[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/

WO2005112009A2 - Procede et dispositif d'authentification optique - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif d'authentification optique Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2005112009A2
WO2005112009A2 PCT/IL2005/000508 IL2005000508W WO2005112009A2 WO 2005112009 A2 WO2005112009 A2 WO 2005112009A2 IL 2005000508 W IL2005000508 W IL 2005000508W WO 2005112009 A2 WO2005112009 A2 WO 2005112009A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
optical
images
polarizer
polarization
elements
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IL2005/000508
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2005112009A3 (fr
Inventor
Samuel Kosolapov
Original Assignee
Samuel Kosolapov
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Samuel Kosolapov filed Critical Samuel Kosolapov
Publication of WO2005112009A2 publication Critical patent/WO2005112009A2/fr
Publication of WO2005112009A3 publication Critical patent/WO2005112009A3/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/08—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means
    • G06K19/083—Constructional details
    • G06K19/086—Constructional details with markings consisting of randomly placed or oriented elements, the randomness of the elements being useable for generating a unique identifying signature of the record carrier, e.g. randomly placed magnetic fibers or magnetic particles in the body of a credit card
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
    • G06K7/14—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation using light without selection of wavelength, e.g. sensing reflected white light
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
    • G06K7/14—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation using light without selection of wavelength, e.g. sensing reflected white light
    • G06K7/1404—Methods for optical code recognition
    • G06K7/146—Methods for optical code recognition the method including quality enhancement steps
    • G06K7/1465—Methods for optical code recognition the method including quality enhancement steps using several successive scans of the optical code
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09C—CIPHERING OR DECIPHERING APPARATUS FOR CRYPTOGRAPHIC OR OTHER PURPOSES INVOLVING THE NEED FOR SECRECY
    • G09C5/00—Ciphering apparatus or methods not provided for in the preceding groups, e.g. involving the concealment or deformation of graphic data such as designs, written or printed messages
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of authentication. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and apparatus for simple and inexpensive authentication and authorization by utilizing unique optical keys that can not be duplicated, forged or copied in an inexpensive way and, therefore, may be used as reliable authentication tools. Additionally, this invention relates to methods and apparatus for reliable, simple and inexpensive evaluation of properties of above- mentioned keys in order to ensure reliable authentication of such keys by authentication apparatus (reader apparatus).
  • authentication solutions also include optical ID (one- dimensional) and 2D (two-dimensional) bar-codes, optical "Safe Cards” and many others. However, such solutions are not capable of distinguishing between original cards and their duplicates.
  • Many authentication solutions may optionally contain protection elements that can not be easily copied, i.e. photographs with unique layover stamps, complex holograms, drawings with small irregularities, pressure sensitive devices, color and ultraviolet marks, etc.
  • protection elements are designed in order to be authenticated manually by a human operator. Notwithstanding, such protection elements cannot be easily validated in an automated fashion.
  • biometry also include biometry. It is assumed that each user has unique set of biometrical data, such as, for example, fingerprints, face shape, voice, etc. By measuring relevant parameters, authentication is achieved.
  • biometrical data such as, for example, fingerprints, face shape, voice, etc.
  • biometrical data such as, for example, fingerprints, face shape, voice, etc.
  • biometry-based implementations are unreliable. For example, most optical fingerprint systems may be circumvented by gelatin-made finger imprints.
  • Another well known problem of biometry systems lies in the fact that sensitive biometry data, once stolen, may be easily misused for illegal activities.
  • US4490790 proposes a method for discriminating authenticity of a bill by evaluating polarization characteristics of specially embedded into said polarized component by utilizing one light source and two light-receiving elements. Effectively this setup measures polarization characteristics in only one point of the bill, which may not be good enough for the strict requirements of today's authentication systems.
  • US4476468 proposes protection of magnetic card by addition of a strip containing light changing crystals (Polaroid) modulating light beam. The proposed design requires mechanical movement of the card in the direction of the strip.
  • standard magnetic readers have allowed vertical shift tolerance of about 1 mm that limits the size of said polarizer to practical value of say 1mm x 1mm, thus the proposed strip can not be considered non-forgeable enough, whereas lower sizes will provide unacceptable high false negative rate.
  • Patent application WOO 160047 described "automated authentication of documents protected with security features" according to which one or more imaging sensors detects spectral and geometric distribution, degree of polarization and/or alignment by illuminating protected document by using different illumination means.
  • the drawings and description do not take into account that different instances of digital cameras have different optical and spectral characteristics, different instances of light sources have different spectral and light distribution characteristics, and that all above together combined with the known fact that any mechanical misalignment in the proposed setup will lead to creation of significantly different images of the same protected document for different setups.
  • Said patent application does not provide any practical way of defining said spectral and polarization characteristics specifically for the goals of the proposed applications.
  • US5974150 proposes "System and method for authentication of goods" according to which at least two CCD sensors detect the attribute (angle of rotation of polarization) and position of irregular bundle of dichroic fibers containing fluorescent dye by illuminating said bundle by a light.
  • the proposed implementation utilizes relatively powerful lamp/laser, the light generated by fluorescent dye is weak, thus limiting practical size of pixel to relatively large size of 0.3mm X 0.3mm.
