WO2002093118A2 - Caracterisation d'impulsions courtes faible puissance - Google Patents
Caracterisation d'impulsions courtes faible puissance Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002093118A2 WO2002093118A2 PCT/FR2002/001610 FR0201610W WO02093118A2 WO 2002093118 A2 WO2002093118 A2 WO 2002093118A2 FR 0201610 W FR0201610 W FR 0201610W WO 02093118 A2 WO02093118 A2 WO 02093118A2
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- light
- pulses
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- pulse
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- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 title description 16
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 230000009021 linear effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000010183 spectrum analysis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000000644 propagated effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 28
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000010349 pulsation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000009022 nonlinear effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005374 Kerr effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005314 correlation function Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007850 degeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N erbium Chemical compound [Er] UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000028161 membrane depolarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04F—TIME-INTERVAL MEASURING
- G04F13/00—Apparatus for measuring unknown time intervals by means not provided for in groups G04F5/00 - G04F10/00
- G04F13/02—Apparatus for measuring unknown time intervals by means not provided for in groups G04F5/00 - G04F10/00 using optical means
- G04F13/026—Measuring duration of ultra-short light pulses, e.g. in the pico-second range; particular detecting devices therefor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J11/00—Measuring the characteristics of individual optical pulses or of optical pulse trains
Definitions
- the invention relates to a characterization process, in particular in phase and instantaneous frequency, of light pulses as well as devices allowing the implementation of such a characterization process. More particularly, the invention relates to the characterization of low power picosecond and sub-picosecond light pulses.
- detectors for characterizing light pulses of durations of less than 100 picoseconds (ps) are only sensitive to the light intensity of the pulses. They do not make it possible to obtain information on the phase of the pulse and / or its instantaneous frequency.
- FROG Resolved Optical Gating
- an auto correlation is made between said pulse and a light pulse which is identical to it, but which is delayed relative to it.
- the trace E S j g ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) obtained by spectral analysis is a function of two variables characteristic of the pulse to be studied - ⁇ is the pulsation of the light signal whose trace is measured, ⁇ is the delay introduced between the two impulses.
- the trace is processed by an appropriate algorithm known per se in order to deduce therefrom the phase and the amplitude of the pulse as a function of time.
- the deconvolution process is an iterative algorithm which, starting from an estimation of the test field, compares it with the experimental FROG trace and makes corrections on this test field to obtain the desired solution. At each step, an error function, which reflects the difference between theoretical and experimental trace, is calculated. It makes it possible to evaluate the degree of convergence towards the solution of the algorithm.
- a detailed description of the methods for correcting the test field is given in the document US Pat. No. 5,530,544. Thanks to the deconvolution, information on the shape of the initial pulse can be obtained. In particular, its instantaneous frequency characterization is obtained.
- the trace E sig (w, ⁇ ) is obtained by multiplying the initial light signal by a time optical gate, then by analyzing the resulting spectrum.
- S ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) is the intensity of the spectrum resulting from the correlation; g (t) is the optical field of the door considered; E (t) is the optical field of the pulse to be characterized; ⁇ is the light pulsation; ⁇ is the delay between the two pulses.
- the time gate g (t) can take any form, and its duration must be less than that of the pulse.
- the FROG technique comprises two stages.
- the two delayed pulses are polarized at 45 °, one of the other and incident on a non-linear medium of order three.
- the birefringence induced by one field on the other modifies the state of polarization, and the intensity detected after a polarizer is proportional to the correlation function sought.
- the two-dimensional trace is obtained by performing a spectral analysis of the detected field.
- variants use the generation of second or third harmonic. Auto-correlation is carried out as previously described, then the spectrum is analyzed at the doubled or tripled frequency.
- a variant is based on the non-linear generation of index networks. Depending on the geometry considered, two or three replicas of the initial pulse are incident on a non-linear medium of order three, and create a system of fringes. By nonlinear effect, this system induces a diffraction grating, and the trace is obtained by spectral analysis of the diffracted order.
- a last variant exploits the effect of cross-phase modulation in a fiber. The two orthogonally polarized pulses are injected into a fiber, and the resulting phase modulation results in a characteristic deformation of the spectrum.
- Non-linearity results in a non-linear phase shift.
- This method has certain drawbacks.
