] The present invention also provides methods for treating chronic liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, primary liver cancer, cancers that metastasize to the liver, liver fibrosis, and metabolic diseases that involve pathways in the liver that are sensitive to nucleosides and phosphorylated metabolites of nucleosides, including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0222] The present invention also provides methods for treating a platelet disorder or diabetes comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention that is a P2 receptor antagonist, or a solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0223] The present invention also provides methods for treating diabetes comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention that is an AMPK activator, or a solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0224] The present invention also provides methods for treating diabetes or cardiovascular disease comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention that binds an adenosine receptor, or a solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0225] The present invention also provides methods for treating an immunodeficiency disease comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention that acts as an immunostimulant inhibiting EVIPDH, or a solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0226] The present invention also provides methods for treating inflammation or a CNS disorder comprising the step of administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention that acts as an adenosine analogue, or a solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Formulations

[0227] The compounds of the present invention are administered in a total daily dose of 0.01 to 1000 mg/kg. In some aspects of the invention, the range is about 0.1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg. In other aspects, the range is 0.5 to 20 mg/kg. The dose may be administered in as many divided doses as is convenient.

[0228] Compounds of this invention when used in combination with other antiviral agents may be administered as a daily dose or an appropriate fraction of the daily dose (e.g., bid). Administration of the prodrug compound may occur at or near the time in which the other antiviral is administered or at a different time. The compounds of this invention may be used in a multidrug regimen, also known as combination or 'cocktail' therapy, wherein, multiple agents may be administered together, may be administered separately at the same time or at different intervals, or administered sequentially. The compounds of this invention may be administered after a course of treatment by another agent, during a course of therapy with another agent, administered as part of a therapeutic regimen, or can be administered prior to therapy by another agent in a treatment program.

[0229] For the purposes of this invention, the compounds may be administered by a variety of means including orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, or rectally in formulations containing pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles. The term parenteral as used here includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and intra-arterial injections with a variety of infusion techniques. Intra-arterial and intravenous injection as used herein includes administration through catheters. Intravenous administration is generally preferred.

[0230] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acetate, adipate, besylate, bromide, camsylate, chloride, citrate, edisylate, estolate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hippurate, hyclate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, iodide, isethionate, lactate, lactobionate, maleate, mesylate, methylbromide, methylsulfate, napsylate, nitrate, oleate, palmoate, phosphate, polygalacturonate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, subsalicylate, tannate, tartrate, terphthalate, tosylate, and triethiodide.

[0231] Pharmaceutical compositions containing the active ingredient may be in any form suitable for the intended method of administration. When used for oral use for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oil suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups or elixirs may be prepared. Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents including sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide a palatable preparation. Tablets containing the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for manufacture of tablets are acceptable. These excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. Tablets may be uncoated or can be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.

[0232] Formulations for oral use may be also presented as hard gelatin capsules where the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

[0233] Aqueous suspensions of the invention contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients include a suspending agent, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia, and dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g., lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g., heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate). The aqueous suspension may also contain one or more preservatives such as ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxy-benzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.

[0234] Oil suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil, such as arachid oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oral suspensions may contain a thickening agent, such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents, such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid.

[0235] Dispersible powders and granules of the invention suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, a suspending agent, and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those disclosed above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, may also be present.

[0236] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in- water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, such as olive oil or arachid oil, a mineral oil, such as liquid paraffin, or a mixture of these. Suitable emulsifying agents include naturally-occurring gums, such as gum acacia and gum tragacanth, naturally occurring phosphatides, such as soybean lecithin, esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, such as sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of these partial esters with ethylene oxide, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsion can also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.

[0237] Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, such as glycerol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, a flavoring or a coloring agent.

[0238] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, such as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution in 1,3-butane-diol or prepared as a lyophilized powder. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile fixed oils may conventionally be employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid may likewise be used in the preparation ofinjectables.

[0239] The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. For example, a time-release formulation intended for oral administration to humans may contain 20 to 2000 μmol (approximately 10 to 1000 mg) of active material compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material which may vary from about 5 to about 95% of the total compositions. It is preferred that the pharmaceutical composition be prepared which provides easily measurable amounts for administration. For example, an aqueous solution intended for intravenous infusion should contain from about 0.05 to about 50 μmol (approximately 0.025 to 25 mg) of the active ingredient per milliliter of solution in order that infusion of a suitable volume at a rate of about 30 mL/h can occur.

[0240] As noted above, formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non¬ aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. The active ingredient may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.

[0241] A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder (e.g., povidone, gelatin, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (e.g., sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked povidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile. Tablets may optionally be provided with an enteric coating, to provide release in parts of the gut other than the stomach. This is particularly advantageous with the compounds of Formula I when such compounds are susceptible to acid hydrolysis.

[0242] Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.

[0243] Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising for example cocoa butter or a salicylate.

[0244] Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

[0245] Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous isotonic sterile injection solutions which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non¬ aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi- dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described. [0246] Formulations suitable for parenteral administration may be administered in a continuous infusion manner via an indwelling pump or via a hospital bag. Continuous infusion includes the infusion by an external pump. The infusions may be done through a Hickman or PICC or any other suitable means of administering a formulation either parenterally or i.v.

[0247] Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit, daily sub-dose, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of a drug.

[0248] It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend on a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the individual being treated; the time and route of administration; the rate of excretion; other drugs which have previously been administered; and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy, as is well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0249] Another aspect of the present invention is concerned with a method of inhibiting HCV replication or treating HCV infection with a compound of the present invention in combination with one or more agents useful for treating HCV infection. Such agents active against HCV include, but are not limited to, ribavirin, levovirin, viramidine, thymosin alpha- 1, interferon-β, interferon- α, pegylated interferon-α (peginterferon-α), a combination of interferon-α and ribavirin, a combination of peginterferon-α and ribavirin, a combination of interferon-α and levovirin, and a combination of peginterferon-α and levovirin. Interferon-α includes, but is not limited to, recombinant interferon-α2a (such as Roferon interferon available from Hoffmann-LaRoche, Nutley, NJ), pegylated interferon-α2a (Pegasys™), interferon-α2b (such as Intron-A interferon available from Schering Corp., Kenilworth, NJ), pegylated interferon-α2b (Peglntron™), a recombinant consensus interferon (such as interferon alphacon-1), and a purified interferon-α product. Amgen's recombinant consensus interferon has the brand name Infergen®. Levovirin is the L-enantiomer of ribavirin which has shown immunomodulatory activity similar to ribavirin. Viramidine is a liver-targeting prodrug analog of ribavirin disclosed in International Publ. No. WO 01/60379 (assigned to ICN Pharmaceuticals). In accordance with this method of the present invention, the individual components of the combination can be administered separately at different times during the course of therapy or concurrently in divided or single combination forms. The instant invention is therefore to be understood as embracing all such regimes of simultaneous or alternating treatment, and the term "administering" is to be interpreted accordingly. It will be understood that the scope of combinations of the compounds of this invention with other agents useful for treating HCV infection includes in principle any combination with any pharmaceutical composition for treating HCV infection. When a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is used in combination with a second therapeutic agent active against HCV, the dose of each compound may be either the same as or different from the dose when the compound is used alone.

[0250] Also included within the scope of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, solvate, hydrate, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one agent useful for treating a viral infection, particularly an HCV infection.

[0251] For the treatment of HCV infection, the compounds of the present invention may also be administered in combination with an agent that is an inhibitor of HCV NS3 serine protease. HCV NS3 serine protease is an essential viral enzyme and has been described to be an excellent target for inhibition of HCV replication. Both substrate and non-substrate based inhibitors of HCV NS3 protease inhibitors are disclosed in International Publ. Nos. WO 98/22496, WO 98/46630, WO 99/07733, WO 99/07734, WO 99/38888, WO 99/50230, WO 99/64442, WO 00/09543, WO 00/59929, WO 02/48116, WO 02/48172; in GB-2337262; and in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,323,180 and 6,410,531. Specific embodiments of NS3 protease inhibitors for combination with the compounds of the present invention are BILN 2061 (Boehringer Ingelheim) and VX-950/LY-570310. HCV NS3 protease as a target for the development of inhibitors of HCV replication and for the treatment of HCV infection is discussed in Dymock, B.W., "Emerging therapies for hepatitis C virus infection," Emerging Drugs (5:13-42 (2001). [0252] Ribavirin, levovirin, and viramidine may exert their anti-HCV effects by modulating intracellular pools of guanine nucleotides via inhibition of the intracellular enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase ("EVfPDH"). IMPDH is the rate-limiting enzyme on the biosynthetic route in de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis. Ribavirin is readily phosphorylated intracellularly and the monophosphate derivative is an inhibitor of EVIPDH. Thus, inhibition of IMPDH represents another useful target for the discovery of inhibitors of HCV replication. Therefore, the compounds of the present invention may also be administered in combination with an inhibitor of IMPDH, such as VX-497 (merimepodib), which is disclosed in International Publ. Nos. WO 97/41211 and WO 01/00622 (assigned to Vertex); another IMPDH inhibitor, such as that disclosed in International Publ. No. WO 00/25780 (assigned to Bristol-Myers Squibb); or mycophenolate mofetil (see Allison, A.C. and Eugui, E.M., Agents Action 44 (Suppl.):l65 (1993)).

[0253] For the treatment of HCV infection, the compounds of the present invention may also be administered in combination with the antiviral agent amantadine (1-aminoadamantane) and its hydrochloride salt (for a comprehensive description of this agent, see Kirschbaum, J., Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. 72:1-36 (1983)).

[0254] The compounds of the present invention may also be combined for the treatment of HCV infection with antiviral l'-C, 2'-C-, or 3'-C-branched ribonucleosides disclosed in R. E. Harry-O'kuru, et al., J. Org. Chem. 62:1754- 1759 (1997); M. S. Wolfe, et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 36:7611-7614 (1995); U.S. Patent No. 3,480,613 (Nov. 25, 1969); International Publ. No. WO 01/90121 (29 November 2001); International Publ. No. WO 01/92282 (6 December 2001); and International Publ. No. WO 02/32920 (25 April 2002); the contents of each of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Such branched ribonucleosides include, but are not limited to, 2'-C-methylcytidine, 2'-C-methyluridine, 2'-C-methyladenosine, 2'-C-methylguanosine, and 9-(2-C- methyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-2,6-diaminopurine, and prodrugs thereof.

[0255] The compounds of the present invention may also be combined for the treatment of HCV infection with other nucleosides having anti-HCV properties, such as those disclosed in International Publ. No. WO 02/51425 (4 July 2002), assigned to Mitsubishi Pharma Corp.; International Publ. Nos.WO 01/79246, WO 02/32920 (25 April 2002), and WO 02/48165 (20 June 2002), assigned to Pharmasset, Ltd.; International Publ. No. WO 01/68663 (20 September 2001), assigned to ICN Pharmaceuticals; International Publ. No. WO 99/43691 (2 Sept. 1999); International Publ. No. WO 02/18404 (7 March 2002), assigned to Hoffmann-LaRoche; U.S. 2002/0019363 (14 Feb. 2002); International Publ. No. WO 02/057287 (25 July 2002), assigned to Merck & Co. and Isis Pharmaceuticals; and International Publ. No. WO 02/057425 (25 July 2002), assigned to Merck & Co. and Isis Pharmaceuticals. [0256] The compounds of the present invention may also be combined for the treatment of HCV infection with non-nucleoside inhibitors of HCV polymerase such as those disclosed in International Publ. No. WO 01/77091 (18 Oct. 2001), assigned to Tularik, hie; International Publ. No. WO 01/47883 (5 July 2001), assigned to Japan Tobacco, Inc.; International Publ. No. WO 02/04425 (17 January 2002), assigned to Boehringer Ingelheim; International Publ. No. WO 02/06246 (24 Jan. 2002), assigned to Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Moleculare P. Angeletti S.P.A.; and International Publ. No. WO 02/20497 (3 March 2002). International Publ. No. WO 01/47883 discloses a large number of benzimidazole derivatives, such as JTK-003, which is claimed to be an orally active inhibitor of NS5B that is currently undergoing clinical evaluation.

Synthesis of Nucleoside Compound Derivatives

[0257] The following description provides procedures for synthesizing 2', 3'- cyclic carbonate NMP prodrugs of the present invention and is organized into three sections: (1) synthesis of 2',3'-carbonates, (2) synthesis of phosphorylation precursors, and (3) synthesis of NMP prodrugs. Synthesis of 2',3 '-cyclic carbonate of nucleoside derivatives:

[0258] Synthesis of 2',3 '-carbonate of nucleoside derivatives of formula I may be organized into two following sections: (i) synthesis of 2',3 '-carbonate of nucleoside analogs; and (ii) synthesis of 2',3 '-carbonate of nucleotide analogs.

(i) Synthesis of 2',3' cyclic carbonate of nucleoside analogs:

[0259] Synthesis of 2',3 '-carbonate of nucleoside analogs may be achieved by a variety of known methods (Greene T.W., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999)). Following are two general routes wherein path A is an approach via carbonylation of 2',3 '-vicinal diols of 5 '-hydroxy protected nucleosides and path B is an approach wherein direct carbonylation is attained on unprotected nucleosides.

Pail B

B = Base, P = protective group

[0260] Synthesis via path A includes carbonylation of nucleosides with masked 5'-hydroxy group. Protection of the 5'-hydroxy group may be attained by acid labile functionality such as silyl or trityl groups. These nucleoside derivatives containing a protected 5 '-hydroxy then undergo carbonylation via a range of reagents, such as N,N'-carbonyl diimidazole (Kutney et al, Synth. Commun. 5:47 (1975)) or p-nitrophenyl chloroformate (Cook et al, J. Org. Chem. 53:3589 (1968)) under mild conditions. Such methods are applicable to a variety of nucleosides with diverse sugar as well as base substitutions. The final step of the sequence (path A) involves removal of the 5 '-protective group under mildly acidic or neutral reaction conditions.

[0261] Synthesis of 2',3 '-carbonate of ribonucleoside derivatives via direct carbonylation as shown in path B can be attained without a protective group at the 5 '-position. Thermal reaction of diaryl carbonates upon reaction with nucleosides in polar solvents such as DMF or N-methyl pyrrolidine gives rapid conversion of nucleosides to the desired 2',3 '-carbonate derivatives (Hampton et al., Biochemistry 5:2076 (1966)). Such reactions with diphenyl carbonate were found to be accelerated by microwave mediated thermal conditions. Direct carbonylation can also be achieved with p- nitrophenylchloroformate in the case of uridine nucleoside analogs (Letsinger et al., JOrg. Chem. 32:296 (1967)).

(ii) Synthesis of 2',3 '-carbonate of nucleotide analogs.

[0262] 2',3'-Carbonate containing nucleotide analogs may be prepared via two different protocols. These compounds can be made starting from 2',3'- carbonate derivative of nucleosides as shown via path A or from path B from phosphorylated nucleoside analogs. As in path A, 2',3 '-carbonate derivative of nucleosides can be phosphorylated to give nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) prodrugs via phosphorylation utilizing P(III) or P(V) intermediates (Mackman et al, Ann. Rep. Med. Chem. 39:305 (2004)). Alternatively, such prodrugs may be prepared via carbonylation as shown in path B following conditions described in the earlier section.

.Path B VvB

B = Base, P = prodrug, man, dϊ er triphosphate

Synthesis of 2 ' 3 ' -thionocarbonate prodrugs : [0263] 2',3 '-Thionocarbonate containing compounds of the present invention

(compounds where X' is S) can be made by the procedures described above, by replacing carbonylation reaction with thionocarbonate formation from the earlier synthetic sequences. Several well-known methods are available for such transformation. For example, thionocarbonate formation can be achieved by treatment of vicinal diols of nucleoside derivatives by 1,1 '- thiocarbonyldiimidazole (Yu et al, Org. Lett. 4:\9\9 (2002)) or by 1,1 '- thiocarbonyldi-2(lH)-ρyridone (Kim et al, J. Org. Chem. 51:2615 (1986)). Reactions of phenyl chlorothionoformate (Halila et al, Carbohydrate Res.337:69 (2002)), or thiophosgene (He et al, J. Org. Chem. 65:1621 (2000)) are also known to convert vicinal 1,2-diols to corresponding thionocarbonates. Such mild reaction conditions can be utilized to form the 2 ',3 '-thionocarbonate functionality at any desired stage of prodrug synthesis.

Synthesis of phosphorylation precursors:

[0264] Synthesis of phosphorylation precursors is attained in two stages: 1.

Synthesis of 1, 3-diols; and 2. Synthesis of phosphorylation precursor.

Synthesis of 1,3-Diols:

[0265] A variety of synthetic methods are known to prepare the following types of 1, 3-diols: a) 1 -substituted; b) 2-substituted; and c) 1,2- or 1,3- annulated in their racemic or enantioenriched form. The V, W, Z groups of Z" of Formula II (i.e., V, W, and Z groups of Formula II) can be introduced or modified either during synthesis of diols or after the synthesis of prodrugs.

Synthesis of l-(aryl)-Propane-l,3-Diols:

[0266] The suitable methods to prepare 1, 3-diols are divided into two types as following: 1) synthesis of racemic l-(aryl)-propane-l,3-diols; and 2) synthesis of enantioenriched l-(aryl)-propane-l,3-diols. Synthesis of Racemic l-(aryl)~Propane-l,3-Diol:

[0267] 1,3-Dihydroxy compounds can be synthesized by several well-known methods from the literature. Substituted aromatic aldehydes are utilized to synthesize racemic l-(aryl)propane-l,3-diols via addition of lithium enolate of alkyl acetate followed by ester reduction (path A) (Turner, J. Org. Chem. 55:4744 (1990)). Alternatively, aryl lithium or aryl Grignard additions to I- hydroxy propan-3-al also give l-(arylsubstituted)propane-l,3-diols (path B). This method will enable conversion of various substituted aryl halides to 1- (arylsubstituted)-l,3-propane diols (Coppi, et al, J. Org. Chem. 53:911 (1988)). Aryl halides can also be used to synthesize 1-substituted propane diols by Heck coupling of l,3-diox-4-ene followed by reduction and hydrolysis (Sakamoto, et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 55:6845 (1992)). Pyridyl-, quinolyl-, isoquinolyl- propan-3-ol derivatives can be hydroxylated to 1- substituted-l,3-diols by N-oxide formation followed by rearrangement in the presence of acetic anhydride (path C) (Yamamoto, et al, Tetrahedron 37:1871 (1981)). A variety of aromatic aldehydes can also be converted to 1- substituted-l,3-diols by vinyl lithium or vinyl Grignard addition followed by hydroboration reaction (path D).

VCHO + CH₂=CHWIX VCH₂ CH₂CH₂OH

V = Aryl, R = Alkyl, R¹ = benzyl, M=Mg or Li, X=Halide or null

Synthesis of Enantioenriched l-(aryl)-Propane-l,3-Diol:

[0268] A variety of known methods for resolution of secondary alcohols via chemical or enzymatic agents may be utilized for preparation of diol enantiomers (Harada, et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 2S:4843 (1987)). Transition metal catalyzed hydro genation of substituted 3-aryl-3-oxo-propionic acids or esters is an efficient method to prepare R- or S-isomers of beta hydroxy acids or esters in high enantiomeric purity {Comprehensive Asymmetric Catalysis, Jacobsen, E.N., et al, eds., Springer (1999); Noyori, R., Asymmetric Catalysis in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley (1994)). These beta hydroxy acid or ester products can be further reduced to give required l-(aryl)-propane-l,3-diols in high enantiomeric excess (ee). (path A). The β-keto acid or ester substrates for high pressure hydrogenation or hydrogen transfer reactions may be prepared by a variety of methods such as condensation of acetophenone with dimethylcarbonate in the presence of a base (Chu, et al, J. Het Chem. 22:1033 (1985)), by ester condensation (Turner, et al, J. Org. Chem. 54:4229 (1989)) or from aryl halides (Kobayashi, et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 27:4745 (1986)). Alternatively, 1,3-diols of high enantiomeric purity can be obtained by enantioselective borane reduction of β-hydroxyethyl aryl ketone derivatives or β-keto acid derivatives (path B) (Ramachandran, et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 38:761 (1997)). In another method, commercially available cinnamyl alcohols may be converted to epoxy alcohols under catalytic asymmetric epoxidation conditions. These epoxy alcohols are reduced by Red- Al to result in 1,3-diols with high ee's (path C) (Gao, et al, J. Org. Chem. 53:4081 (1980)). Enantioselective aldol condensation is another well-described method for synthesis of 1,3 -oxygenated functionality with high ee's starting from aromatic aldehydes, (path D) (Mukaiyama, Org. React. 28:203 (1982)).

V = Aryl , R = Alkyl or H, R¹ = -CH₂OH, CO₂R

Synthesis of 2-Substituted 1,3-Diols: Various 2~substituted-l,3-diols can be made from commercially available 2-(hydroxymethyl)-l,3-propane-diol. Pentaerythritol can be converted to triol via decarboxylation of diacid followed by reduction (path a) (Werle, et al, Liebigs. Ann. Chem. 944 (1986)) or diol-monocarboxylic acid derivatives can also be obtained by decarboxylation under known conditions (Iwata, et. al, Tetrahedron Lett. 25:3131 (1987)). Nitrotriol is also known to give triol by reductive elimination (path b) (Latour, et. al, Synthesis 8:742 (1987)). The triol can be derivatized by mono acylation or carbonate formation by treatment with alkanoyl chloride, or alkylchloroformate (path d) (Greene and Wuts, Protective groups in organic synthesis , John Wiley, New York (1990)). Aryl substitution can be affected by oxidation to aldehyde and aryl Grignard additions (path c). Aldehydes can also be converted to substituted amines by reductive animation reaction (path e).

Synthesis of cyclic-l,3-diols:

[0270] Compounds of Formula II where V-Z or V-W are fused by four carbons are made from cyclohexane diol derivatives. Commercially available cis,

can be used as is or modified as described in case of 2-substituted propan-l,3-diols to give various analogues. These modifications can either be made before or after ester formation. Various 1,3- cyclohexane-diols can be made by Diels-Alder methodology using pyrone as diene (Posner, et. al, Tetrahedron Lett. 32:5295 (1991)). Cyclohexanediol derivatives are also made by nitrile oxide-olefm additions (Curran, et. al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107:6023 (1985)). Alternatively, cyclohexyl precursors are also made from commercially available quinic acid (Rao, et. al., Tetrahedron Lett. 32:541 (1991).)

Synthesis of substituted 1,3 -hydroxy amines and 1,3-diamines:

[0271] A large number of synthetic methods are available for the preparation of substituted 1,3-hydroxyamines and 1,3-diamines due to the ubiquitous nature of these functionalities in naturally occurring compounds. Following are some of these methods organized into: 1. synthesis of substituted 1,3- hydroxy amines; 2. synthesis of substituted 1,3-diamines and 3. synthesis of chiral substituted 1,3-hydroxyamines and 1,3-diamines. Synthesis of substituted 1,3-hydroxy amines:

[0272] 1,3-Diols described in the earlier section can be converted selectively to either hydroxy amines or to corresponding diamines by converting hydroxy functionality to a leaving group and treating with anhydrous ammonia or required primary or secondary amines (Corey, et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1989, 30, 5207: Gao, et al, J. Org. Chem. 53:4081 (1988)). A similar transformation may also be achieved directly from alcohols under Mitsunobu type of reaction conditions (Hughes, D. L., Org. React. 42 (1992)).

[0273] A general synthetic procedure for 3-aryl-3-hydroxy-propan-l-amine type of prodrug moiety involves aldol type condensation of aryl esters with alkyl nitrites followed by reduction of resulting substituted benzoylacetonitrile (Shih et al., Heterocycles 24:1599 (1986)). The procedure can also be adapted for formation of 2-substituted aminopropanols by using substituted alkylnitrile. In another approach, 3-aryl-3-amino-propan-l-ol type of prodrug groups are synthesized from aryl aldehydes by condensation of malonic acid in presence of ammonium acetate followed by reduction of resulting substituted β-amino acids. Both these methods enable to introduce wide variety of substitution of aryl group (Shih, et al., Heterocycles. P: 1277 (1978)). In an alternate approach, β-substituted organo lithium compounds of 1 -amino- 1 -aryl ethyl dianion generated from styrene type of compounds undergo addition with carbonyl compounds to give variety of W, W substitution by variation of the carbonyl compounds (Barluenga, et al., J.Org. Chem. 4ΦΛ79S (1979)).

Synthesis of substituted 1,3-diamines:

[0274] Substituted 1,3-diamines are synthesized starting from a variety of substrates. Arylglutaronitriles can be transformed to 1 -substituted diamines by hydrolysis to amide and Hofmann rearrangement conditions (Bertochio, et al., Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1809 (1962)). Whereas, malononitrile substitution will enable variety of Z substitution by electrophile introduction followed by hydride reduction to corresponding diamines. In another approach, cinnamaldehydes react with hydrazines or substituted hydrazines to give corresponding pyrazolines which upon catalytic hydrogenation result in substituted 1,3-diamines (Weinhardt, et al, J. Med. Chem. 28:694 (1985)). High trans-diastereoselectivity of 1,3-substitution is also attainable by aryl Grignard addition on to pyrazolines followed by reduction (Alexakis, et al, J. Org. Chem. 576:4563 (1992)). l-Aryl-l,3-diaminopropanes are also prepared by diborane reduction of 3-amino-3-arylacrylonitriles which in turn are made from nitrile substituted aromatic compounds (Dornow, et al, Chem Ber. 82:254 (1949)). Reduction of 1,3-diimines obtained from corresponding 1,3- carbonyl compounds are another source of 1,3-diamine prodrug moiety which allows a wide variety of activating groups V and/or Z (Barluenga, et al, J. Org. Chem. 48:2255 (1983)).

Synthesis of chiral substituted 1,3-hydroxyamines and 1,3-diamines:

[0275] Enantiomerically pure 3 -aryl-3-hydroxypropan-l -amines are synthesized by CBS enantioselective catalytic reaction of β- chloropropiophenone followed by displacement of halo group to make secondary or primary amines as required (Corey, et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 30:5207 (1989)). Chiral 3-aryl-3-amino propan-1-ol type of prodrug moiety may be obtained by 1,3-dipolar addition of chirally pure olefin and substituted nitrone of arylaldehyde followed by reduction of resulting isoxazolidine (Koizumi, et al, J. Org. Chem. 47:4005 (1982)). Chiral induction in 1,3-ρolar additions to form substituted isoxazolidines is also attained by chiral phosphine palladium complexes resulting in enantioselective formation of amino alcohols (Hori, et al, J. Org. Chem. 64:5011 (1999)). Alternatively, optically pure 1-aryl substituted amino alcohols are obtained by selective ring opening of corresponding chiral epoxy alcohols with desired amines (Canas et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 32:6931 (1991)).

[0276] Several methods are known for diastereoselective synthesis of 1,3- disubstituted aminoalcohols. For example, treatment of (E)-N- cinnamyltrichloroacetamide with hypochlorous acid results in trans- dihydrooxazine which is readily hydrolysed to erythro-β-chloro-γ-hydroxy-γ- phenylpropanamine in high diastereoselectivity (Commercon et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 37:3871 (1990)). Diastereoselective formation of 1,3- aminoalcohols is also achieved by reductive animation of optically pure 3- hydroxy ketones (Haddad et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 35:5981 (1997)). In an alternate approach, 3-aminoketones are transformed to 1,3-disubstituted aminoalcoliols in high stereoselectivity by a selective hydride reduction (Barluenga et al, J. Org. Chem. 57:1219 (1992)).

Synthesis of phosphorylation precursors:

[0277] Synthesis of phosphorylation precursors is divided in to two sections:

(a) synthesis of P(III) phosphorylation precursors, and (b) stereoselective synthesis of P(V) phosphorylation precursors.