  • the proposed method of calculating attribute requires exact alignment of the two CCDs (each having its polarization filter) relative to an object in test and it is asserted that the proposed method may provide unacceptably high false negative rate because of inevitable variations in real life of light source's and CCD's parameters and their relative positioning.
  • US2005/0047593 proposes method of guaranteeing the authenticity of documents by utilizing embedded into document optically prominent particles having specific optical properties (such as fluorescent, phosphorescent, polarization sensitive, viewing angle dependent, etc.).
  • specific optical properties such as fluorescent, phosphorescent, polarization sensitive, viewing angle dependent, etc.
  • Reader apparatus that is capable of reliably evaluate relevant properties of the Unique Optical Key which apparatus is inexpensive, easy to operate and reliable.
  • an optical authentication device comprising: a plurality of elements having optical polarizing properties distributed in a pseudorandom manner over a predetermined area; at least tliree optically detectable markers positioned in predetermined positions with respect to the predetermined area; whereby, when viewing the predetermined area with an optical imaging sensor of a reader under an illumination having specific polarization properties a first image is obtained that is different from one or more other images obtained under one or more illuminations having different polarization properties, thus by comparing two or more images of at least a portion of the device to saved images of the same device or a portion thereof taken under the same illuminations, using the markers for aligning images to be compared, authentication is achieved.
  • the device is further provided with at least one public identification detail that is optically distinguishable in a machine readable form.
  • the device is further provided with at least one additional area containing a plurality of elements having optical polarizing properties distributed in a pseudorandom manner, for validating interaction with a specific reader.
  • each element is fully or partially optically transparent, so as to allow incident illumination to pass through the device. Furthermore, in accordance with some preferred embodiments of the present invention, at least a portion of each element is fully or partially optically reflective, so as to allow incident illumination to be reflected from the device.
  • At least some of the elements of optical polarizing properties comprise elements changing orientation of polarization of incident illumination of specific polarization orientation.
  • At least some of the elements of optical polarizing properties comprise elements exhibiting properties of linear polarization filters.
  • At least one of the elements of optical polarizing properties comprise an element having predetermined shape and position exhibiting properties of linear polarization filters.
  • one or more of the elements has its own spectral properties.
  • the device is further provided with one or more fluorescent elements.
  • a reader apparatus for reading the device, the apparatus comprising: a source of a light beam a first polarizer for modifying in a controllable manner the polarization of the light beam; a holder for holding the device in the optical path of the beam; a second polarizer for modifying in a controllable manner the polarization of the light beam after it passes through or reflected from the device; a controller for controlling the first polarizer or the second polarizer or both; an optical imaging sensor for obtaining different images of the device in different polarization orientations of the first polarizer or the second polarizer or both; a communication unit for communicating with a local or remote server unit having a database containing information relating to images of relevant optical authentication devices or portions thereof for comparison.
  • a reader apparatus for reading the device of claim 1, the apparatus comprising: a plurality of controllable sources of light beams each source having its own polarizer for polarizing its light beam in a predetermined polarization orientation; a holder for holding the device in the optical paths of the beams; a controller for controlling separately or in combinations said plurality of controllable sources of light beams; an optical imaging sensor for obtaining different reflected images of the device illuminated by a chosen combination of one or more light beams of said plurality of controllable sources of light beams; a communication unit for communicating with a local or remote server unit having a database containing information relating to images of relevant optical authentication devices or portions thereof for comparison.
  • the apparatus is further provided with a controllable polarizer filter positioned between the holder and the optical imaging sensor.
  • the apparatus is further provided with one or more ultraviolet illumination sources for illuminating the device and detecting fluorescent elements. Furthermore, in accordance with some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the apparatus is further provided with one or more illumination sources each having its own filter having predetermined spectral properties.
  • one or more of the polarizers has its own predetermined spectral properties.
  • a method for authentication comprising: providing a reader apparatus comprising: a source of a light beam; a first polarizer for modifying in a controllable manner the polarization of the light beam; a holder for holding a device to be authenticated and in the optical path of the beam; a second polarizer for modifying in a controllable manner the polarization of the light beam after it passes through or reflected from the device; a controller for controlling the first polarizer or the second polarizer or both; an optical imaging sensor; a communication unit for communicating with a local or remote server unit having a database containing information relating to images of relevant optical authentication devices or portions thereof for comparison; placing the device on the holder and obtaining different images of the device in different polarization orientations of the first polarizer or the second polarizer or both; comparing the obtained images with image information stored in a database of optical authentication devices, each device comprising: a plurality of elements having optical polar
  • the method further comprises providing a public identification detail to each device to be authenticated and using the same public identification detail when comparing the obtained images with image information in the database.
