WO2003014542A1 - Verfahren zur emissionsminderung und kraftstoffeinsparung beim betrieb von verbrennungsmotoren - Google Patents
Verfahren zur emissionsminderung und kraftstoffeinsparung beim betrieb von verbrennungsmotoren Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003014542A1 WO2003014542A1 PCT/EP2002/008874 EP0208874W WO03014542A1 WO 2003014542 A1 WO2003014542 A1 WO 2003014542A1 EP 0208874 W EP0208874 W EP 0208874W WO 03014542 A1 WO03014542 A1 WO 03014542A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- internal combustion
- gas
- oxygen
- combustion engine
- exhaust gas
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/08—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits
- F01N13/10—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits of exhaust manifolds
- F01N13/102—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits of exhaust manifolds having thermal insulation
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
- F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
- F01N3/202—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means using microwaves
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2086—Activating the catalyst by light, photo-catalysts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/22—Control of additional air supply only, e.g. using by-passes or variable air pump drives
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/22—Control of additional air supply only, e.g. using by-passes or variable air pump drives
- F01N3/222—Control of additional air supply only, e.g. using by-passes or variable air pump drives using electric valves only
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/30—Arrangements for supply of additional air
- F01N3/32—Arrangements for supply of additional air using air pump
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/30—Arrangements for supply of additional air
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
- F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Definitions
- the invention relates to an internal combustion engine with at least one cylinder having a combustion chamber, with a manifold for exhaust gas routing and in particular a catalytic converter and / or in particular a catalytically active area, a gas supply area being provided in particular between the cylinder and the catalytic converter and / or the catalytically active area , via which an oxygen-containing gas can be supplied to the exhaust gas.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is created when the combustion is incomplete due to a lack of air, which means that the gasoline engine operates with a rich mixture.
- CO Carbon monoxide
- the inhomogeneity of the fuel-air mixture in the cylinder leads to local over-greasing, which results in the formation of CO.
- the gasoline-air mixture is enriched with additional fuel during acceleration processes, which increases the CO, HC and NO x content in the exhaust gas.
- higher pollutants are emitted in the acceleration phase, particularly in the case of the exhaust gas turbocharged engine.
- the exhaust gas turbocharger cannot deliver enough air into the cylinder due to its own inertia and lack of exhaust gas quantity, so that too much fuel is injected by the injection pump in proportion. This results in higher HC and particle emissions if this cannot be countered with a boost pressure-dependent control.
- a reduction in the amount of pollutants results from the use of catalysts.
- the catalytic converter requires a temperature of at least 250 ° C to 300 ° C for a sufficient conversion of the pollutants it is initially almost ineffective in the cold commissioning or restarting phase of the engine for the first 15 to 20 seconds.
- the problem is in particular that a stable motor run in the cold commissioning phase requires a rich mixture pilot control, so that the pollutant emissions are particularly high in this phase.
- a secondary air pump with a downstream secondary air valve is provided, from which a supply line opens into the exhaust tract directly after the exhaust valve.
- the use of secondary air systems can reduce HC and CO emissions and shorten the light-off time of the catalytic converter.
- the secondary air system directs fresh air into the manifold for a short time after starting, which leads to HC and CO post-oxidation and thus to an increase in exhaust gas temperature and a reduction in exhaust gas emissions.
- this does not achieve a sufficient reduction in the HC quantity for future emission standards (EURO 5).
- the object of the present invention is to significantly reduce the pollutant content in the exhaust gas in an internal combustion engine of the type mentioned at the outset.
- the present object is achieved in an internal combustion engine of the type mentioned at the outset by providing a gas store connected to the gas supply area or an oxygen generation system connected thereto, as a result of which a gas with an oxygen content of between 22% and 100% is made available. According to the method it is accordingly provided that an oxygen-containing gas with an oxygen content between 22 and 100% is added to the exhaust gas over the gas supply area.
- the pollutants in the exhaust gas are re-oxidized.
- the post-oxidation can also take place when a catalyst is dispensed with, the exhaust-gas lines being able to have a catalyzing effect at sufficiently high temperatures.
- the supply of an oxygen-enriched gas to the exhaust gas and / or directly to the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine reduces the number of catalysts used in the exhaust gas aftertreatment or the catalyst area required for the exhaust gas aftertreatment, so that the pressure losses in the exhaust gas aftertreatment system decrease, which in turn contributes to a performance gain.
- a gas store in the form of an exchangeable oxygen pressure bottle is provided or an oxygen generation system which can be coupled to engine operation.