- the pulses to be characterized propagate in the same direction along the fiber.
- the nonlinear effect does not perform frequency conversion but only a phase shift.
- the deconvolution stage is then more problematic and requires more complicated and less efficient algorithms than current algorithms.
- the invention proposes to overcome these drawbacks.
- the invention aims to make possible the complete characterization of short picosecond and sub-picosecond pulses of low power - whose peak power does not exceed a few milliwatts.
- the invention aims to increase the sensitivity of existing characterization methods, in particular the FROG method.
- Another object of the invention is to ensure great flexibility of use thanks to the use of an optical fiber which, by mixing with four waves makes it possible to obtain a detectable signal despite the low non-linearity of the material.
- a third continuous optical field is added to the two pulse optical fields to be characterized.
- the goal is to carry out, in any nonlinear medium of order at least equal to three, a frequency conversion of the signal FROG.
- Order three or higher nonlinearity is required. Indeed, the method involves at least two impulse fields and a continuous field, plus the field generated by mixing frequencies. A non-linearity of order N being able to make interact only at most N + 1 fields, N will have here to be higher or equal to three.
- the invention provides a method according to which a light field consisting of two delayed replicas of one or more source (s) to be characterized is generated, then injected into an optical fiber where it propagates jointly with a continuous field at an optical frequency different from that of the first field (s).
- the resulting non-linear interaction in the measurement fiber gives rise to a light field at a distinct frequency, the spectral analysis of which, using known algorithms, makes it possible to find the complex amplitude of the original pulse, without a priori knowledge of the form of the impulse is required.
- the invention proposes a method for characterizing at least one light pulse according to which: - at least one other light pulse is generated;
- the signal from the combination of the two light pulses and the continuous signal is propagated in a medium having a nonlinear interaction coefficient of order three or higher;
- the spectral analysis of said light signal is carried out after its propagation in the non-linear medium in order to derive information therefrom on the frequency and / or the phase and / or the amplitude of the light pulse which one seeks to characterize.
- the invention is advantageously supplemented by the following characteristics, taken alone or in any one of their technically possible combination: - the delay is varied around an average value and in that the trace at the output of the non-linear medium is measured depending on this delay;
- - information is obtained on the frequency and / or the phase and / or the amplitude of the light pulse that one seeks to characterize by performing the deconvolution of the trace resulting from the spectral analysis; - to generate at least one other light pulse, we double the pulse that we are trying to characterize;
- the light pulses are generated by different sources.
- the invention also relates to a device for implementing the method according to the invention.
- the device according to the invention comprises means for implementing the method. It is advantageously supplemented by the following characteristics, taken alone or in any of their technically possible combinations:
- the non-linear medium comprises an optical fiber;
- the non-linear medium comprises an optical fiber with offset dispersion;
- the non-linear medium includes a loop mirror.
- the continuous light source comprises a laser diode with a distributed Bragg grating
- the continuous light source includes a tunable laser.
- FIG. 1 represents a block diagram of a device for characterization by four-wave mixing according to the invention
- - Figure 2 schematically shows a possible configuration of the spectral power as a function of the frequency in the non-degenerate case
- - Figure 3 schematically shows a possible configuration of the spectral power as a function of the frequency in the degenerate case
- - Figure 4 is a schematic representation of a characterization device according to the invention in the degenerate case;
- - Figure 5 shows the spectral intensity measured at the device output as a function of the wavelength;
- FIG. 7 shows a device according to the invention comprising a non-linear loop mirror, degenerate case
- FIG. 8 shows a device diagram according to the invention in the non-degenerate case.
- FIG. 1 The block diagram of the device according to the invention is shown in FIG. 1.
- the general device according to the invention comprises two optical paths 101 and 102 originating from two light sources 1 and 2 coupled at 5 before being analyzed spectrally.
- it comprises two pulse sources 1 and 2 as well as a variable delay generator 3 which is connected at the output of the pulse source 2.
- the delay generator 3 is connected to means 4 making it possible to vary the delay around an average position.
- a coupler 5 allows the delayed light signal to be combined with the light signal from source 1.
- Another coupler 7 makes it possible to combine the signal from the coupler 5 with a signal from a continuous light source 6.
- the signal from the coupler 7 propagates in a non-linear medium 8 before being received by a spectral analyzer 9.