  • a method for authentication comprising: providing a reader apparatus comprising: a plurality of controllable sources of light beams each source having its own polarizer for polarizing its light beam in a predetermined polarization orientation; a holder for holding the device in the optical paths of the beams; a controller for controlling separately or in combinations said plurality of controllable sources of light beams; an optical imaging sensor; a communication unit for communicating with a local or remote server unit having a database containing information relating to images of relevant optical authentication devices or portions thereof for comparison; placing the device on the holder and obtaining different reflected images of the device illuminated by a chosen combination of one or more light beams of said plurality of controllable sources of light beams different polarization orientations of the first polarizer or the second polarizer or both; comparing the obtained images with image information stored in a database of optical authentication devices, each device comprising: a plurality of elements having optical polarizing properties distributed in
  • the method further comprises providing a public identification detail to each device to be authenticated and using the same public identification detail when comparing the obtained images with image information in the database.
  • Fig. 1 schematically illustrates a general layout and functionality of authentication system.
  • Fig. 2 schematically illustrates one simplest explanatory implementation of the Unique Optical Key physically embedded into optically transparent Card.
  • Fig. 3 schematically illustrates the main components of an Optical Key Reader according to the simplest exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 4 schematically illustrates the operation of Optical Key Reader according to the simplest exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 schematically illustrates the effect of Second Linear Polarizing Filter Rotation.
  • Fig. 6 schematically illustrates one possible practical implementation of the Unique Optical Key physically embedded into Card.
  • Fig. 7 schematically illustrates additional unique optical member integrated into Optical Key Reader in order to enable reliable authentication of said Optical Card Reader and in order to provide additional security features (described further).
  • Fig. 8 schematically illustrates one possible implementation of the Unique Optical
  • Fig. 9 schematically illustrates the operation of Optical Key Reader according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig 10 schematically illustrates the operation of another implementation of the Optical Key Reader modified for reflection-based Card.
  • Fig 11 schematically illustrates the operation of yet another implementation of the Optical Key Reader (modified for reflection-base Card) having fixed number of stationary positioned linear Polarization filters.
  • Fig. 12 schematically illustrates main electronic blocks of an authentication system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the present invention introduces simple novel method and apparatus for authentication.
  • the present invention is characterized in that the method for authentication utilizes Unique Optical Key.
  • This Unique Optical Key holds unique pseudorandom pattern which can not be easily reproduced.
  • the present invention also provides an Optical Key Reader apparatus, which can reliably recognize unique pseudorandom pattern and encode said pattern, in full or in part, into a digital form.
  • the present invention also provides a Processing and Comparison Unit, which is connected via a communication link to an Optical Key Reader.
  • Processing and Comparison Unit can control operation of Optical Key Reader by sending commands, which are recognized by the reader as REQUEST, accept digitally encoded data describing unique pseudorandom pattern as RESPONSE, and authenticate Unique
  • Unique Optical Element has physical properties, such that when viewed with known certain optical setup a known pseudorandom pattern is get by Optical Key Reader, and when viewed with second known certain optical setup a second known pseudorandom pattern is get by Optical Key Reader, which physical properties are very difficult to reproduce.
  • a number of possible optical setups whereas each specific setup generates predetermined pseudorandom pattern that is significantly different from other pseudorandom patterns, is large or very large, thus making duplication of Unique Optical Key extremely difficult or practically impossible. .
  • specific known optical setup of the Optical Key Reader may be selected remotely by sending to the reader specially encoded command containing arguments requesting such specific optical setup.
  • the present invention is additionally characterized in that only chosen segments of the above pseudorandom patterns can be used for the authentication.
  • this limited set of selected segments of selected pseudorandom patterns is chosen pseudo randomly.
  • Optical Key Reader apparatus can reliably read specific segment of any specific pseudorandom pattern and encode said segments in digital form.
  • specific known segments of specific pseudorandom patterns may be selected remotely by sending to the Optical Key Reader specially encoded commands with proper arguments, i.e. REQUEST.
  • REQUEST specially encoded commands with proper arguments
  • the present invention is additionally characterized in that each Unique Optical Key must be initialized before usage. During initialization process specific Unique Optical Key is properly positioned inside Optical Key Reader. Then, Processing and Comparison Unit generates (by using any appropriate pseudorandom algorithm) a set of REQUESTS and by sending said set of REQUESTS to Optical Key Reader, records a set of relevant RESPONSES. It is therefore assumed that for each Unique Optical Key different unique sets of ⁇ REQUEST-RESPONSE ⁇ pairs will be generated.
  • each pair ⁇ REQUEST-RESPONSE ⁇ will be used for authentication of each specific Key only once, thus eliminating the possibility, that such pair may be misused, both when generated either legally (for example in the process of a valid transaction), or illegally (for example by illegally monitoring communication line between Optical Key Reader and Processing and Comparison Unit).
  • a specific Unique Optical Key may be used only for a limited number of times after which it can be discarded or returned for re- initialization.
  • each Unique Optical Key may be initialized several times by different Processing and Comparison Units while each of these units stores its own unique set of pairs ⁇ REQUEST-RESPONSE ⁇ for each specific Key. This behavior may be useful in order to reduce the number of Keys in the possession of a specific person.