- an adsorption plant or a plant operating according to a membrane separation process can be used.
- polymer membranes can be used to enrich the gas stream with oxygen, preferably, into the poly Membrane zeolites are embedded and the gas separation takes place on the basis of different diffusion speeds of the gas components through the membrane or is caused by the zeolite particles.
- the oxygen-enriched gas should be supplied as close as possible to the combustion chamber. For this reason, it is advisable to arrange the gas supply area between the cylinder and the manifold, it being pointed out that the gas supply area can either be formed in one piece with the exhaust manifold or as a separate component, so that it would in principle also be possible while maintaining the known exhaust gas retrofit a gas supply part together with the oxygen generation system or the gas storage.
- the term "manifold" means the entire exhaust gas path from the exhaust valve (s) of the cylinder to the first catalytic converter.
- catalytic converter to be arranged in close proximity (i.e. a few centimeters) to and or on the engine in order to use the engine waste heat to convert the pollutant components.
- the supply of the oxygen-enriched gas is possible either upstream of the catalyst or in front of the catalyzing region and / or directly to the catalyst or to the catalyzing region.
- a corresponding control and / or regulating device is then provided for this purpose.
- the gas supply part preferably has a plurality of outlet openings which are directed at different regions of the catalytic converter or of the catalytically active region.
- a preferred embodiment of the invention provides that the inner wall of the manifold has at least partially a particularly catalytically active surface activation and / or a coating with low surface roughness to achieve a very smooth wall of the exhaust manifold. Which of the two aforementioned alternatives is used depends on the respective application.
- the added oxygen-enriched gas can also be heated. The heating should be carried out up to a temperature close to the operating temperature of the catalyst. It goes without saying that appropriate heating devices are provided for heating the surfaces of the exhaust gas path or the added gas.
- the heat-dissipating surface of the exhaust gas path from the cylinder to the catalytic converter should be reduced as much as possible. This is accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the size of the exhaust manifold. In this way, there is a reduction in the gas-tangling surfaces, which means that less material has to be heated. Ultimately, this results in a reduction in the heat losses of the exhaust gas by giving off thermal energy to the manifold.
- the manifold and / or the gas supply part consists of a material with low thermal conductivity, in particular an essentially heat-insulating material such as a ceramic material, so that in the cold commissioning phase only a small proportion of the thermal energy of the exhaust gas through the manifold is transmitted to the environment.
- the manifold it is also possible for the manifold to be double-walled and to have a heat-insulating air gap.
- the control or regulation of the addition of oxygen takes place at least until the operating temperature of the catalyst is reached. But even afterwards, especially when there is an increased power requirement of the internal combustion engine, especially when accelerating, it is possible to supply oxygen to the exhaust gas path if there is a corresponding need to reduce HC and CO compounds.
- the addition of oxygen-enriched gas to the exhaust gas path lends itself to the exhaust gas problem in low engine speed ranges. Due to the higher oxygen content in the exhaust gas path in connection with the unburned fuel content and corresponding control concepts, the exhaust gas temperature upstream of the catalytic converter or particle filter can always be kept within a certain range above the required conversion temperature of the catalytic converter in order to always optimally utilize the conversion rate of the exhaust gas cleaning units.
- the internal combustion engine preferably has a control and / or regulating device for controlling and / or regulating the addition of oxygen-enriched gas into the combustion chamber. If an oxygen-enriched gas is supplied to the internal combustion engine during the operating state, the efficiency of the internal combustion engine increases with the amount of the added oxygen.
- the supply of an oxygen-enriched gas is fundamentally advantageous for all internal combustion engines. With diesel engines it is possible that the combustion occurs as a result of the deliberate addition of oxygen before and / or during and / or after the combustion as far as possible with little pollutants and particle-free.
- the planned legal requirements of 140 grams C0 2 / km can already be met with the targeted use of oxygen in the mid-range vehicle segment.
- the fuel supply is regulated by an appropriate device depending on the power requirement or the rate of power change.
- oxygen-enriched gas can be added to the fuel before it enters the combustion chamber, or the oxygen-enriched gas is fed directly to the combustion chamber.
- the oxygen-enriched gas can also be supplied to the exhaust gas.
- oxygen supply or enrichment in the core of the combustion is appropriate.
- oxygen-enriched gas is added directly in the combustion chamber and especially in cold combustion zones in order to achieve a more complete combustion in the primary area of the combustion process.