Synthesis of P(III) phosphorylation precursors:

[0278] Phosphorylation of 5'-alcohol is achieved using cyclic l',3'-propanyl esters of phosphorylating agents where the agent is in the P(III) oxidation state. One preferred phosphorylating agent is a chloro phospholane (L'=chloro). Cyclic chlorophospholanes are prepared under mild conditions by reaction of phosphorus trichloride with substituted 1,3-diols (Wissner, et al, J. Med. Chem. 35:1650 (1992)). Alternatively phosphoramidites can be used as the phosphorylating agent (Beaucage, et al, Tetrahedron 49:6123 (1993)). Appropriately substituted phosphoramidites can be prepared by reacting cyclic chlorophospholanes with N,N-dialkylamine (Perich, et al, Aust. J. Chem. 43:1623 (1990); Perich, et al, Synthesis 2:142 (1988)) or by reaction of commercially available dialkylaminophosphorochloridate with substituted propane-l,3-diols. Synthesis of P(V) phosphorylation precursors:

[0279] In general, synthesis of phosphate esters is achieved by coupling the alcohol with the corresponding activated phosphate precursor for example, Chlorophosphate (L' = chloro) condensation with 5'-hydroxy of nucleoside is a well known method for preparation of nucleoside phosphate monoesters. The activated precursor can be prepared by several well known methods. Chlorophosphates useful for synthesis of the prodrugs are prepared from the substituted- 1,3-propanediol (Wissner, et al, J. Med Chem. 35:1650 (1992)). Chlorophosphates are made by oxidation of the corresponding chlorophospholanes (Anderson, et al, J. Org. Chem. 49:1304 (1984)), which are obtained by reaction of the substituted diol with phosphorus trichloride. Alternatively, the chlorophosphate agent is made by treating substituted-1,3- diols with phosphorus oxychloride (Patois, et al, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. /:1577 (1990)). Chlorophosphate species may also be generated in situ from corresponding cyclic phosphites (Silverburg, et ah, Tetrahedron Lett. 37:771 (1996)), which in turn can be either made from a chlorophospholane or phosphoramidate intermediate. Phosphorofluoridate intermediate prepared either from pyrophosphate or phosphoric acid may also act as precursor in preparation of cyclic prodrugs (Watanabe et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 29:5763 (1988)).

[0280] Phosphoramidates (L' = NRR') are also well-known intermediates for the synthesis of phosphate esters. Monoalkyl or dialkylphosphoramidate (Watanabe, et al, Chem Pharm Bull 38:562 (1990)), triazolophosphoramidate (Yamakage, et al, Tetrahedron 45:5459 (1989)) and pyrrolidinophosphoramidate (Nakayama, et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112:6936 (1990)) are some of the known intermediates used for the preparation of phosphate esters. Another effective phosphorylating procedure is a metal catalyzed addition of cyclic chlorophosphate adduct of 2-oxazolone. This intermediate attains high selectivity in phosphorylation of primary hydroxy group in presence of secondary hydroxyl group (Nagamatsu, et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 28:2375 (1987)). These agents are obtained by reaction of a chlorophosphate with the amine or alternatively by formation of the corresponding phosphoramidite followed by oxidation.

Synthesis of enantiomerically enriched P(V) phosphorylation precursors:

(S)- (4S.2S)- (R)- (4R.2R)- The enantioenriched activated phosphorylating agent is synthesized by phosphorylation of an enantioenriched 1-(V)- 1,3 -propanediol with phosphorodichloridates of formula L-P(O)Cl₂ in the presence of a base (Ferrari, et al, J. Org. Chem. 64:4943 (1999)). Phosphorylation of an enantiomerically pure substituted diol with, for example, a commercially available phosphorodichloridate R-OP(O)Cl₂, where RO is a leaving group, preferably aryl substituted with electron withdrawing groups, such as a nitro or a chloro, produces two diastereomeric intermediates. The relative configuration of the phosphorus atom is easily determined by comparison of the ³¹P NMR spectra. The chemical shift of the equatorial phosphoryloxy moiety (trans-isomev) is always more upfield than the one of the axial isomer (cis-isomer) (Verkade, et al, J. Org. Chem. 42:1549 (1977)). These diastereomers can be further equilibrated to give a trøHS-2,4-substituted phosphorylating agents in presence of a base such as triethyl amine or DBU. The equilibration to complete inversion of 2,4-cw-diastereomer is also achieved in presence of appropriately substituted sodium phenoxide. The equilibration step results in greater than 95% ee of the isolated trans- phosphorylating agent. Synthesis of nucleosides

[0282] AU nucleoside moieties of Formula I and Formula II are well described in the literature. 2'-C-methyl-adenosine and 2'-C-methyl-guanosine analogs are made by Lewis acid catalyzed reactions of the persilylated base and 1 '- acetate or benzoate sugar intermediate (Walton et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 55:4524 (1966); Harry-O'Kuru et al, J. Org. Chem. 62:1754 (1997); WO 01/90121). The 7-deaza analogs are made as described earlier from l'-bromo sugar intermediate via reaction of sodium salt of the bases (US2002- 0147160A1 or WO 02/057827). The glycosylation products are subjected to deprotection and animation via ammonolysis reaction.

[0283] The nucleoside moieties and derivatives thereof of the compounds of the present invention may be synthesized by many well-established general methods described in the nucleoside literature. Several nucleosides analogs described herein are synthesized as illustrated in WO 04/046331 and by the methods cited therein. These compounds of the present invention can also be made from a wide variety of commercial bases utilizing the 2'-methyl riboglycosylation precursor (US2002-0147160A1 or WO 02/057827) via a range of well-known glycosylation reactions (Vorbruggen and Ruh-Pohlenz, Handbook of Nucleoside Synthesis, Wiley, New York (2001)). Furthermore, deaza and aza nucleoside analogs may be prepared utilizing the methods reported in the case of corresponding ribo- analogs by glycosylation with T- methyl glycosylation precursor (Robins, et al., Advances in Antiviral Drug Design, Vol. 1, De Clercq, ed.₅ JAI Press, Greenwich, CT (1993), pp 39-85). In addition, new base analogs of the nucleosides can be synthesized by modification of the available nucleosides or via synthesis of new bases followed by glycosylation (Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides, VoIs. 1-3, Townsend, ed., Plenum, New York (1988); and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, VoIs. 1-4, Townsend and Tipson Eds., Wiley, New York (1986)). Synthesis of prodrugs via coupling of nucleosides and prodrug moiety.

[0284] The following procedures on the preparation of prodrugs illustrate the general procedures used to prepare the NMP prodrugs. Prodrug moieties can be introduced at different stages of the synthesis. Most often they are made at a later stage, because of the general sensitivity of these groups to various reaction conditions. Optically pure prodrugs containing a single isomer at the phosphorus center are made by coupling of enantiomerically enriched activated phosphate intermediates.

[0285] All the procedures described herein, where Y' and Y" of -

P(O)Y¹R¹¹Y¹¹R¹¹ of Z" are oxygen, are also applicable for the preparation of the prodrugs where they are NR^V by appropriate substitution or protection of nitrogen.

[0286] The preparation of prodrugs is further organized into (1) synthesis via

P(III) intermediates, (2) synthesis via P(V) intermediates, and (3) miscellaneous methods.

Synthesis of prodrugs via P(III) intermediates:

wherein Q is N or CH; and L is H and M is NH₂ or M is OH and L is NH₂.

[0287] Chlorophospholanes are used to phosphorylate alcohols on nucleosides in the presence of an organic base (e.g., triethylamine, pyridine). Alternatively, the phosphite can be obtained by coupling the nucleoside with a phosphoramidate in the presence of a coupling promoter such as tetrazole or benzimidazolium triflate (Hayakawa et al., J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 7996). Phosphite diastereomers may be isolated by column chromatography or crystallization (Wang, et al, Tetrahedron Lett 38:3797 (1997); Bentridge et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 777:3981 (1989)). Since condensation of alcohols with chlorophospholanes or phosphoramidites is an S_N2(P) reaction, the product is expected to have an inverted configuration. This allows for the stereoselective synthesis of cyclic phosphites. Isomeric mixtures of phosphorylation reactions can also be equilibrated (e.g., thermal equilibration) to a more thermodynamically stable isomer.

[0288] The resulting phosphites are subsequently oxidized to the corresponding phosphate prodrugs using an oxidant such as molecular oxygen or t-butylhydroperoxide (Meier et al, Bioorg, Med. Chem. Lett. 7:1577 (1997)). Oxidation of optically pure phosphites is expected to stereoselectively provide optically active prodrugs (Mikolajczyk, et al, J. Org. Chem. 43:2132 (1978). Cullis, P.M., J. Chem. Soc, Chem Commun. 1510 (1984); Verfurth, et al, Chem. Ber. 129:1627 (1991)).

Synthesis of prodrugs via P(V) intermediates:

[0289] For the synthesis of czs-prodrugs of Formula I and Formula II, the prodrug moiety can be introduced at different stages of the synthesis. Most often the cyclic phosphates are introduced at a later stage, because of the general sensitivity of these groups to various reaction conditions. The synthesis can also proceed through using a protected or unprotected nucleoside or nucleoside analog depending on the reactivity of the functional groups present in the compound. Single stereoisomers of the czs-prodrugs can be made either by separation of the diastereoisomers/enantiomers by a combination of column chromatography and/or crystallization, or by enantiospecific or enantioselective synthesis using enantioenriched activated phosphate intermediates.

Synthesis of enantiomerically enriched prodrugs:

wherein Q is N or CH; and L is H and M is NH₂ or M is OH and L is NH₂. [0290] The general procedure for the phosphorylation of protected nucleosides is accomplished by reacting a suitably protected nucleoside with a base and reacting the alkoxide generated with the phosphorylating reagent. The protected nucleoside can be prepared by one skilled in the art using one of the many procedures described for the protection of nucleosides (Greene T. W., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999)). The nucleoside is protected in such a way as to expose the hydroxyl group on which to add the phosphate group while protecting all the remaining hydroxyls and other functional groups on the nucleoside that may interfere with the phosphorylation step or lead to regioisomers. In one aspect, the protecting groups selected are resistant to strong bases, e.g., ethers, silyl ethers and ketals. In one aspect, the protecting groups are optionally substituted MOM ethers, MEM ethers, trialkylsilyl ethers and symmetrical ketals. In another aspect, the protecting groups are t-butyldimethylsilyl ether and isopropylidene. Further protection entails masking of the amino group of the base moiety, if present, so as to eliminate any acidic protons. In one aspect the selected N-protecting groups are selected from the groups of dialkyl formamidines, mono and dialkyl imines, mono and diaryl imines. In one aspect, the N-protecting groups are selected from the groups of dialkyl formamidines and mono-alkyl imine and mono aryl imine. In one aspect the mono-alkyl imine is benzylimine and the mono-aryl imine is phenylimine. In another aspect, the N-protecting group is a symmetrical dialkyl formamidine selected from the group of dimethyl formamidine and diethyl formamidine.

[0291] Generation of the alkoxide of the exposed hydroxyl group on the suitably protected nucleoside is accomplished with a base in an aprotic solvent that is not base sensitive such as THF, dialkyl and cyclic formamides, ether, toluene and mixtures of those solvents. In one aspect, the solvents are DMF, DMA, DEF, N-methylpyrrolidinone, THF, and mixture of those solvents.

[0292] Many different bases have been used for the phosphorylation of nucleosides and non-nucleoside compounds with cyclic and acyclic phosphorylating agents. For example trialkylamines such as triethylamine (Roodsari et al, J. Org. Chem. 64:7727 (1999)) or N,N-diisopropylethylamine (Meek et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110:2317 (1988)); nitrogen containing heterocyclic amines such as pyridine (Hoefler et al, Tetrahedron 56(11), 1485 (2000)), N-methylimidazole (Vankayalapati et al, J. Chem. Soc. Perk T 1 14:2187(2000)), 1,2,4-triazole (Takaku et al, Chem. Lett. (5):699 (1986)) or imidazole (Dyatkina et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 35:1961 (1994)); organometallic bases such as potassium t-butoxide (Postel et al, J. Carbohyd. Chem. 19:171 (2000)), butyllithium (Torneiro et al, J. Org. Chem. 62:6344 (1977)), t-butylmagnesium chloride (Hayakawa et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 28:2259 (1987)) or LDA (Aleksiuk et al, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm. (1), 11 (1993)); inorganic bases such as cesium fluoride (Takaku, et al, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi (10), 1968 (1985)), sodium hydride (Hanaoka et al, Heterocycles 23:2927 (1985)), sodium iodide (Stromberg, et al, J. Nucleos. Nucleot. (5:815 (1987)), iodine (Stromberg, et al, J. Nucleos. Nucleot. (5:815 (1987)) or sodium hydroxide (Attanasi, et al, Phosphorus Sulfur 35:63 (1988)); metals such as copper (Bhatia, et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 28:271 (1987)). However, no reaction or racemization at the phosphorus stereogenic center was observed when coupling of phosphorylating reagent was attempted using the previously described procedures. Especially, no reaction was observed with bases previously used with substituted cyclic phosphorylating agent to give the corresponding cyclic phosphate in high yield such as sodium hydride (Thuong et al, Bull Soc. CHm. Fr. 667 (1974)), pyridine (Ayral-Kaloustian et al, Carbohydr. Res. 187 (1991)), butyl-lithium (Hulst et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 1339 (1993)), DBU (Merckling et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 2217 (1996)), triethylamine (Hadvary et al, HeIv. Chim. Acta 69:1862 (1986)), N- methylimidazole (Li, et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 6615 (2001)) or sodium methoxide (Gorenstein et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 5077 (1980)). It was found that the use of Grignard reagents promoted phosphorylation with minimal epimerization of the phosphorus center, hi one aspect, Grignard reagents are alkyl and aryl Grignards. In another aspect, the Grignard reagents are t-butyl magnesium halides and phenyl magnesium halides. In another aspect, the Grignard reagents are t-butylmagnesium chloride and phenylmagnesium chloride. [0293] In another aspect magnesium alkoxides are used to generate the magnesium 5'-alkoxide of the nucleoside. In one aspect magnesium alkoxides are selected from the group of Mg(Ot-Bu)₂, and Mg(OiPr)₂.

[0294] The protected prodrugs generated as described above are then subjected to a deprotection step to remove all the protecting groups using one of the many methods known to those skilled in the art (Greene, T.W., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999)) and that are compatible with the stability of the phosphate prodrug. In one aspect, deprotection reagents include fluoride salts to remove silyl protecting groups, mineral or organic acids to remove acid labile protecting groups such as silyl and/or ketals and N-protecting groups, if present. In another aspect, reagents are tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF), hydrochloric acid solutions and aqueous TFA solutions. Isolation and purification of the final prodrugs, as well as all intermediates, are accomplished by a combination of column chromatography and/or crystallization.

[0295] The sequence provides methods to synthesize single isomers of compounds of Formula I and Formula II. For compounds of Formula II, due to the presence of a stereogenic center at the carbon where V is attached on the cyclic phosphate reagent, this carbon atom can have two distinct orientations, namely R or S. As such the trans-phosphate reagent prepared from a racemic diol can exist as either the S-trans or R-trans configuration and results in a S- cis and R-cis prodrug mixture. The reaction of the C-S-trørø-phosphate reagent generates the C -S-czs-prodrug of the nucleoside while reaction with the C'-R-trans-phosph&te reagent generates the C-i?-cw-prodrug.

Miscellaneous Phosphorylation methods:

[0296] Coupling of activated phosphates with alcohols is accomplished in the presence of an organic base. For example, chlorophosphates synthesized as described in the earlier section react with an alcohol in the presence of a base such as pyridine or N-methylimidazole. In some cases phosphorylation is enhanced by in situ generation of iodophosphate from chlorophosphate (Stomberg, et al, Nucleosides & Nucleotides. 5:815 (1987)). Phosphorofluoridate intermediates have also been used in phosphorylation reactions in the presence of a base such as CsF or n-BuLi to generate cyclic prodrugs (Watanabe et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 29:5763 (1988)). Phosphoramidate intermediates are known to couple by transition metal catalysis (Nagamatsu, et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 28:2375 (1987)).

[0297] Reaction of the optically pure diastereomer of phosphoramidate intermediate with the hydroxyl of nucleoside in the presence of an acid produces the optically pure phosphate prodrug by direct S_N2(P) reaction (Nakayama, et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112:6936 (1990)). Alternatively, reaction of the optically pure phosphate precursor with a fluoride source, preferably cesium fluoride or TBAF, produces the more reactive phosphorofluoridate which reacts with the hydroxyl of the nucleoside to give the optically pure prodrug by overall retention of configuration at the phosphorus atom (Ogilvie, et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 99:1277 (1977)).

[0298] Prodrugs of Formula I are synthesized by reaction of the corresponding phosphodichloridate and an alcohol (Khamnei, et al, J. Med. Chem. 39:4109 (1996)). For example, the reaction of a phosphodichloridate with substituted 1,3-diols in the presence of base (such as pyridine and triethylamine) yields compounds of Formula I.

[0299] Such reactive dichloridate intermediates can be prepared from the corresponding acids and the chlorinating agents such as thionyl chloride (Starrett, et al, J. Med. Chem. 1857 (1994)), oxalyl chloride (Stowell, et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 31:3261 (1990)), and phosphorus pentachloride (Quast, et al, Synthesis 490 (1974)).

[0300] Phosphorylation of an alcohol is also achieved under Mitsunobu reaction conditions using the cyclic l',3'-propanyl ester of phosphoric acid in the presence of triphenylphosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate (Kimura, et al, Bull Chem. Soc. Jpn. 52:1191 (1979)). The procedure can be extended to prepare enantiomerically pure phosphates from the corresponding phosphoric acids. Phosphate prodrugs are also prepared from the free acid by Mitsunobu reactions (Mitsunobu, Synthesis, 1 (1981); Campbell, J. Org. Chem. 52:6331 (1992)), and other acid coupling reagents including, but not limited to, carbodiimides (Alexander, et al, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 59:1853 (1994); Casara, et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2:145 (1992); Ohashi, et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 29:1189 (1988)), and benzotriazolyloxytris- (dimethylamino)phosphonium salts (Campagne, et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 34:6743 (1993)). Cyclic- 1,3-propanyl prodrugs of phosphates are also synthesized from NMP and substituted propane-l,3-diols using a coupling reagent such as 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in presence of a base (e.g., pyridine). Other carbodiimide based coupling agents such as 1,3- diisopropylcarbodiimide and the water soluble reagent, l-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI) can also be utilized for the synthesis of cyclic prodrugs.

[0301] Phosphate prodrugs can be prepared by an alkylation reaction between the phosphate corresponding tetrabutylammonium salts and substituted-1,3- diiodopropanes made from 1,3-diols (Farquhar, et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 36:655 (1995)). Furthermore, phosphate prodrugs can be made by conversion of nucleoside to the dichloridate intermediate with phosphoryl chloride in presence of triethylphosphite and quenching with substituted- 1,3-propanediols (Farquhar et al, J. Org. Chem. 26:1153 (1983)).

[0302] Phosphorylation can also be achieved by making the mixed anhydride of the cyclic diester of phosphoric acid and a sulfonyl chloride, preferably 8- quinolinesulfonyl chloride, and reacting the hydroxyl of the nucleoside in the presence of a base, preferably N-methylimidazole (Takaku, et al, J. Org. Chem. 47:4931 (1982)). hi addition, starting from an enantiomerically pure cyclic diester of a phosphoric acid, obtained by resolution (Wynberg, et al, J. Org. Chem. 50:4508 (1985)), one can obtain enantiomerically pure phosphates.

[0303] Synthesis of compounds of Formula I₃ wherein Z" is P(O)Y¹R¹¹Y¹¹R¹¹ and each R¹¹ is independently substituted by acyclic groups, Y' and Y" are each independently selected from the group consisting of -O-, and -NR^V- may be also attained by the procedures described above for the cyclic prodrugs. - Il l -

Synthesis of 6- substituted prodrugs:

[0304] Prodrugs at the 6-position may be prepared from the corresponding halo derivatives of the nucleosides. The prodrug substitution is made at the nucleoside stage (before 5'-prodrug formation) from the corresponding chloro or hydroxy functionalities in the case of compounds of in which B is a purine base or purine base derivative substituted at the 6- position (e.g., N₃, H, -COR, CO₂R). Synthesis of such nucleoside precursors are attained as described earlier (WO 02/057287). Preparation of these purine analogs by azido displacement (Aso et al, J. Chem Soc Perkin Trans II 5:1637 (2000)) or hydrogention (Freer et al., Tetrahedron 56:45 (2000)) are well known methods. Subsequently, these prodrug functionality substituted nucleosides are transformed to corresponding monophosphate cyclic prodrugs of Formula I or Formula II.

[0305]

Examples

[0306] The compounds used in this invention and their preparation can be understood further by the Examples, which illustrate some of the processes by which these compounds are prepared. These Examples should not however be construed as specifically limiting the invention, and variations of the compounds, now known or later developed, are considered to fall within the scope of the present invention as hereinafter claimed.

[0307] Compounds of Formula I are prepared as outlined below. The TLC conditions given are utilizing plates of Analtech IMIPLATE, silica gel GHLF, scored 10 X 20 cm, 250 micron. SYNTHESIS OF RACEMIC 1-(ARYL)PROPANE-U-DIOLS:

Example 1

Preparation of l-(2'-Furanyl)-Propane-l,3-Diol via Grignard Addition and

Hydroboration

[0308] To a solution of 2-furaldehyde (3 g, 31.2 mmol) in THF (60 mL) was added 1 M vinyl magnesium bromide in THF (34 mL) at O⁰C. After stirring for an hour, a solution of 1 M BH₃-THF complex in THF was added. The reaction was quenched with 3N NaOH (20 mL) and 30% hydrogen peroxide (10 mL) at O⁰C. The organic fraction was separated and concentrated. The crude product was chromatographed by eluting with 5% methanol- dichloromethane to give l-(2'-furyl)propane-l,3-diol (1 g).

Example 2

Preparation of l-(2'-Pyridyl)-Propane-l,3-Diol via Benzylic Oxidation Step A: (J Org. Chem. 22:589 (1957))

[0309] To a solution of 3-(2'-pyridyl)propan-l-ol (10 g, 72.9 mmol) in acetic acid (75 mL) was added 30% hydrogen peroxide slowly. The reaction mixture was heated to 80°C for 16 h. The reaction was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was dissolved in acetic anhydride (100 mL) and heated at HO⁰C overnight. Acetic anhydride was evaporated upon completion of the reaction. Chromatography of the mixture by eluting with methanol-methylene chloride (1:9) resulted in 10.5 g of pure diacetate.

Step B:

[0310] To a solution of diacetate (5 g, 21.1 mmol) in methanol- water (3:1, 40 mL) was added potassium carbonate (14.6 g, 105.5 mmol). After stirring for 3 h at room temperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was chromatographed by eluting with methanol-methylene chloride (1:9) to give 2.2 g of crystalline diol. Example 3

Preparation of l-(Aryl)-Propane-l,3-Diol from Propane- 1, 3 -Diol via Grignard

Addition

Step A: (J. Org. Chem. 53:911 (1988))

[0311] To a solution of oxalyl chloride (5.7 mL, 97 mmol) in dichloromethane

(200 mL) at -78°C was added dimethyl sulfoxide (9.2 mL, 130 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at -78°C for 20 min before addition of 3- (benzyloxy)propan-l-ol (11 g, 65 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 mL). After an hour at -78°C, reaction was quenched with triethylamine (19 mL, 260 mmol) and warmed to room temperature. Work-up and column chromatography by elution with dichloromethane resulted in 8 g of 3- (benzyloxy)propan- 1 -al.

Step B:

[0312] To a solution of 3-(benzyloxy)propan-l-al (1 g, 6.1 mmol) in THF at

0°C was added a 1 M solution of 4-fluorophenylmagnesium bromide in THF (6.7 mL, 6.7 mmol). The reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. Work-up and column chromatography by elution with dichloromethane resulted in 0.7 g of alcohol.

Step C:

[0313] To a solution of benzyl ether (500 mg) in ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added 10% Pd(OH)2C (100 mg). The reaction was stirred under hydrogen gas for 16 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite and concentrated. Chromatography of the residue by elution with ethyl acetate-dichloromethane (1:1) resulted in 340 mg of product. Example 4

General Procedure for Preparation of 1-Aryl Substituted-Propane-1,3-Diol

From Aryl Aldehyde

Step A: (J Org. Chem. 55:4744 (1990))

[0314] To a -78°C solution of diisopropylamine (2 mmol) in THF (0.7 mL/mmol diisopropylamine) was slowly added n-butyllithium (2 mmol, 2.5 M solution in hexanes). The reaction was then stirred for 15 min at -78°C before a solution of ethyl acetate (2 mmol) in THF (0.14 mL/mmol ethyl acetate) was slowly introduced. After stirring an additional 30 min at -78°C, a THF solution containing the aryl aldehyde (1.0 mmol in 0.28 mL THF) was added. The reaction was then stirred at -78⁰C for 30 min, warmed to room temperature and stirred an additional 2 h. After aqueous work up (0.5 M HCl), the organic layer was concentrated to a crude oil (beta-hydroxyester).

Step B:

[0315] The crude hydroxyester was dissolved in ether (2.8 mL/mmol), cooled to ice bath temperature, and lithium aluminum hydride (3 mmol) was added batch wise. The reaction was stirred allowing the cooling bath to melt and the reaction to reach room temperature. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the reaction was cooled back to ice bath temperature and quenched with ethyl acetate. Aqueous work up (0.5 M HCl) afforded the crude diol, which was purified either by chromatography or distillation.

Example 4a

Synthesis of l-(3-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-l,3-propanediol

[0316] 1 -(3 -bromophenyl)- 1,3 -propane diol was prepared as Example 4 and further derivatized as follows:

[0317] A pressure vessel was charged with l-(3-bromophenyl)-l,3- propanediol (2 g, 8.6 mmol), methanol (30 mL), triethylamine (5 mL) and bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride (0.36 g, 05 mmol). The sealed vessel was pressurize with carbon monoxide at 55 psi and heated at 85°C for 24 h. The cooled vessel was opened and the reaction mixture was filtered through Celite and rinsed with methanol. The combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes/ethyl acetate 1/1) to afford the title compound (1.2 g)

TLC: hexanes/ethyl acetate 2/8; Rf= 0.5

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): 5.05-4.95 (m, IH)₅ 3.9 (s, 3H), 2-1.8 (m, 2H).

Example 4b

Synthesis of l-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-l,3-propanediol

[0318] l-(4-bromophenyl)-l,3-propane diol was prepared as Example 4 and further derivatized as Example 4a.

TLC: hexanes/ethyl acetate 3/7; Rf= 0.35

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): 5.1-5 (m, IH), 3.91 (s, 3H)₅ 2.05-1.9 (m, 2H).

SYNTHESIS OF ENANTIOENRICHED 1-(ARYL)-PROP ANE-1,3-DIOLS:

Example 5

General Procedure for resolution of racemic 1,3-diols

[0319] Racemic diols synthesized as in Examples 1-4 may be resolved to yield both enantiomers as described in the following procedure.

Step A:

[0320] To a solution of diol (1.0 rnmol) in THF (1.0 ml) was added hexamethyldisilazane (2.1 rnmol) followed by a catalytic amount of trimethylsilyltriflate (2-3 drops). After stirring at room temperature for 1 h, the reaction was diluted with hexane (4 mL) and subjected to work up with ice-cold water. The resulting disilylether was either purified by chromatography or, if sufficiently pure, used crude in the next reaction.

Step B:

[0321] To a solution of disilylether (1.0 mmol) and (-)-menthone (1.1 mmol) in dichloromethane (2.0 ml) at -40°C, was slowly added trimethylsilyltriflate (0.11 mmol). The reaction was then kept at -50° to -6O⁰C for 48 h, at which time pyridine was added to quench the reaction. After warming to room temperature, the crude mixture was diluted with hexane (4.0 ml) and subjected to aqueous work up. The two ketals were separated by chromatography.

Step C:

[0322] The separated ketals were hydrolyzed by adding a catalytic amount of concentrated hydrochloric acid to a methanol (4.0 mL/mmol) solution of each. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the methanol was removed under vacuum and the residue was subjected to aqueous work up. The resolved diols were further purified by either chromatography or distillation.

Example 6

Synthesis of Enantioenriched l-(3'-chlorophenyl)-l,3-dihydroxypropane via Sharpless Asymmetric Epoxidation

Step A:

[0323] To a dispersion of m-chloro-cinnamic acid (25 g, 137 mmol) in ethanol

(275 mL) was added cone, sulfuric acid (8 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was refluxed overnight and concentrated. Ice-cold water was added to the crude and precipitated white solid was filtered and washed with cold water. The precipitate was dried under vacuum overnight to give 25 g of ester. (Rf= 0.5 in dichloromethane on silica) Step B:

[0324] To a solution of ethyl-m-chlorocinnamate (23 g, 109.5 mmol) in dichloromethane at -78⁰C was added 1 M DIBAL-H in dichloromethane (229 niL, 229 mmol) dropwise over 1 h. The reaction was stirred at -78°C for an additional 3 h. Ethylacetate was added to quench excess DIBAL-H and saturated aq. potassium sodium tartrate was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The organic layer was separated and salts were washed with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were concentrated and distilled at 12O⁰CZO.1 mm to give 14 g of pure allylic alcohol. (Rf = 0.38 in 1:1 ethylacetate:hexane on silica)

Step C:

[0325] To a solution of m-chlorocinnamyl alcohol (5 g, 29.76 mmol) in dichloromethane (220 niL) was added activated 4A molecular sieves powder (2.5 g) and the mixture was cooled to -20⁰C. (+)-Diethyl tartrate (0.61 mL, 3.57 mmol) was added at -20°C and stirred for 15 min before adding titanium tetraisopropoxide (0.87 g, 2.97 mmol). The reaction was stirred for additional 30 min and 5-6 M solution of t-butylhydroperoxide in heptane (10 mL, 60 mmol) was added dropwise while maintaining the internal temperature at -20 to -25°C. The mixture was stirred for an additional 3 h at -20°C and a 10% sodium hydroxide in saturated aq. sodium chloride (7.5 mL) followed by ether (25 mL) were added. The reaction was warmed to 10⁰C and stirred for 15 min before adding anhydrous magnesium sulfate (10 g) and Celite (1.5 g). The mixture was further stirred for additional 15 min, filtered and concentrated at 25°C to give crude epoxy alcohol. (Rf=0.40 in 1:1 ethylacetate:hexane on silica).