  • the same Unique Optical Key may be used for several applications simultaneously, while each application uses its own statistically different set of pairs ⁇ REQUEST-RESPONSE ⁇ for the authentication optionally by utilizing different Processing and Comparison Units for communication.
  • security level maybe regulated dynamically by properly setting the maximum allowed number of pairs ⁇ REQUEST-RESPONSE ⁇ used for authentication.
  • the more pairs are used for the authentication the fewer are the chances that a brute-force random "guessing" attack would result in positive authentication.
  • Unique Optical Key is formed (in full or in part) from optically transparent substrate on the surface of which (or inside the body of which) Plurality of Small Birefringent Elements and or Linear Polarizing Elements are pseudo randomly dispersed, each element having unique shape, position, orientation and color.
  • Unique Optical Key is formed (in full or in part) from optically reflecting substrate on the surface of which Plurality of Small Birefringent Elements and Linear Polarizing Elements are pseudo randomly dispersed, each element having unique shape, position, orientation and color.
  • Unique Optical Key is positioned on the surface of the standard plastic card which card can optionally contains additional authentication means, such as magnetic passes, SmartCards, images, holograms, biometry data, etc.
  • Optical Key Reader consists of non-polarized white light source, first linear polarizing element, direction of polarization of which may be changed in a controlled fashion, Key Holder for proper positioning of the Unique Optical Key relative to other elements of the reader, second linear polarizing element, direction of polarization of which may be changed in a controlled fashion and imaging element providing pattern resembling optical properties of the Unique Optical Key, which pattern, later, can be converted into digital form (for example into digital image).
  • said light source, imaging element, first and second linear polarizing elements and optically transparent Unique Optical Key are positioned along common optical axis, h this embodiment rotation of first and/or second linear polarizing element will provide different patterns (images) according to the goals of the current invention.
  • a light source, as well as a first linear polarizing element are positioned around the first optical axis, whereas a second polarizing element and an imaging element are positioned around the second optical axis, and, whereas, first and second optical axes intersect at some point and, whereas, reflection-based Unique Optical Key is positioned at the point of intersection, h tins embodiment, rotation of first and/or second linear polarizing element(s) will provide different patterns (images) according to the goals of the current invention.
  • Unique Optical Key and Key Holder have additional special optically active and optically inactive elements, regions and markers in order to ensure reliable calibration of the Optical Key Reader, thus preventing affects of possible inaccuracies resulting from relative positioning of the elements of the Optical Key Reader.
  • first and/or second linear polarizing elements are linear polarizing filters that are rotated around optical axis by any appropriate mechanical means, controlled electronically according to the REQUEST.
  • first and/or second linear polarizing elements are any appropriate optically active elements, polarization properties of which may be changed by applying electrical or magnetic fields, strength of which may be controlled electronically according to the REQUEST.
  • an imaging element can be either a standard monochrome, or color video (or still digital camera), converting a specific optical pattern into a digital image, whereas each pixel of this image can be accessed upon REQUEST, and thus returning either monochrome, or ⁇ R, G, B ⁇ value of this pixel as RESPONSE.
  • some combination of the values of the pixels of the region specified in the REQUEST will be calculated and returned as RESPONSE, thus preventing inaccuracies of the imaging elements from influencing the authentication results.
  • Optical Key Reader contains a plurality of light sources, each having its own linear polarizing element aligned at a specific angle relative to reflective Unique Optical Key and one Imaging Element (optionally having Linear Polarizing Filter with controlled or fixed orientation) monitoring the surface of the Unique Optical Key.
  • different patterns are generated by electronically switching on/off specific light sources.
  • light source may have any appropriate electronically, controlled in accordance with REQUEST means that enable changing of spectral compound of the light source, and, therefore, providing additional patterns encoded by unique color patterns of the Unique Optical Key (defined either by unique optical transmission spectra, or by optical reflection spectra of the specific segment of the Key) in combination with polarization properties of such Unique Optical Key and thus making duplication of such Unique Optical Element more difficult.
  • REQUEST means
  • additional Ultraviolet light sources controlled electronically in accordance with REQUEST may be used in order to excite some regions of the Unique Optical Element, therefore, leading to fluorescence of said regions, thus providing even more patterns making duplication of Unique Optical Element even more difficult.
  • Fig. 1 schematically illustrates a general layout and functionality of one possible implementation of the Authentication System.
  • Card 1 containing Unique Optical Key is physically inserted into Optical Key Reader 2 (reader apparatus), connected by Communication Links 3 and 4, to Processing Unit 5, which is connected by Communication Link 6 to Service Provider Unit 7.
  • Optical Key Reader 2 communicates with Processing Unit 5 by using Communication Links 3 and 4 according to Authentication Protocol described further and, in case of Positive Authentication, Processing Unit 5 sends signal enabling the service (for example, "open the gate”) to Service Provider Unit 7 by using Communication Link 6.
  • Fig. 2 schematically illustrates one simplest and explanatory implementation of the Unique Optical Key using optically-transparent (or semi-transparent) Birefringent
  • Birefringent Element 8 physically embedded into Optically Transparent Region 9 of Card 1. h this explanatory implementation, Birefringent Element 8 has Arrow shape resembling direction of optical alignment of the underlying molecules of the Element 8 and is positioned in the center of the Card 1, "arrow" pointing upwards. Practically, Birefringent Element 8 may have any arbitrary shape and may be positioned at any arbitrary place of the dedicated for that goal zone of the Card 1.
  • Fig. 3 schematically illustrates the main components of Optical Key Reader 2 according to the simplest exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • White Light Source 10 (optionally inexpensive Standard Spot Lamp or White LED) provides non-polarized white light in the direction of the Main Optical Axis 11.