- the addition can take place both during and before the injection of the fuel. This ensures that overfatting of the fuel-air mixture is largely counteracted during the starting phase in the combustion chamber, ie in the primary area of the combustion.
- the above-mentioned optimized cold commissioning phase ultimately produces far less HC than in the combustion process operated with ambient air, for two reasons. On the one hand there is a more complete combustion and on the other hand less fuel is used in the combustion.
- the addition of oxygen-enriched gas in front of and / or into the combustion chamber is also of considerable advantage when accelerating.
- the acceleration process uses oxygen to enrich the combustion air by drastically increasing the ignition speeds of the fuel, combined with an enormous increase in torque. This process takes place without a drastically increased addition of fuel and has the effect in a few seconds that the vehicle to be accelerated can be operated particularly well in the city traffic cycle without additional emissions. This process also drastically reduces fuel consumption in city traffic and during all acceleration processes.
- Another advantage is the significant reduction in the acceleration phase, for example when overtaking or when starting after traffic lights. In the case of small-volume internal combustion engines, the addition of oxygen in the start-up and acceleration phase leads to a large power reserve, which can be seen as an increase in traffic safety with every start-up and acceleration process.
- the supply of oxygen-enriched air is of great importance, in particular in the lower third of the speed of the internal combustion engine, since generally only a relatively low degree of efficiency is achieved here. Especially in the lower speed range, very good results can be achieved with regard to the increase in performance and the reduction in harmful gas by supplying an oxygen-enriched gas.
- the supply of an oxygen-enriched gas is preferable for the engine to be switched off in stop phases.
- the oxygen-affected post-start, the reduced HC emissions and the fuel saved through the reduction in idle losses result in a considerable relief of inner-city traffic emissions.
- the targeted addition of oxygen-enriched air to the engine can also further reduce the engine idling speed.
- the compressed air can be generated in the vehicle by one, two or more small compressors.
- a direct coupling to rotating parts of the motor is a suitable drive.
- the drive via hydraulic motors is particularly advantageous, with the internal combustion engine supplying a main drive with energy.
- the drive and / or the compressor are preferably arranged in otherwise empty areas of the engine.
- the exhaust gas aftertreatment is usually carried out via an upstream oxidation catalytic converter and a reduction catalytic converter, usually a three-way catalytic converter.
- the air ratio ⁇ the course and the result of the combustion can be influenced, namely the amount, composition, temperature and enthalpy of the combustion gas formed.
- a further oxidation catalytic converter is connected downstream of the reduction catalytic converter, wherein, preferably, the supply of an oxygen-enriched gas is provided in the exhaust gas stream before the further oxidation catalytic converter.
- the present invention further relates to an internal combustion engine with at least one cylinder having a combustion chamber and an exhaust gas path adjoining the cylinder.
- a sieve-shaped or porous gas-permeable body made of a heat and / or corrosion-resistant material such as metal or ceramic is arranged in the exhaust gas path, which is heated by an external heating device at least during the cold start phase of the internal combustion engine in such a way that one Implementation of the pollutants in the exhaust gas with the addition of oxygen-enriched gas on the body and / or in the body and / or in close proximity to the body results.
- the body thus represents a kind of catalyst, which is very quickly reactive due to the heating by the external heating device. Due to the comparatively large surface area of the sieve-shaped and / or porous body, the exhaust gas passed through the body heats up very quickly, which leads to a drastic reduction in HC / CO emissions. Otherwise, the aforementioned body can be provided on the motor vehicle instead of or in addition to a catalytic converter.
- the body which is gas-permeable due to its pore-shaped design and provided with channels and thus has a large inner surface, also ensures a uniform mixing of the exhaust gases and, at the same time, in particular in connection with the aforementioned supply of oxygen-rich gas, for an effective burnout of these components.
- the exhaust gas flow is evened out by the body, which has an extremely positive effect, in particular for a downstream catalytic converter, since the surface load with harmful gases in the catalytic converter is evened out.
- the external heating device for heating the body.
- a laser and / or a microwave device and / or an eddy current heating is used as the heating device, which is preferably oriented such that the rays strike the body radially, tangentially, axially or obliquely to the exhaust gas path.
- the body and / or its housing and / or the laser and / or the microwave Direction can be moved relative to one another during operation in order to achieve an optimal position also as a function of the respective operating state and thus to achieve as uniform a heating of the body as possible.
- a control and / or regulating device for controlling and / or regulating the temperature of the body as a function of the harmful gas emissions in the exhaust gas.