Step D:

[0326] To a solution of crude m-chloroepoxycinnamyl alcohol obtained from earlier reaction in dimethoxyethane (300 mL) was added a 65% Red- Al solution in toluene (18.63 mL, 60 mmol) dropwise under nitrogen at 0⁰C. After stirring at room temperature for 3 h, the solution was diluted with ethyl acetate (400 mL) and quenched with aq. saturated sodium sulfate solution (50 mL). After stirring at room temperature for 30 min, the resulting white precipitate formed was filtered and washed with ethylacetate. The filtrate was dried and concentrated. The crude product was distilled at 125-130°C/0.1mm to give 3.75 g of enantioenriched (i?)-l-(3'-chlorophenyl)-l,3- dihydroxypropane. (Rf= 0.40 in 1 :1 ethylacetate :dichloromethane).

[0327] Enantiomeric excesses were defined as diacetates (prepared by treatment of diols with acetic anhydride, triethylamine, cat.DMAP in dichloromethane) by HPLC ((S₁S) Whelko-0, 250 cm X 4.0 mm ID purchased from Regis).

[0328] (i?)-l-(3'-chlorophenyl)-l,3-dihydroxypropane: 91% ee

[0329] (+)Diisoproρyltartrate provided >96% ee in (i?)-l-(3'-chlorophenyl)-

1 ,3 -dihydroxypropane.

[0330] (S)-I -(3 '-chlorophenyl)- 1,3 -dihydroxypropane was also prepared under identical conditions via asymmetric epoxidation and reduction protocol utilizing (-)-tartrate in similar yields. (>S)-3-(3'-chlorophenyl)-l,3- dihydroxypropane was obtained with 79% ee.

Example 7

Synthesis of Enantioenriched l-(3'-chlorophenyl)-l,3-dihydroxypropane via

Hydrogen Transfer Reaction

Step A: Preparation of methyl 3-(3'-chlorophenyl)-3-oxo-propanoate:

[0331] A 22 L, 3-neck round bottom flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermowell/ thermometer and nitrogen inlet (bubbler in-line). The flask was flushed with nitrogen and charged sequentially with THF (6 L), potassium t-butoxide (1451 g), and THF (0.5 L). The resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 15 min. and a 20°C water bath was applied. A 3 L round bottom flask was charged with 3'-chloroacetophenone (1000 g) and diethylcarbonate (1165 g), and the resulting yellow solution was added slowly to the stirred potassium t-butoxide solution, maintaining the temperature between 16 and 31°C. After the addition was complete (1 h, 10 min.), the cooling bath was removed and the solution was stirred for 1 h, 30 min. TLC indicated that the reaction was complete. A 5 gallon stationary separatory runnel was charged with ice water (4 L) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.3 L of 12 M solution). The dark red reaction solution was quenched into the aqueous acid and the mixture was stirred for 15 min. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase (lower) was extracted again with toluene (4 L). The combined organic extracts were washed with saturated brine (2 X 3 L, 10 min. stirring time each), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 1480 g of a brown oil. The oil was placed under high vacuum (10 torr) overnight to give 1427 g. The material was vacuum distilled (short path column, fraction cutter receiver) and the fraction at 108-128 °C/l-0.5 torr was collected to provide 1273.9 g of a yellow oil. (Rf= 0.36 in 20% ethyl acetate/hexanes).

Step B: Preparation of methyl (<S)-3-(3'-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropionate:

A 12 L, 3-neck round bottom flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermometer, addition funnel (500 mL) and nitrogen inlet (bubbler in¬ line). The flask was flushed with nitrogen and charged with formic acid (292 mL, 350 g). Triethylamine (422 mL, 306 g) was charged to the addition funnel, then added slowly with stirring, maintaining the temperature less than 45°C. After the addition was complete (1 h, 30 min), the solution was stirred with the ice bath applied for 20 min., then at ambient temperature for an additional 1 h. The flask was charged sequentially with methyl 3-(3- chlorophenyl)-3-oxo-propanoate (1260 g), DMF (2.77 L including rinsing volume) and 0S,5)-Ts-DPEN-Ru-Cl-(p-cymene) (3.77 g). The flask was equipped with a heating mantle and the addition funnel was replaced with a condenser (5 C circulating coolant for condenser). The stirred reaction solution was slowly heated to 60°C (90 min. to attain 6O⁰C) and the contents were maintained at 60⁰C for 4.25 h. HPLC indicated 3% starting material remained. The solution was stirred at 6O⁰C for an additional 8 h, then gradually cooled to ambient temperature overnight. HPLC indicated 0.5% starting material. A 5 gallon stationary separatory funnel was charged with water (10 L) and MTBE (1 L). The reaction solution was poured into the aqueous mixture and the reaction flask was rinsed into the separatory funnel with an additional 1 L of MTBE. The contents were stirred for several minutes and the layers were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with additional MTBE (2 X 1 L), and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine (1 L), and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 1334 g of a red oil. The oil was used without further purification for the next step. [0333] The crude hydroxyester (10 mg, 0.046 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (1 mL). Acetic anhydride (22 μL, 0.23 mmol) and 4- (dimethylamino)pyridine (22 mg, 0.18 mmol) were added and the solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 15 min. The solution was diluted with dichloromethane (10 mL) and washed with 1 M hydrochloric acid (3 X 3 mL). The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residual oil was dissolved in methanol and analyzed by chiral HPLC (Zorbax Rx-Cl 8, 250 X 4.6 mm; mobile phase: 65/35 (v/v) water/acetonitrile, isocratic; flow rate = 1.5 mL/min; inj. volume = 15 μL; UV detection at 220 nm. Retention times: Product = 9.3 min, starting material = 17.2 min). The hydroxyester was derivatized to the acetate for analysis by chiral HPLC and shown to give 91% ee. (HPLC conditions: Column: Pirkle covalent (S,S) Whelk-0 10/100 krom FEC, 250 X 4.6 mm; mobile phase: 70/30 (v/v) methanol/water, isocratic; flow rate: 1.5 mL/min; inj. volume = 10 μL; UV detection at 220 nm. Retention times: S-hydroxyester (acetate) = 9.6 min, i?-hydroxyester (acetate) = 7.3 min.)

Step C: Preparation of (₎S)-3-(3^I-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid:

[0334] To the crude hydroxyester in a 10 L rotary evaporator flask was added sodium hydroxide solution (2.5 L of 2 M solution). The resulting solution was stirred on the rotary evaporator at ambient pressure and temperature for 2 h. HPLC indicated 5% starting material still remained (HPLC conditions: Column: Zorbax Rx-Cl 8, 250 X 4.6 mm; mobile phase: 65/35 (v/v) water/acetonitrile, isocratic; flow rate = 1.5 mL/min; inj. volume = 15 μL; UV detection at 220 nm. Retention times: Product = 3.8 min, starting material = 18.9 min.). The pH of the solution was 11 (wide range pH paper). Additional 2 M NaOH solution was added to adjust the pH to 14 (approx. 100 mL), and the solution was stirred for an additional 30 min. HPLC indicated the reaction was complete. The solution was transferred to a 5 gallon stationary separatory funnel and extracted with MTBE (2 L). The layers were separated and the organic extract was discarded. The aqueous phase was transferred back to the separatory funnel and acidified with 12 M HCl solution (600 mL). The mixture was extracted with MTBE (1 X 2 L, 2 X 1 L). The combined acidic organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 1262 g of a brown, oily semi-solid. The residue was slurried with ethyl acetate (1 L) and transferred to a 12 L, 3 -neck round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, heating mantle, condenser and thermometer. The stirred mixture was heated to dissolve all solids (28⁰C) and the dark solution was cooled to 10°C (a precipitate formed at 11⁰C). The mixture was slowly diluted with hexanes (4 L over 1 h) and the resulting mixture was stirred at <10°C for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and the collected solid was washed with cold 4/1 hexanes/ethyl acetate (1 L), and dried to constant weight (-30 in. Hg, 50⁰C, 4 h). Recovery = 837 g of a beige solid, mp = 94.5-95.5°C. A 50 mg sample of hydroxyacid was reduced to the diol with borane-THF (see Step D). The resulting crude diol was diacetylated (as described in Step B)) and analyzed by chiral HPLC. Retention times: S- diol (diacetate)= 12.4 min, i?-diol (diacetate)= 8.8 min.) ee = 98% [0335] A second crop of hydroxyacid was isolated. The filtrate from above was concentrated under reduced pressure to give 260 g of a brown sludge. The material was dissolved in ethyl acetate (250 mL) and the stirred dark solution was slowly diluted with hexanes (1000 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The mixture was filtered and the collected solid was washed with 5/1 hexanes/ethyl acetate (200 mL), and dried to constant weight (-30 in. Hg, 50⁰C, 16 h). Recovery = 134 g of a beige solid, ee = 97%

Step D: Preparation of (5)-(-)-l-(3-chlorophenyl)-l,3-propanediol:

[0336] A 22 L, 3 -neck round bottom flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermowell/thermometer and nitrogen inlet (outlet to bubbler). The flask was charged with 2 M borane-THF (3697 g, 4.2 L) and the stirred solution was cooled to 5°C. A solution of (<S)-3-(3-chlorophenyl)-3- hydroxypropanoic acid (830 g) in THF (1245 mL) was prepared with stirring (slightly endothermic). The reaction flask was equipped with an addition funnel (1 L) and the hydroxyacid solution was slowly added to the stirred borane solution, maintaining the temperature < 16°C. After the addition was complete (3 h), the mixture was stirred at ice bath temperature for 1.5 h. The reaction was quenched by careful addition of water (2.5 L). After the addition was complete (30 min), 3 M NaOH solution (3.3 L) was added (temperature increased to 35°C) and the resulting mixture was stirred for an additional 20 min. (temperature = 3O⁰C). The reaction mixture was transferred to a 5 gallon stationary separatory funnel and the layers were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with MTBE (2.5 L) and the combined organic extracts (THF and MTBE) were washed with 20 wt% NaCl solution (2 L) and stirred with MgSO₄ (830 g) for 30 min. The mixture was filtered through Celite and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 735 g of a thick, brown oil.

[0337] The oil was purified by vacuum distillation and the fraction at 135-

140°C/0.2 mm Hg was collected to provide 712.2 g of a colorless oil.

[0338] The diol was diacetylated and analyzed by chiral HPLC (e.e. = 98%)

(see Step B). Retention times: S-diol (diacetate) = 12.4 min, i?-diol (diacetate) = 8.9 min. [α]_D = -51.374 (5 mg/mL in CHCl₃) Example 8

Synthesis of Enantio enriched l-(4'-pyridyl)-l,3-Dihydroxypropane via Hydrogen Transfer Reaction:

Step A: Synthesis of methyl 3-oxo-3-(pyridin-4-yl)-propanoate

[0339] A 50 L, 3 -neck flask was equipped with an overhead stirrer, heating mantle, and nitrogen inlet. The flask was charged with THF (8 L), potassium t-butoxide (5 kg, 44.6 mol), and THF (18 L). 4-Acetylρyridine (2.5 kg, 20.6 mol) was added, followed by dimethylcarbonate (3.75 L, 44.5 mol). The reaction mixture was stirred without heating for 2.5 h then with heating to 57- 60°C for 3 h. The heat was turned off and the mixture cooled slowly overnight (15 h). The mixture was filtered through a 45 cm Buchner funnel. The solid was returned to the 50 L flask and diluted with aqueous acetic acid (3 L acetic acid in 15 L of water). The mixture was extracted with MTBE (I x 16 L, 1 x 12 L). The combined organic layers were washed with aqueous Na₂CO₃ (1750 g in 12.5 L water), saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (8 L), and brine (8 L) then dried over MgSO₄ (500 g) overnight (15 h). The solution was filtered and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation to a mass of 6.4 kg. The resulting suspension was cooled in an ice bath with stirring for 2 h. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with MTBE (500 mL), and dried in a vacuum oven at 20°C for 15 h, giving 2425 g of the keto ester as a pale yellow solid.

[0340] The MTBE mother liquor was concentrated to approximately 1 L. The resulting suspension was cooled in an ice bath for 1 h. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with MTBE (2 x 150 mL), and dried in a vacuum oven to give 240 g of a second crop.

[0341] TLC. Merck silica gel plates, 1:2 THF/hexane, UV lamp, Rf of SM =

0.25, Rf of product = 0.3.

[0342] Melting Point: 74-76°C. Step B: Synthesis of S-methyl-3-hydroxy-3-(pyridin-4-yi)-propanoate

[0343] A 22 L, 3-neck round bottom flask was equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermowell/ thermometer, addition funnel (1 L), and cooling vessel (empty). The flask was flushed with nitrogen, charged with formic acid (877 g) and cooled with an ice bath. Triethylamine (755 g) was charged to the addition funnel and added slowly over 50 min. to the stirred formic acid. After the addition was complete, the cooling bath was removed and the reaction solution was diluted with DMF (5.0 L). The ketoester (2648 g) was added in one portion, followed by an additional 0.5 L of DMF. The flask was equipped with a heating mantle and the stirred mixture was heated gradually to 16°C to dissolve all solids. The catalyst (£S)-Ts-DPEN-Ru-Cl-(p-cymene) (18.8 g) was added in one portion and the stirred mixture was heated to 55°C over 1 h. The resulting dark solution was stirred at 55°C for 16 h. TLC indicated the reaction was complete. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure (Buchi Rl 52 rotary evaporator under high vacuum, bath temp = 60⁰C) to give 3574 g of a brown oil. The oil was dissolved in dichloromethane (10 L) and transferred to a 5 gal. stationary separatory funnel. The dark solution was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (3.0 L) and the aqueous phase was back extracted with dichloromethane (3.0 L). The combined dichloromethane extracts were dried over MgSO₄ (300 g), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 3362 g of a brown oil.

[0344] Column: Chiralpak AD, 0.46 x 25 cm; mobile phase = 10:90, ethanol:hexane, isocratic; flow rate= 1.5 mL/min; injection volume= 10 μL UV detection at 254 nm.

Retention times: i?-hydroxy ester = 19.9 min. S-hydroxy ester = 21.7 min. Retention times: i?-diol = 14.2 min.

Hydroxy Ester:

[0345] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 2.73 (d, 2H, J=1.5Hz), 3.73 (s, 3H), 4.35 (s, IH),

5.11-5.19 (m, IH), 7.31 (d, 2H, J=6.6Hz), 8.53 (d, 2H, J=6.0Hz).

[0346] Merck silica gel 60 plates, 2.5 X 7.5 cm, 250 micron; UV lamp: 5%

MeOH in CH₂Cl₂; Rf of S.M. - 0.44, Rf of product = 0.15.

[0347] e.e. = 87% S isomer of hydroxy ester.

Step C: Synthesis of S-(-)-l-(Pyrid-4-yi)-l,3-propanediol

[0348] A 22 L, 4-neck round bottom flask was equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermowell/ thermometer, addition funnel (2 L), condenser and cooling vessel (empty). The flask was flushed with nitrogen and charged sequentially with sodium borohydride (467 g, 12.3 mol), 1-butanol (9.0 L), and water (148 mL, 8.23 mol) The crude hydroxyester was dissolved in 1-butanol (1.0 L) and the solution was charged to the addition funnel. The solution was added over 3.25 h, using cooling as necessary to keep the temperature below 62⁰C. After addition was complete, the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h then the flask was equipped with a heating mantle and the stirred mixture was heated to 9O⁰C over 0.75 h. The mixture was stirred at 90-93⁰C for 2.25 h, then cooled over 1.5 h to 28⁰C. The reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous potassium carbonate solution (10 wt/vol %, 6 L) and the mixture was stirred for 10 min. The layers were separated and the butanol phase was washed with aqueous potassium carbonate solution (10 wt/vol %, 2 L) and sodium chloride solution (15 wt/vol %, 2 L). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure (Buchi Rl 52 rotary evaporator, high vacuum, bath temperature = 6O⁰C) until a concentrated solution resulted and 10.5 L of distillate had been collected. Acetonitrile (3 L) was fed into the evaporator flask and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Acetonitrile (9 L) was again fed into the evaporator flask and the slurry was stirred (rotation on the rotary evaporator) at -6O⁰C (bath temperature = 7O⁰C, atmospheric pressure) for 15 min. The hot slurry was filtered through Celite 521 (250 g as a slurry in 1 L of acetonitrile was prepacked on a 24 cm Buchner funnel). The filtrate was partially concentrated under reduced pressure (5 L of distillate were collected) and the resulting slurry was heated at atmospheric pressure on the rotary evaporator to dissolve all solids (bath temp = 65⁰C). The heat source was turned off and the resulting solution was stirred on the rotary evaporator for 1O h, with gradual cooling to ambient temperature. The resulting mixture was filtered and the collected solid was washed with acetonitrile (2 X 200 mL) and dried to constant weight (-30 in. Hg, 55°C, 4 h), giving £-(-)-l-(4-pyridyl)-l,3- propanediol as a yellow solid weighing 496 g. Melting point = 98-100⁰C

HPLC conditions:

[0349] Column: Chiralpak AD, 0.46 x 25 cm; mobile phase = 10:90, ethanoLhexane, isocratic; flow rate= 1.5 mL/min; injection volume= 10 μL UV detection at 254 nm.

Retention times: i?-diol = 14.2 min.

S-diol == 15.5 min.

[0350] Merck silica gel 60 plates, 2.5 X 7.5 cm, 250 micron; UV lamp; 15%

MeOH in CH₂Cl₂; Rf of starting material = 0.38, Rf of product = 0.17, Rf of boron complex = 0.26.

Example 9

Synthesis of (S)-3-(3'-chlorophenyl)-l,3-dihydroxypropane via (-)-β- chlorodiisopinocampheylborane (DIPCl) Reduction

Step A: Preparation of 3-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-oxo-propanoic acid:

[0351] A 12 L, 3-neck round bottom flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer and addition funnel (2 L). The flask was flushed with nitrogen and charged with diisopropylamine (636 mL) and THF (1.80 L). A thermocouple probe was immersed in the reaction solution and the stirred contents were cooled to -20°C. n-Butyllithium (1.81 L of a 2.5 M solution in hexanes) was charged to the addition funnel and added slowly with stirring, maintaining the temperature between -20 and — 28°C. After the addition was complete (30 min), the addition funnel was rinsed with hexanes (30 mL) and the stirred solution was cooled to -62°C. Trimethylsilyl acetate (300 g) was added slowly with stirring, maintaining the temperature <-60°C. After the addition was complete (30 min), the solution was stirred at -60°C for 15 min. 3-Chlorobenzoyl chloride (295 mL) was added slowly with stirring, maintaining the temperature <-60°C. After the addition was complete (65 min), the cooling bath was removed and the reaction solution was stirred for 1.25 h, with gradual warming to 0°C. The reaction flask was cooled with an ice bath, then water (1.8 L) was added to the stirred solution. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min., then diluted with t-butyl methyl ether (1.0 L). The lower aqueous phase was separated and transferred to a 12 L, 3 -neck round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer. t-Butyl methyl ether was added (1.8 L) and the stirred mixture was cooled to <10°C (ice bath). Concentrated HCl solution (300 mL of 12 M solution) was added and the mixture was vigorously stirred. The layers were separated and aqueous phase was further acidified with con. HCl (30 mL) and extracted again with t-butyl methyl ether (1.0 L). The combined MTBE extracts were washed with brine (1 L), dried (MgSO₄, 70 g), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 827 g of a yellow solid. The crude solid was slurried in hexanes (2.2 L) and transferred to a 5 L, 3-neck round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer. The mixture was stirred at <10°C (ice bath) for 1 h, then filtered, washed with hexanes (4 X 100 mL) and dried to constant weight (-30 in. Hg, ambient temperature, 14 h). Recovery = 309 g of a pale yellow powder. Step B: Preparation of (5)-3-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid:

[0352] A 12 L, 3-neck round bottom flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer and addition funnel (1 L). The flask was flushed with nitrogen and charged with 3-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-oxo-propanoic acid (275.5 g) and dichloromethane (2.2 L). A thermocouple probe was immersed in the reaction slurry and the stirred contents were cooled to — 20°C. Triethylamine (211 mL) was added over 5 min. to the stirred slurry and all solids dissolved. A dichloromethane solution of (-)-β-chlorodiisopinocampheylborate (1.60 M, 1.04 L) was charged to the addition funnel, then added slowly with stirring, maintaining the temperature between -20 and -25°C. After the addition was complete (35 min), the solution was warmed to ice bath temperature (2-3 °C) and stirred for 4 h. Water (1.2 L) was added to the cloudy orange reaction mixture, followed by 3 M NaOH solution (1.44 L). The mixture was vigorously stirred for 5 min, then transferred to a separatory funnel. The layers were separated and the basic aqueous phase was washed with ethyl acetate (1.0 L). The aqueous phase was acidified with cone. HCl (300 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 X 1.3 L). The two acidic ethyl acetate extracts were combined, washed with brine (600 mL), dried (MgSO₄, 130 g), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 328 g of a yellow oil (the oil crystallized on standing). The solid was slurried in ethyl acetate (180 mL) and transferred to a 2 L, 3-neck round bottom flask, equipped with a mechanical stirrer. The stirred mixture was cooled to <10°C (ice bath), then diluted with hexanes (800 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at ice bath temperature for 4 h, then filtered. The collected solid was washed with 4:1 hexanes: ethyl acetate (3 X 50 mL) and dried to constant weight (-30 in. Hg, ambient temperature, 12 h). Recovery = 207.5 g of a white powder. Step C: Preparation of (.S)-(-)-l-(3-chlorophenyl)-l,3-propanediol:

[0353] The compound was prepared as described in Example 7, Step D.

[0354] The residue was dissolved in methanol (1 mL) and analyzed by chiral

HPLC (see, Example 7; Step B). ee > 98%.

Example 10

The Preparation of 1,3-Diols via Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation: Step A:

[0355] Beta-ketoester starting material was synthesized as described in

Example 7, step A.

Step B:

[0356] A solution containing beta-ketoester (1 mmol) in either methanol or ethanol (5-10 mL/mmol ketoester) was degassed through several pump/vent (N₂) cycles at room temperature. The degassed solution was moved into a glove bag and under an atmosphere of N₂ was poured into a stainless steel bomb containing a stir bar and 1.0 mole % Ru-BINAP catalyst. The bomb was sealed, removed from the glove bag and purged with H₂ prior to stirring 18-24 h at room temperature and 150 psi H₂. After venting the hydrogen pressure, the bomb was opened and the reaction mixture was removed and concentrated. The crude beta-hydroxyester was used for hydrolysis.

Step C:

[0357] Crude beta-hydroxy ester was hydrolyzed as described in Example 7, step C. Step D:

[0358] Optically active beta-hydroxy acid was reduced as described in

Example 7, step D.

SYNTHESIS OF RACEMIC PHOSPHORYLATING AGENTS:

Example 11

General procedure for the synthesis of /ra«5^r-4-(aryl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinanes

Formula O

Example 11.1: Synthesis of trα«5^r-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo-1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0359] A solution of l-(3-chlorophenyl)-l,3-propane diol (25 g, 134 mmol) and triethylaniine (62.5 mL, 442 mmol) in THF was added to a solution of 4- nitrophenyl-phosphorodichloridate (37.7 g, 147 mmol) in THF at room temperature and the resulting solution was heated at reflux. After 2 h, TLC indicated complete consumption of the starting diol and formation of the cis and trans isomers in a 60/40 ratio (HPLC). The clear yellow solution was cooled to 30°C, sodium 4-nitrophenoxide (56 g, 402 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at reflux. After 90 min. the reddish reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and stirred at room temperature for 2 h then placed in the refrigerator overnight. The final ratio was determined by HPLC to be 96/4 trans/cis. The reaction mixture was quenched with a saturated solution of ammonium chloride and diluted with ethyl acetate. The layers were separated and the organics were washed 4 times with 0.3 N sodium hydroxide to remove the nitrophenol, then saturated sodium chloride and dried over sodium sulfate. The filtered solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting solid was recrystallized from ethyl acetate to give large off white needles (45 g, mp = 115-116⁰C, purity 98 A%). [0360] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: cw-isomer 5.6-

5.8 (m, IH), trcms-isomer 5.5-5.6 9 (m, IH). [0361] TLC conditions: Merck silica gel 60 F254 plates, 250 μm thickness; mobile phase = 60/40 hexanes/ethyl acetate; Rf: diol = 0.1, αs-phosphate =

0.2, trø/M-phosphate = 0.35. [0362] HPLC conditions: Column = Waters μ Bondapack Cl 8 3.9 x 300 mm; mobile phase = 40/60 acetonitrile/phosphate buffer pH 6.2; flow rate = 1.4 mL/min; detection = UV @ 270 nm; retention times in min: czs-isomer =

14.46, trans-isomer = 16.66, 4-nitrophenol = 4.14.

Example 11.2: Synthesis of t7Yms-4-(3-pyrid-3-yl)-2-(4-rήtrophenoxy)-2-oxo- 1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0363] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3-pyridyl)-l,3-propanediol.

[0364] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isom.Gr

5.6-5.8 (m, IH)

Example 11.3: Synthesis of tra7zs-4-(3,-5-difluorophenyl)-2~(4-nitrophenoxy)- 2-oxo-l ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0365] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3,-5-difluorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol. TLC conditions: Merck silica gel 60 F254 plates, 250 μm thickness; mobile phase = 50/50 hexanes/ethyl acetate; Rf: diol = 0.1, cis- phosphate = 0.25, traTw-phosphate = 0.4.

[0366] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trαrø-isomer

5.7-5.5 (m, IH)

Example 11.4: Synthesis of trø7zs-4-(4-memylphenyl)-2-(4-m^'trophenoxy)-2- oxo-1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0367] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(4-methylphenyl)-l,3- propanediol TLC: 50/50 hexanes/ethyl acetate; Rf : czs-phosphate = 0.25; trαns-phosphate = 0.35. [0368] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomer

5.65-5.5 (m, IH)

Example 11.5: Synthesis of £ra«s-4-(3,5-dimemylphenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)- 2-oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0369] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-l,3- propanediol TLC: 50/50 hexanes/ethyl acetate; Rf : czs-phosphate = 0.2; tra/zs-phosphate = 0.3.

[0370] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isamer

5.6-5.45 (m, IH)

Example 11.6 Synthesis of tra«s-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)~2-(4-nitrophenoxy)- 2-oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane :

[0371] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol TLC: 70/30 hexanes/ethyl acetate; Rf : cw-phosphate = 0.3; trαπs-phosphate = 0.5.

[0372] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomeτ

5.85-5.7 (m, IH)

Example 11.7: Synthesis of trα7w-4-(pyrid-4-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo- 1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphormane:

[0373] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(pyrid-4-yl)- 1,3 -propanediol

TLC: 95/5 dichloromethane/ethanol; Rf : trans-phosphate = 0.35.

[0374] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomer

5.7-5.55 (m, IH)

Example 11.8: Synthesis of trαHS~4-(3~methoxycarbonylphenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0375] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-l,3- propanediol TLC: 30/70 hexanes/ethyl acetate; Rf : czs-phosphate = 0.5; trans-phosphate = 0.6.

[0376] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomeτ

5.7-5.6 (m, IH) Example 11.9: Synthesis of trαRs-4-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-2-(4~ nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0377] Same as Example 11.1 starting with 1 -(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-l ,3- propanediol TLC: 30/70 hexanes/ethyl acetate; Rf : czs-phosphate = 0.35; trans-phosphate = 0.5.

[0378] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomeτ

5.7-5.6 (m, IH)

Example 11.10: Synthesis of trαrø-4-(5-bromopyrid-3-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)- 2-oxo-l ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0379] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(5-bromopyrid-3-yl)-l,3- propanediol [0380] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomer

5.8-5.65 (m, IH)

Example 11.11: Synthesis of tra«s-4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4-mtrophenoxy)- 2-oxo-l ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0381] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the isomerization was conducted with 4-nitrophenol and lithium hydride as in Example 13 a.