  • First Linear Optical Polarizer 12 (optionally inexpensive thin film linear polarizer), Optical Axis of which 13 currently points upward, converts non-polarized light of White Light Source 10 to linearly polarized light direction of polarization of which 15 coincides with direction of Optical Axis 13.
  • Direction of Polarization 15 can be optionally changed by rotating First Linear Polarizing Filter 12 around Main Optical Axis 11 by using controllable rotation means 14 (optionally, said controllable rotation means can be a stepper motor that is controlled by electronic controller of Optical Key Reader 2 according to Authentication Protocol described further).
  • Linearly Polarized Light passes between Horizontal Guiding Members 16 and 18 and Vertical Stopper 17, and thus Direction of Polarization 19 of Linearly Polarized Light is not changed compared to Direction of Polarization 15.
  • This Linearly Polarized Light passes through Second Linear Polarizing Filter 20 (Optical Axis of which 22 currently points upward) which filter passes linearly polarized light practically without modification and thus direction of polarization 23 coincides with direction of arrow 22.
  • the direction of Polarization 23, after passing through the Second Linear Polarizing Filter 20 may optionally be changed by rotating Linear Polarizing Filter 20 around Main Optical Axis 11 by using rotation means 21 (optionally stepper motor controlled by electronics controller of Optical Key Reader 2 according to Authentication Protocol described further).
  • Linearly Polarized Light with direction of polarization 23 passes through Lens 24 (preferably made from material that would not significantly change Direction of Polarization 23, for example glass) and focuses on Imaging Element 25 (optionally standard CCD or CMOS) operation of which is controlled by electronic controller of the Optical Key Reader 2.
  • Fig. 4 schematically illustrates the operation of Optical Key Reader 2 according to the simplest exemplary embodiment of the present invention, h this example, Card 1 containing Unique Optical Key with optically-transparent Birefringent Element 8 and with Optically Transparent Region 9 is physically inserted into Optical Key Reader 2 and properly positioned inside it by using horizontal and vertical guiding members 16, 17 and 18.
  • Optical 2D image of Card 1 focuses on the Imaging Element 25.
  • Linearly Polarized Light with Polarization Direction 15 passes through Optically Transparent Region 9 of Card 1, no change of direction of polarization takes place and correspondent regions of the Imaging Member 25 are seen as "white”.
  • Direction of Polarization 19 changes according to optical properties of the Birefringent Element 8 and thus does not coincide with direction of Optical Axis 22 of Second Linear Polarizing Filter 20.
  • Direction of Polarization 23, after passing through the Second Linear Polarizing Filter 20, is not changed, but intensity of light that passes through Birefringent Element 8 will lessen, and thus correspondent regions on the Imaging Member 25 will appear as "gray" region of some Gray Level.
  • This Gray Level is a function of optical properties of Birefringent Element 8. It means that pixels of the resulting image of Imaging Element 25 are "white” in regions corresponding to Optically Transparent Region 9 and "gray" in regions corresponding to Birefringent Element 8.
  • Fig. 5 schematically illustrates the effect of rotation of Second Polarizing Filter 20.
  • Second Linear Polarizing Filter 20 rotates about main Optical Axis 11 there is a certain position where its Optical Axis 22 coincides with Direction of Polarization 19.
  • Direction of Polarization 19 (before passing Second Linear Polarizing Filter 20) coincides with Direction of Polarization 23 (after passing Second Linear Polarizing Filter 20).
  • pixels of resulting image of the Imaging Element 25 will be "white” in regions corresponding to Birefringent Element 8 and "gray” in regions corresponding to Optically Transparent Region 9 (since Optical Axes of First and Second Linear Polarizing Filters 13 and 22 do not coincide).
  • pixels of the image obtained from embodiment of Fig. 4 are different from correspondent pixels of the image obtained from embodiment of Fig. 5.
  • Gray Level of pixel of image focused on Imaging Element 25 can be described by formula [1] as:
  • Row - Row of the current pixel (optionally having values from 0 to 479 or more for MegaPixel imaging elements)
  • Fig. 6 schematically illustrates one possible practical implementation of the Unique Optical Key that is physically embedded into optically transparent Card 1.
  • Plurality of Small Birefringent Elements and/or Linear Polarizing Elements 26 are scattered in a pseudo random fashion, i.e. size, shape, color, optical orientation and position of each Birefringent Element and that of the Linear Polarizing Elements are pseudo random.
  • One exemplary way is: a) Preparing a proper number of sheets of thin transparent plastic which plastic exhibits optical activity (that is rotating plane of polarization). Transparency films used for copy machines or ink-jet printers are good enough for this goal, but any other appropriate thin film may be used. Optionally, prepare polarizing filters implemented as thin plastic films. It is preferable to use a mixture of transparencies of different types. b) Shredding appropriate amount of sheets (by using, for example, rotating blade) into small pieces of pseudo-randomly different sizes and shapes (say of exemplary size of about 0.1 mm or less). c) Spraying (for example using pulverizing gun) color ink on small pieces randomly distributed on some surface.
  • d) Dispersing randomly the obtained small pieces on the surface of the Card 1 (for example by dropping them from some height in turbulent environment) and an iron such pieces inside the card, thus creating a flat surface.
  • the surface may be polished and covered by transparent optically inactive protective layer (for example by polyethylene).
  • Rotation Means 14 may be set by sending a number in the range from 0 to 255 (that is byte: Byte #1) to the Rotation Means 14 by utilizing standard electronics elements which are part of the Optical Key Reader 2. In the same fashion angle ⁇ z maybe set by sending Byte #2 to the Rotation Means 21.
  • Row and Column that are used in Formula [1] may be encoded each by, say, two bytes. This means that by sending a message to the Optical
  • Optical Key reader will return one Byte [Response] characterizing Gray level of the corresponding region of the Unique Optical Key.
  • Byte [Response] characterizing Gray level of the corresponding region of the Unique Optical Key.
  • standard true-color Imaging Element which is preferable