- Appropriate measuring electronics can be provided for this purpose, which monitors the temperature of the body and / or the catalytic converter and provides the energy supply and / or oxygen supply that may be required for a more complete oxidation of the harmful gas emissions.
- the temperature measurement should take place both in front of and behind the catalytic converter and in front of and behind the body, in order to ensure optimum burnout of the HC / CO and as uniform a HC / CO load as possible for the catalytic converter.
- it makes sense to provide a separate energy supply device for operating the laser in the motor vehicle, which makes it possible to provide high-frequency currents for generating laser beams.
- the present invention relates to an internal combustion engine with at least two cylinders each having a combustion chamber, with at least one manifold for exhaust gas routing and at least one catalytic converter, the manifold having a number of inlet manifold sections corresponding to the number of cylinders, and the individual inlet manifold sections each merging into a manifold section ,
- the manifold section has a smaller cross-section in the area of an inlet manifold section than in the area of the inlet manifold section adjacent in the flow direction of the exhaust gas.
- the manifold section from the first inlet manifold section to the last inlet manifold section be continuously larger, the respective cross-section being adapted to the exhaust gas volume flows of the exhaust gas quantities guided through the inlet manifold sections ⁇ .
- gas preheating of the oxygen is preferably to be provided in order to compensate for the expansion temperatures which arise as a result of the pressure reduction. This would avoid the cooling effect of the exhaust gases and reach the ignition temperature of the exhaust gases more quickly.
- the invention relates to a method for operating the internal combustion engine according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a first embodiment of an internal combustion engine according to the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a further embodiment of an internal combustion engine according to the invention
- Fig. 3 is a representation of temperature and concentration profiles of
- hydrocarbons are injected into the exhaust gas Gas, measured over a period of 5 seconds starting from the cold start of the engine,
- Fig. 5 is a schematic representation of the flow diagram of an embodiment of the inventive method for operating a gasoline engine
- FIG. 6 shows a schematic representation of the flow diagram of a further embodiment of the method according to the invention for operating a diesel engine.
- FIG. 1 shows an internal combustion engine 1 with at least one cylinder 3 having a combustion chamber 2.
- An air intake line 4, a throttle valve 5 and an injection valve 6, an intake valve 7 and an ignition coil 8 are assigned to the cylinder 3.
- An exhaust valve 9, a manifold 10 and a catalytic converter 11 are also assigned to the cylinder 3 is based on the fact that air is drawn into the combustion chamber 2 via the air intake line 4.
- the volume flow of the intake air is regulated by the throttle valve 5. Together with the intake air, fuel is injected into the combustion chamber 2 via the injection valve 6.
- the inlet valve 7 is open.
- the inlet valve 7 is closed, so that the fuel-air mixture is enclosed in the combustion chamber 2 when the outlet valve 9 is closed. Then the combustion reaction of the fuel-air mixture is initiated via a spark from the ignition coil 8, whereupon the piston 3 a is pressed down. Subsequently, the outlet valve 9 is opened so that the exhaust gas exits through the manifold 10 and the downstream catalytic converter 11 into the environment as a result of the return movement of the piston 3 a. It is understood that the invention can also be used in internal combustion engines with auto-ignition.
- the catalytic converter 11 is not necessarily designed as an external component, but can certainly be designed as a catalytically active region, for example as a catalytically active surface of the manifold 10. However, it is also conceivable that the catalyst 11 is dispensed with entirely. This is possible in particular at high exhaust gas temperatures, since in such a case conventional metallic materials already have a catalytic effect.
- an oxygen-containing gas is supplied to the exhaust gas via a gas supply area 12.
- the gas supply area 12 is provided between the cylinder 3 and the catalytic converter 11 according to FIG. 1.
- a gas with an oxygen content between 22% and 100% is supplied to the exhaust gas via the gas supply area 12.
- the oxygen-enriched gas can be taken from a gas storage device 29 (not shown in FIG. 1) and / or is generated via an oxygen generation system 13 by the decomposition of air.
- the oxygen generation system 13 is in particular an adsorption system shown in FIG. 1.
- an oxygen production system operating according to a membrane separation process is also conceivable, preferably using a polymer membrane in which zeolite particles are embedded, the gas being separated as a result of the different rates of diffusion of the air components through the membrane.
- the gas storage 29 shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 can in particular be an oxygen pressure bottle, which can be designed as an exchangeable structural unit.
- the oxygen generation system 13 shown in FIG. 1 has a compressor 14, a water separator 15, at least one adsorber area 16 and a plurality of control valves 17.