- the elements of the device have the following characteristics. - the pulse source 1 emits a light signal E- ⁇ (t);
- the pulse source 2 emits a light signal E 2 (t);
- the generator 3 delays the light signal Ez ⁇ t) by a variable delay noted ⁇ ;
- the non-linear medium 8 can be an optical fiber.
- a 2 and ⁇ 2 correspond respectively to the optical field of the source 2, to its amplitude as a function of time and to its pulsation;
- a cw and cocw correspond respectively to the optical field of the continuous source, to its amplitude as a function of time and to its pulsation;
- phase tuning Assuming that Where E- (t, z) is the electric field,
- Ai (t, z) is the slowly variable envelope of the field referenced by i, t is the time variable, z is a space variable, oo * is the pulsation, and with k * is the wave vector;
- D is a degeneration factor
- the propagation medium is dispersive, and ⁇ k is not zero.
- the energy then periodically flows back into the pump, which prevents the idler field from growing.
- phase agreement consists of placing oneself in the conditions where ⁇ k is zero.
- Ai, Ai, A 2 represent the amplitudes of the converted fields, from source 1, from source 2 respectively;
- Ac W represents the combined amplitude of the field of the continuous source.
- This function corresponds to the intensity of the spectrogram sought.
- the spectrum measured at the output of the device is similar to that shown in FIG. 2.
- the configuration shown is not unique. Any permutation of the fields is possible. In practice this means that the system can be modified according to the wavelengths of the available sources.
- the mixture is said to be degenerate and gives a result similar to that obtained using the generation of second harmonic.
- Ci intensity coefficients
- the oscillating components are carriers of information, they nevertheless constitute a hindrance in the measurement process because they impose an accuracy and an interferometric resolution of the system.
- the baseband component varies slowly with ⁇ , while the oscillating components vary quickly. It is then possible to easily distinguish the relevant data.
- the first condition is solved by using one of the spectral arrangements of Figure 2.
- the second is more difficult to obtain, and depends to a large extent on the material in which the mixing takes place.
- Optical fibers also have the property of having a wavelength, fixed by construction, where the dispersion is canceled out. This wavelength is equal to approximately 1.3 ⁇ m for so-called standard fibers, or 1.55 ⁇ m for so-called offset dispersion fibers. We can demonstrate that in the vicinity of this wavelength, called zero dispersion, the phase matching can be achieved in the two configurations shown in Figure 2. Indeed, we pose
- ⁇ is the phase mismatch between the light signals
- ⁇ , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ c w, and ⁇ i are the respective phases of the light signals
- ⁇ represents the wavelength of the light signal
- f is the frequency of the light signal
- f 0 is the frequency of zero dispersion
- D is the group time dispersion in ps / nm / km
- D c the slope of this dispersion in ps / nm 2 / km
- c is the speed of the signal in the middle.
- phase mismatch is canceled out when the spectrum is symmetrical with respect to the dispersion zero, this corresponding to the phase tuning sought.
- the choice of a degenerate or non-degenerate four-wave mixing configuration is based on several criteria.
- phase matching is achieved over a large range when f- / and f 2 are located on either side of the frequency of the dispersion zero. This allows good tunability and wide bandwidth,
- the pulse sources must be stable and have multiple repetition rates from each other.
- the distortions of the pulse to be characterized due to dispersion and cross-phase modulation are less than in the non-degenerate case, which allows the use of longer lengths of fiber.
- the degenerate configuration has the following drawbacks, however: - the pulse must be centered around the wavelength of the fiber dispersion zero so that the phase tuning condition is verified.
- FWM Frequency Division Multiple Access
- the light signals from these two sources propagate in separate optical branches 101 and 102 before combining in a coupler 10.
- the signal resulting from the combination propagates in a non-linear medium 11 connected at the output of the coupler 10. It is analyzed by a spectrum analyzer 12.
- the pulse source 1 is a distributed feedback laser diode (DFB) designed for fast modulation (10 Gb / s). It is controlled by signal generator 14.
- the pilot signal is for example sinusoidal and of high amplitude at 1 GHz.
- the duration of the pulses thus created is evaluated at less than 20 ps for a spectral width at -20 dB of 0.8 nm.
- the average power at the output of diode 1 is -3 dBm.
- the emission wavelength is 1556.5 nm with 1 nm of tunability by thermal effect.
- Continuous source 2 is a distributed Bragg grating laser diode (DBR), emitting up to 1 mW between 1545 and 1555 nm. It has a line width less than 100 MHz.
- DBR distributed Bragg grating laser diode
- a fiber polarization controller 51 is connected at the output of source 1. It adjusts the polarization of the light pulse from 1 in order to obtain the best possible conversion efficiency.
- the pulse enters an interferometer of
- Michelson 90 It has two microscope objectives 61 and 62, a separator cube 7 and two mirrors 81 and 82.
- the mirror 81 is translatable over a distance of 16 mm for example.
- the mirror 82 is equipped with a piezoelectric cylinder 9 subjected to a sinusoidal voltage.
- the light signal at the output of the objective 62 is amplified by an optical amplifier with erbium-doped fiber 31.
- the amplified signal is then filtered by the filter 41 in order to reduce the spontaneous emission noise.
- the continuous light signal coming from source 2 is amplified by an optical amplifier with fiber doped with erbium 32.
- the polarization of the amplified and filtered signal is adjusted by a fiber polarization controller 52 in order to obtain the best possible conversion efficiency.
- a standard coupler 10 combines the light signals from the interferometer - optical path 101 - and from the continuous source - optical path 102.
- the field from the combination is injected into a staggered dispersion fiber 11 whose parameters are designed to obtain a dispersion zero at a specific wavelength (1557 nm for example).
- the field leaving the fiber 11 is analyzed on the spectrum analyzer 12.
- Processing means 13, such as a computer for example, make it possible to collect the data via an IEEE interface (- 488 GPIB for example) and to process them. This interface makes it possible to connect several devices to a computer in order to control it remotely.
- FIG. 5 The results obtained on the means 13 are shown in FIG. 5.
- the spectrum at the output of the device shows the existence of a field converted at 1560 nm.
- FIG. 6 represents the two-dimensional trace measured.
- FIG. 7 A second possible embodiment of a device for characterizing short pulses by the degenerate four-wave mixture is shown in FIG. 7. It is based on the propagation of the light signals to be characterized in a loop mirror.
- This device constitutes an improvement of the first embodiment in an optical fiber.
- phase tuning condition requires working with spectrally close sources, which degrades the signal to noise ratio, in particular due to the spontaneous emission noise of the sources.
- the performance of the device depends on the ability to measure the converted field. The latter can be weak and risks being drowned in noise.
- the non-linear medium is replaced by a loop mirror 11.
- the diagram of the second possible embodiment is shown in Figure 7.
- the general principle of this embodiment is identical to that of the first embodiment. The numbering reflects this similarity. It comprises two light sources 1 and 2.
- the source 1 is pulsed (for example a laser diode with distributed feedback controlled by generator 14 of sinusoidal signal) and the source 2 is continuous (for example a laser diode with Bragg grating distributed).
- the light signals from these two sources propagate in separate optical branches 101 and 102 before combining in a coupler 10.
- the signal resulting from the combination propagates in a non-linear medium 11 connected at the output of the coupler and is analyzed by a spectrum analyzer 12.
- the polarization of the light signals from sources 1 and 2 is, as in the first embodiment, adjusted using fiber polarization controllers 51 and 52 in order to obtain the best possible conversion efficiency.
- the light signals are amplified by optical amplifiers 31 and 32 with erbium-doped fiber.
- filters 41 and 42 are then filtered by filters 41 and 42 in order to reduce the noise of spontaneous emission.
- the optical path 101 comprises a Michelson interferometer 90 identical to that which comprises the first embodiment.
- a computer 13 for example makes it possible to collect the data via an IEEE interface and to process them.
- the loop mirror 11 comprises a standard coupler 111, a length L of offset dispersion fiber 112, and a standard fiber length / 113.
- a state of destructive interference for the source fields is created at the output of the mirror 11, but constructive for the converted field.
- the first step is automatically carried out.
- the second step is obtained by choosing the length / of the dispersive element.
- K is a constant of proportionality
- a ⁇ is the phase mismatch between the light signals; ⁇ (f ⁇ ), ⁇ (f 2 ), ⁇ (f cw ) are the respective phases of the light signals.
- the relation (19) can be obtained by using on the one hand as a non-linear medium 112 a fiber with offset dispersion and on the other hand as dispersive medium 113 either a fiber with standard dispersion, or a fiber compensating for dispersion.
- the contrast is limited by the depolarization during propagation in the fiber and by the imbalance of the coupler 111 constituting the loop.
- FIG. 8 represents a third possible embodiment of a device for characterizing short pulses by the non-degenerate four-wave mixture.
- This embodiment can be implemented when two pulse sources of different wavelengths generating pulses of comparable characteristics are available. We then use a general configuration as shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 8 A diagram of the possible device according to the third embodiment is shown in FIG. 8.
- the two pulse sources 1 and 2 are indirectly controlled by a microwave synthesizer 8.
- the signal from the microwave synthesizer 8 is sent to a power divider 7.
- the power divider 7 has two outputs.
- the first output of the power divider 7 is connected to a delay generator 9, the output of which is connected to an amplifier 21.
- the signal from the amplifier 21 controls the pulse source 1.
- the second output of the power divider 7 is connected to an amplifier 22, the output of which is connected to the pulse source 2.
- the emitted optical fields are then amplified by amplifiers 31 and 32, filtered by filters 41 and 42 and their polarization is adjusted by controllers 51 and 52. These two components are injected into a first coupler 10, then the resulting field is coupled to a continuous field coming from a continuous light source 3 in a coupler 111.
- the continuous light source 3 will advantageously be a tunable laser.
- the total optical field then propagates in a non-linear medium 11.
- the non-linear medium 11 will advantageously be a fiber with offset dispersion.
- the output of the non-linear medium 11 is connected to a spectrum analyzer 12.
- the data from the analyzer 12 is then collected by computer 13.
- This trace is reversible with a modified version of the algorithms used to process traces from a single field. In addition, it presents neither interference fringes nor continuous background, which constituted noise in the degenerate case.
- this system makes it possible to get rid of the optical delay line that constituted the Michelson interferometer 90 in the first two degenerate embodiments.
- the interferometer 90 is replaced by an electronic delay generator 9, which makes it possible to greatly reduce optical losses and to facilitate acquisition, in particular by automation.
- this configuration imposes a less drastic condition on the wavelengths of the pulses than the degenerate method.
- the phase tuning condition only imposes symmetry of the spectrum with respect to the dispersion zero.
- the condition of spectrum symmetry can be resolved by using a tunable continuous source.
- the two sources 1 and 2 must have a sufficiently low time jitter, otherwise the precision will be reduced. These conditions are generally verified in the case of gain switching diodes.
- Optical fibers are a material which has the following advantages.
- the system according to the invention allows the characterization of low-power picosecond and sub-picosecond pulses (a few milliwatts) by means of the four-wave mixture.
- the configuration which is the subject of the invention allows the use of optical fiber, which opens up the possibility of long interaction lengths, hence increased sensitivity.
- the sensitivity of the device can be further improved by exploiting the properties of loop mirrors.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
- Optical Communication System (AREA)
Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR0106311A FR2824635B1 (fr) | 2001-05-14 | 2001-05-14 | Caracterisation d'impulsions courtes faible puissance |
FR01/06311 | 2001-05-14 |
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WO2002093118A2 true WO2002093118A2 (fr) | 2002-11-21 |
WO2002093118A3 WO2002093118A3 (fr) | 2003-02-13 |
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US20080170858A1 (en) * | 2004-10-22 | 2008-07-17 | Dublin City University | Optical Pulse Source for Use in Broadband Photonic Communication Systems |
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US6008899A (en) * | 1997-06-18 | 1999-12-28 | Sandia Corporation | Apparatus and method for optical pulse measurement |
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US6008899A (en) * | 1997-06-18 | 1999-12-28 | Sandia Corporation | Apparatus and method for optical pulse measurement |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 1995, no. 09, 31 octobre 1995 (1995-10-31) & JP 07 159247 A (ANRITSU CORP), 23 juin 1995 (1995-06-23) * |
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FR2824635A1 (fr) | 2002-11-15 |
WO2002093118A3 (fr) | 2003-02-13 |
FR2824635B1 (fr) | 2004-01-16 |
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