  • a set of three bytes corresponding to basic colors ⁇ R, G, B ⁇ - [Response] will be returned. It is clear, that for each specific Unique Optical Key specific Request will provide specific Response.
  • Transparent Unique Member 27 that is integrated into Optical Key reader in order to enable reliable authentication of the specific Optical Card Reader and to provide additional security features (described further).
  • Transparent Unique Member 27 has similar to
  • Card 1 technical design that is plurality of optically active elements and, optionally, some calibration markers.
  • the following procedure may be used:
  • Imaging Element 25 (such as brightness, contrast, gain control, etc.) in the Processing Unit 5 as Parameters Set #1
  • Image #1 will be used later as reference image providing information about non- homogeneity of spatial distribution of the White Light Source 10. Ideally, all pixels of Image #1 must have equal ⁇ R, G, B ⁇ values, but practically, central pixels may be brighter than peripheral ones. Additionally (and despite auto-white balance procedure) real colors of the "White" Light Source 10 may be seen as non- white in different regions of Image #1. Such differences are not big, but may appear to be critical for reliable authentication.
  • Processing Unit 5 may create and store proper LUT #1 (Look-Up-Table) which will be used in order to evaluate the number of pulses required in order to rotate First Linear Polarizing Filter 12 to any angle in the range from 0° to 90°. From this moment, sending Byte #1 of specific value to the LUT #1 will rotate First Linear Polarizing Filter 12 by the specific angle known ⁇ j, thus eliminating influence of specific mechanical implementation of Rotation Member 14 on Authentication Process. c) Repeat procedure of steps a) and b) for the Second Linear Polarizing Filter 20, thus creating LUT #2.
  • LUT #1 Look-Up-Table
  • Fig. 8 schematically illustrates one possible exemplary implementation of the Unique Optical Key with special zones and markers designed to ensure reliable operation of the Optical Key Reader 2.
  • Some ID either in the human readable form (for example Card Unique Number), or in the machine- readable form (for example bar-code containing Card Unique Number) may be engraved on Public ID zone 28 in such a way, that said ID may be reliably recognized by processing image grabbed by Imaging Element 25 by Processing Unit 5 by using proper OCR procedure.
  • Exact shape, color, orientation and position of this Public ID Zone 28 has no importance to the goals of the present invention while image processing software installed in the Processing Unit 5 may recognize such ID and convert it into a digital form.
  • Card 1 in this implementation, additionally contains a plurality of optically non- active transparent or semi-transparent markers, hi one possible embodiment, four markers are used: Left Top Card marker 29, Right Top Card Marker 30, Right Bottom Card Marker 31 and Left Bottom Card Marker 32.
  • each marker has different color. Exact positions of these markers are not important while they are positioned close to especially dedicated for such markers zones. The goal of such markers is to compensate for inaccuracy of positioning of
  • Card 1 in this implementation, additionally contains Linear Polarizing Element 33 with an easily recognizable shape (for example arrow) pointing (preferably) upwards and positioned in the dedicated region (optionally at the center of the Card 1).
  • Linear Polarizing Element 33 with an easily recognizable shape (for example arrow) pointing (preferably) upwards and positioned in the dedicated region (optionally at the center of the Card 1).
  • Linear Polarizing Element 33 The goal of said Linear Polarizing Element 33 is to calibrate starting positions of Optical Axes 13 and 22 of the First Linear Polarizing Filter 12 and Second Linear Polarizing Filter 20. The exact shape, orientation and position of this Linear
  • Polarizing Element 33 has no importance for the goals of the present invention while image processing software installed in the Processing Unit 5 can recognize such an element.
  • Overlap Zone 34 which is designed to work in coordination with Transparent Unique Member 27.
  • Fig. 9 schematically illustrates the operation of Optical Key Reader according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • Card 1 (according to implementation of Fig. 8) is inserted into the Optical Card Reader (specifically by using Horizontal Guiding Members 16 and 18 until mechanical contact with Vertical Stopper 17). Card 1 must be retained in this position until the end of the authentication process. Insertion and ejection of the Card 1 maybe either manual, or electro-mechanical, i the latter case additional standard means (including insertion and ejection sensors of any appropriate type) must be added.
  • Public ID Number printed in this Public ID Zone 28 will be properly seen on the Image #2.
  • Public ID Number can be extracted and its value in numerical form can be stored in the Processing Unit 5.
  • This Public ID Number is to eliminate the need for searching relevant parameters of Unique Optical Key in the Data Base.
  • a much faster direct comparison will be performed thus enabling to achieve fast (practically, real-time) authentication.
  • the additional goal of this Public ID Number is to provide support for the situations either when there is a malfunction, or when manual authentication is needed.
  • b) Using Image #2 finalize positions of the markers (using any proper image recognition procedure).
  • mapping shape and color of the markers may be initially chosen specifically for the mapping goals. For example, black rectangle or circle shape may be chosen, center of which on white background may be easily defined with sub-pixel accuracy.
  • Initial ⁇ Row, Column ⁇ positions of the markers will shorten significantly the time needed to find exact positions of the markers by significantly confining region of search.
  • mapping formulas Using exact values of ⁇ X, Y ⁇ extracted in the step a) and resulted values of ⁇ Row, Column ⁇ of the center of each marker obtained in the step b), the following mapping formulas can be created:
  • Coefficients ⁇ ai ] ..a 24 ⁇ may be evaluated by using 4 known (after steps a) and b)) associations: ⁇ Row, Column ⁇ -_> ⁇ X, Y ⁇
  • ⁇ Row, Column ⁇ values of the same element of the image grabbed by Imaging Element 25 may be calculated by using formulas [4,5] regardless of specific implementation and inaccuracies of the Optical Card Reader 2.
  • Number N of Requests and Corresponding Responses may be set to some practical number, which number will provide a controlled trade-off between adequate security level (larger N leads to lower chances of successful "guessing” attack, and therefore to better security) and reasonable time required in order to accomplish the test (for large N large number of polarizer's rotations and large numbers of image "grabbing" is required, leading to longer authentication time).