- the oxygen generation system 13 has inlet and outlet valves 18 and a nitrogen outlet 19 as well as a control and / or regulating device 20, a pressure reducing valve 21 and an oxygen store 22.
- the individual valves 17, 18 are controlled by the control and / or regulating device 20. If an adsorption device is used to generate oxygen, it is advisable to operate the adsorption device in particular according to the pressure-change method PSA or VPSA.
- To generate an oxygen-enriched gas ambient air with an oxygen content of 21% is drawn in by the compressor 14.
- the compressor 14 also ensures that the operating pressure required for the oxygen generation of the oxygen generation system 13 is reached. Due to the overpressure, the room air to be separated flows through the oxygen generation system 13. It is not shown, moreover, that the compressor 14 can also be arranged after the oxygen generation system 13, the room air flowing through the oxygen generation system 13 as a result of the negative pressure generated in the process.
- the adsorber area 16 preferably consists of two adsorber cells 16a, 16b, which are filled with an adsorbent. The adsorption takes place according to the pressure-change method or alternatively according to the temperature-change method. The course of the process of adsorptive oxygen production is not discussed in detail here, since these are processes which have been known for a long time from the prior art.
- the room air is separated into two gas fractions. While one gas fraction, which has a high nitrogen content, is discharged via the nitrogen outlet 19, the other gas fraction, which has a high oxygen content, is added to the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine 1 via the gas supply area 12.
- the flow directions of the room air and that of the two gas fractions in the oxygen generation system 13 are predetermined by the control valves 17 and inlet and outlet valves 18.
- the control valves 17 and the inlet and outlet valves 18 are arranged and / or are controlled in such a way that the operation of the oxygen generation system 13 can take place optimally according to the pressure change method or the temperature change method.
- the pressure-change adsorption and the temperature-change adsorption proceed according to the process sequences known from the prior art, all alternative embodiments of these processes known from the prior art also being readily implemented
- the compressor 14 and / or the water separator 15 and / or the pressure reducing valve 21 are also controlled and / or regulated via the control and / or regulating device 20 in the present case. All process steps relating to the generation of oxygen are preferably controlled or regulated by the control and / or regulating device 20.
- the oxygen generation system 13 can have an activation device for activating the generated oxygen-enriched gas.
- the oxygen-enriched gas flows into the oxygen store 22.
- the oxygen store 22 serves in particular to compensate for pressure fluctuations and to regulate the volume flow of the oxygen-enriched gas.
- the pressure level of the oxygen-enriched air is reduced by the pressure reducer 21.
- the pressure reduction should preferably be aimed at a residual overpressure of the oxygen-enriched gas of 0.1 bar.
- the oxygen content of the enriched gas is preferably 93% with residual portions of 5% argon and 2% nitrogen.
- the conversion temperature of the catalytic converter is reached much faster after the cold start than would be the case if secondary air were added with ambient air at the same point.
- the pollutants in the exhaust gas are re-oxidized, which will be discussed in more detail in connection with FIGS. 3 and 4.
- the gas supply area 12 is preferably formed in one piece with the manifold 10 or the cylinder 3.
- the gas supply area 12 has at least one separate tubular gas supply part 23.
- the use of an annular gas supply part in the manner of a nozzle ring is also possible.
- the gas supply part 23 makes it possible to add the oxygen-enriched gas to the exhaust gas at almost any point within the manifold 10. It is advantageous to place the gas supply part 23 between rule the cylinder 3 and the manifold 10 to arrange, since the exhaust gas immediately after exiting the combustion chamber has the highest temperature and therefore particularly high conversion rates of the pollutants in the exhaust gas are possible when supplying the oxygen-enriched gas.
- the catalytic converter 11 or the catalytically active region is arranged in the immediate vicinity of the combustion chamber 2 or immediately after the combustion chamber 2. In such a case, it is possible to use the high exhaust gas temperatures for preheating the catalytic converter 11 or the catalytically active area.
- the outlet opening of the gas supply part 23 ends according to FIG. 1 in the immediate vicinity of the exhaust valve 9 of the internal combustion engine 1. However, it may also be possible that the outlet opening of the gas supply part 23 either upstream of the catalytic converter 11 and / or the catalytically active region and / or immediately - Bar ends in the catalyst 11 and / or in the catalytically active area.
- the gas supply part 23 can also have a plurality of outlet openings in different areas of the catalyst 11 and / or the catalytically active area. As mentioned above, it can be designed, for example, as an annular or tubular component which has a plurality of inwardly directed nozzles.