[0382] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomer

6-5.9 (m, IH)

Example 11.12: Synthesis of traRs-4-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0383] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the isomerization was conducted with 4-nitrophenol and triethylamine as in Example 13b.

[0384] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trarø-isomer

5.9-5.7 (m, IH) Example 11.13: Synthesis of tra«5ⁱ-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo-1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0385] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2-chlorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the isomerization was conducted with 4-nitrophenol and lithium hydride as in Example 13 a.

[0386] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomer

6-5.9 (m, IH)

Example 11.14: Synthesis of trα«s-4-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0387] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the isomerization was conducted with 4-nitrophenol and triethylamine as in Example 13b.

[0388] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomev

5.55-5.45 (m, IH), 3.3 (s, 6H)

Example 11.15: Synthesis of traws-4-(2-bromophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo-1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0389] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2-bromophenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the isomerization was conducted with 4-nitrophenol and triethylamine as in Example 13a.

[0390] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomeτ

5.95-5.85 (m, IH)

Example 11.16: Synthesis of trαns~4-(3-bromo-5-ethoxyphenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo- 1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0391] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3-bromo-5-ethoxyphenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the isomerization was conducted with 4-nitrophenol and triethylamine as in Example 13b.

[0392] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomer

5.9-5.75 (m, IH), 4.04 (q, 2H), 1.39 (t, 3H). Example 11.17: Synthesis of trø«s-4-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2~(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo- 1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0393] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the isomerization was conducted with 4-nitrophenol and triethylamine as in Example 13b.

[0394] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomer

6-5.75 (m, IH).

Example 11.18: Synthesis of trα«s-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo-1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0395] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(4-chlorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the trans-isomer was isolated from the cis/trans mixture without isomerization. TLC: hexanes/ethyl acetate 1/1; Rf : cis- phosphate = 0.2; tra/w-phosphate = 0.6.

[0396] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomev

5.6-5.5 (m, IH).

Example 11.19: Synthesis of trarø-4-(3-methylphenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0397] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3-methylphenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the

was isolated from the cis/trans mixture without isomerization. TLC: hexanes/ethyl acetate 6/4; Rf : cis- phosphate = 0.2; trazw-phosphate = 0.5.

[0398] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomet

5.65-5.5 (m, IH).

Example 11.20: Synthesis of trøR£-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes:

[0399] Same as Example 11.1 starting with 1 -(^fluorophenyl)-!., 3- propanediol except that the trans-isomer was isolated from the cis/trans mixture without isomerization.

[0400] ¹H NMR (DMSO-de, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans- isomer 5.78-5.85 (m, IH). Example 11.21: Synthesis of t7-αns-4-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo-1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0401] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2-fluorophenyi)-l,3- propanediol except that the trans-isomer was isolated from the cisltrans mixture without isomerization.

[0402] ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans- isomer 5.9-6.1 (m, IH).

Example 11.22: Synthesis of trøws~4-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0403] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3-fluorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the trans-isomer was isolated from the cisltrans mixture without isomerization.

[0404] ¹H NMR (DMSOd₆, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans- isomer 5.8-5.9 (m, IH).

Example 11.23: Synthesis of trans-4-[4-(4~chloiOphenoxy)phenyl]-2~(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0405] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-

1,3 -propanediol except that the trø/w-isomer was isolated from the cisltrans mixture without isomerization.

[0406] ¹H NMR (DMSOd₆, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans- isomer 5.75-5.9 (m, IH).

Example 11.24: Synthesis of trans-4-(3-bromophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane :

[0407] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3-bromophenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the trαns-isomer was isolated from the cisltrans mixture without isomerization. TLC: hexanes/ethyl acetate 1/1; Rf : cis- phosphate = 0.25; trans-phosphate = 0.5.

[0408] ¹H NMR (DMSOd₆, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans- isomer 5.8-5.95 (m, IH). Example 11.25: Synthesis of trarø-4-(3,4-ethylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0409] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3,4-ethylenedioxyphenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the trans-isomeτ was isolated from the cisltrans mixture without isomerization. TLC: hexanes/ethyl acetate 1/1; Rf : trans- phosphate = 0.6.

[0410] ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans- isomer 5.8-5.9 (m, IH).

Example 11.26: Synthesis of trα«5^r-4-(2-fluoro-4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0411] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2-fluoro-4-chlorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the traτw-isomer was isolated from the cisltrans mixture without isomerization. TLC: hexanes/ethyl acetate 1/1; Rf : trans- phosphate = 0.7.

[0412] ¹H NMR (DMSOd₆, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans- isomer 5.9-6 (m, IH).

Example 11.27: Synthesis of £ra72s-4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)- 2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0413] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the trans-isomer was isolated from the cisltrans mixture without isomerization. TLC: hexanes/ethyl acetate 1/1; Rf : trans- phosphate = 0.65.

[0414] ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans- isomer 6.2-6.4 (m, IH).

Example 11.28: Synthesis of traπ5-4-(2-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0415] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl)-

1,3-propanediol except that the trans-isomex was isolated from the cisltrans mixture without isomerization. [0416] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomer

5.8-5.95 (m, IH), 3.8 (s, 3H).

Example 11.29: Synthesis of trara-4-(3-fluoro-4~chlorophenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2~oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0417] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3-fluoro-4-chlorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the isomerization was conducted with 4-nitrophenol and triethylamine as in Example 13b.

[0418] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomer

5.4-5.6 (m, IH).

Example 11.30: Synthesis of £rαfts~4-(3-chloro-4-fruorophenyl)~2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0419] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3-cliloro-4-fmorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the isomerization was conducted with 4-nitrophenol and triethylamine as in Example 13b.

[0420] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomer

5.5-5.6 (m, IH).

Example 11.31: Synthesis of £rarø-4-(2-fluoro-5-bromophenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0421] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2-fluoro-5-bromophenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the isomerization was conducted with 4-nitrophenol and triethylamine as in Example 13b.

[0422] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomer

5.8-5.9 (m, IH).

Example 11.32: Synthesis of i?ra«j-4-(2₅3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0423] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the isomerization was conducted with 4-nitrophenol and triethylamine as in Example 13b.

[0424] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomer

5.9-6 (m, IH). Example 11.33: Synthesis of tra«i'-4-(2,3,6-trifluorophenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0425] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2,3,6-trifluorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol except that the isomerization was conducted with 4-nitrophenol and triethylamine as in Example 13b.

[0426] ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, Varian Gemini 200 MHz): C'-proton: trans-isomer

5.9-6 (m, IH).

Example 11.34: Synthesis of trøns-4(R)-(phenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0427] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l(R)-(phenyl)-l,3-propanediol isolated by column without the isomerization. [0428] Rf - 0.5 (50% EtOAc in Hexanes). mp 90-92°C. Anal calcd for

C₁₅H₁₄ClO₄P: C, 55.49; H, 4.35. Found: C, 55.64; H, 3.94.

Example 11.35: Synthesis of trα/zs-4(R)-(phenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo- 1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0429] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l(R)-(phenyl)-l,3-propanediol isolated by column without the isomerization. [0430] Rf = 0.4 (50% EtOAc in Hexanes). mp 130-131⁰C. Anal calcd for

C₁₅H₁₄NO₆P: C, 53.74; H, 4.21; N, 4.18. Found: C, 53.86; H, 4.07; N, 4.00.

Example 11.36: Synthesis of trarcs-4(S)-(phenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo- 1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0431] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l(S)-(phenyl)-l,3-propanediol.

[0432] Rf = 0.2 (5% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂). mp 128-129⁰C. Anal calcd for

C₁₅Hi₄NO₆P: C, 53.74; H, 4.21; N, 4.18. Found: C, 53.69; H, 4.53; N, 4.23.

Example 11.37: Synthesis of tra7«-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0433] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l,3- propanediol. [0434] Rf = 0.32(35% EtOAc in hexanes). mp 78-81°C. Anal calcd for

C₁₆H₁₃F₃NO₆P: C, 47.66; H, 3.25; N, 3.47. Found: C, 47.69; H, 3.77; N, 3.52.

Example 11.38: Synthesis of trø7W-4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)- 2-oxo-l ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0435] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol. [0436] Rf = 0.32(35% EtOAc in hexanes). mp 154-157°C. Anal calcd for

C₁₅H₁₂Q₂NO₆P: C, 44.58; H, 2.99; N, 3.47. Found: C, 44.63; H, 3.07; N,

3.47.

Example 11.39: Synthesis of tra/w-4-(3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0437] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol. Rf = 0.2 (5% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂). mp 108°C. Anal calcd for C₁₅H₁₂NO₆BrFP: C, 41.69; H, 2.80; N, 3.24. Found: C, 41.90; H, 2.76; N, 3.05.

Example 11.40: Synthesis of trarø-4-(2-pyridyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo- 1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0438] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2-pyridyl)-l,3-propanediol. mp

99-102⁰C. Anal calcd for C₁₄H₁₃N₂O₆P: C, 50.01; H, 3.90; N, 8.33. Found: C, 49.84; H, 3.41; N, 8.14.

Example 11.41: Synthesis of trø7w-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)- 2-oxo-l ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0439] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol. Rf = 0.15 (35% EtOAc in Hexanes). mp 126-129°C. Anal calcd for C₁₅H₁₂Q₂NO₆P: C, 44.58; H, 2.99; N, 3.47. Found: Q 44.71; H, 3.49; N, 3.41. Example 11.42: Synthesis of trø«s-4-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)- 2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0440] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-l,3- propanediol. Rf = 0.20 (35% EtOAc in Hexanes). mp 108-111⁰C. Anal calcd for C₁₉H₂₂NO₆P: C, 58.31; H, 5.67; N, 3.58. Found: C, 58.04; H, 5.67; N, 3.55.

Example 11.43: Synthesis of t7'αrø-4-(3-thiophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane :

[0441] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3-thiophenyi)-l,3-propanediol. mp 94-96°C. Anal calcd for C₁₃H₁₂NO₆PS: C, 45.75; H, 3.54; N, 4.10. Found: C, 45.65; H, 3.21; N, 4.24.

Example 11.44: Synthesis of trans-4-(3-furanyl)-2-(4-mtrophenoxy)-2-oxo- 1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0442] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(3-furanyl)-l,3-propanediol. mp

108-111⁰C. Anal calcd for C₁₃Hi₂NO₇P: C, 48.01; H₅ 3.72; N, 4.31. Found: C, 48.06; H, 3.61; N, 4.26.

Example 11.45: Synthesis of tra7zs-4-(2-bromo-5-chlorophenyl)-2~(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0443] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2-bromo-5-chlorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol. Rf= 0.20 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 105-106°C. Anal calcd for Ci₅Hi₂NO₆BrClP: C, 40.16; H, 2.70; N, 3.12. Found: C, 39.97; H, 2.86; N, 3.06.

Example 11.46: Synthesis of tra?2s-4-(2,5-difluorophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)- 2-oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane :

[0444] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2,5-difluorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol. Rf = 0.50 (50% EtOAc in Hexanes). mp 120-122°C. Anal calcd for Ci₅Hi₂F₂NO₆P: C, 48.53; H₅ 3.26; N₅ 3.77. Found: C₅ 48.46; H₅ 3.52; N₅ 3.87. Example 11.47: Synthesis of trαrø-4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)- 2-oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0445] Same as Example 11.1 starting with l-(2, 4-difluorophenyl)-l,3- propanediol. Rf- 0.50 (50% EtOAc in Hexanes). mp 85-87°C. Anal calcd for C₁₅H₁₂F₂NO₆P: C, 48.53; H, 3.26; N, 3.77. Found: C, 48.82; H, 3.55; N, 3.84.

Example 11.48: Synthesis of trαns-4-czs-6-(diphenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo-1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0446] Same as Example 11.1 starting with tra«.s-l,3-diphenyl-l,3- propanediol (Yamamura, H., Araki, S., Tetrahedron 53: 46 15685-15690 (1997)) without equilibration. Rf = 0.29 (35% EtOAc in Hexanes). mp 118- 121⁰C. Anal calcd for C₂₁H₁₈NO₆P: C, 61.32; H, 4.41; N, 3.41. Found: C, 60.94; H, 4.44; N, 3.53.

Example 11.49: Synthesis of trα775^r-4-tra?i5-6-(diphenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane :

[0447] Same as Example 11.1 starting with cώ-l,3-diphenyl-l,3-propanediol

(Yamamura, H., Araki, S., Tetrahedron 53: 46 15685-15690 (1997)) without equilibration. Rf = 0.65 (5% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂). mp 144-147⁰C. Anal calcd for C₂₁H₁₈NO₆P: C, 61.32; H, 4.41; N, 3.41. Found: C, 61.21; H, 4.58; N, 3.36.

Example 11.50: Synthesis of ezs-4-cω-6-(diphenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo- 1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0448] Same as Example 11.1 starting with czs-l,3-diphenyl-l,3-propanediol

(Yamamura, H., Araki, S., Tetrahedron 53: 46, 15685-15690 (1997)) without equilibration. Rf = 0.3 (5% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂). mp 135-138°C. Anal calcd for C₂₁H₁₈NO₆P: C, 61.32; H₃ 4.41; N, 3.41. Found: C, 61.29; H, 4.77; N, 3.46.

Example 11.51: Synthesis of cfs-4-czs-5-(diphenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo- 1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0449] Same as Example 11.1 starting with czs-l,2-diphenyl- 1,3 -propanediol

(Kristersson, P, Lindquist, K., Acta Chem. Scand. B 3¥:213-234 (1980)) without equilibration. Rf = 0.35 (5% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂). mp 136-139°C. Anal calcd for C₂₁H₁₈NO₆P: C, 61.32; H, 4.41; N, 3.41. Found: C, 60.95; H, 4.41;

N, 3.82.

Example 11.52: Synthesis of trøHs-4-£røHs-5-(diphenyl)-2-(4~nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

[0450] Same as Example 11.1 starting with cz,s-l,2-diphenyl-l,3-propanediol

(Kristersson, P, Lindquist, K., Acta Chem. Scand. B 34:213-234 (1980)) without equilibration. Rf = 0.65 (5% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂). mp 176-178°C. Anal calcd for C₂₁Hi₈NO₆P: C, 61.32; H, 4.41; N, 3.41. Found: C, 61.09; H, 4.46; N, 3.80.

Example 11.53: Synthesis of ^α7w-4,4-dimethyl-6-(phenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane:

Step A:

[0451] To a solution of diisopropylamine (58.4 g, 577 mmol) in dry ether (500 mL) at -78°C under nitrogen was added n-BuLi (215 mL, 2.5 M in hexane, 538 mmol) over 30 min. The reaction was stirred for 10 min before addition of ethyl acetate (55 mL, 558 mmol) over a period 30 min. Freshly distilled benzaldehyde (47 mL, 443 mmol) in ether (50 mL) was slowly added over 30 min and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride (150 mL) at 0°C. The organic layer was washed, dried (anhydrous Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to give the crude addition product.

Step B:

[0452] To a solution of crude condensation product (10.6 g, 54.6 mmol) in dry ether at -78°C was added MeMgBr (60 mL, 3.0 M in THF, 180 mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched with ammonium chloride (50 mL) at O⁰C and diluted with EtOAc (350 mL). The organic layer was washed, dried (anhydrous Na₂SO₄) and concentrated. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (0-10% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂) to give 3, 3-dimethyl-l- phenyl-l,3-propanediol (7 g) as a pale yellow oil.

Step C:

[0453] Same as Example 11.1 starting with 3,3-dimethyl-l-phenyl-l,3- propanediol without equilibration. Rf = 0.18 (35% EtOAc in hexanes). mp 131-133°C. Anal calcd for C₁₇H₁₈NO₆P: C, 56.20; H, 4.99; N, 3.86. Found: C, 56.00; H, 5.03; N, 3.86.

Example 11.54: Synthesis of cw-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-cώ-5-methoxy-(2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane and trans-4-(3-chlorophenyϊ)- cz5^r-5-methoxy-(2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphospliorinane (Example 11.55):

Step A:

[0454] To a solution of lithium diisopropylamide (356 mmol) in THF (500 mL) at -78°C was slowly added 2-methoxy-methyl acetate (38.8 mL, 392 mmol) via an addition funnel. The reaction was stirred at -78⁰C for 30 min before 3-chlorobenzaldehyde (20.1 mL, 178 mmol) was added. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and quenched with saturated aq NH₄Cl (500 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 X 200 mL) and the combined organic extracts were washed with water and dried (anhydrous Na₂SO₄). The crude product was purified by column chromatography (5—50% EtOAc in hexanes) to yield 3-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methoxy-methyl proprionate (39 g) as pale yellow oil.

Step B:

[0455] To a solution of the ester (39 g, 159 mmol) obtained from step A in ethanol (500 mL) was added sodium borohydride (6.2 g, 159 mmol) in three portions, over 10 min. The reaction was refluxed for 3 h and the ethanol was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (500 mL), washed with water and dried (anhydrous Na₂SO₄). The crude product was purified by column chromatography (1-5% MeOH-CH₂Cl₂) to give the diol (28 g) as colorless oil. Step C:

[0456] To a solution of diol (28 g, 129 mmol) in acetone (250 niL) was added trimethyl orthoformate (10 mL) followed by p-toluenesulfonic acid (500 mg, 2.64 mmol) and the reaction was heated to reflux overnight. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the acetone was removed under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with NaHCO₃, water and dried (anhydrous Na₂SO₄). The ketals were separated by column chromatography (5-10% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 1, 2-cis (7.26 g) and 1,2- trans ketal (0.9 g) diastereomers.

Step D:

[0457] The 1, 2-cis ketal (4.5 g, 17.5 mmol) was dissolved in 70% aq TFA (10 mL) and allowed to react overnight at room temperature. The reaction was diluted with acetonitrile (30 mL) and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (300 mL) and the organic layer was washed with saturated aq NaHCO₃, water and dried (anhydrous Na₂SO₄). The crude product was purified by column chromatography (1-5% MeOH- CH₂Cl₂) to give 1, 2-cis diol diastereomer (3.5 g).

[0458] The 1,2-trans ketal diastereomer was also hydrolyzed following the above procedure to give 1,2-tmns-diol diastereomer.

Step E:

[0459] 1,2-czs-diol diastereomer was subjected to phosphorylation using the procedure described in Example 11.1 without equilibration to give the following two isomers.

Example 11.54: Rf= 0.57 (5% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂). mp 110-112⁰C.

[0460] Anal calcd for C₁₆H₁₅NO₇PCl: C, 48.08; H, 3.78; N, 3.50. Found: C,

48.35; H, 3.56; N, 3.69. Example 11.55: Rf= 0.34 (5% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂). mp 131-134°C.

[0461] Anal calcd for C₁₆H₁₅NO₇PCl .0.3 H₂O: C, 47.44; H, 3.88; N₅ 3.46.

Found: C, 47.23; H, 4.01; N, 3.46.

Example 12

General procedure for the synthesis of tra«5--4-(aryl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes using phosphorus oxychloride

[0462] Phosphorus oxychloride (3.4 mL, 36.3 mmol) was added to a solution of 1 -(3 -chlorophenyl)- 1,3 -propanediol in dichloromethane at O⁰C followed by triethylamine (10.2 mL, 73 mmol). After 2 h, sodium 4-nitrophenoxide (10.63 g, 66 mmol) was added to the solution oϊcisl trans phosphorochloridate reagent and the orange reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 1 h. The cooled solution was partitioned with ethyl acetate and a saturated solution of ammonium chloride. The organics were separated and dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in THF, sodium 4-nitrophenoxide (10.63 g, 66 mmol) was added and the orange reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 3 h (HPLC, 95/5 translcis). The cooled solution was partitioned with ethyl acetate and a saturated solution of ammonium chloride. The organics were separated and washed with 0.3 N solution of sodium hydroxide and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. Recrystallization from ethyl acetate as in Example 10 gave the phosphate reagent.

Example 13

Procedures for the enrichment in trαπs-isomer of a cisl trans mixture of 4- (aryl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane

[0463] A cisltrans mixture of 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-

1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes was prepared as in Example 11, except that the cis and trans isomers were separated by column chromatography prior to the addition of 4-nitrophenol. [0464] cw-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l ,3,2- dioxaphosphorinane was isomerized to the trans isomer by adding a solution of the czs-isomer to a solution of 4-nitrophenoxide prepared with the following bases.

Example 13 a:

[0465] Lithium hydride (19.4 mg, 2.44 mmol) was added to a solution of 4- nitrophenol in THF at room temperature. The yellow solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. A solution of cz^'s-4-(3-chlorophenyi)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane (300 mg, 0.813 mmol) in THF was added to the solution of lithium 4-nitrophenoxide. The orange reaction mixture was stirred a room temperature. After 5 h the ratio was 92.9/ 5.4 trans Ids (HPLC determination).

Example 13b:

[0466] Same as above using triethylamine instead of lithium hydride. After

20 h the translcis ratio was 90.8/5.3.

Example 13c:

[0467] Same as above using DBU instead of lithium hydride. After 3 h the translcis ratio was 90.8/5.3. [0468] Synthesis of enantioenriched phosphorylating agents

Example 14

General procedure for the synthesis of enantioenriched ft-αw_?-4-(aryl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes:

Example 14a: Synthesis of (+)-(4R)-£rαns-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane

[0469] A solution of (+)-(R)-l-(3-chlorophenyl)-l,3-propanediol (3 g, 16.1 mmol) and triethylamine (6.03 ml, 59.6 mmol) in THF (80 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of 4-nitrophenoxyphosphorodichloridate (7.63 g, 29.8 mmol) in 15OmL of THF at O⁰C. After about 2 h, the starting diol was consumed, with the formation of two isomeric 4-nitrophenylphosphates, and additional triethylamine (8.31 mL) followed by of 4-nitrophenol (8.29 g, 59.6 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic phase was washed (0.4 M NaOH, water and sat'd NaCl solution) and dried over MgSO₄. Concentration and chromatography of the residue using 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes yielded 4.213 g of the desired product.

[0470] ¹H NMR (200MHz, CDCl₃): 8.26 (2H, d, J = 9.7 Hz), 7.2-7.5 (6H, m), 5.56 (IH, apparent d, J= 11.7 Hz), 4.4-4.7 (2H, m), 2.2-2.6 (IH, m), 2.0- 2.2 (IH, m).

[0471] mp: 114 -115°C. [a]_O= +91.71. Elemental Analysis: Calculated for

C_I5H_I3NO₆CIP: C: 48.73, H: 3.54, N: 3.79. Found: C: 48.44, H: 3.20, N: 3.65

Example 14b: Synthesis of (-)-(4S)-trarø-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-(4- nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane

[0472] In a similar manner, from 3.116 g of (-)-(S)-l-(3-chlorophenyl)-l,3- propane diol was obtained 4.492 g of the desired phosphate. ¹H NMR (200MHz, CDCl₃): 8.26 (2H, d, J = 9.7 Hz), 7.2-7.5 (6H, m), 5.56 (IH, apparent d, J = 11.7 Hz)₅ 4.4-4.7 (2H, m), 2.2-2.6 (IH, m), 2.0-2.2 (IH, m). mp: 114 -115°C. [α]_D = -91.71. Elemental Analysis: Calculated for C₁₅Hi₃NO₆Ch⁰: C: 48.73, H: 3.54, N: 3.79. Found: C: 48.61, H: 3.36, N: 3.66. Example 14c: Synthesis of (-)-(4S)-trø/2s-phenyl-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2-oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane

[0473] Same as Example 11.1 starting with S-(-)-l -phenyl- 1,3-propanediol except that the isomerization was conducted with 4-nitrophenol and triethylamine as in Example 13b.

[0474] TLC: hexanes/ethyl acetate 4/1); Rf= 0.4

[0475] ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, Varian Gemini 300 MHz): C'-proton: trans- isomer 5.85-5.75 (m, IH).

Example 15

General procedures for maintaining enantiomeric excess during synthesis of enantioenriched phosphorylating reagent:

Example 15a: Synthesis of (-)-(4S)-trøns'-(pyrid-4-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo-1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane

[0476] A 12 L round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer and nitrogen inlet was charged with (S)-(-)-l-(pyrid-4-yl)-l,3-propanediol (1.2 kg, 7.83 mol) and pyridine (6 L) The mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h until all the solids had dissolved. Meanwhile, a 22 L, 3- neck flask was equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple, cooling bath, and nitrogen inlet. This vessel was charged with 4-nitrophenyl phosphorodichloridate (2.01 kg, 7.83 mol) and pyridine (6 L). The resulting mixture was cooled to 3.3°C. After the diol was completely dissolved (0.5 h), triethylamine (190 mL, 1.36 mol) was added and the slightly cloudy, yellow- brown solution was transferred in portions to a 2 L addition funnel on the 22 L flask. The solution was added to the cold phosphorodichloridate solution over 3.25 h. After the addition was complete, the cooling bath was drained and stirring was continued for 3 h. During this time, a 50 L, 3 -neck flask was equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple, addition funnel, cooling bath (ice water) and nitrogen inlet. This flask was then charged with sodium hydride (180 g, 4.5 mol) and THF (1 L) and the addition funnel was charged with a solution of 4-nitrophenol (817 g, 5.87 mol) in THF (1 L). The nitrophenol solution was slowly added to the cold suspension of sodium hydride. After the addition was complete, the resulting bright orange suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. After the diol- dichloridate reaction was judged complete the dark suspension was subjected to vacuum filtration. The glassware and filter cake (triethylamine-HCl) were rinsed with THF (1 L) and the combined filtrate and rinse were poured into the orange, sodium 4-nitrophenoxide suspension. The resulting mixture was then heated at 40°C for 3.5 h at which time the heating mantle was turned off and the reaction was stirred an additional 11 h at room temperature. The crude reaction mixture was concentrated on a rotary evaporator at 45-50°C at reduced pressure (oil pump). The resulting thick, black, foamy tar was dissolved in 1.5 M aq HCl (12 L) and ethyl acetate (8 L). The mixture was transferred to a 12.5-gallon separatory funnel, stirred 10 min, and the phases separated. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with an additional 1.3 L of 1.5 M aq HCl. To the combined aqueous layers was added dichloromethane (8 L) and the vigorously stirred mixture was carefully neutralized with solid sodium bicarbonate. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (8 L). The combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate (600 g) and filtered. The solution was concentrated on a rotary evaporator until most of the solvent was removed and a thick suspension resulted. 2-Propanol (5 L) was added and evaporation continued until 4 L of distillate were collected. 2-Propanol (3 L) was added and evaporation continued until 3 L of distillate were collected. The thick slurry was diluted with 2-propanol (2 L) and the mixture stirred with cooling (ice bath) for 1 h. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with 2-propanol (2 L), and dried in a vacuum oven (-30 in. Hg, 55⁰C, 18 h) to a constant weight of 1.86 kg. mp 140-142⁰C [0477] Specific Rotation = -80.350 (c = 1.0, MeOH); ee = 99+% trans.

HPLC conditions:

[0478] Column: Chiralpak AD, 0.46 x 25 cm; mobile phase = 50:50, 2- propanol:hexane, isocratic; flow rate= 1.0 mL/min; injection volume= 10 μL

UV detection at 254 nm. [0479] The cisltrans equilibration was monitored by HPLC. Stopped at 92% trans, 6.6% cis, r.t. = trans isomer 6.9 min. and cis isomer 10.9 min. [0480] ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ = 2.23-2.29 (m, 2H), 4.56-4.71 (m, 2H), 5.88-

5.95 (m, IH), 7.44 (d, 2H, J= 5.8Hz), 7.59 (d, 2H, J= 9.2Hz), 8.34 (d, 2H, J=

9.4Hz), 8.63 (d, 2H, J= 5.8Hz)

Example 15b: Synthesis of (-)-(4S)-(-)-(pyrid-4-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2- oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinane

[0481] A 1 liter 3-neck round bottom flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer, addition funnel, a thermometer and a N₂ inlet. The flask is charged with S-(-)-l-(pyrid-4-yl)-propane-l,3-diol (25 g, 163.4 mmol) and ethyl acetate (250 niL) and the resulting suspension was treated slowly with a 4N HCl solution in dioxane (43 mL, 176 mmol) over a period of 15 min. After stirring for 30 min at room temperature, 4-nitrophenylphosphorodichloridate (41.81 g, 163.4 mmol) was added as a solid as quickly as possible under a positive flow of N₂. The internal temperature of the reaction mixture was adjusted to -10⁰C with the help of a dry ice-acetone cooling bath. A solution of triethylamine (79 mL, 572 mmol) in ethyl acetate (100 mL) was added maintaining the reaction temperature at <-5°C. Thirty minutes after the complete addition of the triethylamine solution, the cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove triethylamme-hydrochloride salt, which is washed with ethyl acetate (3 x 30 mL) until the filtrate shows only faint absorption. The filtrate was evaporated down to a volume of 150-175 mL under reduced pressure. 4-Nitrophenol (7.5 g, 54.3 mmol) and triethylamine (9 mL) were added to the concentrated solution and the resulting orange reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The solid formed in the reaction mixture was collected by filtration, washed with ethyl acetate (2 x 25 mL) and methyl t-butyl ether (25 mL) and dried under vacuum at 55°C to give 31.96 g of the desired product. Same analytical data as Example 14a.

Example 16

Preparation of prodrugs of 2'-C-beta-methyl-7-deazaadenosine via trans- phosphate addition:

Example 16.1 : 4-Amino-7-(cz>-5 '-O-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l ,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine.

Step A:

[0482] To a solution of 4-amino-7-(2-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (US2002-0147160A1, WO 02/057827) (10 g, 0.356 mol) in anhydrous acetone (145 mL) and anhydrous DMF (35 mL) were added />-toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (33.8 g, 0.18 moles) and triethyl orthoformate (31.2 mL, 28.5 moles) at room temperature. The reaction was warmed to ~80 °C and allowed to stir for 3 h under nitrogen. The mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The oily residue was purified by column chromatography (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give the isopropylidene derivative (8.6 g) as a white solid.

Step B:

[0483] To a solution of 2',3'-(9-isopropylidene-4-amino-7-(2-C-methyl-beta-

D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-ρyrrolo[2,3-d]ρyrimidine (0.094 g, 0.29 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) was added t-butyl magnesium chloride and stirred under nitrogen for 30 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled to -55 °C and the phosphorylating agent (whose preparation is described in example 11.1) (0.13 g, 0.35 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) was added dropwise. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred under nitrogen for 2 h. The mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure and purified by chromatography (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to yield 0.070 g of the 2',3'-O- isopropylidene protected prodrug as a yellow solid.

Step C:

[0484] The prodrug (0.15 g, 0.27 mmol) obtained from the above step was dissolved in pre-cooled 75% TFA/H2O (20 mL) and allowed to stir at 0 °C for 2 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (1% aq.NH₄OH in 10%MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give 0.142 g of the title compound as an off-white solid.

[0485] Rf = 0.40 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 138-141 °C. Anal calcd for

C₂₁H₂₄ClN₄O₇P.0.4 CH₂Cl₂: C, 47.18; H, 4.59; N, 10.28. Found: C, 46.97; H, 4.59; N, 10.11.

[0486] The following examples were synthesized as described in steps A-C of example 16.1, utilizing the phosphorylating agents of examples 1-15.

Example 16.2: 4- Arnino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(2,5-difluorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine.

[0487] Rf = 0.35 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 145-148 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₃N₄O₇F₂P.1.35 H₂O.1.0 CF₃CO₂H: C, 42.45; H, 4.14 ; N, 8.62. Found: C, 42.18; H, 3.77; N, 8.42. Example lδ.S^-Ammo^^czs-S'-O-^-P-chloro^-fluorophenyrj^-oxo- l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

[0488] R_f = 0.30 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 128-130 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C21H23N4O7FCIP.2H2O.1.9CF₃CO₂H: C, 38.11; H, 3.73; N, 7.17. Found: C, 38.04; H, 3.28; N, 7.02.

Example 16.4: 4-Amino-7-(c^-5'-O-[6,6-dimethyl-4-phenyl-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphos-phorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- djpyrimidine.

[0489] R_f = 0.40 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 140-142 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₃H₂₉N₄O₇P.1H₂O.0.4 CF₃CO₂H: C₅ 50.32; N, 5.57; N, 9.86. Found: C, 50.38; H, 5.12; N, 9.96.

Example 16.5: 4-Amino-7-(cis-5'-0-[4-(S)-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- djpyrimidine.

[0490] Rf = 0.45 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 135-138 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₄ClN₄O₇P.0.2 H₂O.0.4 CH₂Cl₂: C, 46.87; H, 4.63; N, 10.22. Found: C, 47.02; H, 4.25; N₅ 9.99.

Example 16.6: 4-Amino-7-(c^-5'-O-[4-(S)-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- djpyrimidine methanesulfonic acid salt.

[0491] Rf = 0.45 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 125-128 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₄N₄O₇ClP.1.6 CH₃SO₃RLO H₂O: C, 39.76; H, 4.78; N, 8.21; S, 7.52. Found: C₅ 39.39; H, 4.30; N, 8.30; S₅ 7.96.

Example 16.7: 4-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(S)-(pyridin-4-yl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl] -2 ' -C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2₅3 - djpyrimidine.

[0492] R_f = 0.40 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂-I %NH₄0H). mp 183-185 ⁰C. Anal

Calcd for C₂₀H₂₄N₅O₇P. 1.6H₂O: C₅ 47.45; H₅ 5.42; N₅ 13.83. Found: C₅ 47.78; H, 5.47; N, 13.77. Example lθ.δ^amino-T-Ccis-S'-O-^CS-fluoropheαy^^-oxo-l.S^- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- djpyrimidine.

[0493] R_f = 0.15 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₁H₂₄FN₄O₇P. 0.3

H₂O: C, 50.46; H, 4.96; N, 11.21. Found: C, 50.63; H, 5.35; N, 10.94.

Example 16.9: 4-Amino-7-(c&-5 ' -O-[4-(3 -bromophenyl)-2-oxo- 1,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyπrolo[2,3- djpyrimidine.

[0494] Rf - 0.48 (15% MeOH in CH₂C1₂-1%NH₄OH). Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₄BrN₄O₇P. 0.5 H₂O: C, 44.70; H, 4.47; N, 9.93. Found: C, 44.58; H₃ 4.52; N₅ 9.56.

Example 16.10: 4-Amino-7-(cώ-5'-O-[4-(2-bromophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- djpyrimidine.

[0495] R_f = 0.15 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 132-135 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C_2IH₂₄BrN₄O₇P. 0.5 H₂O: C, 44.7; H, 4.47, N; 9.93. Found: C, 44.73; H, 4.69; N, 9.82. Example 16.11 : 4-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(5-bromopyridin-3-yl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- djpyrimidine.

[0496] R_f = 0.35 (10% MeOH in EtOAc) mp 132-135 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₀H₂₃N₅O₇BrP. 0.5 H₂O. 0.5 EtOAc: C, 43.36; H, 4.63; N, 11.49. Found: C, 43.37; H, 4.80; N, 11.16.

Example 16.12: 4-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(S)-phenyl-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine.

[0497] R_f=0.42 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂- 1%NH₄OH). mp 115-118 ⁰C. Anal

Calcd for C₂₁H₂₅N₄O₇P. 0.4 EtOAc. 1.0 H₂O: C, 51.25; H, 5.75; N, 10.58. Found: C, 51.07; H, 5.88; N, 10.35.

Example 16.13: 4-Amino-7-(cύr-5'-O-[4, 5-cis-diphenyl-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- djpyrimidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0498] R_f = 0.45 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 174-177 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₉H₃₀F₃N₄O₉P.1.75 H₂O: C, 49.90; H, 4.48; N, 8.03. Found: C, 49.68; H, 4.82; N, 8.1.

Example 16.14: 4-Amino-7-(cis-5'-O-[4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine

[0499] R_f=0.48 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 187-190 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₄ClN₄O₇P. H₂O. 0.2 DMF: C, 47.72; H, 5.05; N, 10.77. Found: C, 47.66; H, 5.02; N, 10.96.

Example 16.15: 4-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(2-fluoro-5-bromophenyl)-2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo [2,3 -djpyrimidine

[0500] R_f = 0.48 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂-I %NH₄0H). Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₃BrFN₄O₇P. 1.3H2O: C,42.27; H, 4.32; N₅ 9.39. Found: C, 42.26; H, 4.03; N, 9.36. Example 16.16: 4-Amino-7-(cz5-5'-O-[4, 6-cis-diphenyl-2-oxo- 1,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- djpyrimidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0501] R_f = 0.20 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 140-143 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₇H₂₉N₄O₇P.1.25 H₂O-CF₃CO₂H: C, 50.55; H, 4.75; N, 8.13. Found: C, 50.25; H, 4.88; N, 7.99.

Example 16.17: 4-Ammo-7-(cz5-5'-O-[4(3,5-bis-trifluoromethylphenyl)-

2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribojEuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo [2,3 -djpyrimidine.

[0502] R_f - 0.15 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 130-134 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₃H₂₃N₄O₇P. 0.6 H₂O: C, 44.33; H, 3.91; N, 8.99. Found: C, 44.29; H, 4.13; N, 8.98.

Example 16.18: 4-Amino-7~(z^ιrøw-5'-O-[4, 6-cis-diphenyl-2-oxo- 1,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0503] R_f - 0.48 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂- 1%NH₄OH). mp >220 ⁰C. Anal

Calcd for C₂₇H₂₉N₄O₇P.0.9 H₂O: C, 57.02; H, 5.46; N, 9.85. Found: C, 57.55; H, 5.97; N, 9.88.

Example 16.19: 4-Amino-7-(cώ'-5'-O-[4-(3-bromo-pyridin-4-yl)-2-oxo-

1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2 ' -C-methyl-beta-D~ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

[0504] R_f = 0.3 (10% MeOH in EtOAc). mp 116-120 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₀H₂₃N₅O₇BrP-I H2O. 0.6 EtOAc: C, 42.90; H, 4.79; N, 11.17 Found: C, 42.90; H, 4.42; N, 10.82.

Example 16.20: 4-Amino-7-(cisr-5'-O-[4-(2, 4-dichlorophenyl)-2-oxo- l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

[0505] R_f = 0.15 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 184-188 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₂H₂₄F₃N₄O₇P. 0.6 H₂O: C, 47.59; H, 4.57; N, 10.09. Found: C, 47.46; H, 4.96; N, 10.10.

Example 16.21 : 4-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

[0506] Rf = 0.15 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 120-124 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₃Cl₂N₄O₇P.0.5 H₂O: C, 45.50; H, 4.36; N, 10.11. Found: C, 45.32; H, 4.58; N, 10.26.

Example 16.22 : 4-Ammo-7-(trans-5 ' -O-[4,5-cis-diphenyl-2-oxo- 1 ,3,2- dioxapliosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- djpyrimidme.

[0507] Rf = 0.75 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂- 1%NH₄OH). mp 160-163 ⁰C. Anal

Calcd for C₂₇H₂₉N₄O₇P.1.2 H₂O: C, 56.48; H, 5.51; N, 9.76. Found: C, 56.34, H, 5.75; N, 9.71. Example 16.23: 4-AmInO-T-(CW-S '-O-[cz^-(5-methoxy-4-phenyl)-2-oxo- l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribomranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0508] R_f = 0.25 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 116-120 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₂H₂₆N₄O₈PCl.1.75 H₂0.1.5 CF₃CO₂H: C, 40.39; H, 4.20; N, 7.54. Found: C, 39.95; H₅ 3.85; N, 7.38.

Example 16.24: 4-Amino-7-(cis-5'-O-[trarø-(5-methoxy-4-phenyl)-2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0509] R_f = 0.30 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 140-143 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₂H₂₆N₄O₈PC1.2.5 H₂O.2.2 CF₃CO₂H: C, 37.89; H, 4.00; N, 6.70. Found: C, 37.73; H, 3.61; N, 6.85.

Example 16.25 : 4-Amino-7-(cw-5 '-O-[4-(2-bromo-5~chlorophenyl)-2- oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl] -2 ' -C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

[0510] R_f = 0.3 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 193-196 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₃N₄O₇PClBr.1.75 H₂0.1 CF₃CO₂H: C, 37.57; H, 3.77; N, 7.62. Found: C, 37.20; H, 3.49; N, 7.36.

Example 16.26: 4-Amino-7-(cw-5 '-O-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-oxo- l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-riboruranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

[0511] R_f = 0.3 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 182-185 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₃N₄O₇Cl₂P.0.3 MeOH.0.5 H₂O: C, 45.37; H, 4.50; N, 9.93. Found: C, 45.36; H, 4.18; N, 9.58.

Example 16.27: 4-Amino-7-(cz5-5'-O-[4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-2-oxo-

1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl] -2 ' -C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

[0512] R_f = 0.35 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 135-140 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₃N₄O₇F₂P-LO H₂O: C, 47.55; H, 4.75; N, 10.56. Found: C, 47.29; H, 4.51; N, 10.28. Example 16.28: 4-Amino-7-(cz5-5 '-0-[4-(R)-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-

1 ,3 ,2~dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl] -2 ' -C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

[0513] Rf = 0.45 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 126-128 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₄ClN₄O₇P-LO H₂O: C, 47.69; H, 4.96; N, 1059. Found: C, 47.31; H, 4.77; N, 10.3.

Example 16.29: 4-Amino-7-(cώ-5'-O-[4-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

[0514] Rf = 0.5 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 115-120 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₂H₂₄F₃N₄O₇P-LO H₂O-LO CF₃CO₂H: C, 42.61; H, 4.02; N, 8.28. Found: C, 42.78; H, 4.07; N, 8.27.

Example 16.30: 4-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(R)-(pyridin-4-yl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphospliorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- djpyrimidine.

[0515] R_f = 0.3 (20% MeOH in EtOAc). mp 132-136 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₀H₂₄N₅O₇P.0.03 H₂O.0.7 CH₂Cl₂: C, 46.52; H, 4.79; N, 13.14. Found: C, 46.13; H, 4.39; N, 13.50.

Example 16.31 : 4-Amino-7-(cw-5 '-O-[4-(3-bromo-4-fluoro-phenyl)-2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]ρyrimidine.

[0516] R_f = 0.35 (10% MeOH in EtOAc). mp 122-125 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₃N₄O₇FBrP.0.2 CF₃CO₂H: C, 43.12; H, 3.92; N, 9.40. Found: C, 42.82; H₅ 3.76; N, 9.57.

Example 16.32: 4-Amino-7-(cw-^'5'-O-[4-(4-(pyridin-3-yl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-metiιyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrirnidine.

[0517] R_f = 0.30 (10% MeOH in EtOAc). mp 134-138 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₀H₂₄N₅O₇P.1.5 H₂O: C, 47.62; H, 5.40; N, 13.88. Found: C, 47.89; H, 5.08; N, 13.97. Example 16.33: 4-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(pyridin-2-yl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine trifluoro acetic acid salt.

[0518] R_f = 0.50 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 88-90 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₀H₂₄N₅O₇P.2.3 H₂0.1.3 CF₃CO₂H: C, 40.69; H, 4.52; N₅ 10.50. Found: C, 40.38; H, 4.86; N, 10.90.

Example 16.34: 4-Amino-7-(cM-5'-O-[4-(R)-(ρhenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- djpyrimidine.

[0519] R_f = 0.30 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 177-180 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C_2IH₂₅N₄O₇P. 0.1 EtOAc. 0.2 CF₃CO₂H: C₅ 51.54; H, 5.16; N, 11.03. Found: C, 51.92; H, 4.78; N, 10.75.

Example 16.35: 4-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]ρyrimidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0520] R_f = 0.45 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 182-184 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₄N₄O₇ClP.2.0 H₂O.2.9 CF₃CO₂H: C₅ 36.68; H₅ 3.55; N₅ 6.38. Found: C, 36.33; H, 3.35; N, 6.44. Example 16.36: 4-Amino-7-(cz.y-5'-O-[4-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-2-oxo- l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrrmidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0521] R_f = 0.5 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 177-180 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C_2IH₂₃F₂N₄O₇P.1.9 H₂O.1.1CF₃CO₂H: C, 41.46; H, 4.18; N, 8.34. Found: C, 42.07; H, 4.02; N, 8.68.

Example 16.37: 4-Amino-7-(czj-5 '-O-[4-(2-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0522] R_f = 0.4 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 80-85 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₂H₂₆N₄O₈FP.0.4 H₂O.2.0 CF₃CO₂H: C, 41.11; H, 3.82; N₅ 7.37. Found: C, 41.13; H, 3.50; N, 7.54.

Example 16.38: 4- Amino-7-(cz,s-5 ' -O-[4-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0523] Rf = 0.46 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 138-141 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₃ClFN₄O₇P. 0.3 H₂O. 0.9 CF₃CO₂H: C, 43.00; H, 3.88; N, 8.80. Found: C, 42.73; H, 4.21; N, 8.55.

Example 16.39: 4-Amino-7-(cw-5 '-O-[4-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-l ,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine.

[0524] Rf = 0.48 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂- 1%NH₄OH). mp 101-103 ⁰C. Anal

Calcd for C₂₁H₂₄FN₄O₇P. 1.5 H₂O: C, 48.37; H, 5.22; N, 10.74. Found: C, 48.70; H, 5.47; N, 10.43.

Example 16.40 : 4- Amino-7-(cw-5 ' -O-[4-(2-cyanophenyl)-2-oxo- 1 ,3 ,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine.

[0525] Rf = 0.42 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂-I %NH₄0H). Anal Calcd for

C₂₂H₂₄N₅O₇P. 2 H₂O. 0.1 CF₃CO₂H: C, 48.58; H, 5.16; N, 12.76. Found: C, 48.86; H, 5.51; N, 12.70. Example 16.41 : 4-Amino-7-(cis-5'-O-[4-(S)-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo- l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0526] R_f - 0.45 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 145-148 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C21H24N4O₇PCI.O.7 CH2CI2.I.2 CF₃CO₂H: C, 40.93; H, 3.79; N, 7.92; F, 9.67. Found: C, 40.43; H, 3.77; N, 8.22; F, 9.47.

Example 16.42: 4-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-phenyl-5,6-tetramethylene-2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

[0527] R_f = 0.24 (15% MeOH in CH₂C1₂~1%NH₄OH). mp 110-113 ⁰C. Anal

Calcd for C₂₅H₃₁N₄O₇P. 2.0 H₂O: C, 53.00; H, 6.23; N, 9.89. Found: C, 53.03; H, 5.93; N, 9.91.

Example 16.43 : 4-Amino-7-(cw-5 '-O-[4-(3-cyanophenyl)-2-oxo-l ,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- djpyrimidine.

[0528] R_f = 0.51 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂- 1%NH₄OH). mp 157-160 ⁰C. Anal

Calcd for C₂₂H₂₄N₅O₇P. 2.5H₂O: C, 48.35; H, 5.35; N, 12.82. Found: C, 48.50; H, 5.72; N₅ 12.77.

Example 16.44: 4-Amino-7-(c^-5'-O-[4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-oxo- l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

[0529] R_f = 0.25(10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₁H₂₃N₄O₇PCl₂.0.2

H₂O.0.3 EtOAc: C₅ 46.34; N, 4.52; N₅ 9.74. Found: C₅ 46.00; H₅ 4.26; N, 9.43.

Example 16.45: 4-Amino-7-(c^-5'-O-[4-(S)-(3-pyridyl)-2-oxo-l₅3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- djpyrimidine.

[0530] R_f = 0.3 (10% MeOH in EtOAc).

Example 16.46: 4-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(S)-(3-pyridyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- djpyrimidine.

[0531] R_f - 0.3 (10% MeOH in EtOAc).

Example 16.47: 4-Ammo-7~(cw-5'-O-[4-phenyl-2-oxo-6- spirocyclohexyl-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D- ribofiiranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

[0532] R_f = 0.35 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₆H₃₃N₄O₇P.0.2

H₂O.0.2 CF₃CO₂H.0.2 EtOAc: C, 55.51; H, 6.03; N, 9.52. Found: C, 55.72; H, 5.87; N, 9.18.

Example 16.48: 4-Amino-7-(cz5'-5'-0-[4-phenyl-2-oxo-6- spirocyclopentyl-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D- riboJEuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

[0533] R_f = 0.6 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₅H₃₁N₄O₇P-LO

CF₃CO₂H: C, 50.31; H, 5.00; N, 8.69. Found: C, 49.99; H, 4.99; N, 8.68.

Example 16.49: 4-Ammo-7-(cw-5'-O-[4,4-Dimethyl-6-(4-pyridyl)-2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosρhorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3~d]pyrimidine.

[0534] R_f = 0.35 (15% MeOH in CH₂C1₂-1% NH₄OH). MH⁺ Calcd for

C₂₂H₂₈N₅O₇P: 506. Found: 506.

Example 16.50: 4-Amino-7-(cz.y-5'-O-[4-(4-cyanophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2_!,3- djpyrimidme.

[0535] Rf = 0.40 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂- 1%NH₄OH). Anal Calcd for

C₂₂H₂₄N₅O₇P.2.2 H₂O: C, 48.67; H, 5.31; N, 12.90. Found: C₅ 48.74; H, 5.61; N, 12.54.

Example 16.51: 4-Amino-7-(cw-5 '-O-[6-(3-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-

2-oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2 ' -C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

[0536] R_f = 0.58 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂-I % NH₄OH). Anal Calcd for

C₂₃H₂₈ClN₄O₇P. 2.0 H₂O: C, 48.05; H, 5.61; N, 9.74. Found: C, 48.36; H, 5.74; N, 9.62.

Example 16.52: 4-Amino-7-(m-5'-O-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)~2-oxo-6- spirocyclopropyl- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl] -2 ' -C-methyl-beta-D- ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidme.

[0537] R_f = 0.35 (12% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₅H₂₇ClF₃N₄O₉P.

1.6 H₂O. 0.5 CH₂Cl₂: C, 42.26; H, 4.34; N, 7.72. Found: C, 41.95; H, 3.95; N,

7.43.

Example 17

Preparation of prodrugs of 2'-C-beta-methyl-7-deazaguanosine via trans- phosphate addition:

[0538] The parent nucleoside 2-amino-7-(2-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-

7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one was synthesized as described in US2002-0147160A1 and WO 02/057827.

[0539] The nucleoside was converted to corresponding prodrug following the procedures as in steps A, B and C of Example 16.

[0540] The following examples were synthesized as described steps A-C. Exatnple π.l^-Amino-T-Ccw-S'-O-t^S-chloropheny^-oxo-ljS^- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one.

[0541] Rf = 0.30 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C_2IH₂₄CIN₄O₈P.1.2

CF₃CO₂NH₄-LO CF₃CO₂H: C, 38.22; H, 3.76; N, 9.13. Found: C, 37.93; N, 3.80; N, 9.40.

Example 17.2: 2-Amino-7-(cis-5'-O-[4-(S)-(3-chlotopheαyl)-2-oxo-l ,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one.

[0542] R_f = 0.15 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 175 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₄ClN₄O₈P.0.5H₂O: C, 47.07; H, 4.70; N, 10.46. Found: C, 46.73; H, 4.90, N, 10.16.

Example 17.3 : 2-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(5-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one.

[0543] R_f =0.41 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ -1% NH₄OH). Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₃BrFN₄O₈P. 0.5 H₂O. 0.2 CF₃CO₂H : C, 41.38; H, 3.93; N, 9.02. Found: C, 41.60; H, 4.32; N, 8.77.

Example 17.4: 2-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(3-bromophenyl)-2-oxo-l ,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0544] R_f= 0.38 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ -1% NH₄OH). mp 142-145 ⁰C. Anal

Calcd for C₂₁H₂₄N₄O₈P. 0.7H₂O. 0.9 CF₃CO₂H: C, 39.89; H, 3.86; N, 8.16. Found: C, 39.53; H, 3.65; N, 8.43.

Example 17.5: 2-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(3-Cmoro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo- l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one.

[0545] Rf = 0.45 (20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂. Anal Calcd for C₂₁H₂₃N₄O₈FClP.

1.4 H₂O: C, 44.24, H, 4.78; N, 9.83. Found: C, 43.77; H, 4.78; N, 10.31.

Example 17.6: 2-Amino-7-(cw-5^I-O-[4-(2,5-difluorophenyl)-2-oxo-l ,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one.

[0546] R_f = 0.35 (20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 170-173 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C_2JH₂₃F₂N₄O₈P.2.0 H₂O.0.4 CF₃CO₂NH₄: C, 42.45; H, 4.67; N₅ 9.99. Found: C, 42.28; H₅ 4.76 N, 9.96.

17.7: 2-Amino-7-(cώ-5'-O-[4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidm-4(3H)-one.

[0547] Rf = 0.25 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ -1% NH₄OH). Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₄ClN₄O₈P. 1.25 H₂O. 0.2 CF₃CO₂H : C, 44.92; H, 4.70; N₅ 9.79. Found: C, 44.93; H₅ 5.09; N, 10.08.

17.8: 2-Ammo-7-(cw-5^l-O-[4-(pyridin-2-yl)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphospliorinan- 2-yl]-2'-C methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]ρyrimidm-4(3H)- one trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0548] R_f - 0.4 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 180-190 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₀H₂₄N₅O₈P.1.3 CF₃CO₂H.O.3 CH₂Cl₂: C₅ 41.23; H₅ 3.91; N₅ 10.50. Found: C, 40.96; H, 3.46; N, 11.05. 17.9: 2-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C memyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)~7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0549] R_f = 0.4 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 185-188 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₂H₂₄N₄O₈F₃P.0.8 CF₃CO₂H: C, 43.50; H, 3.84; N, 8.60. Found: C, 43.55; H, 3.97; N, 8.98.

17.10: 2-Amino-7-(c^-5'-O-[4-(R)-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0550] Rf= 0.50 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 170-180 ⁰C.

Example 17.11: 2-Amino-7-(cis-5^l-O-[4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-2-oxo- l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-metliyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3~d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0551] R_f = 0.30 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) mp 182-185 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₃N₄O₈F₂P.0.3 EtOAc. 0.2 CF₃CO₂H: C, 46.99; H, 4.47; N, 9.70. Found: C, 47.26; H, 4.32; N, 9.46. Example 17.12: 2-Amino-7-(cis-5'-0-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-oxo- l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyI-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- ρyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidm-4(3H)-one.

[0552] R_f = 0.35 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 177-180 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂IH₂₃N₄O₈C₁₂P-OJ EtOAc .0.2 CF₃CO₂H. C, 44.16; H, 4.08; N, 9.45. Found: C, 44.33; H, 4.44; N, 9.18.

Example 17.13: 2-Amino-7-(cis-5'-O-[4-(S)-(pyridm-4-yl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin~4(3H)-one.

[0553] R_f = 0.21 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ -1% NH₄OH). mp 138-141 ⁰C. Anal

Calcd for C₂₀H₂₄N₅O₈P. 2.2 H₂O: C, 45.07; H, 5.33; N, 13.14. Found: C, 45.12; H, 5.40; N, 12.89.

Example 17.14: 2-Amino-7-(«₁y-5'-O-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-l ,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one.

[0554] R_f = 0.25 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 170 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₄FN₄O₈P.1.5 H₂O: C, 46.93; H, 5.06; N, 10.42. Found: C, 46.92; H, 5.12; N, 10.44.

Example 17.15: 2-Amino-7-(cώ-5 '-O- [4-(3 -bromo-4-fluoro-phenyl)-2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one.

[0555] R_f = 0.25 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 175-179 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₃BrFN₄O₈P. 0.5 H₂O. 0.5 EtOAc: C, 43.01; H, 4.39; N, 8. 72. Found: C, 43.03; H, 4.49; N, 8.49.

Example 17.16: 2-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(R)-phenyl-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one.

[0556] Rf = 0.30 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) mp 128-133 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₅N₄O₈P. 1.1 H₂O.0.3 CF₃CO₂H: C, 47.48; H, 5.07; N₃ 10.25. Found: C, 47.61; H, 5.36; N, 9.91. Example 17.17: 2-Amino-7-(cz>5'-O-[4,5-cώ-diphenyl-2-oxo-l ,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0557] R_f = 0.45 (20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 187-190 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₇H₂₉N₄O₈P.2 H₂O-1.3 CF₃CO₂H: C, 47.23; H, 4.59; N, 7.44. Found: C, 46.83; H, 4.33; N, 7.31.

Example 17.18: 2-Amino-7-(cz.f-5 '-O-[6,6-dimethyl-4-phenyl-2-oxo- 1,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidm-4(3H)-one trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0558] R_f = 0.40 (20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) . mp 192-194 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₃H₂₉N₄O₈P.2.0 H₂O-LO CF₃CO₂H : C, 44.78; H, 5.11; N, 8.36. Found: C, 44.40; H, 4.67; N, 8.22.

Example 17.19: 2- Amino-7-(cώ-5 '-O-[cis-(5 -methoxy-4-phenyl)-2-oxo- 1,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl3-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one.

[0559] R_f = 0.30 (20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 148-151 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₂H₂₆N₄O₉ClP-LO H₂O: C₅ 45.96; H, 4.91; N, 9.75. Found: C, 46.03; H, 4.80; N, 9.64.

Example 17.20: 2-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0560] R_f = 0.5 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 215-220 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₃N₄O₈F₂P-LO H₂O-LO CF₃CO₂H : C, 41.83; H, 3.97; N, 8.48. Found: C, 41.70; H, 3.77; N, 8.50.

Example 17.21 : 2-Ammo-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(2-bromophenyl)-2-oxo-L3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one.

[0561] R_f = 0.15 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 180 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₄BrN₄O₈P-Ll H₂O : C, 42.67; H, 4.47; N, 9.48. Found: C, 42.51, H, 4.60; N₃ 9.58. Example 17.22: 2-Amino-7-(c«-5'-O-[4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) -2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosρhorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one.

[0562] R_f = 0.30 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 192-195 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂iH₂₃N₄O₈Cl₂P.0.2 CF₃CO₂H. 0.2 EtOAc : C, 44.31; H, 4.15; N, 9.31. Found: C, 44.40; H, 3.94; N, 9.21.

Example 17.23: 2-Amino-7-(cώ-5'-O-[4-(3,5-bis-(trifluoromethylρhenyl) -2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one.

[0563] R_f = 0.15 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) mp 155-175 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₃H₂₃F₆N₄O₈P-O₁O H₂O : C₅ 43.22;. H, 3.82; N, 8.76. Found: C, 43.08; H, 4.03; N, 8.94.

Example 17.24: 2-Amino-7-(cw-5^l-O-[4-(3-trifluorometb.ylphenyl) -2-oxo- l,3,2-dioxaphospliorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one.

[0564] R_f = 0.15 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 145-165 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₂H₂₄F₃N₄O₈P.1 H₂O: C, 45.68; H, 4.53; N, 9.69. Found: C, 45.31; H, 4.88; N, 9.71.

Example 17.25: 2-Amino-7-(cw-5'-O-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) -2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one.

[0565] R_f = 0.15 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) mp 175 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₃Q₂N₄O₈P-IH₂O: C, 43.54; H, 4.35; N, 9.67. Found: C, 43.32; H, 4.35; N, 9.55.

Example 17.26: 2-Amino-7-(czs-5'-O-[4-(5-bromo-pyridm-3-yl) -2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one.

[0566] R_f = 0.3 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) mp 185-189 ⁰C. Anal Calcd for

C₂₀H₂₃N₅O₈BrP .1.5 CF₃CO₂H: C, 37.16; H, 3.32; N, 9.42. Found: C, 37.23; H, 3.44; N, 9.33. Example 17.27: 2-Ammo-7-(cis-5'-O-[4-(pyridin-3-yl)-2-oxo-l₅3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one.

[0567] R_f = 0.15 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂); Anal Calcd for C₂₀H₂₄N₅O₈P-I

H₂O.0.4 EtOAc: C, 47.46; H, 5.38; N, 12.81. Found: C₅ 47.40; H₅ 5.17; N, 12.78.

Example 18

5'-O-[4-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l₅3₅2-dioxaphosρhorinan-2-yl]-2'-C- methyladenosine:

[0568] 2'-C-methyl adenosine was made as described in WO 01/90121.

Step A:

[0569] General procedure for synthesis of cyclic phosphoramidites from substituted diols:

[0570] To a solution of commercially available diisopropyl phosphoramidous dichloride (1 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added 1,3-diol (1 mmol) and triethylamine (4mmol) in THF (5 mL) at -78 °C over 30 min. The reaction was slowly warmed to room temperature and left stirring overnight. Reaction mixture was filtered to remove salts and filtrate was concentrated to give crude product. Silica gel column chromatography provided pure cyclic diisopropyl phosphoramidite of 1,3-diol. Step B:

[0571] General procedure for nucleoside-cyclic phosphoramidite coupling and oxidation (J Org. Chem. 61:7996 (1996)):

[0572] To a solution of nucleoside (1 mmol) and cyclic phosphoramidite (1 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added benzimidazolium triflate (1 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. The mixture was cooled to -40 °C before addition of t-butylhydro peroxide (2 mmol) and left at room temperature overnight. Concentration under reduced pressure and chromatography of crude product resulted in pure cyclic propyl prodrug.

[0573] R_f - 0.46 (12 % MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 153 °C. Anal calcd for

C₂₀H₂₃ClN₅O₇P: C, 46.93; H, 4.53; N, 13.63. Found: C, 47.06; H, 4.36; N, 13.68.

Example 19

c/5-5'-O-[4-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C- methyl-guanosine :

[0574] 2'-C-Methyl guanosine was made as described in WO 01/90121.

[0575] The nucleoside was converted to corresponding prodrug following the procedures as in steps A, B and C of Example 16. [0576] R_f = 0.35 (25% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp >230 ⁰C. Anal calcd for

C₂₀H₂₃ClN₅O₈P: C, 45.51; H, 4.39; N, 13.27. Found: C, 45.89; H, 4.44; N,

13.23. Example 20

czj-5'-O-[4-(S)-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C- beta-methyl-guanosine.

[0577] The compound was synthesized in a similar sequence as Example 19 using the phosphorylating agent whose preparation is described in Example

14. [0578] R_f = 0.35 (20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp >180 °C. Anal calcd for

C₂₀H₂₃N₅O₈ClP-LO H₂O.0.8 CF₃CO₂H: C,40.72; H, 4.08; N, 10.99. Found: C,

40.43; N, 4.41; N, 11.34.

Example 21

Preparation of prodrugs of 2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosme via trans-phosphate addition:

[0579] 2'-C-methyl adenosine was made as described in WO 01/90121.

[0580] The nucleoside was converted to corresponding prodrug following the procedures as in steps A, B and C of Example 16. trans- phosphorylating agents utilized in step B are synthesized by the procedures as described in examples 1-15.

Example 21.1: cw-5'-O-[4-(S)-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l, 3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0581] R_f = 0.3 (5% MeOH in EtOAc). mp 125-128 ⁰C. Anal calcd for

C₂₀H₂₃ClN₅O₇P.1.7 CF₃CO₂H: C, 39.83; H, 3.53; N₃ 9.92. Found: C; 39.52, H; 3.46, N; 10.21.

Example 21.2: czs-5'-0-[4-(3-Cyanophenyl)-2-oxo-13,2-dioxaphosphorman- 2-yl]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0582] R_f = 0.43 (15% MeOH in CH₂C1₂-1% NH₄OH). mp 153-156 ⁰C. Anal calcd for C₂₁H₂₃N₆O₇P-Ll H₂O: C, 48.30; H, 4.86; N, 16.09. Found: C, 48.53; H, 5.11; N, 15.75.

Example 21.3: cw-5'-O-[4-(2,5-Difluorophenyl)~2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]~2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0583] Rf = 0.60 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂-I % NH₄OH). mp 75-78 ⁰C. Anal calcd for C₂₀H₂₂F₂N₅O₇P.0.3 CH₂Cl₂: C, 45.25; H, 4.23; N, 13.00. Found: C, 45.07; H, 3.94; N, 12.69.

Example 21.4: cw-5'-O-[4-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0584] R_f = 0.65 (15% MeOH in CH₂C1₂-1% NH₄OH). mp 120-123 ⁰C. Anal calcd for C₂₀H₂₂F₂N₅O₇P.1.5 H₂CO.1 C₆H₁₄: C, 45.07; H, 4.85; N, 12.76. Found: C, 45.04 ; H, 5.25; N, 12.59.

Example 21.5: cw-5'-O-[4-(S)-(Pyridin-4-yl)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan- 2-yl]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0585] R_f = 0.55 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ -1% NH₄OH). Anal calcd for

C₁₉H₂₃N₆O₇P.2.5H₂O: C, 43.60; H, 5.39; N₅ 16.06. Found: C, 43.35; H, 5.54; N, 16.05.

Example 21.6: αs-5'-0-[4-(3-Bromophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan- 2-yl]~2'-C-beta-methyl adenosine.

\

[0586] R_f = 0.5 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 108-110 ⁰C. Anal calcd for

C₂₀H₂₃N₃O₇BrP.1.5 H₂O.0.4 CF₃CO₂H: C, 39.72; H, 4.23; N, 11.14. Found: C, 39.44; H, 4.55; N, 11.18.

Example 21.7: cz5-5'-O-[4-(Pyridin-2-yl)-2-oxo-l ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2- yl]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0587] R_f - 0.4 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 118-120 ⁰C. Anal calcd for

C₁₉H₂₃N₆O₇P.2.0 H₂O.1.0 CF₃CO₂H: C, 40.14; H, 4.49; N, 13.37. Found: C, 40.36; H, 4.92; N, 13.63.

Example 21.8: cis-5 '-O-[4-(4-Methylsulfonylphenyl)-2-oxo- 1,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0588] R_f = 0.3 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 185-187 ⁰C. Anal calcd for

C₂₁H₂₆N₅O₉PS.0.6 H₂O.0.6 CF₃CO₂H: C, 42.01; H, 4.41; N₅ 11.03. Found: C, 41.93; H, 4.73; N, 10.97.

Example 21.9: cz5ⁱ-5'-O-[4-(Pyridine-3-yl)-2-oxo-l,3₅2-dioxaphosphorinan-2- yl]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0589] R_f = 0.2 (10% MeOH in EtOAc). mp 137-140 ⁰C. Anal calcd for

C₁₉H₂₃N₆O₇P.1.5 H₂O.0.4 EtOAc . C, 45.76; H, 15.54; N, 5.44. Found: C; 45.88; H, 15.19; N, 5.09.

Example 21.10: czs-5'-O-[4-(5-Bromo-3-pyridyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-yl]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0590] R_f = 0.15 (10% MeOH in EtOAc ). Anal Calcd for C₁₉H₂₂N₆O₇BrP-1.0

H₂O.0.4 EtOAc: C, 40.52; H, 4.49; N, 13.76. Found: C, 40.39; H, 4.22; N, 13.42.

Example 21.11: czs-5'-0-[4-(2-Bromophenyl)-2-oxo-l ,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-yl]-2'-C~beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0591] R_f = 0.35 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₀H₂₃BrN₅O₇P.1.5

H₂O.0.1 CH₂Cl₂ : C, 40.79; H, 4.46; N, 11.83. Found: C, 40.49; H, 4.46; N, 11.49.

Example 21.12: czs-5'-0-[4-(3-Methylsulfonylphenyl)~2-oxo-l ,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-yl]2-C-beta-methyl-adenosine

[0592] R_f = 0.3 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₁H₂₆N₅O₉PS.1.4

H2O.1.0 CH₂Cl₂: C, 39.70; H, 4.66; N, 10.52. Found: C, 39.61; H, 4.11; N, 10.22.

Example 21.13: cΛs-5'-O-[4-(3,5~Dichloropheny)-2-oxo~l,3,2- dioxaphosphorm-2-yl]-2'-beta-C-methy- adenosine trifluoroacetic acid salt

"

[0593] R_f - 0.15 (10% MeOH in EtOAc). Anal Calcd for C₂₀H₂₂N₅O₇Cl₂P-LO

H₂O .1.0 CF₃CO₂H: C, 38.95; H, 3.71; N, 10.32. Found: C, 38.56; H, 3.52; N, 10.57.

Example 21.14: czs-5'-0-[4~(3-Fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-y]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0594] Rf = 0.5 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₀H₂₃N₅O₇FP.0.4

CF₃CO₂H: C, 46.18; H, 4.36; N, 12.94. Found: C, 46.09; H, 4.39; N, 13.01.

Example 21.15: cw-5'-O-[6-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxo-l ,3- dioxaphosposphorm-2-yl]-2'-beta-methyl-adenosme.

[0595] Rf = 0.50 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂-I %NH₄0H). Anal Calcd for

C₂₂H₂₇ClN₅O₇P-LO H₂O.0.5 CH₃OH: C, 47.09; H, 5.44; N, 12.20. Found: C, 47.00; H, 5.81; N, 12.21. Example 21.16: cz>5'-O-[4-(3,4-Dichloro)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-y]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine trifluoroacetic acid salt

[0596] R_f - 0.40 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₀H₂₂N₅O₇Cl₂P.1.7

CF₃CO₂H. 2.7 H₂O: C, 35.63; H, 3.72; N₅ 8.88. Found: C, 35.17; H, 3.55; N, 8.80.

Example 21.17: cw-5'-O-[4-(3-Fluoro,4-chloro)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-y]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine

[0597] R_f = 0.45 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₀H₂₂N₅O₇PClF.

0.8 CF₃CO₂H.0.9 H₂O: C, 40.71; H, 3.89; N, 10.99. Found: C, 40.46; H, 3.93; N, 10.98.

Example 21.18: c£s-5'-0-[4-(3-Acetophenyl)-2-oxo-l ,3,2- dioxaphosposphorin-2-yl]-2'-beta-methyl-ladenosine.

[0598] R_f = 0.40 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂-I %NH₄OH). Anal Calcd for

C₂₂H₂₆N₅O₈P.0.4 CH₂Cl₂-LO H₂O: C, 47.08; H, 5.08; N, 12.26. Found: C, 47.03; H, 4.94; N, 12.15.

Example 21.19: cώ-5'-O-{4-[3-(Morpholine-4-sulfonyl)phenyl]-2-oxo-

1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosposphorin-2-yl} -2'-beta~methyl-adenosine

[0599] R_f = 0.60 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂- 1%NH₄OH). Anal Calcd for

C₂₄H₃iN₆O₁₀PS.0.6 H₂O. 0.5 CH₂Cl₂: C, 43.28; H, 4.92; N, 12.36. Found: C, 43.65; H, 4.88; N, 11.98.

Example 21.20: cis-5 '-O- {4,4-Dimethyl-6-(4-pyridyl)-2-oxo- 1,3,2- dioxaphosposphorin-2-yl}-2'-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0600] R_f = 0.40 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂- 1%NH₄OH). Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₇N₆O₇P.0.9 H₂O . 0.4 CH₂Cl₂: C, 46.18; H, 5.36; N, 15.10. Found: C, 46.00; H, 4.98; N, 15.09. Example 21.21 : czs-5'-0-[4-(R)-(3-Chlorophenyl)-l,3,2- dioxaphosphoran-2-yl]-2'-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0601] R_f = 0.3 (5% MeOH in EtOAc). Anal Calcd for C₂₀H₂₃N₅O₇ClP-LO

H₂O.0.2 EtOAc: C, 45.63; H, 4.90; N, 12.79. Found: C, 45.53; H, 4.75; N, 12.50.

Example 21.22: czs-5'-O-[4-(2,3-Difluorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-y]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0602] R_f = 0.35 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for

C₂₀H₂₂N₅O₇F₂P.0.75 H₂O: C, 45.59; H, 4.50; N, 13.29. Found: C, 45.49; H, 4.08; N, 13.30.

Example 21.23: czs-5'-O-[4-(R)-(4-Pyridyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-yl]-2'-beta-C-methyl-adenosine.

[0603] R_f = 0.3 (20% MeOH in EtOAc). Anal Calcd for C₁₉H₂₃N₆O₇.1.7 H₂O:

C, 44.83; H, 5.23; N, 16.51. Found: C, 44.73; H, 5.06; N₃ 16.30. Example 21.24: czs-5'-O-[4,4-Dimethyl-6-ρhenyl-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphoran-2-yl]-2'-beta-methyl-adenosine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0604] R_f = 0.3(10% MeOH in EtOAc). Anal Calcd for C₂₂H₂₈N₅O₇P-LO

H₂O.1.5 CF₃CO₂H . 0.1 EtOAc: C, 43.38; H, 4.63; N, 9.96. Found: C, 43.38; H, 4.71; N, 9.71.

Example 21.25: czs-5'-O-[4-(4-Cyanophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosposphorin-2-yl]-2'-beta-metliyl-adenosine.

[0605] R_f = 0.60 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂-I %NH₄0H). Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₃N₆O₇P-LO H2O.0.1 EtOAc: C, 48.47; H, 4.84; N, 16.15. Found: C, 48.89; H, 4.42; N, 15.68.

Example 21.26: cz5-5'-O-[4-Phenyl-2-oxo-6-spirocyclohexyl-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-yl]-2'-beta-C-methyl-adenosme trifluoroacetic acid salt

[0606] R_f = 0.3 (10% MeOH in EtOAc). Anal Calcd for C₂₁H₂₃N₆O₇P-LO

H₂O-0.1 EtOAc: C, 44.69; H, 5.02; N, 9.31. Found: C, 44.40; H, 5.00; N, 9.39. Example 21.27 : cis-5'-O- {4-(4-Fluoro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-oxo-

1 ,3,2-dioxaphosposphorin-2-yl} -2'-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0607] R_f = 0.55 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂-I % NH₄OH). Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₂F₄N₅O₇P. H₂O: C, 43.38; H, 4.16; N, 12.05. Found: C, 43.41; H, 3.85; N, 12.04.

Example 21.28: cw-5'-O-{4-[3-(2-Furanyl)pyridyl]-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-yl}-2'~C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0608] R_f = 0.5 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₃H₂₅N₆O₈P.3.0

H₂O-0.1 CF₃CO₂H: C, 45.69; H, 5.14; N, 13.78. Found: C, 45.64; H, 5.03; N, 14.05.

Example 21.29: cώ-5'-O-{4-[3-(2-Tmophenyl)pyridyl]-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-yl}-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0609] R_f = 0.55 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₃H₂₅N₆O₇SP.2.3

H₂O.2.0 CF₃CO₂H: C, 39.07; H, 3.84; N, 10.13. Found: C, 38.70; H, 3.64; N, 10.28. Example 21.30: cis-5'-0-[4-(2-Methoxy-pyridin-4-yl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-yl]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0610] R_f = 0.3 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₀H₂₅N₆O₈P-LO

CF₃CO₂H.1.2 H₂O: C, 41.03; H, 4.44; N, 13.05. Found: C, 40.96; H, 4.97; N, 13.70.

Example 21.31 : cw-5'-0-[4,4-Dimethyl-6-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-oxo- l,3,2-dioxaphosphorin-2-yl]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0611] R_f = 0.25 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₂H₂₆Q₂N₅O₇P.1.3

H₂O.0.6 CH₂Cl₂: C, 41.70; H, 4.62; N, 10.74. Found: C, 41.57; H, 4.78; N, 10.83.

Example 21.32: cw-5'-0-[6-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxo- l,3,2-dioxaphosphorin-2-yl]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0612] R_f - 0.28 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₂H₂₆F₂N₅O₇P.2.0

H₂O.0.3 CF₃CO₂H: C, 44.38; H, 4.99; N, 11.45. Found: C, 44.56; H, 5.18; N, 11.21.

Example 21.33: cis-5'-O-[4-(2-Bromo-5-fiuorophenyl)-2-oxo~l,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-yl]~2'-beta-C-methyl-adenosine trifluoroacetic acid salt

[0613] R_f = 0.3 (10% MeOH in EtOAc). Anal Calcd for C₂₀H₂₂N₅O₇BrFPJ.4

H₂O. 2.2 CF₃CO₂H. 0.1 EtOAc: C, 33.27; H, 3.58; N, 7.82. Found: C, 32.94;

H, 3.24; N, 7.52.

Example 21.34: cz5-5'-O-[4,4-Dimethyl-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxapliosphorin-2-yl]-2'-beta-metriyl-adenosine

[0614] R_f = 0.5 ( 10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₂H₂₇N₅O₇FP.1.8

H₂Cl.5 CF₃CO₂H: C, 41.31; H, 4.45; N, 9.63. Found: C, 40.94; H, 4.50; N, 9.38.

Example 21.35: cw-5'-O-[4,4-Dimemyl-6-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-2-oxo-

1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorin-2-y] ^'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0615] R_f = 0.4 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₂H₂₆F₂N₅O₇P.0.5

H₂O: C, 48.00; H, 4.94; N, 12.72. Found: C, 47.62; H, 4.90; N, 12.67.

Example 21.36: cώ-5'-O-[6,6-Dimethyl-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-oxo-

1 ,3,2-dioxaphosphorin-2~yl]-2'-beta-C-methyl~adenosme trifluoroacetic acid salt

[0616] R_f = 0.2 (10% MeOH in EtOAc). MH⁺ Calcd for C₂₂H₂₆Cl₂N₅O₇P:

575. Found: 575.

Example 21.37: cz^5'-O-{4-[4-(2-Furanyl)pyridylj-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-yl}-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosme.

[0617] R_f = 0.5 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₃H₂₅N₆O₈P.1.5

H₂0.1.5 CF₃CO₂H: C, 42.06; H, 4.00; N, 11.32. Found: C, 41.67; H, 4.30; N, 11.13.

Example 21.38: cw-5'-O-{[4-(2-thiomethyl-pyridin-4-yl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphos-phorin-2-yl]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0618] R_f = 0.3 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₂H₂₆F₃N₆O₉PS.2.4

H₂O: C, 38.76; H, 4.55; N, 12.33. Found: C, 38.39; H, 4.12; N, 12.09.

Example 21.39: cώ-5'-O-[4-(2-cyanopyridin-3-yl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-yl]-2^t-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0619] R_f = 0.3 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₀H₂₂N₇O₇P.0.5

H₂O. 2.2 CF₃CO₂H: C, 38.40; H, 3.33; N, 12.85. Found: C₅ 38.09; H, 3.25; N, 12.57.

Example 21.40: c?s-5'-O-[4,4-Diethyl-6-phenyl-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-yl]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0620] R_f = 0.55 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂-I %NH₄0H). Anal Calcd for

C₂₄H₃₂N₅O₇P.0.3 H₂O: C, 53.49; H, 6.10; N, 13.00. Found: C, 53.97; H, 6.40; N₅ 12.61.

Example 21.41 : cώ-5'-O-[4-(5-Methyl-3-pyridyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-yl]-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0621] R_f = 0.2 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₀H₂₅N₆O₇P.1.2

H₂O: C, 46.73; H, 5.37; N, 16.35. Found: C, 46.64; H₃ 5.21; N, 16.15.

Example 21.42: czj-5'-O-[6-(5-Bromo-2,3-difluorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-

-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxa-phosphorin-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-adenosine.

[0622] R_f = 0.45 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂-I % NH₄OH). Anal Calcd for

C₂₂H₂₅BrF₂N₅O₇P. 1.0 CH₃OH: C, 42.34; H, 4.48; N, 10.73. Found: C, 42.82; H, 4.84; N, 10.66.

Example 23

General procedure for preparation of 2', 3 '-cyclic carbonate prodrugs of 2'-C- beta-methyl-7-deazaadenosine prodrugs :

[0623] To a solution of 5 '-substituted cyclic propyl prodrug (0.25 mmol) in

DMF (2.5 mL)was added carbonyl diimidazole (CDI) (0.5 mmol) at 0 ⁰C. The reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 4 h. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was chromatographed to give 2', 3 '-carbonate as a solid.

Example 23.1: 4-Amino-7-(2', 3'-carbonyl-cw-5'-O-[4-(S)-(3-chloiOphenyl)-2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- ρyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

[0624] R_f = 0.45 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 127-130 °C. Anal calcd for

C₂₂H₂₂N₄O₈PCLLO H₂O: C, 47.62; H, 4.36; N, 10.10. Found: C, 47.94; H, 4.10; N, 10.13.

Example 23.2: 4-Amino-7-(2',3'-carbonyl-cf5-5'-O-[4-(S)-(pyridin-4-yl)-2- oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

R_f = 0.4 (20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). mp 192-195 ⁰C. Anal calcd for C₂₁H₂₂N₅O₈P-LO H₂O: C, 48.37; H, 4.64; N, 13.43. Found: C, 48.41; H, 4.39; N, 13.60.

Example 26

[0625] Parent nucleoside is prepared as described in US2002-0147160A1,

WO 02/057827. [0626] Prodrugs are synthesized as described in steps A, B and C of example

16. Phosphorylating agents were made as described in examples 11-16. Example 26.1: cw-5'-O-[4-(S)-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorin- 2-yl]-2'-beta-C-methyl-2-amino-7-deaza- adenosine trifluoroacetic acid salt

[0627] R_f = 0.3 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C_2IH₂₅N₅O₇C1P.2.0

CF₃CO₂H: C, 39.83; H, 3.61; N, 9.29. Found: C, 39.70; H, 3.57; N, 9.55.

Example 26.2: czs-5'-O-[4-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-2~oxo-l ,3,2-dioxaphosphorin- 2-yl]-2'-beta-C-methyl-2-amino-7-deaza-adenosine

[0628] R_f = 0.2 (10% MeOH in EtOAc). Anal Calcd for C₂₁H₂₄Cl₂N₅O₇P-LO

H₂O.0.25 CH₃OH: C, 43.53; H, 4.64; N, 11.94. Found: C, 43.50; H, 4.25; N, 11.55.

Example 26.3 : cώ-5'-O-[4-(3-Pyridyl)-2-oxo-l ,3,2-dioxaphosphorin-2-yl]-2'- beta-C-methyl-2-amino-7-deaza-adenosine.

[0629] R_f = 0.2 (15%MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₀H₂₅N₆O₇P.1.2

H₂O: C, 46.73; H, 5.37; N, 16.35. Found: C, 46.41; H, 5.02; N, 16.14. Example 26.4: c^-5'-C>-[6-(-2,3-Difluorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-l,2,3-dioxa-2- oxo-phosphorm-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-2-amino-7-deaza-adenosine.

[0630] R_f = 0.40 (15%MeOH in CH₂C1₂-1% NH₄OH). Anal Calcd for

C₂₃H₂₈F₂N₅O₇P. 0.8 H₂O: C, 48.47; H₅ 5.24; N, 12.29. Found: C, 48.67; H, 5.39; N, 11.94.

Example 26.5: c^-5'-O-[4-(2,3-Difluorophenyl)-l,2,3-dioxa-2-oxo- phosphorinan-2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-2-amino-7-deaza-adenosine.

[0631] R_f = 0.60 (15% MeOH in CH₂C1₂-1% NH₄OH). Anal Calcd for

C₂₁H₂₄F₂N₅O₇P-LO H₂O: C, 46.24; H, 4.80; N, 12.84. Found: C, 46.12; H, 4.87; N, 12.63.

Example 26.6: c?5-5'-O-(4,4-Dimethyl-6-phenyl-l,2,3-dioxa-2-oxo- phosphorin-2-yl)-2^l-C-methyl-2-amino-7-deaza-adenosine.

[0632] R_f = 0.64 (15% MeOH in CH₂C1₂-1% NH₄OH). Anal Calcd for

C₂₃H₃₀N₅O₇P.0.8 H₂O: C, 51.74; H, 5.97; N₃ 13.12. Found: C, 51.91; H, 5.90; N, 12.75. Example 26.7: cz.s-5'-[4-(4-(S)-Pyridyl)-l,2,3-dioxa-2-oxo-phosphorin-2-yl]- 2'-C-methyl- 2-amino-7-deaza-adenosine.

[0633] R_f = 0.3 (20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂-I % NH₄OH). Anal Calcd for

C₂₀H₂₅N₆O₇P. 1.3 H₂O.1.1 CF₃CO₂H: C, 41.58; H, 4.51; N, 13.11. Found: C, 41.14; H, 4.10; N, 13.59.

Example 27

Example 27.1 : 2,4-Diamino-5-fluoro-7-beta-D-(5-(4-(S)-(3-Chlorophenyl)- l,3-dioxa-2-oxophosphorinan~2-yl)-2-methylribofuranosyl)pyrrolo[2,3- djpyrimidine.

[0634] Prodrug was prepared as described in steps A and B of example 18.

MH⁺ Calcd for C₂₁H₂₄ClFN₅O₇P: 544. Found: 544.

Example 28

[0635] The prodrug was synthesized as described in Example 21.

General procedure for N6-carbamate formation (Bioorg. Med. Chem. 8: 1697 (2000)):

[0636] To a solution of prodrug (1 mmol) in dry THF (6 mL) and pyridine (4 mL) was added n-pentyl chloroformate (0.37 mL, 2 mmol) dropwise at 0 °C over a period of 15 min. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for an additional 30 min before quenching the reaction with methanol (3 niL). The reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the product was purified by silica gel column chromatography.

Example 28.1 : cf5-5'-6>-[4-(S)-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorin- 2-yl]-2'-C-beta-methyl-N-6-n-pentylcarbamoyl-adenosine trifluoroacetic acid.

[0637] R_f = 0.6 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₆H₃₃N₅O₉ClP.0.8

CF₃CO₂H: C, 46.22; H, 4.75; N, 9.76. Found: C, 46.00; H, 4.84; N, 9.97.

Example 30

[0638] 5 '-monophosphate prodrugs were made as described in Example 21.

2^!,3 '-carbonates were prepared following the procedure described in Example

23.

Example 30.1 : cw-5'-O-[4-(S)-(Pyrid-4-yl)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2- yl]-2', 3'-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-adenosine.

[0639] Rf = 0.4 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₂₀H₂iN₆O₈P.1.2

H₂O: C₅ 45.67; H, 4.48; N, 15.98. Found: C₃ 45.18; H, 3.99; N, 15.74. Example 30.2: czs-5'-O-[4-(S)-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2',3^l-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-adenosine.

[0640] Rf = 0.45 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₂₁H₂₁N₅O₈ClP-LO

H₂O: C, 45.38; H, 4.17; N, 12.60. Found: C, 45.21; H, 3.97; N, 12.41.

Example 30.3 : czs-5'-0-[4-(3-Fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-l ,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan- 2-yl]-2',3'-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-adenosine.

[0641] Rf = 0.6 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₂₁H₂₁N₅O₈FP.0.7

CH₂Cl₂: C, 44.87; H, 3.89; N, 12.06. Found: C, 44.67; H, 3.86; N, 12.01.

Example 30.4: cw-5'-O-[4-(2,3-Difluorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphori- nan-2-y]-2',3'-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-adenosine

[0642] Rf = 0.35 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₂₁H₂₀N₅O₈F₂P.1.0

H₂O: C₅ 45.25; H, 3.98; N, 12.56. Found: C, 44.88; H, 3.74; N, 12.47. Example 30.5 : c^-5'-O-[6-(3-Chloroρhenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2^l,3'-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-adenosine.

[0643] Rf = 0.42 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₂₃H₂₅ClN₅O₈P.1.0

H₂O: C, 47.31; H, 4.66; N, 11.99. Found: C, 47.15; H, 4.83; N, 11.95.

Example 30.6: cw~5'-(3-[6-Phenyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl] -2',3 '-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-adenosine.

[0644] Rf = 0.50 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₂₃H₂₆N₅O₈P. 0.5

H₂O: C, 51.11; H₅ 5.04; N, 12.96. Found: C, 51.16; H, 5.28; N, 13.09.

Example 30.7: cw-5'-O-[4-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphoran-2-yl] -2',3 '-carbonyl 2'-C-methyl-adenosine.

[0645] Rf= 0.35 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₂₁H₂₀C₁₂N₅O₈P: C,

44.07; H, 3.52; N₃ 12.39. Found: C, 43.68; H, 3.90; N, 12.43. Example 30.8: czs-5'-0-[4-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl] -2',3 '-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-adenosine.

[0646] Rf = 0.40 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₂₁H₂₀F₂N₅O₈P.1.5

H₂O: C, 44.53; H, 4.09; N, 12.36. Found: C, 44.31; H, 3.75; N, 12.18.

Example 30.9: c^-5'-O-[6-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2',3'-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-adenosine.

[0647] Rf= 0.39 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Ana calcd for C₂₃H₂₄F₂N₅O₈P.

0.3 CH₂Cl₂: C, 47.20; H, 4.18; N, 11.81. Found: C, 47.56; H, 3.84; N, 11.51.

Example 30.10: cώ-5'-0-[6-(2,3-Difluorophenyl)- 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxo- 1,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-y]-2',3'-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-adenosine.

[0648] Rf = 0.35 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₂₃H₂₄F₂N₅O₈P. 0.6

H₂O: C, 47.77; H, 4.39; N₃ 12.11. Found: C, 47.30; H, 3.92; N, 11.90. Example 30.11 : cw-5'-0-[6-(3^Diclilorophenyl)-4,4-diinethyl-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2',3^I-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-adenosine.

[0649] Rf - 0.45 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). MH+ Calcd for C₂₃H₂₄Cl₂N₅O₈P:

601. Found: 601.

Example 30.12: cz>5'~O-[6-(3-Fluorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2',3'-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-adenosine.

[0650] Rf = 0.4 (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₂₃H₂₅N₅O₈FP.0.4

H₂O: C, 49.63; H, 4.67; N, 12.58. Found: C, 49.43; H, 4.60; N, 12.71.

Example 30.13: cw-5'-O-[6-(Pyrid-4-yl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2',3'-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-adenosine.

[0651] Rf = 0.32 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₂₂H₂₅N₆O₈P.2.0

H₂O: C, 46.48; H, 5.14; N, 14.78. Found: C₅ 46.30; H, 4.80; N, 14.56. Example 30.14: cώ-5'-(9-[4-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2',3'-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-adenosine.

[0652] Rf = 0.3 (10% MeOH in EtOAc). Anal calcd for C₂₁H₂₀ClN₅O₈P-LO

H₂O.0.5 Imidazole: C, 43.28; H, 3.87; N, 13.46. Found: C, 43.28; H, 3.92; N₃ 13.79.

Example 30.15: cis-5 '-6>-[6-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxo- 1,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2',3'-carbonyl-2'-C-methy- adenosine.

[0653] Rf - 0.3 (5% MeOH in EtOAc). Anal calcd for C₂₃H₂₄Cl₂N₅O₈P: C,

46.02; H, 4.03; N, 11.67. Found: C, 45.39; H, 3.10; N₃ 10.79.

Example 30.16: cw-5'-6>-[6-(5-Bromo-2,3-difluorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2- oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl] -2',3 '-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-adenosine.

[0654] Rf= 0.5 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₂₃H₂₃BrF₂N₅O₈P-1.2

CH₂Cl₂: C, 38.85; H, 3.42; N, 9.36. Found: C, 38.51; H₃ 3.38; N₃ 9.66. Example 30.17: cM-5'-O-[4-(5-Bromo-pyrid-4-yl)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphor- an-2-yl]-2',3'-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-adenosine trifluroacetic acid salt.

[0655] R_f = 0.30 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal Calcd for C₂₀H₂₀N₆O₈BrP.0.9

H₂O.1.0 CF₃CO₂H: C, 37.03; H, 3.22; N, 11.78. Found: C, 36.68; H, 3.11; N, 12.15.

Example 31

General procedure for preparation of 2',3 '-carbonate nucleosides via 5'- protected nucleosides.

Step A:

[0656] To a solution of nucleoside analog (0.5 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added imidazole (1.5 mmol) followed by t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (0.6 mmol) at 0°C. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 3 h. The mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was extracted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with water and dried. The organic extract was evaporated and the product was purified by column chromatography.

Step B:

[0657] To a solution of 5'-t-butyldimethylsilyloxy-protected nucleoside (0.25 mmol) in DMF (2.5 mL) was added carbonyl diimidazole (CDI) (0.5 mmol) at O⁰C. The reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 3 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was chromatographed to give the 2',3'-carbonate as a solid. Step C:

[0658] The 5'^butyldimethylsilyloxy-protected nucleoside 2',3 '-carbonate

(0.15 mmol) was dissolved in a pre-cooled 75% aq.TFA (3 mL) and allowed to stir at O⁰C for 2 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography.

Example 31.1: 8-bromo-2',3'-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-adenosme.

[0659] Rf = 0.65 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₁₂H₁₂N₅O₅Br.0.2

CH₃OH: C, 37.33; H, 3.29; N, 17.84. Found: C, 37.48; H, 3.37; N, 17.45.

Example 31.2: 4-Amino-7-(2',3'-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)- 7H-pyrrolo[2,3~d]pyrimidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0660] Rf = 0.5 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₁₃H₁₄N₄O₅. 1.0

H₂O.2.0 CF₃CO₂H: C, 36.97; H, 3.28; N, 10.14. Found: C, 37.18; H, 3.10; N, 9.80. Example 31.3 : 2',3^t-Carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-cytidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0661] Rf = 0.2 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₁₁H₁₃N₃O₆. 0.8

H₂O .0.9 CF3CO₂H: C, 38.41; H, 3.90; N, 10.50. Found: C, 38.14; H, 3.72; N, 10.77.

Example 31.4: 2',3'-Carbonyl-2'-C-beta-methyl-inosme.

[0662] R_f = 0.25 in 20% MeOH-dichloromethane. Anal Calcd for

C₁₂H₁₂N₄O₆.0.3 CF₃CO₂H.0.1C₂H₅O: C, 45.02; H, 3.88; N, 16.28. Found: C, 44.63; H, 3.65; N, 16.15

Example 31.5: 2',3'-Carbonyl-2'-C-beta-methyl-adenosine.

[0663] Rf = 0.5 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₁₂H₁₃N₅O₅. 0.7

CF₃CO₂H: C, 41.58; H, 3.57; N, 18.09. Found: C, 41.26; H, 3.42; N, 18.02. Example 31.6: 2',3'-Carbonyl-2'-beta-C-methylguanosine.

[0664] R_f - 0.1 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). R_f = 0.25 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂).

Anal Calcd for Ci₂H₁₃N₅O₆. 0.2 CF3CO2H: C, 43.04; H, 3.84; N, 20.24. Found: C, 43.15; H, 3.86; N, 20.52.

Example 31.7: 2',3'-Carbonyl-4'-C-methyl-cytidine.

[0665] Rf = 0.45 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C_nH₁₃N₃O₆. 0.8

CF₃CO₂H: C, 40.42; H, 3.71; N, 11.22. Found: C, 40.26; H, 3.77; N, 11.60.

Example 32

General procedure for preparation of 2',3 '-carbonate nucleosides via single-pot 5'-protection and 2',3'-carbonylation.

Step A:

[0666] To a solution of a nucleoside analog (0.5 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added imidazole (1.5 mmol) followed by t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (0.6 mmol) at 0°C. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 3 h. Carbonyl diimidazole (CDI) (0.6 mmol) was added to the reaction at 0⁰C upon consumption of all the starting material. The reaction was then warmed to room temperature and stirred for an additional 3 h. The reaction was evaporated under reduced pressure. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with water and dried. The organic extract was evaporated and the product was purified by chromatography.

Step B: [0667] Same as Step C of example 31.

Example 32.1: 4,6-Diamino-7-(2',3'-Carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-beta-D- ribofuranosyl)-7H-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

[0668] Rf = 0.4 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₁₃H₁₅N₅O₅. 0.6

CF₃CO₂H: C, 43.77; H, 4.03; N, 17.99. Found: C, 43.51; H, 3.97; N, 17.60.

Example 33

Procedure for single-step synthesis of 2',3 '-carbonate nucleosides.

[0669] Example 31.5 was also made by the following procedure.

[0670] To a solution of 2'-C-methyl-adenosine (28 mg, O.lmmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added diphenyl carbonate (32 mg, 0.15 mmol). The reaction was heated to 250°C in a sealed tube under microwave conditions for 5 min. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and chromatographed by elution with 5 to 10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ to obtain 13 mg of desired product.

Example 34

General procedure for preparation of NMP prodrugs from 2',3 '-carbonate substituted nucleosides.

[0671] To a solution of 2',3 '-carbonate nucleoside (0.25 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) was added t-butyl magnesium chloride and the reaction mixture was stirred under nitrogen for 30 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled to -55°C and the phosphorylating agent (prepared as described in examples 14b and 15a) (0.35 mmol) in DMF (1.5 niL) was added dropwise. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred under nitrogen for 2 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure and quenched with saturated aq .NH₄Cl solution. The mixture was extracted with 10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, washed with water and dried. The organic extract was evaporated and the product was purified by chromatography.

Example 34.1 : 4,6-Diamino-7-[(cώ-5'-O-4-(S)-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl)-2',3'-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosy]-7H- pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0672] Rf = 0.6 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₂₂H₂₃N₅O₈ClP. 1.1

CF₃CO₂H: C₅ 42.92; H, 3.59; N, 10.34. Found: C, 42.49; H, 3.37; N, 10.23.

Example 34.2: 4,6-Diamino-7-(cz5-5'-O-[4-(S)-(ρyrid-4-yl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl]-2'₅3'-carbonyl-2^l-C-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)- 7H-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0673] Rf = 0.4 (15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₂₁H₂₃N₆O₈P. 2.3

CF₃CO₂H: C, 39.39; H, 3.27; N, 10.77. Found: C₅ 39.97; H, 2.96; N₅ 10.70. Example 35

[0674] 2'-C-Methyl-cytidine was made as described in WO 04/052899.

Step A:

[0675] 2'-C-Methyl-cytidine was converted to corresponding 2',3'-acetonide following the procedure as in step A of Example 16.

Step B:

General procedure for dimethylaminomethylene protection of amine:

[0676] To a solution of 2',3'-acetonide of 2'-C-methyl-cytidine (1.4 g, 4.71 mmol) in pyridine (30 niL) was added N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (0.8 mL, 5.87 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was chromatographed on a silica gel column eluting with 5% MeOH in dichloromethane to obtain 900 mg of dimethylamino-methylene adduct.

Step C:

[0677] Prodrug formation was carried-out utilizing the procedure as in step B of Example 16. [0678] trans-phosphorylating agents utilized in step C were synthesized by the procedures as described in examples 14 and 15.

Step D:

[0679] The amine protected 4-pyridyl prodrug (0.15 g) obtained from the above step was dissolved in pre-cooled 75% TFA/H₂O (10 mL) and allowed to stir at 0 ⁰C for 8 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (1% aq.NH₄OH in 10%MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give 0.1 g of the deprotected prodrug as an off-white solid. Example 35.1 : cz5-5^l-0-[4-(S)-(Pyrid-4-yl)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorin-2-yl] -2'-C-methyl-cytidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0680] R_f = 0.2 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). MH⁺ Calcd for C₁₈H₂₃N₄O₈P: 455.

Found: 455.

Example 35.2: cis-5 '-O- [4-(S)-(3 -Chlorophenyl)-2-oxo- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaphosphorin- 2-yl]-2'-C-methyl-cytidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0681] R_f - 0.3 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₁₉H₂₃N₃O₈ClP.0.5

H₂O. 0.3 CF₃CO₂H: C, 44.33; H, 4.61; N, 7.91. Found: C, 44.39; H, 4.42; N, 7.84.

Example 36

[0682] 2',3'-Carbonylation of Example 35.1 was performed following the procedure described as in Example 23. Example 36.1 : cw-5'-O-[4-(S)-(Pyrid-4-yl)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorin-2- yl]-2',3'-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-cytidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0683] R_f = 0.3 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₁₉H₂₁N₄O₉P.1.7

H₂O. 2.0 CF₃CO₂H: C, 37.38; H, 3.60; N, 7.58. Found: C, 37.17; H, 3.23; N, 7.97.

Example 36.2: cw-5'-O-[4-(S)-(3-Chloroplienyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-2-yl]-2^!,3'-carbonyl-2'-C-methyl-cytidine trifluoroacetic acid salt.

[0684] R_f = 0.35 (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Anal calcd for C₂₀H₂₁N₃O₉P.1.6

Imidazole.1.4 H₂O. 0.2 CF₃CO₂H: C, 45.23; H, 4.34; N, 12.98. Found: C, 45.11; H, 4.12; N, 13.31.

Example 38

[0685] 4'-C-Methyl-cytidine was made as described in WO 01/90121. [0686] 2',3 '-Carbonate of 4'-C-methyl-cytidine was synthesized as described in example 31 and 5 '-monophosphate prodrug was prepared as in the case of Example 34.

Example 38.1 : cw-5'-O-[4-(S)-(4-Pyridyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphoran-2-yl]- 2',3'-carbonyl-4'-C-alpha-methylcytidine.

[0687] R_f = 0.45 in 40% MeOH-acetone. MH⁺ Calcd for C₁₉H₂₁N₄O₉P: 481.

Found: 481.

Example 38.2: cw-5'-O-[4-(S)-(3-Chloroρhenyl)-2-oxo-l,3,2- dioxaphosphoran-2-yl]-2',3'-carbonyl-4'-C-alpha-methylcytidine

R_f = 0.3 in 20% MeOH-dichloromethane. MH⁺ Calcd for C₂₀H₂₁N₃O₉ClP: 514. Found: 514. Anal calcd for C₂₀H₂₁N₃O₉PCl. 1.0 CF₃CO₂H. 0.2 H₂O : C, 42.11; H, 3.69; N, 6.58. Found: C, 41.89; H, 3.63; N, 6.77.

BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES

[0688] Examples of use of the compositions and methods of the invention include the following. It will be understood that these examples are exemplary and that the method of the invention is not limited solely to these examples. [0689] For the purposes of clarity and brevity, chemical compounds are referred to as synthetic example numbers in the biological examples below.

Example A: Conversion of Compound 31.5 to 2'-β-methyladenosine in liver S9 from various species

[0690] The rate of Compound 31.5 conversion to nucleoside was evaluated in liver S 9 obtained from rat, dog, monkey and human liver.

Methods:

[0691] Rat liver S 9 was prepared from a freshly harvested liver homogenized in ice-cold 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. The homogenate was centrifuged in a Sorvall RC-5B Refrigerated Superspeed Centrifuge (30 minutes at 10,000 g) and the resulting supernatant used in the assays. The other S9 preparations were purchased from In Vitro Technologies.

[0692] Compound 31.5 was incubated in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 containing liver S9 (1-10 mg/niL protein) for up to 120 minutes in an Eppendorf Thermomixer R (37°C, 850 rpm). Aliquots of the reaction mixture were quenched with 2 volumes of ice-cold acetonitrile/ 0.2% formic acid (pH 3.0) at appropriate time intervals, briefly vortexed, and then immediately placed on dry ice. After all time points were taken, the samples were centrifuged in an Eppendorf microfuge (14,000 rpm, 10 minutes). The supernatant fractions were analyzed for disappearance of prodrug (and appearance of 2'-β-methyladenosine) by reverse phase HPLC on an Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq column (5μm, 4.6 x 150 mm). The loading mobile phase buffer (Buffer A) consisted of a 9:1 ratio (v/v) of 20 mM potassium phosphate, pH 6.2 and acetonitrile. The column was eluted with a gradient from Buffer A to 60% acetonitrile over 16 minutes at a l.O mL/min flow rate. The elution of reaction components was monitored at 260 nm. Quantitation was by comparison to authentic standards prepared in liver S9 and processed in an identical fashion to the unknown samples. The rate of prodrug conversion was calculated from the linear portion of the reaction curves and expressed as nmoles converted per mg of S9 protein per minute of reaction time. Results:

[0693] The rate of Compound 31.5 activation in liver S9 from the various species tested is shown in the table below:

*rate of prodrug disappearance

Conclusions:

[0694] The S 9 fraction from rat, dog, monkey and human liver catalyzed the conversion of Compound 31.5 to 2'-β-methyladenosine. Liver from all four species thus expresses the enzymatic machinery required for carbonate prodrug conversion.

Example B: HepDirect-carbonate prodrug activation in rat liver microsomes. Byproduct capture assay.

[0695] Prodrugs were tested for activation in rat or human liver microsomes by means of a prodrug byproduct capture assay.

Methods:

[0696] Prodrugs were tested for activation by rat or human liver microsomes purchased from In Vitro Technologies. The study was performed at 2mg/mL liver microsomes, 100 mM KH₂PO₄, 10 mM glutathione, 25 μM or 250 μM compound, and 2 mM NADPH for 0-7.5 min. in an Eppendorf Thermomixer 5436 (37°C, 850 rpm). The reactions were initiated by addition of NADPH following a 2-min. preincubation. Reactions were quenched with 60% methanol at 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 min. L-Glutamyl-L-(S-(3-oxo-3-(3- chlorophenyl)propyl)cysteinylglycine, a glutathione adduct of the by-product of prodrug activation, 3-chlorophenyl vinyl ketone, was quantified following extraction of the reaction with 1.5 volumes of methanol. The extracted samples were centrifuged at 14,000 rpm in an Eppendorf micro fuge and the supernatant analyzed by HPLC for L-glutamyl-L-(S-(3-oxo-3-(3- chlorophenyl)propyl)cysteinylglycine content. Spiked L-glutamyl~L-(S-(3- oxo-3-(3-chlorophenyl)propyl)cysteinylglycine standards (1-30 μM) were prepared in 2 mg/niL microsomes under reaction conditions and then quenched and processed in an identical fashion to unknown samples. For HPLC analysis, the loading mobile phase buffer (Buffer A) consisted of a 9:1 ratio (v/v) of 20 mM potassium phosphate, pH 6.2 and acetonitrile. Extract (100 μL) was injected onto a Beckman Ultrasphere ODS column (4.6 x 250 mM). The column was eluted with a gradient to 60% acetonitrile. The elution of L-glutamyl-L-(S-(3-oxo-3-(3-chlorophenyl)propyl)cysteinylglycine

(retention time 10.4 min.) was monitored at 245 nm.

Results:

[0697] The rate of enzymatic cleavage of the HepDirect prodrug moiety of

Compound 34.1 as assessed by the generation of the glutathione capture product assay in rat and human liver microsomes (HLM and RLM, respectively) is shown in the table below:

Conclusions:

[0698] Rat and human liver microsomes catalyze the removal of the

HepDirect protecting group from HepDirect-carbonate prodrugs.

Example C: Kinetics of Conversion of HepDirect-Carbonate prodrugs to Nucleoside Monophosphates by Human Liver Microsomes.

[0699] The kinetics of activation of prodrug analogues to NMP were evaluated in the microsomal fraction of human liver. Methods:

[0700] Human liver microsomes were purchased from In Vitro Technologies.

The study was performed at 2mg/mL human liver microsomes, 10OmM KH₂PO₄, 10 ffiM glutathione, 0 - 250 μM compound, and 2 mM NADPH for 0-7.5 min. in an Eppendorf Thermomixer 5436 (37 ⁰C, 850 rpm). The reactions were initiated by addition of NADPH following a 2-min. preincubation. Reactions were quenched with 60% methanol at 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 min. The resulting extracts were clarified by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm in an Eppendorf microfuge (20 min.). The supernatants (200 μL) were evaporated under vacuum and heat to dryness. The dried residue was reconstituted with 200 μL of water and the mixture was centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000 rpm. A mixture of 35 μL aliquot of supernatant and 35 μL of mobile phase A (20 mM N-N-dimethylhexylamine and 10 mM propionic acid in 20% methanol) was analyzed by LC-MS/MS (Applied Biosystems, API 4000) equipped with an Agilent 1100 binary pump and a LEAP injector. NMP was detected by using MS/MS mode (M778.8) and quantified based on comparison to a standard of lamivudine monophosphate. Kinetic parameters were determined from a Lineweaver-Burke plot of the data with use of SigmaPlot 9.0 software.

Results:

Conclusions:

[0701] The HepDirect-carbonate prodrugs evaluated (Compounds 30.1 and

30.10) were activated to the corresponding NMP in human liver microsomes, indicating that the enzymes required for removal of both the HepDirect and the carbonate prodrug moieties are present in this reaction system. In addition, the affinity of the prodrugs for the enzyme systems was high, as indicated by the relatively low apparent Km values.

Example D: HepDirect-carbonate prodrug activation in human liver microsomes. LC-MS assay.

[0702] The activation of prodrug analogues to NMP was evaluated in the microsomal fraction of human liver.

Methods:

[0703] NMP generation was evaluated in human liver microsomes essentially as described above in Example C. A single concentration of each prodrug was tested (25 μM).

Results:

[0704] The rates of activation of the prodrugs evaluated, expressed as nmoles of NMP generated per minute per milligram of microsomal protein, are shown in the table below:

Compound nmoles/min/mg

30.1 0.2

30.2 0.23

30.3 0.13

30.4 0.11

30.5 0.01

30.6 0.01

30.7 0.04

30.8 0.1

30.9 0.02 Compound nmoles/min/mg

30.10 0.03

30.11 0

30.12 0.01

30.13 0.02

30.14 0.01

30.15 0.01

Conclusions:

[0705] The prodrugs evaluated were generally well activated to generate the

NMP in human liver microsomes.

Example E: Susceptibility of an 2'-β-C-Methyladenosine and its 2',3'- Carbonate and HepDirect Prodrugs to Non-Productive Metabolism In Vitro and In Vivo

[0706] The susceptibility of 2'-β-C-methyladenosine, and its 2',3 '-carbonate prodrugs to non-productive metabolism was evaluated in vitro and in vivo.

Methods:

[0707] In Vitro — 2'-β-C-methyladenosine and Compounds 31.5, 30.1, and

30.10 were separately incubated in heparinized whole rat blood or plasma at 37⁰C. Aliquots of the blood and plasma samples were removed periodically and extracted with perchloric acid and methanol, respectively, and then centrifuged. The acidic supernatants were neutralized with potassium carbonate and recentrifuged. The neutralized supernatants and methanolic extracts were then analyzed for the major metabolite of 2'-β-C- methyladenosine, i.e., 2'-β-C-methylinosine, as described below.

[0708] The methanolic plasma extracts were analyzed by HPLC using an

Agilent 1100. Analysis (50 μL) was performed on an Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq column (4.6 x 150 mm) eluted with a gradient consisting of a mixture of Buffer A (20 mM potassium phosphate pH 6.2) and Buffer B (acetonitrile) (0- 10 min, 040%; 10-20 min, 10-80%, 20-21 min, 80-0%; 21-30 min, 0-0%) and UV absorbance monitoring at 265 ran. The flow rate was 1.5 mL/min and the column temperature was set at 4O⁰C. Concentrations of metabolite were determined from calibration curves prepared by spiking known amounts of standards to plasma and processing as before. The LOQ of 2'-β-C- methylinosine was 1 μM.

[0709] In Vivo - 2'-β-C-Methyladenosine and Compounds 31.5, 30.1, and

30.10 were administered by IV bolus and oral gavage to separate sets of male Sprague-Dawley rats. At pre-specified times at 20 min, 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 16, and 24 hrs post dose, liver, heart, and thigh muscle samples (~1 g) were harvested by freeze-clamping and homogenized in 3 volumes of ice-cold acetonitrile. Following centrifugation to clarify the homogenate, aliquots of the tissue extracts were analyzed for deaminated products, such as 2'-β-C- methylinosine, and other nucleoside metabolites by HPLC as described in Example E. Also at the pre-specified times, blood (heparinized) was collected from the vena cava and centrifuged briefly to obtain plasma. Following extraction of the plasma with 1.5 volumes of methanol, the samples were vortexed and centrifuged to remove the precipitate. The supernatant was then analysis for deaminated products and other metabolites by LC-UV as described above. The area under the curve (AUC) to the last measurable time point was calculated by trapezoidal summation of the plasma, liver, heart, and muscle concentration-time profile of the major metabolite 2'-β~C- methylinosine.

Results:

[0710] While 2'-β-C-methylinosine was observed after incubation of 2'-β-C- methyladenosine and Compound 31.5 in rat whole blood in vitro, no deaminated products were detected following the incubation of Compounds 30.1 and 30.10. After IV or oral administration of Compound 31.5 to rats, T- β-C-methylinosine was detected in plasma, liver, heart, and muscle tissue but no or only trace levels of the deaminated product were measurable following dosing of Compounds 30.1 and 30.10 as summarized in the table below (FV data shown only).

nd = not determined

*dose normalized to 5.5 mg/kg nucleoside equivalents

Conclusions:

[0711] Prodrugs of 2'-β-C-methyladenosine, Compounds 30.1 and 30.10, were significantly less susceptible to deamination and other non-productive metabolism both in vitro and in vivo when compared to the free nucleoside. Compound 31.5 also showed reduced susceptibility to deamination relative to 2'-β-C-methyladenosine. The improved enzymatic stability profiles are expected to provide enhanced bioavailability of 2'-β- methyladenosine and consequently the delivery of higher levels of the active phosphorylated form of the nucleoside to the target organ (liver).

Example F: NTP Generation in Hepatocytes Following Incubation with Nucleoside Analogues and their Prodrugs

[0712] Nucleoside analogues and their prodrugs were evaluated for their ability to generate NTPs in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Methods:

[0713] Hepatocytes were prepared firom fed Sprague-Dawley rats (250-30Og) according to the procedure of Berry and Friend (Berry, M.N. Friend, D. S., J Cell Biol. 43:506-520 (1969)) as modified by Groen (Groen, A.K. et al., Eur. J. Biochem 122:87-93 (1982)). Hepatocytes (20 mg/mL wet weight, >85% trypan blue viability) were incubated at 37 °C in 2 niL of Krebs-bicarbonate buffer containing 20 mM glucose, and 1 mg/mL BSA for 2 h in the presence of 1-250 μM nucleoside or prodrug (from 25 mM stock solutions in DMSO). Following the incubation, 1600 μL aliquot of the cell suspension was centrifuged and 300 μL of acetonitrile was added to the pellet, vortexed and sonicated until the pellet broke down. Then 200 μL of water was added to make a 60% acetonitrile solution. After 10 min centrifugation at 14,000 rpm, the resulting supernatant was transferred to a new vial and evaporated to near dryness in a Savant SpeedVac Plus at room temperature. The dried residue was reconstituted with 200 μL of water and the mixture was centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000 rpm. A mixture of 35 μL aliquot of supernatant and 35 μL of mobile phase A (20 mM N-N-dimethylhexylamine and 10 mM propionic acid in 20% methanol) was analyzed by LC-MS/MS (Applied Biosystems, API 4000) equipped with an Agilent 1100 binary pump and a LEAP injector. NTP was detected by using MS/MS mode (M778.8) and quantified based on comparison to a standard of lamivudine triphosphate.

Results:

[0714] The amount of NTP generated over a 2 hour period in rat hepatocytes following incubation of nucleosides and prodrugs at a concentration of 25 μM, is shown in the table below: NTP

No. concentration, nmoles/g

23.2 130.8

30.1 185

30.2 295.5

30.3 313

30.4 279.5

30.5 43.3

30.6 132.6

30.7 96.7

31.5 183

30.8 113

30.11 1.9

30.9 39.1

30.10 31.5

30.12 12.9

30.13 53.3

30.14 48.8

30.15 18.8

34.1 8.7

32.1 0.1

34.2 8.8

31.2 22.5 NTP

No. concentration, nmoles/g

31.3 0

30.16 36

36.1 118.6

31.7 0

38.1 16.6

38.2 214.3

31.6 8.7

30.17 60.5

Conclusions:

[0715] Compounds of this invention showed an ability to generate NTP in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. It is generally accepted that the NTP form of a nucleoside is the active antiviral agent.

Example G: Antiviral Activity of Nucleosides and Prodrugs in HCV- Infected Human Liver Slice Assay

[0716] The effect of various compounds on HCV replication in human liver tissue was evaluated as described below.

Methods:

[0717] Liver from a brain-dead HCV antibody-positive human patient was perfused with ice-cold Viaspan (Dupont Pharmaceutical) preservation solution and received on ice in Viaspan.

[0718] Precision-cut liver slices of -200-250 μm thickness and 8 cm diameter were prepared and cultured in Waymouth's cell culture medium (Gibco, Inc.) that was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 10 mL/L Fungi-Bact at 37⁰C, and gassed with carbogen (95% O₂, 5% CO₂) at 0.75 liters/min. Tissue slices were maintained in culture for 72 h. Cell culture medium containing test compound in solution was changed on a daily basis.

[0719] At appropriate times of liver slice incubation, liver slices and medium were collected for analysis of HCV RNA (tissue and medium) and nucleotide levels (NTP). All collected media and tissue slices were maintained in liquid N₂ until analysis.

[0720] Medium and tissue samples were analyzed for HCV RNA levels according to published procedures (Bonacini et. al., 1999) which utilize an automated, multicycle, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technique. This assay has a lower limit of detection for HCV RNA of 100 viral copies/ml.

[0721] Frozen liver slices were disrupted by using a combination of ultrasound probe sonication, Branson Sonifier 450 (Branson Ultrasonics, Danbury, CT) and homogenization using a Dounce conical pestle in 200 μls of 10% (v/v) perchloric acid (PCA). After a 5 min centrifugation at 2,500 x g, the supernatants were neutralized using 3 M KOH/3 M KHCO₃ and mixed thoroughly. The neutralized samples were centrifuged at 2,500 g for 5 min and NTP levels were determined by ion exchange phase HPLC (Hewlett Packard 1050) using a Whatman Partisil 5 SAX (5 μm, 4.6 x 250 mm) column. Samples (50 μL) were injected onto the column in 70% 10 mM ammonium phosphate buffer and 30% 1 M ammonium phosphate buffer, both at pH 3.5 and containing 6% ethanol. Nucleoside triphosphates were eluted from the column using a linear gradient to 80% 1 M ammonium phosphate pH 3.5/ 6% ethanol buffer, at a flow rate of 1.25 mL/min and detected by UV absorbance (254 nm).

Results:

[0722] HCV RNA levels present in the liver slice culture media decreased from the levels present in control, untreated slices following incubation with 2'-β- methyladenosine and Compounds 30.1 and 31.5 (see table below). Dose-dependent formation of the corresponding NTP was observed in treated slices. Liver slice ATP levels were large unaffected by treatment.

*% decrease in viral RNA relative to untreated liver slices

Conclusions:

[0723] 2'-β-methyladenosme and Compounds 30.1 and 31.5 reduced hepatitis

C virus RNA levels in the HCV-infected human liver slice assay. Dose- dependent conversion of nucleoside and prodrugs to the active NTP was observed in slices. Assuming good pharmacokinetic properties, the results suggest that Compounds 30.1 and 31.5 are likely to reduce viral titers in human patients.

Example H: Liver NTP Generation Following Oral Administration of Nucleoside Analogues and their Prodrugs

[0724] The potential for oral efficacy of various nucleosides and prodrugs was assessed in the rat by evaluating liver NTP generation following oral administration.

Methods:

[0725] Nucleoside analogues and their prodrugs were administered at 30 mg/kg (in terms of nucleoside equivalents) to Sprague-Dawley rats by oral gavage. At 2 or 3 hours following drug administration, liver samples (~1 g) were collected, snap-frozen, and homogenized in 3 volumes of ice-cold 60% acetonitrile. Following centrifugation to clarify the homogenate, aliquots of the supernatants (100 μL) were evaporated to dryness on a Savant Speed- Vac Plus (1 hr, room temperature). The resulting dried residue was reconstituted with 100 μL of mobile phase and then analyzed for nucleotides by an LC- MS/MS method as described below.

[0726] The reconstituted extracts in mobile phase A (20 mM N₅N- dimethylhexylamine and 10 mM propionic acid in 20% methanol) were analyzed by LC-MS/MS (Applied Biosystems, API 4000) equipped with an Agilent 1100 binary pump and a LEAP injector. Ten μL of sample was injected onto an Xterra MS C18 column (3.5 um, 2.1 x 50 mm, Waters Corp.) with a SecurityGuard Cl 8 guard column (5 um, 4.0 x 3.0 mm, Phenomenex) and eluted with a gradient mobile phase A and B (20 mM N-N- dimethylhexylamine and 10 mM propionic acid in 80% methanol) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min (Omin, 0%B, 0-1 min, 0-50% B; 1-3 min, 50-100% B, 3-6 min, 100% B; 6-6.1 min, 100-0% B; 6.1-9 min, 0% B). NTP was detected by using MS/MS mode (M778.8). If nucleotide standards were available, then the quantitative analysis of liver NTP was calculated based on a calibration curve generated from their respective standards (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3, 10, and 30 μM).

Results:

Liver NTP

No. Z°ι°' at 2 or 3 h, ^mg/kg nmoles/g

23.1 50 8.19

23.2 50 6.83

30.1 50 28.28

30.2 50 29.17

30.3 50 22.87

30.4 50 14.65

30.5 50 6.13 _nnco Liver NTP

^No- mg/kg « * ™ * *^> ^{a a} nmoles/g

30.6 50 7.17

30.7 50 11.84

31.5 50 460

30.8 50 11.21

30.9 50 6.87

30.1 50 20.27

30.11 50 2.68

30.12 50 6.8

30.13 50 2.17

30.14 50 5.04

30.15 50 4.75

34.2 50 <0.4

31.3 8 0.02

36.1 3.5 28.89

34.3 50 <0.4

36.2 10 3.66

Conclusions:

[0727] The majority of the compounds of the invention evaluated generated the corresponding NTP in liver following oral administration to rats. This indicates that the compounds have good oral bioavailability and, as HCV is a hepatotrophic virus, have the potential of demonstrating antiviral activity in vivo.

Example I: Assessment of Oral Bioavailability of 2',3'-Carbonate Prodrugs of 2'-β-C-methyladenosine in the Rat Based on Liver Nucleotide Concentrations

[0728] The oral bioavailability (OBAV) of 2'-β-C-methyladenosine and its carbonate prodrugs was evaluated in the rat based on the liver concentration- time profile of the generated nucleotides, including the 5 '-triphosphate (NTP), the form of the nucleoside that is generally considered the active antiviral agent.

Methods:

[0729] 2'-β-C-Methyladenosine and its carbonate prodrugs, Compound 31.5,

Compound 30.1, and Compound 30.10, were administered by IV bolus and oral gavage to separate sets of male Sprague-Dawley rats. At pre-specified times of 20 min, 1, 3, 5, 8, 16, and 24 hrs post dose, liver samples (~1 g) were collected by freeze-clamping and homogenized in 3 volumes of ice-cold 60% acetonitrile. Following centrifugation to clarify the homogenate, aliquots of the supernatants (100 μL) were evaporated to dryness on a Savant Speed- Vac Plus (1 hr, room temperature). The resulting dried residue was reconstituted with 100 μL of mobile phase and then analyzed for nucleotides by an LC- MS/MS method as described below.

[0730] The reconstituted extracts in mobile phase A (20 mM N,N- dimethylhexylamine and 10 mM propionic acid in 20% methanol) were analyzed by LC-MS/MS (Applied Biosystems, API 4000) equipped with an Agilent 1100 binary pump and a LEAP injector. Ten μL of sample was injected onto an Xterra MS C18 column (3.5 um, 2.1 x 50 mm, Waters Corp.) with a SecurityGuard C18 guard column (5 um, 4.0 x 3.0 mm, Phenomenex) and eluted with a gradient mobile phase A and B (20 mM N-N- dimethylhexylamine and 10 mM propionic acid in 80% methanol) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min (Omin, 0%B, 0-1 min, 0-50% B; 1-3 min, 50-100% B, 3-6 min, 100% B; 6-6.1 min, 100-0% B; 6.1-9 min, 0% B). NMP, NDP, and NTP were detected by using MS/MS mode (M778.8). Where possible, the quantitative analysis of liver NMP, NDP, and NTP were calculated based on a calibration curve generated from their respective standards (0.01 - 30 μM). [0731] The area under the curve (AUC) to the last measurable time point were calculated by trapezoidal summation of the liver concentration-time profile of total nucleotides and NTP. The OBAV was determined by dividing the dose- normalized AUC following oral administration by the AUC following IV dosing.

Results:

[0732] The OBAV values of 2'-β-C-methyladenosine and its carbonate prodrugs, Compounds 31.5, 30.1, and 30.10 in the rat are summarized in the table below. The OBAV of the free nucleoside is very low (<5%) whereas the OBAV of its carbonate prodrugs are >20%.

Conclusions:

[0733] The OBAV of 2'-β-C-methyladenosine, was significantly enhanced as a 2 ',3 '-carbonate prodrug. The presence of the carbonate moiety improves the OBAV potentially by increasing permeability of the nucleoside in the gut and/or by protecting the nucleoside from non-productive metabolism (see Example E).

Example J: Evaluation of Liver Selectivity of an Antiviral Nucleoside Analog and Its 2',3'-Carbonate Prodrugs

[0734] The liver selectivity of an antiviral nucleoside, 2'-B-C- methyladenosine, and its 2',3 '-carbonate prodrugs was evaluated in the rat by comparing liver nucleotide concentrations to levels of a major metabolite in the plasma or to concentrations of extrahepatic nucleotides. An elevated liver selectivity index is an indication of improved liver targeting of the antiviral agent and reduced exposure to other organs that may be potential targets of toxicity.

Methods:

[0735] 2'-β-C-Methyladenosine and its carbonate prodrugs, Compound 31.5,

Compound 30.1, and Compound 30.10, were administered by IV bolus and oral gavage to separate sets of male Sprague-Dawley rats. At pre-specified times of 20 min, 1, 3, 5, 8, 16, and 24 hrs post dose, liver, heart, and thigh muscle samples (~1 g) were harvested by freeze-clamping and homogenized in 3 volumes of ice-cold acetonitrile. Following centrifugation to clarify the homogenate, aliquots of the tissue extracts were evaporated to dryness on a Savant Speed-Vac Plus (1 hr, room temperature). The resulting dried residue was reconstituted with 100 μL of mobile phase and then analyzed for nucleotides by an LC-MS/MS method as described in Example I. In addition to solid tissue, blood was collected in heparin tubes at the pre-specified times and centrifuged to obtain plasma. The plasma samples (100 μL) were extracted with 1.5 volumes of methanol and centrifuged for 20 min at top speed on a microfuge. Plasma concentrations of a major metabolite of 2'-β-C- methyladenosine, i.e., 2'-β-C-methylinosine, were determined by LC-UV as described in Example E.

[0736] The area under the curve (AUC) to the last measurable time point was calculated by trapezoidal summation of the liver, heart, and muscle concentration-time profile of total nucleotides and NTP and of the plasma concentration-time profile of the major metabolite 2'-β-C-methylinosine. The liver selectivity index was determined by two methods: (1) dividing liver NTP AUC by heart nucleotide AUC and (2) dividing liver NTP AUC by plasma T- β-C-methylinosine AUC. Results:

[0737] Whereas concentrations of nucleotides of 2'-methyladenosine were measurable in heart and muscle tissue following administration of the free nucleoside, the nucleotides were barely detectable in these tissues following dosing of the 2 ',3 '-carbonate prodrugs. Plasma concentrations of the main metabolite, 2'-^β-C-methylinosine, were detectable after administration of the free nucleoside but not after dosing of the prodrug. A measure of liver targeting, the liver selectivity indices are therefore significantly higher for the 2',3'-carbonate prodrugs as summarized in the table below.

* Liver NTP AUC/Heart Nucleotides AUC

** Liver NTP AUC/Plasma 2'-β-C-Methylinosine AUC

Conclusions:

[0738] The delivery of the antiviral nucleoside analog, 2'-β-C- methyladenosine, to the liver by its carbonate prodrug not only led to an increase of the therapeutic agent in the liver but also reduced peripheral drug exposure and any consequential toxicities. By diminishing the release of potential toxic elements to the systemic circulation, hepatic extraction and/or metabolism improved the liver targeting index of the nucleoside analog.

Claims

We claim:

1. A compound of Formula I:

or an isomer, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

X' is O, S, S-O, or NR²⁰, wherein R²⁰ is H or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, C_3-6 cycloalkyl, OH, OR^20', or 0(C=O)R^20', wherein R^20' is H, lower alkyl or C_3-6 cycloalkyl; Y is -O-, -S-, -N-, -C(R^20')-, or -CH₂- R¹⁹ is H or optionally substituted C_1-4 alkyl, C_2-4 alkenyl, or C_2-4 alkynyl, - OH, -0-lower alkyl, halogen, CN, or -C=CR²¹R²², wherein

R²¹ and R²² are independently H or lower alkyl; or R¹⁹ is absent; or R¹⁹ is joined together with R¹⁷ to form -(CH₂)_P-,

-O-(CH₂)_P-, wherein p is 0 to 4;

R is independently H, C_1-4 alkyl, C_2-4 alkenyl, or C_2-4 alkynyl; wherein said C_1-4 alkyl is optionally substituted with amino, hydroxy, or 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, C_1-4 alkylamino, dialkylamino, C_3-6 cycloalkylamino, halogen, or alkoxy;

R¹⁷ is H, halogen, alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, C_1-1O alkoxy optionally substituted with C_1-3 alkoxy or 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, C_2-6 alkenyloxy, C_1-4 alkylthio, C_1-8 alkylcarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyl, azido, amino, alkylamino, or dialkylamino; R¹⁶ and R¹⁵ are independently H, C_1-4 alkyl, C_2-4 alkenyl, or C_2-4 alkynyl; wherein said C_1-4 alkyl is optionally substituted with amino, hydroxy, or 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, and said C_2-4 alkenyl and C_2-4 alkynyl are each optionally substituted with one or more of C_1-3 alkoxy, carboxy, C_2-6 alkenyloxy, C_1-4 alkylthio, C_1-8 alkylcarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyl , azido, amino, alkylamino, or dialkylamino;

B is selected from

wherein:

L is selected from O or S;

M is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and Se;

X₁ is absent, or X₁ is selected from the group consisting of H, -OH, -SH, -NH₂, -COOR¹¹, -CONH₂, -CSNH₂, alkylamino, dialkylamino, cycloalkylamino, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxy, CF₃, and -NHCORx₁, wherein Rx₁ is H, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy, and wherein R¹¹ is H or C_1-4 alkyl;

X₂ is absent, or X₂ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, acyl, and C_KC₆ alkyl;

X₃, X₄ and X₆ are each independently absent, or X₃, X₄ and X₆ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, acyl, OH, SH, NH₂, CF₃, alkyl, amino, halogen, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, and dialkylamino;

X₅ is absent, or X₅ is selected from the group consisting of H, -CN, -NO₂, -alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, acyl, -NHCONH₂, -CONR¹¹R^11', -CSNR¹¹R^11', -COOR¹¹, -C(=NH)NH₂, -hydroxy, -C_1-3 alkoxy, -amino, -alkylamino, -dialkylamino, halogen, -(l,3-oxazol-2-yl), -(1,3-thiazol- 2-yl), and -(imidazol-2-yl); wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one to three groups independently selected from halogen, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, and C_1-3 alkoxy; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹¹ are independently H or C_1-4 alkyl;

Z' is -CH(R²³)OH, -O-, -CH(R²³)-O-, C_1-4 cycloalkyl, -OC(R²³)₂PO₃H₂, -CH₂C(R²³)₂PO₃H₂, C_2-4 alkenyl, or C_2-4 alkynyl; wherein R²³ is H, F, methyl, ethyl, hydroxymethyl, or fluoromethyl or -CH₂ N₃, -CH₂-NR²¹R²², and R²¹ and R²² are as defined above; and

Z" is absent, or Z" is R²⁴(C=O)-, R²⁴-O-(C=O)-, or R²⁴CH(NH₂)(C-O)-, wherein R²⁴ is optionally substituted C_1-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; or Z" is

wherein:

Z is -CHR²OH, -CHR^zOC(O)R^y, -CHR^zOC(S)R^y, -CHR^zOC(S)OR^y, -CHR^zOC(O)SR^y, -CHR^z0C0₂R^y, -OR^Z, -SR^Z, -CHR²N₃, -CH₂aryl, -CH(aryl)OH, -CH(CH=CR^Z ₂)OH, -CH(C≡CR²)0H, -R^z, -NR² ₂, -OCOR^y, -OCO₂R^y, -SCOR^y, -SCO₂R^y, -NHCOR², -NHC0₂R^y, -CH₂NHaryl, -(CH₂)_q-OR^z, and -(CH₂)_q-SR², halogen, -CN, -COR^y, -CONR^Z ₂, -CO₂R^y, -SO₂R^y, or -SO₂NR^Z ₂, wherein q is 2 or 3, R^z is R^y or -H, and R^y is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or aralkyl; or

Z" is P(O)Y¹R¹¹Y¹¹R¹¹; wherein each R¹¹ is independently H; Y' and Y" are each independently selected from the group consisting of -O-, and -NR^V-; and when Y' and Y" are both -O-, R¹¹ attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted CH₂-heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, -C(R^Z)₂OC(O)NR^Z ₂, -NR^z-C(O)-R^y, -C(R^z)₂-OC(O)R^y, - C(R^z)₂-O-C(O)OR^y, -C(R^z)₂OC(O)SR^y, -alkyl-S-C(O)R^y, -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydr oxy, and -alkyl-S-S-S-alkylhydroxy; or when Y' and Y" are both -NR^V-, then R¹¹ attached to -NR^V- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, -[C(R^z)₂]_q-COOR^y, -CCEO₂COOR³', -[C(R^z)₂]_q-C(O)SR^y, and

-cycloalkylene-COOR^y; or when Y¹ is -O- and Y" is NR^V, then R¹¹ attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted CH₂-heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, -C(R^Z)₂OC(O)NR^Z ₂, -NR^z-C(O)-R^y, -C(R^z)₂-OC(O)R^y, - C(R^z)₂-O-C(O)OR^y, -C(R^z)₂OC(O)SR^y, -alkyl-S-C(O)R^y, -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydr oxy, and -alkyl-S-S-S-alkylhydroxy; and R¹¹ attached to -NR^V- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, -[C(R^z)₂]_q-COOR^y, -CCR^COOR³', -[C(R^z)₂]_q-C(O)SR^y, and -cycloalkylene-COOR^y; or when Y¹ and Y" are independently selected from -O- and -NR^V-, then R¹¹ and R¹¹ together form a cyclic group comprising -alkyl-S-S-alkyl-, wherein q is an integer 2 or 3; each R^z is selected from the group consisting of R^y and -H; each R^y is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl; each R^x is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, and alkyl, or together R^x and R^x form a cycloalkyl group; and each R^v is selected from the group consisting of -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl; with the provisos that: a) V, Z, W, W are not all -H; b) when Z is -Rz, then at least one of V, W, and W is not -H, alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; c) when Z^! is -CH₂OH and R¹⁷ is H, then one of R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is other than H; and d) when Z' is -CH₂O-, Z" is -(C=O)R²⁴, and R¹⁷ is H, then one of R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is other than H.

2. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z" is absent, or Z" is R²⁴(C=O)-, R²⁴-O-(C=O)-, or R²⁴CH(NH₂)(C=O)-, wherein R²⁴ is optionally substituted Ci_-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl.

3. The compound of claim 2, wherein X' is O, Y is O, and R¹⁹ is absent.

4. The compound of claim 2, wherein X¹ is S .

5. The compound of claim 2, wherein R 16 . is -CH₃.

6. The compound of claim 3, wherein Z" is absent, Z' is -CH(R²³)OH, R¹⁶ is C_1-4 alkyl, and R¹⁵ is H or C_1-4 alkyl.

7. The compound of claim 6, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of

8. The compound of claim 1, wherein:

V and Z are connected together via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both O groups attached to the phosphorus; or

V and Z are connected together via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus; or V and W are connected together via an additional 3 carbon atoms to form an optionally substituted cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms and substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, and aryloxycarbonyloxy, attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from an O attached to the phosphorus; or

Z and W are connected together via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0—1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; or

W and W are connected together via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-2 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl.

9. A compound of Formula II':

X' is O, S, S-O, or NR²⁰, wherein R²⁰ is H or optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, C_3-6 cycloalkyl, OH, OR^20', or 0(C=O)R^20', wherein R^20' is H, lower alkyl or C_3-6 cycloalkyl; Y is -O-, -S-, -N-, -C(R^20')--, or -CH₂-

R¹⁹ is H or optionally substituted C_1-4 alkyl, C_2-4 alkenyl, or C_2-4 alkynyl, - OH, -0-lower alkyl, halogen, CN, or -C=CR²¹R²², wherein R²¹ and R²² are independently H or lower alkyl; or R¹⁹ is absent; or R¹⁹ is joined together with R¹⁷ to form -(CH₂)_P-, -O-(CH₂)p-, wherein p is 0 to 4;

R¹⁸ is independently H, C_1-4 alkyl, C_2-4 alkenyl, or C_2-4 alkynyl; wherein said C_1-4 alkyl is optionally substituted with amino, hydroxy, or 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, C_1-4 alkylamino, dialkylamino, C_3-6 cycloalkylamino, halogen, or alkoxy;

R¹⁷ is H, halogen, alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, C_1-10 alkoxy optionally substituted with C_1-3 alkoxy or 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, C_2-6 alkenyloxy, C_1-4 alkylthio, C_1-8 alkylcarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyl, azido, amino, alkylamino, or dialkylamino;

R¹⁶ and R¹⁵ are independently H, C_1-4 alkyl, C_2-4 alkenyl, or C_2-4 alkynyl; wherein said C_1-4 alkyl is optionally substituted with amino, hydroxy, or 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, and said C_2-4 alkenyl and C_2-4 alkynyl are each optionally substituted with one or more of C_1-3 alkoxy, carboxy, C_2-6 alkenyloxy, C_1-4 alkylthio, C_1-8 alkylcarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyl, azido, amino, alkylamino, or dialkylamino;

B is a purine or pyrimidine base or an analogue or derivative thereof;

Z' is -O-, -CH(R²³)-O-, C_1-4 cycloalkylene, C_2-4 alkenylene, or C_2-4 alkynylene; wherein R²³ is methyl, ethyl, hydroxymethyl, fluoromethyl, -CH₂N₃, -CH₂-NR₂iR_22j; and R²¹ and R²² are as defined above;

Z is -CHR²OH, -CHR^zOC(O)R^y, -CHR^zOC(S)R^y, -CHR²OC(S)OR⁵', -CHR²OC(O)SR^y, -CHR^zOCO₂R^y, -OR², -SR^Z, -CHR²N₃, -CH₂aryl, -CH(aryl)OH, -CH(CH=CR² ₂)OH, -CH(C≡CR^Z)OH, -R^z, -NR² ₂, -OCOR^y, -OCO₂R^y, -SCOR^y, -SCO₂R^y, -NHCOR², -NHCO₂R^y, -CH₂NHaryl, -(CH₂)_q-OR^z, and -(CH₂)_q-SR^z, halogen, -CN₅ -COR^y, -CONR^Z ₂, -CO₂R^y, -SO₂R^y, or -SO₂NR^Z ₂, wherein q is 2 or 3, R^z is R^y or -H, and R^y is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or aralkyl; with the provisos that: a) V, Z, W, W are not all -H; and b) when Z is -Rz, then at least one of V, W, and W is not -H, alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.

10. The compound of claim 9, wherein X' is O, Y is O, and R 19 is absent.

11. The compound of claim 10, wherein R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, and R¹⁸ are independently H or C_1-4 alkyl.

12. The compound of claim 9, wherein B is selected from the group consisting of

j sad-, wherein:

L is selected from O or S;

M is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and Se;

X₁ is absent, or X₁ is selected from the group consisting of H, -OH, -SH, -NH₂, -COOR¹¹, -CONH₂, -CSNH₂, alkylamino, dialkylamino, cycloalkylamino, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, CF₃, and -NHCORx₁, wherein Rx₁ is H, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy, and wherein R¹¹ is H or Ci_-4 alkyl; X₂ is absent, or X₂ is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C_1-C₆ alkyl;

X₃, X₄ and X₆ are each independently absent, or X₃, X₄ and X₆ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, SH, NH₂, CF₃, alkyl, amino, halogen, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, and dialkylamino;

X₅ is absent, or X₅ is selected from the group consisting of H, -CN, -NO₂, -alkyl, -NHCONH₂, -CONR¹¹R^11', -CSNR¹¹R^11', -COOR¹¹, -C(=NH)NH₂, -hydroxy, -C_1-3 alkoxy, -amino, -alkylamino, -dialkylamino, halogen, -(l,3-oxazol-2-yl), -(l,3-thiazol-2-yl), and -(imidazol-2-yl); wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one to three groups independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, and C_1-3 alkoxy; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹¹ are independently H or C_1-4 alkyl.

13. The compound of claim 9, wherein

V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C_1-6 alkyl, -CF₃, -OR³, -OR¹², -COR³, -CO₂R³, -N(R³)₂, -N(R¹²)₂, -CO₂N(R²)₂, -SR³, -SO₂R³, -SO₂N(R²)₂ and -CN; monocyclic heteroaryl; and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C_1-6 alkyl, -CF₃, -OR³, -OR¹², -COR³, -CO₂R³, -N(R³)₂, -N(R¹²)₂, -CO₂N(R²)₂, -SR³, -SO₂R³, -SO₂N(R²)₂ and -CN; wherein said monocyclic heteroaryl and substituted monocyclic heteroaryl has 1-2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; wherein R is H or R , R is C_1-6 alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, or aralkyl, and R¹² is H or lower acyl; with the provisos that a) when there are two heteroatoms and one is O, then the other can not be O or S, and b) when there are two heteroatoms and one is S, then the other can not be O or S; or V and Z together are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the O attached to the phosphorus.

14. The compound of claim 13, wherein V is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; substituted phenyl with 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, d-₃ alkyl, and -CF₃; pyridyl; substituted pyridyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C_1-3 alkyl, and -CF₃; furanyl; substituted furanyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C_1-3 alkyl, and -CF₃; thienyl; and substituted thienyl with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of -Cl, -Br, -F, C_1-3 alkyl, and -CF₃.

15. The compound of claim 9, wherein Z" is :

16. The compound of claim 9, wherein Z" is

17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 or claim 9, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.

18. A method of inhibiting viral replication in a patient in need thereof, said method comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or claim 9.

19. The method of claim 18 wherein said viral replication is RNA- dependent RNA viral replication.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein said viral replication is HCV replication.

21. A method of treating a viral infection in a patient in need thereof, said method comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or claim 9.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein said viral infection is an RNA- dependent RNA viral infection.

23. The method of claim 22 wherein said viral infection is an HCV infection.

24. The method of claim 23 wherein said compound is used in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of a second agent active against HCV.

25 The method of claim 24, wherein said second agent active against HCV is ribavirin; levovirin; viramidine; thymosin alpha- 1; interferon- β; an inhibitor of NS3 serine protease; an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; interferon-α or pegylated interferon-α, alone or in combination with ribavirin or levovirin.

26. A method of treating cancer, liver fibrosis, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in a patient in need thereof, said method comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or claim 9.

27. A method of treating a platelet disorder or diabetes in a patient in need thereof, said method comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or claim 9, wherein said compound is a P2 receptor antagonist.

28. A method of treating diabetes in a patient in need thereof, said method comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or claim 9, wherein said compound is an AMPK activator.

29. A method of treating diabetes or cardiovascular disease in a patient in need thereof, said method comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or claim 9, wherein said compound binds an adenosine receptor.

30. A method of treating inflammation or a CNS disorder in a patient in need thereof, said method comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or claim 9, wherein said compound acts as an adenosine analogue.