  • small region say of circular or rectangular or any other appropriate shape
  • the result of the authentication will be derived as result of pattern comparison between reference pattern stored in the Data Base and currently extracted pattern from specific region of the specific card. Any known to the skilled in the art techniques for pattern comparison may be used, including statistical ones.
  • Transparent Unique Member 27 is added to Optical Key Reader 2
  • Overlap Zone 34 is added to the Card 1.
  • Correspondent portion of the Image which is grabbed after setting certain specific values of angles ⁇ i and 0 2 may optionally be stored at the Processing Unit 5 as a transaction proof.
  • Transparent Unique Member 27 may be used as non-forgeable ID of the Optical Key Reader in some additional implementations of the Authentication Protocol.
  • Fig 10 schematically illustrates the operation of another implementation of the Optical Key Reader modified for reflective Card.
  • optically transparent Card In certain situations, usage of optically transparent Card may be problematic or inappropriate.
  • Card 1 (according to the exemplary implementation illustrated in Fig.6 and Fig. 8) may be produced by using non-transparent base substrate. Unique elements must be embedded to one of the surfaces of such non-transparent substrate. No special modification of the card production equipment is needed, except for proper choice of materials. Plastics that are currently used for the production of most standard magnetic cards are suitable for this goal.
  • Optical Axis of Incident Light 35 creates some angle with Optical Axis of Reflected Light 36, and positions of the other elements of the Optical Card Reader are modified specifically to the reflectance phenomena. Operation and
  • White Light Source 10 is replaced by any appropriate electronically controlled monochromator/spectroscope, thus significantly increasing number of possible combinations, and thus significantly increasing security level.
  • Fig 11 schematically illustrates the operation of yet another implementation of the Optical Key Reader 2 (reader apparatus) modified for reflective Card 1 having fixed number of stationary positioned linear Polarization filters (say 39a, 39b, 39c, 39d, 39e and 39f), each filter having specific Direction of Polarization.
  • Proper electronic members of the Optical Card Reader by providing proper switching of White Light Sources (electronically controllable Spot Lamps or white LEDs, say 38a, 38b, 38c, 38d, 38e and 38f) and thus reflected from the card 1 light 37 by passing optional Linear Polarization Filter 40, creates different images on the imaging element 25.
  • White Light Sources electrostatic Controllable Spot Lamps or white LEDs, say 38a, 38b, 38c, 38d, 38e and 38f
  • Card 1 may additionally contain regions that are pseudo-randomly covered by spots of fluorescent dyes of different sizes and fluorescence colors, and thus the number of combinations (and thus possible patterns) will be increased making it increasingly difficult to produce duplicate of this card.
  • Fig. 12 schematically illustrates main electronic blocks of the authentication system, h one exemplary implementation of the present invention
  • Optical Key Reader 2 may contain: - Plurality of N (for example 6)
  • Electronically controlled Light Sources 41a, 41b and 41c for example light sources 38a, 38b, 38c, 38d, 38e, 38f in the reflection configuration of Fig. 11) are switched on/off by utilizing Controller "A" 42.
  • Light Sources are LEDs whereas each of those LEDs (or any chosen combination of those LEDs) can be switched ON by applying adequate voltage (of voltages) generated by Controller "A" 42 according to the chosen protocol; - First Polarizing Filter's actuator 43a, and Second Polarizing Filter's Actuator 43b (for example rotation means 14 and 21) are controlled by Controller "B" 44.
  • actuators 43a, 43b are stepper motors, operation of which is controlled by sending to them sequences of pulses generated by Controller "B” 44 according to the requested rotation of the relevant polarizing filters;
  • - Imaging Sensor 45 for example CCD or CMOS image sensor
  • Controller "C” 46 which controller can set relevant parameters of the Imaging Sensor 45 (for example Brightness, Gain) according to the goals of the present invention and convert row data of the said sensor into digital image according to the chosen image format;
  • - Communication Unit 47 goal of which is to provide communication between Processing Unit 48 and local or remote server 49 by utilizing any appropriate for that purpose protocol;
  • - Processing unit 48 for example microprocessor or microcontroller coordinating operation of controllers 42, 44, 46 and managing communication with the Server 49 by operating Communication Unit 47.
  • all relevant image data concerning initialized cards are stored in the Data Base 50 operated by local or remote Server 49. Any implementation of the blocks 49 and 50 can be chosen, while valid REQUESTS (for example according to the protocol described earlier) can be generated and while RESPONSes received from the Optical Key Reader 2 can be utilized for comparison with those stored in the Data Base 50, thus validating as valid or rejecting as forged pr invalid current card in test.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
  • Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Image Input (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif d'authentification optique qui comprend une pluralité d'éléments présentant des propriétés de polarisation optique, répartis de manière pseudo-aléatoire sur une zone prédéterminée; au moins trois marqueurs optiquement détectables, placés en des points prédéterminés par rapport à la zone prédéterminée. Lorsqu'on visualise la zone prédéterminée à l'aide du capteur d'imagerie optique d'un lecteur, sous un éclairage aux propriétés de polarisation spécifiques, on obtient une première image, différente d'une ou de plusieurs images obtenues sous un ou plusieurs autres éclairages présentant des propriétés de polarisation différentes. De cette manière, l'authentification est mise en oeuvre lorsque deux ou davantage d'images d'au moins une partie du dispositif sont comparées, à l'aide des marqueurs d'alignement, aux images sauvegardées du même dispositif ou à une partie de celles-ci, prises sous les mêmes éclairages.
PCT/IL2005/000508 2004-05-19 2005-05-16 Procede et dispositif d'authentification optique WO2005112009A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IL162063 2004-05-19
IL16206304A IL162063A0 (en) 2004-05-19 2004-05-19 Method of authentication using inexpensive unique optical key which can not be duplicatied and inexpensive optical key reader providing