- oxygen-enriched gas can be supplied to the catalyst 11 and / or the catalytically active region in various concentrations and / or in different volume flows via the gas supply part 23.
- an optimal implementation of the pollutant components takes place depending on the pollutant degradation reactions involved.
- the inner wall of the elbow 10 has, at least in part, a surface activation that is particularly catalytic to improve the reduction of pollutants and / or a coating with low surface roughness.
- the inner wall of the manifold 10 can be produced, for example, by an electrolytic process, flame spraying process, a galvanic, chemical or thermal process.
- the internal combustion engine 1 may have a heating device for heating the gas at least above room temperature and / or a heating device for heating the manifold 10 to achieve a temperature increase in the inner wall of the manifold 10.
- the manifold 10 is double-walled and has an insulating air gap.
- the gas supply area 12 and / or the elbow 10 can be made from a material with low thermal conductivity, in particular from a heat-insulating material, such as a ceramic material.
- the control and / or regulating device 20 serves, in addition to the control and / or the regulation of the oxygen generation system 13 or the oxygen generation, in particular also to control and / or regulate the gas addition into the exhaust gas.
- the control and / or regulating device 20 is preferably designed such that oxygen-enriched gas is added to the exhaust gas at least until the operating temperature of the catalytic converter 11 is reached. It is not shown that the control and / or regulating device 20 can also be provided for controlling and / or regulating the addition of oxygen-enriched gas into the combustion chamber.
- the addition of oxygen-enriched gas to the combustion chamber is particularly useful during the cold commissioning phase and / or when the performance of the internal combustion engine 1 is increased.
- the control and / or regulation of the supply of oxygen-enriched gas takes place in particular as a function of the engine speed, in particular in the low speed range. It is possible that during the addition of oxygen-enriched gas, the amount of fuel supplied to the combustion chamber is reduced, in particular in a proportional ratio.
- FIG. 1 shows that there is no provision for metering fuel and / or additives into the exhaust gas. However, this does not rule out the possibility that in another embodiment according to the invention it may also be possible to increase the pollutant conversion by supplying fuel and / or additives to the exhaust gas.
- FIG. 2 shows a further embodiment of an internal combustion engine 1 according to the invention, which largely corresponds to the first embodiment according to FIG. 1.
- a sieve-shaped and / or porous gas-permeable body 24 made of a heat and / or corrosion-resistant material, in particular metal or ceramic, is arranged in the exhaust gas path of the internal combustion engine 1.
- a heating device 24a which is only arranged schematically and which is provided for heating the body 24 in certain operating situations.
- the outlet opening of the gas supply part 23 is arranged in this case so that the body 24 is heated with the addition of oxygen-enriched gas in the body 24 and / or immediately in front of the body 24 in such a way that an exhaust gas conversion on the body 24 and / or in the body 24 and / or in the immediate vicinity of the body 24 results.
- the temperature of the body 24 is controlled and / or regulated in particular as a function of the harmful gas emission in the exhaust gas by the control and / or regulating device 20 or another corresponding device.
- the heating device 24a can be a laser device and / or a microwave device.
- the heating device 24a should preferably be arranged radially, tangentially, axially or obliquely to the exhaust gas and be movable relative to the body 24 during operation.
- control and / or regulating device 20 has at least one measuring sensor for temperature and / or harmful gas or oxygen measurement before and / or behind the body 24 and / or can have in front of and / or behind a catalyst 11 or a catalytically active region.
- the manifold 10 preferably has a number of intake manifold sections corresponding to the number of cylinders 3, the individual intake manifold sections each merging into a manifold section.
- the manifold section has a smaller cross section in the area of an inlet manifold section than in the area of the inlet manifold section adjacent in the flow direction of the exhaust gas. It is advantageous here that the configuration of the manifold section, in particular the cross section of the manifold section, is adapted to the exhaust gas volume flows of the exhaust gas quantities supplied through the inlet manifold sections.
- FIG. 3 shows temperature and concentration profiles of the hydrocarbons (emission profiles) as a function of the oxygen concentration and the volume flow of a gas injected into the exhaust gas.
- the HC mass emissions after the catalytic converter and the temperature before the catalytic converter were measured over a period of 5 seconds starting with the cold start of the engine.
- a total of 8 lines are shown in FIG. 3, curves 1A, 1B, IC and 1D each corresponding to HC mass emission values after the catalytic converter, while curves 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D correspond to the temperature profiles before the catalytic converter.
- the curves show the following in detail:
- IC HC mass emission [g / h] after the catalyst with the addition of 10 kg / h of a gas enriched with 85% oxygen,
- 2C temperature upstream of the catalyst [° C.] when 10 kg / h of a gas enriched with 85% oxygen are supplied
- 2D Temperature upstream of the catalyst [° C.] when 15 kg / h of a gas enriched with 85% oxygen are supplied.
- the temperature upstream of the catalytic converter also depends on the composition and the volume flow of the gas injected into the exhaust gas. From Fig. 3 it can be seen that the temperature upstream of the catalytic converter when room air is added to the exhaust gas rises later within the first 10 operating seconds of the engine and is below the temperatures upstream of the catalytic converter when different volume flows of a gas enriched with 85% oxygen are added can be achieved. The higher the volume flow of the enriched gas added to the exhaust gas, the higher and faster the temperature upstream of the catalytic converter. When the engine is in operation for a longer period of time, the temperature curves which were measured for different volume flows when an oxygen-enriched gas was added converge. After 2 seconds of operation of the engine, the temperature in front of the catalyst when room air is added to the exhaust gas is always below the temperature in front of the catalyst when adding a gas enriched with 85% oxygen.
- FIG. 5 shows a process flow diagram of a possible embodiment for operating an internal combustion engine 1 according to the invention.
- the internal combustion engine 1 is supplied with a fuel stream 25, which according to FIG. 5 is gasoline.
- an oxygen-enriched combustion gas mixture 26 is fed to the internal combustion engine 1 at the points marked a, b, c.
- the combustion gas mixture 26 it is now possible for the combustion gas mixture 26 to be added to the fuel flow 25 before it enters the internal combustion engine 1 (a) or for the combustion gas mixture 26 to be directly, ie. H. is added to a combustion chamber (not shown in detail) of the internal combustion engine 1 (b).
- the combustion gas mixture 26 it is also possible for the combustion gas mixture 26 to be introduced into the exhaust gas only after the fuel has been burned (c).
- the combustion gas mixture 26 is composed of the air stream 27 and the oxygen stream 28, it being possible for the oxygen stream 28 to be oxygen-enriched gas with a preferred oxygen concentration of 93% 0 2 , 5% Ar and 2% N 2 .
- the oxygen stream 28 can be taken from the gas storage 29 according to FIG. 5, it also being possible, of course, for an oxygen-enriched gas to be provided by a pressure-changing adsorption device or by a membrane separation device.
- the oxygen concentration is determined by the method used to secure oxygen.
- the exhaust gas stream 30 is fed to a plurality of catalysts 31, 32, 33.
- a further oxidation catalytic converter 33 is provided after a first oxidation catalytic converter 31 and a subsequent reduction catalytic converter 32.
- oxygen is preferably supplied to the exhaust gas stream 30 via the oxygen stream 28.
- the conversion in the further oxidation catalytic converter 33 can be increased significantly.
- a partial stream of the combustion gas 26 is supplied to the further oxidation catalyst 33 at the location of the oxygen stream 28.
- an oxygen-enriched gas is added to the exhaust gas stream 30 before it enters the first oxidation catalytic converter 31 in order to increase sales.
- FIG. 6 shows a schematic flow diagram of a further embodiment of the method according to the invention for operating a diesel engine 1.
- the internal combustion engine 1 is also supplied with a fuel stream 25, which, according to FIG. 6, can be diesel fuel, for example. Otherwise, the procedure corresponds to the procedure for operating a gasoline engine shown in FIG. 5.
- the only exception is the soot filter 34, which is provided instead of the oxidation catalytic converter 33.
- the exhaust gas stream 30 is supplied with oxygen via the oxygen stream 28 before it enters the soot feeder 34.
- a partial stream of the combustion gas 26 it is fundamentally possible for a partial stream of the combustion gas 26 to be supplied to the exhaust gas stream 30 instead of the oxygen stream 28.
- the increased oxygen content in the exhaust gas causes an oxide-active conversion of the soot particles contained in the exhaust gas in the soot filter.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE10138038 | 2001-08-08 | ||
DE10138038.0 | 2001-08-08 | ||
DE10149181 | 2001-10-04 | ||
DE10149181.6 | 2001-10-04 |
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WO2003014542A1 true WO2003014542A1 (de) | 2003-02-20 |
WO2003014542A8 WO2003014542A8 (de) | 2003-09-12 |
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PCT/EP2002/008874 WO2003014542A1 (de) | 2001-08-08 | 2002-08-08 | Verfahren zur emissionsminderung und kraftstoffeinsparung beim betrieb von verbrennungsmotoren |
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1541837A1 (de) * | 2003-12-08 | 2005-06-15 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Regenerationsmethode und Steuerung eines Dieselpartikelfilters |
FR2928176A1 (fr) * | 2008-02-29 | 2009-09-04 | Faurecia Sys Echappement | Procede de regeneration d'un filtre a particules pour moteur a essence et ensemble d'echappement associe |
DE102004007632B4 (de) * | 2003-05-24 | 2011-02-10 | Nagy, Sándor | Katalysatorlaserantrieb mit Hochfrequenzresonanzanlage |
DE102016208289A1 (de) * | 2016-02-29 | 2017-08-31 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Brennkraftmaschine mit einem fremdgezündeten Verbrennungsmotor und Verfahren zum Betreiben einer derartigen Brennkraftmaschine |
DE102018120195A1 (de) * | 2018-08-20 | 2020-02-20 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Abgasnachbehandlung eines Verbrennungsmotors |
CN117434140A (zh) * | 2023-12-21 | 2024-01-23 | 江苏环保产业技术研究院股份公司 | 一种VOCs检测设备 |
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US5031401A (en) * | 1971-07-08 | 1991-07-16 | Hinderks M V | Means for treatment of the exhaust gases of combustion |
JPH05141229A (ja) * | 1991-03-20 | 1993-06-08 | Hitachi Ltd | 自動車エンジンの排気ガス浄化方法 |
DE19543884A1 (de) * | 1995-11-24 | 1997-07-17 | Air Liquide Gmbh | Einspeisung von Sauerstoff in eine Verbrennungskraftmaschine |
FR2755181A1 (fr) * | 1996-10-28 | 1998-04-30 | Renault | Procede et dispositif de reduction des polluants contenus dans les gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne |
DE19912542A1 (de) * | 1998-03-26 | 1999-09-30 | Invent Gmbh Entwicklung Neuer Technologien | Verfahren zur Oxidation von rußhaltigen Abgasen einer Wärmekraftmaschine |
WO2000031386A1 (en) * | 1998-11-24 | 2000-06-02 | The University Of Chicago | Method and apparatus to reduce engine exhaust emissions |
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2002
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US5031401A (en) * | 1971-07-08 | 1991-07-16 | Hinderks M V | Means for treatment of the exhaust gases of combustion |
JPH05141229A (ja) * | 1991-03-20 | 1993-06-08 | Hitachi Ltd | 自動車エンジンの排気ガス浄化方法 |
DE19543884A1 (de) * | 1995-11-24 | 1997-07-17 | Air Liquide Gmbh | Einspeisung von Sauerstoff in eine Verbrennungskraftmaschine |
FR2755181A1 (fr) * | 1996-10-28 | 1998-04-30 | Renault | Procede et dispositif de reduction des polluants contenus dans les gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne |
DE19912542A1 (de) * | 1998-03-26 | 1999-09-30 | Invent Gmbh Entwicklung Neuer Technologien | Verfahren zur Oxidation von rußhaltigen Abgasen einer Wärmekraftmaschine |
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Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102004007632B4 (de) * | 2003-05-24 | 2011-02-10 | Nagy, Sándor | Katalysatorlaserantrieb mit Hochfrequenzresonanzanlage |
EP1541837A1 (de) * | 2003-12-08 | 2005-06-15 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Regenerationsmethode und Steuerung eines Dieselpartikelfilters |
US7134275B2 (en) | 2003-12-08 | 2006-11-14 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Regeneration control of diesel particulate filter |
FR2928176A1 (fr) * | 2008-02-29 | 2009-09-04 | Faurecia Sys Echappement | Procede de regeneration d'un filtre a particules pour moteur a essence et ensemble d'echappement associe |
DE102016208289A1 (de) * | 2016-02-29 | 2017-08-31 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Brennkraftmaschine mit einem fremdgezündeten Verbrennungsmotor und Verfahren zum Betreiben einer derartigen Brennkraftmaschine |
DE102018120195A1 (de) * | 2018-08-20 | 2020-02-20 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Abgasnachbehandlung eines Verbrennungsmotors |
CN117434140A (zh) * | 2023-12-21 | 2024-01-23 | 江苏环保产业技术研究院股份公司 | 一种VOCs检测设备 |
CN117434140B (zh) * | 2023-12-21 | 2024-02-27 | 江苏环保产业技术研究院股份公司 | 一种VOCs检测设备 |
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