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2005112009A2 true WO2005112009A2 (fr) 2005-11-24
WO2005112009A3 WO2005112009A3 (fr) 2006-06-01

Family

ID=35394811

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/IL2005/000508 WO2005112009A2 (fr) 2004-05-19 2005-05-16 Procede et dispositif d'authentification optique

Country Status (2)

Country Link
IL (1) IL162063A0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2005112009A2 (fr)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8589801B2 (en) 2010-11-29 2013-11-19 International Business Machines Corporation Display screen user identification card for access to secured databases
US9553582B1 (en) 2015-10-09 2017-01-24 Lexmark International, Inc. Physical unclonable functions having magnetic and non-magnetic particles
US9929864B2 (en) 2015-10-09 2018-03-27 Lexmark International, Inc. Rotating magnetic measurements of physical unclonable functions
US20190044723A1 (en) * 2017-08-01 2019-02-07 Apple Inc. Biometric authentication techniques
CN109325328A (zh) * 2017-08-01 2019-02-12 苹果公司 生物特征认证技术
US10566296B2 (en) 2017-11-09 2020-02-18 Lexmark International, Inc. Physical unclonable functions in bank cards or identification cards for security
US10877398B2 (en) 2016-08-03 2020-12-29 Lexmark International, Inc. Toner cartridge for image forming device including flight with magnetic particles to generate a magnetic field
CN113939859A (zh) * 2019-01-21 2022-01-14 恩格雷夫Io公司 密码参数的长期离线管理
US11356287B2 (en) 2015-10-09 2022-06-07 Lexmark International, Inc. Injection-molded physical unclonable function

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6246061B1 (en) * 1993-10-22 2001-06-12 Ut-Battelle, Llc Counterfeit-resistant materials and a method and apparatus for authenticating materials
US20020069956A1 (en) * 2000-10-03 2002-06-13 Paulson Bradley A. Overlaminate patch having improved security
US20030136837A1 (en) * 2000-06-28 2003-07-24 Amon Maurice A. Use of communication equipment and method for authenticating an item, unit and system for authenticating items, and authenticating device
US6734936B1 (en) * 1997-05-09 2004-05-11 Rolic, Ag Optical element containing an optically anisotropic layer having at least two regions with different molecular orientations
US20050047593A1 (en) * 2001-12-19 2005-03-03 Norbert Hampp Method for guaranteeing the authenticity of documents

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6246061B1 (en) * 1993-10-22 2001-06-12 Ut-Battelle, Llc Counterfeit-resistant materials and a method and apparatus for authenticating materials
US6734936B1 (en) * 1997-05-09 2004-05-11 Rolic, Ag Optical element containing an optically anisotropic layer having at least two regions with different molecular orientations
US20030136837A1 (en) * 2000-06-28 2003-07-24 Amon Maurice A. Use of communication equipment and method for authenticating an item, unit and system for authenticating items, and authenticating device
US20020069956A1 (en) * 2000-10-03 2002-06-13 Paulson Bradley A. Overlaminate patch having improved security
US20050047593A1 (en) * 2001-12-19 2005-03-03 Norbert Hampp Method for guaranteeing the authenticity of documents

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8589801B2 (en) 2010-11-29 2013-11-19 International Business Machines Corporation Display screen user identification card for access to secured databases
US9553582B1 (en) 2015-10-09 2017-01-24 Lexmark International, Inc. Physical unclonable functions having magnetic and non-magnetic particles
US9929864B2 (en) 2015-10-09 2018-03-27 Lexmark International, Inc. Rotating magnetic measurements of physical unclonable functions
US11356287B2 (en) 2015-10-09 2022-06-07 Lexmark International, Inc. Injection-molded physical unclonable function
US10877398B2 (en) 2016-08-03 2020-12-29 Lexmark International, Inc. Toner cartridge for image forming device including flight with magnetic particles to generate a magnetic field
US11151235B2 (en) 2017-08-01 2021-10-19 Apple Inc. Biometric authentication techniques
CN109325392A (zh) * 2017-08-01 2019-02-12 苹果公司 生物特征认证技术
US10929515B2 (en) * 2017-08-01 2021-02-23 Apple Inc. Biometric authentication techniques
CN109325328A (zh) * 2017-08-01 2019-02-12 苹果公司 生物特征认证技术
US20190044723A1 (en) * 2017-08-01 2019-02-07 Apple Inc. Biometric authentication techniques
US11868455B2 (en) 2017-08-01 2024-01-09 Apple Inc. Biometric authentication techniques
US10566296B2 (en) 2017-11-09 2020-02-18 Lexmark International, Inc. Physical unclonable functions in bank cards or identification cards for security
CN113939859A (zh) * 2019-01-21 2022-01-14 恩格雷夫Io公司 密码参数的长期离线管理
CN113939859B (zh) * 2019-01-21 2024-04-09 恩格雷夫Io公司 密码参数的长期离线管理

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2005112009A3 (fr) 2006-06-01
IL162063A0 (en) 2005-11-20

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US11924356B2 (en) Authentication method and system
US9449201B2 (en) Integrated unit for reading identification information base on inherent disorder
US8746555B2 (en) Method of marking a document or item; method and device for identifying the marked document or item; use of circular polarizing particles
TWI455067B (zh) Authenticity authentication object, authenticity authentication wafer reading device, authenticity identification method, and pattern reading method
EP2637145B1 (fr) Procédé de marquage et d'identification d'un document ou article en comprennant des particules de polarisation circulaire
US9811671B1 (en) Authentication method and system
US8171567B1 (en) Authentication method and system
US9363083B1 (en) Authentication method and system
JP2004171109A (ja) デバイス認証システム
US20100253760A1 (en) Method and device for marking a surface using controlled periodic nanostructures
WO2005112009A2 (fr) Procede et dispositif d'authentification optique
WO2007072795A1 (fr) Carte permettant de réaliser une détermination authentique/faux au moyen d'une puce à particules fluorescentes
KR102706997B1 (ko) 검증 가능한 접근 자격
TW202227280A (zh) 安全標記、讀取安全標記的方法與裝置、標記有安全標記的安全文件及驗證所述安全文件的方法與系統
KR20200051537A (ko) 광결정 소재를 포함하는 위변조 방지용 큐알 코드 및 이의 활용방법

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BW BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE EG ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KM KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NA NG NI NO NZ OM PG PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL SM SY TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): BW GH GM KE LS MW MZ NA SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LT LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

WWW Wipo information: withdrawn in national office

Country of ref document: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase