WO2001004813A1

WO2001004813A1 - System and method for trading commodities having a principal market maker computer

Info

Publication number: WO2001004813A1
Application number: PCT/US2000/018497
Authority: WO
Inventors: Howard B. Garber
Original assignee: Garber Howard B
Priority date: 1999-07-08
Filing date: 2000-07-06
Publication date: 2001-01-18
Also published as: AU6073600A

Abstract

A system and method is provided for linking a Rolling Spot Currency contract with a Principle Marker Maker program. In one aspect of the invention, the system includes an electronic brokerage and trading network having at least one computer (10) coupled to receive and transmit bids and offers for international currency trading; a display terminal and input; and a principal market maker computer (12) coupled to the electronic brokerage and trading network wherein the principal market maker computer (12) is operative to receive and transmit the bids and offers and execute international currency trades by maintaining a market for such currencies. In another aspect of the invention, the method includes the steps of receiving and transmitting bids and offers for publicly traded currencies; storing the received bids and offers and providing a complementary trade to maintain a market for such currencies.

Description

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TRADING COMMODITIES HAVING A PRINCIPAL MARKET MAKER COMPUTER

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation in part of copending U.S. Patent

Application Serial No. 08/868,200 filed June 3, 1997, the contents of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to an electronic trade exchange system and in particular to the merger of a specialist system charged with the responsibility of making a sized (designated large quantity), two-sided bid/offer market in a traditional commodities pit trading environment.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There are many different types of exchanges in existence, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT).

Generally, these exchanges provide an open market for the purchase and sale of securities and commodities. Principle or designated market makers have been employed to maintain a market in securities. The market maker maintains a market by being on the opposite side of every trade. The use of a human market maker in a securities trading environment is known. Rules pertaining to the use of a Principal Market Maker (PMM) in futures markets have also been proposed by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) to allow the use of a market maker in a commodities environment. However, these rules have not been implemented. The CME's proposed rules for its Principal Market Maker (PMM) are similar to rules written by the Chicago Board of Options

Exchange (CBOE), although adapted for exchange traded futures. A proposal for an automated specialist in a securities trading environment is known, but suggests minimum market interference by the automated specialist, as well as low inventories and limited trade participation for the automated specialist. The PMM's functions are similar to that of a market making foreign exchange bank and broker specialist. A PMM specialist continuously maintains a sized two-sided bid/offer market for its designated products. This market is of a designated minimum quantity and maximum spread, i.e., the difference between bid and offer. Also, the PMM maintains the "public order book" (collection of public customer orders to purchase or sell) with respect to the assigned products. Finally, the PMM gives priority to customer order execution over personal trading.

As compensation for the above functions, the PMM is typically entitled to participatory volume defined as the average daily pit traded volume for the preceding calendar quarter. For example, the PMM may be entitled to 40% of volume at the bid/offer price if volume is between zero and 2,500; and 35% of volume at the bid/offer price if volume is between 2,501 and 5,000. No entitlements are typically offered if volume exceeds 5,000 transactions per day. Additionally, the PMM is entitled to the retention of floor executed brokerage transactions commissions except where principal-agency conflicts of interest apply, or other arrangements have been made. The foreign exchange spot cash market facilitates the exchange of currency between two parties. The actual currency transfer generally occurs two business days following the transaction date. At the close of business of each trading day, market participants roll or swap their open spot positions forward one business day. This enables the next trading day's position to be maintained in spot terms. Eventually, future spot positions are netted against existing positions.

The CME's Rolling Spot Currency contract parallels the quoted spot or cash market with a few notable exceptions: (1 ) the exchange makes an automatic daily adjustment for the "roll" via a cash debit/credit; (2) because the trades go through the CME Clearing House, many problems associated with interbank spot transactions are eliminated; and (3) all Rolling Spot Currency contracts currently have a standard size. Thus, the CME's Rolling Spot Currency contracts combine the price convention of the interbank market with all the benefits of the CME and its existing central clearing facility. Traders do not have to pay away bid/ask spreads on daily spot rolls because the CME's roll process, called the "Daily Adjustment," is performed automatically. The need for a credit- worthiness counterparty check is eliminated because the counter-party is always the CME Clearing House. Overdraft expenses are eliminated using Rolling Spot Currency contracts because there is no need to actually make a payment or accept a delivery as in the foreign exchange (forex) markets.

Unlike regular spot transactions in the foreign exchange markets, Rolling Spot Currency trades do not tie up bank credit lines. Therefore, institutional traders can conserve their firm's credit lines for other uses. Because Rolling Spot

Currencies are a centralized exchange traded contract, these contracts allow all traders to obtain the same quotes regardless of their firm's credit rating or size. Quick access to cash flows can also be created by combining the CME's Rolling Spot Currencies with currency forwards to produce forward swap positions. In addition to freeing up credit lines, Rolling Spot Currency positions are not affected by the Bank for International Settlements' Capital Adequacy Requirement Standards.

By circumventing the tasks of funds transfer and multiple ticket writing to facilitate the roll, the CME replicates the one-day roll with a simple line entry and no deliveries. Furthermore, multiple trades transacted in the inter-bank market with several counterparties require separate ticketing for each buy and sell. The CME's Average Price System (APS) allows multiple Rolling Spot trades transacted throughout the day to be assigned an average price. The APS significantly reduces costly paperwork because the trader has the benefit of averaging all trades into single buy and sell tickets.

Previous attempts at providing an active interbank exchange traded currency market have failed. One reason that previous attempts have failed is because futures markets do not presently require nor provide the proper incentives to any trader or entity to deliver the service of a current 24-hour bid/offer and large quantity market. Failure of prior attempts to develop an interbank exchange traded currency has kept the transaction cost (the difference between bid and offer) of market participation in worldwide international currency trade very high because liquidity of the exchange traded futures market is relatively low vis-a-vis the interbank over-the-counter forex market. Futures exchange traded foreign currency trading has failed to compete with the over-the-counter-forex market. The CME's foreign currency volume has recently declined, while over-the-counter volume increased. In addition, a "second tier" of currency trading banks have recently entered the "top twenty" group of currency traders. This suggests that market growth in foreign currency trading is dynamic, not static, and represents another failure of the current methodology of exchange traded foreign currencies.

Prior attempts have also been made by exchanges to capture market share in the area of currency trading which is established between the spot

(current date transaction) and the short duration (1-14 days) of currency market derivative products. Foreign exchange average daily volume may be as high as 893 billion dollars. Two thirds of this figure may also represent forward and swap derivative transactions. These transactions represent an important untapped market for exchange traded currency products.

Another area in which exchange traded currencies have failed to compete is the area called Exchange For Physical (EFP). This area is currently a fast growing, off-exchange trade between Futures Clearing Merchants (FCM), which are analogous to brokerage houses in the securities industry. Because of the failure to provide a market maker with long term growth incentives to position itself in the market 24-hours per day, and to market and make the essential business contacts to promote its service and the exchange's products, exchange traded currencies are losing business to the EFPs. Furthermore, the EFP is another area of over-the-counter, unregulated currency trading which is developing to the detriment of world financial stability.

The greatest failure of the over-the-counter forex currency market is its inability to transfer risk in a timely, cost effective manner. The possibility of failure of one or more large currency market making banks is great because no present arena provides the vital service of efficient, cost effective risk transfer. Prior attempts at capturing flexibility in establishing new innovative currency contracts and direct marketing contacts with currency trading personnel have failed on the major futures exchanges. This failure to innovate and communicate is also exposing the world to potential currency risk because exchanges cannot provide the necessary products to limit risk. By establishing a mechanism associated with an exchange responsible for making a market at all times and charged with the responsibility of marketing that presence, the futures exchanges will be able to provide a much needed service similar to a bank, but with all the inherent advantages of cost competitiveness and regulatory safety of an exchange.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method and system for linking Rolling Spot Currency contracts with a PMM specialist program. The Rolling

Spot Currency contracts are futures contracts which in almost all aspects replicate spot currencies in the forex market. The PMM specialist program is designed to replicate an over-the-counter bank trading environment by merging the best aspects of a specialist system — a combined trader and broker, charged with the responsibility of making a sized two-sided, bid/offer market — with a traditional futures pit trading environment.

In a first aspect of the present invention, the system includes an electronic brokerage and trading network having at least one computer coupled to receive and transmit bids and offers for international currency trading; a display terminal and input; and a PMM computer coupled to the electronic brokerage and trading network wherein the PMM computer is operative to receive and transmit the bids and offers and execute international currency trades by maintaining a bid and offer market for such currencies. In a second aspect of the present invention, the system includes means for receiving a primary currency purchase order indicative of whether a currency is to be bought or sold; means for receiving a secondary currency purchase order indicative of a currency option hedge; a PMM futures computer coupled to the means for receiving the primary currency purchase order and operative to execute primary currency purchase orders and maintain a currency futures market; a PMM options computer coupled to the means for receiving the secondary currency purchase order and operative to execute secondary currency purchase orders and maintain a currency options bid and offer market; and a bi-directional communications link coupled between the futures and options computers to facilitate intermarket trading to manage risk taken in a position resulting from a trade in either market. In a third aspect of the present invention, the system includes a communications interface operative to transmit currency bids and offers from at least one financial institution; and a PMM computer coupled to the communications interface and operative to receive the currency bids and offers and execute trades to maintain a market for international currency trades.

In a fourth aspect of the present invention, the system includes an electronic brokerage and trading network having at least one computer, display terminal and input coupled to receive and transmit bids and offers; and a principal market maker computer coupled to the electronic brokerage and trading network to receive and transmit the bids and offers and execute trades by maintaining a constant bid and offer market.

A fifth aspect of the present invention involves a method of trading currencies including the steps of receiving and transiting bids and offers for publicly traded currencies; storing the received bids and offers in a memory; identifying matching bids and offers; executing the matching bids and offers; identifying unmatched bids and offers; and providing a complementary trade to maintain a market for such currencies.

A sixth aspect of the present invention involves a method of maintaining a market for publicly traded currencies including the steps of receiving a primary currency purchase order, the primary currency purchase order indicative of whether a currency is to be bought or sold; receiving a secondary currency purchase order, the secondary currency purchase order indicative of a currency option hedge; matching and executing the primary currency purchase order to maintain a currency futures market; matching and executing the secondary currency purchase order to maintain a currency options market; and providing intermarket futures and options trading to manage risk taken in a position resulting from a trade in either market.

A seventh aspect of the present invention involves a method of trading currencies including the steps of receiving currency bids and offers from at least one financial institution; storing the currency bids and offers in a memory; matching the stored bids and offers to maintain a market for the currency traded; and executing the matched trades.

An eighth aspect of the present invention involves a method of trading including the steps of receiving and transmitting bids and offers; storing the received bids and offers in a memory; identifying matching bids and offers; executing the matching bids and offers; identifying unmatched bids and offers; and providing a complementary trade to maintain a market.

Some of the benefits to be expected from the merger of the PMM specialist and Rolling Spot Currency contracts include, but are not limited to: (1) increased volume and open interest in both currency futures and currency options and, therefore, a reduction in currency transaction costs; (2) greater ability to utilize modern risk transfer techniques to reduce risk and increase person-to-person servicing and marketing in the foreign exchange market; (3) a more stable financial environment because of exchange dictated clearing considerations and regulations; and (4) the convenience of a 24-hour electronic futures market place for all currency traders and financial institutions worldwide.

The invention itself, together with further objects and attendant advantages, will be understood by reference to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 is a block diagram of one presently preferred embodiment of the PMM /Rolling Spot Currency system of the present invention.

Figure 2 is a block diagram of a more detailed illustration of the PMM/Rolling Spot Currency link of the system shown in Figure 1. Figure 3 is a block diagram of the PMM/Rolling Spot Currency Link of the present invention which illustrates trading using the electronic brokerage and trading network shown Figure 1.

Figure 4 is a flow chart of the processing that occurs inside the PMM/Rolling Spot Future computer. Figure 5 is a flow chart of the processing that occurs inside the

PMM/Rolling Spot Option computer. Figure 6 is a graphical representation of the PMM/Rolling Spot Link electronic market order routing system of the present invention.

Figure 7 is a presently preferred embodiment of an Automated Brokerage Screen for use with the PMM/Rolling Spot Link Futures Workstation of the system of the present invention.

Figure 8 is a presently preferred embodiment of a Trading and Risk Management Screen for use with the PMM/Rolling Spot Link Futures Workstation of the system of the present invention.

Figure 9 is a presently preferred embodiment of a Trading and Risk Management Screen for use with the PMM/Rolling Spot Link Options

Workstation of the system of the present invention.

Figure 10 is a presently preferred embodiment of an Automated Brokerage Screen for use with the PMM/Rolling Spot Link Options Workstation of the system of the present invention. Figure 11 is a presently preferred embodiment of a Forward Spread

Screen for use with the PMM/Rolling Spot Futures Workstation of the system of the present invention.

Figure 12 is a Stop Loss Feature Screen for use with the PMM/Rolling Spot Futures Workstation of the system of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED

EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Figure 1 is a block diagram of one presently preferred embodiment of the PMM/Rolling Spot Currency system of the present invention. Preferably, the system includes PMM computer 12; a computer 10 coupled to the PMM computer 12 for trading rolling spot currency; an electronic brokerage and trading network 14 including a plurality of electronic trading systems 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 for use primarily by professional traders such as banks, dealers and institutions; a limited access network 26 primarily for use by non- professional traders such as individuals; and a clearing facility 48 coupled to the PMM computer 12, the computer 10, the electronic brokerage and trading network 14 and the limited access network 26 to confirm and settle trades executed by the PMM computer 12. The PMM computer 12 handles the purchase and sale of currencies and is constantly charged with maintaining a currency market, i.e., sized bid/offer market. Preferably, as those skilled in the art would appreciate, computers 10 and 12 should be able to accommodate a large amount of transactions in a timely manner. The electronic trading systems Project A 16, Globex 18, Reuters 2000 20, Electronic Brokerage System ("EBS") 22, Minex 24 are well known in the art and need not be discussed in further detail herein. These systems are coupled to the PMM computer 12 to receive and transmit bids and offers for international currency trading. The PMM/Rolling Spot Currency system of the present invention facilitates numerous types of derivative currency trades. Preferably, these trades include forward spread 28, forward outright 30, currency swap 34, odd value and odd date 32, and covered interest rate arbitrage 36. The ability to transfer risk automatically and instantaneously through electronic and/or verbal communications from the PMM computer 12 to various other individual traders, or other entities, is a unique PMM/Rolling Spot Currency System feature. Unlike banks, whose only method of transferring risk is to make markets which, in many instances, contain sufficiently wide spreads (the difference between the bid and the offer) in order to minimize bank risk at customer expense, the PMM/Rolling Spot Currency System allows for risk minimization at the same time that it reduces the size of the spread between bid and offer.

Figure 2 is a block diagram of a more detailed illustration of the PMM/Rolling Spot Currency system shown in Figure 1. In particular, Figure 2 illustrates the manner in which a PMM/Rolling Spot Futures computer 33 can transfer risk associated with trades to a PMM/Rolling Spot Options computer 35. This process is called primary risk transfer. Primary risk transfer can be accomplished through the use of communications, preferably electronic communications, between a PMM/Rolling Spot Futures computer 33 and a PMM/Rolling Spot Options computer 35. Such communications preferably include wireless, telephone, touch and voice activation computer. Primary risk transfer involves inventory hedge (defense) through the use of call option (the right to buy the underlying purchase or sale) and put option (the right to sell the underlying purchase or sale). The purchase of a call option allows upside potential investment increase when a market rises, while the sale of a call option allows limited downside investment increase when the market decreases. On the other hand, the purchase of a put option allows potential upside investment increase when a market declines, while the sale of a put option allows limited upside investment increase when a market rises. Referring to Figure 2, an example of the process just described is illustrated as follows. The PMM/Rolling Spot Futures computer 33 receives a primary bank order to purchase or sell currency. The PMM/Rolling Spot Futures computer 33 promptly counters the risk associated with the futures purchase or sale by the purchase of a reciprocal amount of options from the PMM/Rolling Spot Options computer 35, thereby producing a synthetic short sale. This action neutralizes the PMM's inventory risk. Therefore, the original inventory action has been canceled. The PMM/Rolling Spot Options computer 35 transfers risk by making the appropriate transactions within the options trading crowd through terminals 32, 34, 36. These transactions disperse the risk among a multitude of traders. As shown in Figure 2, the risk can be dispersed horizontally through time spreads, vertically through volatility spreads or a combination of horizontal and vertical spreads, known as "combos" or "straddles".

Secondary risk transfer is distinguished from primary risk transfer in that a bank or other institution does not wish to purchase the underlying currency prior to entering into an options transaction. This secondary process is accomplished as follows. The PMM/Rolling Spot Options computer 35 receives a secondary bank order for an option hedge. The PMM/Rolling Spot Options computer 35 promptly transfers this risk by the purchase or sale of the appropriate amount of futures. The PMM/Rolling Spot Futures computer 33 transfers risk by making the appropriate transactions within the PMM/Rolling Spot Futures Traders 38 and the Currency Futures Traders 40. A typical example of a primary risk transfer transaction is illustrated as follows. First, the PMM/Rolling Spot Futures computer 33 receives an inventory order of 100 Rolling Spot Currency futures at a hypothetical Deutschmark price of $.6500 (DM 1.5385), basis December, which it must purchase. The PMM/Rolling Spot Futures computer 33 promptly transfers this risk by the purchase of the same amount of December $.6500 (DM1.5385), put options (the right to sell) and the sale of the same amount of December $.6500 (DM 1.5385), call options (the right to buy) producing a synthetic short sale. This action neutralizes the PMM's inventory risk. Therefore, the original inventory action has been canceled. The PMM/Rolling Spot Options computer 35 transfers risk by making the appropriate transactions within the options trading pit crowd, thereby laying off that risk and dispersing the risk among the multitude.

A typical secondary risk transfer is illustrated as follows. Assume that a bank has previous ownership of 100 Rolling Spot Currency futures and now needs to hedge its own inventory. The bank may purchase the same amount of December $.6500 (DM 1.5385), put options and sell the same amount of December $.6500 (DM 1.5385), call options, again producing a synthetic short sale. The bank has now transferred or neutralized its risk. The PMM/Rolling Spot Options computer 35 will be able to transfer the risk which it just assumed in the following manner. The first transfer mode would be the inverse of the primary risk transfer. For instance, if the PMM/Rolling Spot Options computer 35 inventories 100 December $.6500 (DM 1.5385), calls, it may sell 100 December $.6500 (DM 1.5385), put options and the corresponding amount of Rolling Spot Currency futures from the PMM/Rolling

Spot Futures computer 33. This will neutralize the PMM/Rolling Spot Options computer 35 risk.

A second mode of risk transfer for the PMM/Rolling Spot Options computer 35 is transfer of risk into the options pit trading crowd. At this point, the risk can be dispersed horizontally through time spreads, vertically through volatility spreads or a combination of horizontal and vertical spreads. The ultimate product of its risk transfer product is always the same — enabling the PMM computers 33, 35 to make 24-hour markets in a risk minimum exchange traded environment — something never before accomplished.

Unique to creating an exchange traded forex market by linking the PMM computer 12 (Fig. 1) and Rolling Spot Currencies, is the ability to offer a reliable electronic 24-hour exchange(s) traded market with current bid/offer, offer quotes and size. With this exchange traded market maker function, a 24-hour exchange electronic traded banking market — a forex bank and institutional trading market — is now possible. This electronic traded banking market can be accomplished by forming an exchange of non-equity owning banks and other qualified financial institutions which would have electronic linkage to the exchange traded forex markets of the rolling spot and other derivative currencies. These non-equity members preferably would have the ability to execute their transactions at member exchange rates, electronically as any other member of the exchange(s) would have. The major difference between the electronic market and full exchange privilege would be that electronic market participants would only have the electronic ability to access the exchange trading PMM computer 12 directly and not have physical access to the exchange trading floor. This does not present an obstacle because most banks do not want the cost or responsibility of accessing the exchange floor directly. They simply would like the opportunity to trade competitively and at a very low cost.

Figure 3 is a block diagram of the PMM /Rolling Spot Currency System of the present invention which illustrates trading using the electronic brokerage and trading network 14 shown in Figure 1. The electronic brokerage and trading network 14 allows remote terminal trading between financial institutions. Preferably, a remote terminal 42 located at a financial institution receives customer orders and queues them by time received and price. These requests remain in the system until matched or withdrawn. The remote terminal 42 accesses PMM computer 44, preferably via modem, to obtain required bid, offer and quantity markets information. The

PMM computer 44 displays last trades and quantity on its screen for information purposes of computing risk transfer information. The financial institution, via remote terminal 42, can match the bid or offer based on stored customer requests. If a trade is completed to the PMM computer 44 inventory, the PMM computer 44 will automatically transfer the risk assumed in the trade by transmitting to the PMM Options computer 46 a request to purchase the same amount of put options or sell the same amount of call options, thereby producing a synthetic short sale as described above. A clearing firm 48 receives confirmation of the trade after its screen (not shown) displays printed transaction record and customer accounts are settled. Finally, a clearing system 50 matches and settles the trades. Figures 4 and 5 are flow charts of the processing that occurs inside the

PMM/Rolling Spot Futures computer 33 and PMM/Rolling Spot Options computer 35, respectively. In Figure 4, a host routing routine 41 sends orders to the PMM Futures computer 33 in order of time of receipt. The PMM Futures computer 33 then decides whether a trade will be executed. If a trade will not be executed, the PMM Futures computer 33 queues the bid or offer in order of time of receipt and price and updates the video display to reflect the bid or offer. If a trade will be executed, depending on whether the order is a bid or an offer, the PMM Futures computer 33 adds or subtracts the corresponding currency from its inventory, updates the video display (not shown) accordingly and transmits to the PMM/Rolling Spot Options computer 35 to transfer the risk associated with the trade.

In Figure 5, the PMM/Rolling Spot Options computer 35 receives a transmission from the PMM/Rolling Spot Futures computer 33. The PMM Options computer 35 decides whether a trade will be executed. If a trade will not be executed, the PMM Options computer 35 queues the bid or offer in order of time of receipt and price and updates the video display to reflect the bid or offer. If a trade will be executed, depending on whether the order is a bid or an offer, the PMM Options computer 35 adds or subtracts currencies from the PMM inventory and updates the video display (not shown) accordingly. The PMM/Rolling Spot Options computer 35 transfers the risk associated with the trade by making the appropriate transactions within the options trading crowd through terminals 32, 34, 36. Figures 6-8 provide implementation views of the PMM/Rolling Spot Link Workstation functions of the present invention. Figure 6 shows a preferred embodiment of the PMM/Rolling Spot Link electronic market order routing system. In Figure 6, the best inside markets 54, 56, 58, 60, 62 (highest bid and lowest offer) from the various electronic trading systems 16,

18, 20, 22 and 24 of Figure 1 are communicated into the display field of screen 52. This information is stored by the PMM/Rolling Spot Link Workstation 33, 35 to produce the best overall inside market 64. This information is also transferred to the PMM/Rolling Spot Link Automated Brokerage Screen 68 as shown in Figure 7.

In the current example, only one customer order is featured because all other customer orders are away from the market (above and below the market). The featured market is a sale of 35 March Deutschmark Rolling Spot at a price of DM 1.5385, ($.6500). The screen 68 shown in Figure 7 features a touch activated order fill device 70 which automatically divides the quantity of the trade among participating traders.

Figure 8 shows a preferred embodiment of the PMM/Rolling Spot Link Workstation Trading and Risk Management Screen 72. In the current example, the PMM computer 12 (Fig. 1) has assumed the responsibility to make liquid markets by increasing the bid. The original bid was DM 1.5384,

($.6500) as displayed in the PMM Market Quote Screen 74. However, the PMM computer 12 took the customer order one pip (one unit of currency movement) higher to facilitate the trade. Because there was also local participation at the same price, the PMM computer 12 received its mandated allowance for this trade of between 30% and 40% in accordance with the

CME's proposed rules as previously described herein.

The Inventory (Change) Screen 76 and Inventory Delta Screen 78 allow the inventory position and risk to be known at all times. The Inventory (Change) screen 76 can be altered preferably by the use of a pointing device (not shown) and keyboard (not shown). The Inventory Delta Screen 78 has a color graphic feature which enables the PMM computer 12 to quickly understand the inventory risk position. The PMM Risk Transfer Screen 80 is connected to the most commonly used floor brokers in the "options crowd" for PMM risk transfer at rapid rates. In the current example, the PMM computer 12 wishes to execute a "Conversion" (perfect hedge) to eliminate market risk and take advantage of time premium decay. (The amount an option would command if it were exercised immediately is termed its intrinsic value. However, options always trade above intrinsic value until the time of exercise at which time the option will trade at only its intrinsic value. The difference between the value of the option above intrinsic value and that value at exercise is known as time decay.) The trade is initiated preferably using a pointing device (not shown) and keyboard (not shown). This sets the amount of the specific product to purchase or sell. The trade button 82 is activated and the trade request is set to the PMM/Rolling Spot Options Workstation 33, 35 for execution. This action minimizes the PMM computer's 12 risk, heretofore, unavailable to any interbank trader.

Figures 9 and 10 show preferred embodiments of the PMM/Rolling Spot Link Options Workstation Trading and Risk Management Screen 72 and the Automated Brokerage Screen 68, respectively. These screens 68, 72 are similar to the screens discussed above with the exception that they convey options information and are used for the PMM options computer 35 rather than the PMM futures computer 33.

Exchange traded currency contracts are standardized contracts which have specific delivery dates. These delivery dates may be, for instance, the third Friday of March, June, September and December. There may be more delivery dates than these, of course. Spreading is the concept whereby a certain number of contracts of, for instance, March are purchased (DM6321) while the exact number of contracts of June are sold (DM6351). The difference between the value of the contracts (30) is called a forward spread. It can be entered into in the same manner as an outright purchase. If the trader sells the spread for thirty and later sells the March contract and buys the June contract (a reversal of the initial trade - a purchase of the spread) at (40), the trader loses ten points on the trade. On the other hand, if the spread is bought at (20) the trader profits from ten points of equity.

The PMM computer 12 can automatically process spread trades. First, the bids, offers and trades of the Primary PMM computer 12 will be processed in the manner described above (see Fig. 8). Referring to Fig. 11 , a second screen 90 on the same computer page can be called up to show either a second contract market that is being made by the same PMM computer 12 (in this case, June) or if by another PMM computer 12 assigned to make a market specific to the June. A third screen 92 on the same computer page will contain the actual values 94 of the difference between the March 96 and

June 98 contract. In this way three markets may actually be traded from one page.

A stop loss risk management tool, which terminates the inventory of losing positions, is also contemplated. A key feature of futures trading is the high level of financial leverage or risk. It is industry gospel that a trader that buys at the bid and sells at the offer of most or all trades will prosper. This can be achieved because buying at the bid and selling at the offer gives the trader the "edge." With the edge, the trader more likely than not will have winning trades. Unfortunately, not all trades are winning. In fact, some trades can be devastating. It is the stop loss feature that controls the number of repetitions and magnitude (dollar loss) of unprofitable trades. That is why disciplined traders usually use stop losses.

Referring to Fig. 12, the PMM Computer 12 includes a three screen page that looks like the other PMM computer pages (see Fig. 8). The first screen 100 illustrates the PMM Market Quote Screen. The second screen

102 features the number of units of loss 104 the trader will endure. This loss unit 104 is preferrably tallied in increments commonly called "PIPs" in the currency trading pits. The trader will key in the units of loss 104 that is targeted. In Fig. 12, 10,9,8 are used in ascending and descending order, as an example. The trader may incur any loss in whatever fashion that he wishes. Therefore, any order and size of loss may be keyed into the PMM computer 12. In the third screen 106, a total value screen is used to automatically compute the loss and is an added risk management feature for the convenience of the trader. The computation is the number of units of loss 108 in PIPs times the number of contracts held. This will equal the total value of the loss 108 to the trader. The PMM/Rolling Spot System of the present invention provides several advantages. The System provides exchange floor traders, brokers and customers with an ongoing market for trade layoff, both profitable and otherwise. Traders, either in futures and options via a spread, or in the Rolling Spot, will be able to stop unprofitable positions based on the knowledge that a sized bid at or below, or sized offer at or above, their trade exists. This element of the PMM/Rolling Spot System will increase trader willingness to increase trading activity — trade and take larger positions — even during market cycles when currency volatility may be high.

Increased "floor trader activity" will encourage growing volume and open interest in currency futures. It will also increase the open interest distribution in the currency products. Unlike other successful futures products, currency products do not produce significant open interest beyond the first expiration month. Many forex market transactions are now occurring at durations of less than fourteen days. A PMM/Rolling Spot Currency System will exploit this vast marketing terrain where present products do not and provide a needed public service. Since significant forex activity takes place between the current date and the first fourteen days, exchange open interest will accumulate in this area and give exchange traded currency products a wider subsequent participation and that participation will reduce transaction costs of all currency trades.

A unique feature of the PMM/Rolling Spot Currency System is the ability to have a heretofore over-the-counter unregulated trading concept, regulated within the rules of an exchange(s) and the various domestic regulatory agencies governing those exchanges, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodities Futures Trading Commission.

This is a powerful concept because regulation will add safety to the world currency markets. It is to the advantage of the world currency trading community, both cost-wise and time-wise, to utilize the existing exchange regulatory framework rather than create a new set of regulations in the over- the-counter forex market.

Also, unique to this invention, is its ability to mandate that the Principal Market Maker computer maintain business contacts throughout the trading community. This direct marketing approach by a recognizable market maker that is required to provide constant 24-hour international currency trading, is in direct contrast to the generally accepted exchange(s) practices of passive exchange generated marketing and will provide the trading community with much needed exchange contacts.

As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the system described herein should accommodate a plurality of markets such as, for example, interest rate, agricultural commodities, etc. The system should also accommodate a plurality of information vendors such as Dow-Jones Telerate. Thus, it is to be understood that the foregoing detailed description is illustrative rather than limiting and it is the following claims, including all equivalents, which are intended to define the scope of the invention.

Claims

I CLAIM:

1. A system for trading commodities futures, comprising: an electronic brokerage and trading network operative to receive and transmit bids and offers for trading commodities futures; and a principal market maker computer coupled to the electronic brokerage and trading network, the principal market maker computer operative to automatically maintain a constant bid and offer market for a commodity future and to receive and transmit unmatched bids and offers and supply and execute a matching trade for such commodity future.

2. The system defined in claim 1 , further comprising a clearing facility for processing trades executed by the principal market maker computer.

3. The system defined in claim 1 , further comprising means for allowing forward spread trades.

4. The system defined in claim 1 , further comprising means for allowing forward outright trades.

5. The system defined in claim 1 , further comprising means for allowing trade swaps.

6. The system defined in claim 1 , further comprising means for allowing odd value and odd date trades.

7. The system defined in claim 1 , further comprising means for allowing covered interest rate arbitrage.

8. The system defined in claim 1 , wherein the network includes a Project A trading system.

9. The system defined in claim 1 , wherein the network includes a

Globex trading system.

10. The system defined in claim 1 , wherein the network includes a Rueters 2000 trading system.

11. The system defined in claim 1 , wherein the network includes an EBS trading system.

12. The system defined in claim 1 , wherein the network includes a

Minex trading system.

13. The system defined in claim 1 , wherein spot and derived commodities are traded over the system.

14. An electronic market for trading commodities, comprising: a communications interface operative to transmit commodity bids and offers from at least one financial institution; and a principal market maker computer coupled to the communications interface, the principal market maker computer operative to automatically maintain a constant bid and offer market for the commodity and to receive and transmit unmatched commodity bids and offers, and supply and execute a matching trade.

15. The electronic market defined in claim 14 further comprising a clearing facility coupled to the principal market maker computer, the clearing facility operative to confirm and settle trades executed by the principal market maker computer.

16. A system for trading commodities futures, comprising: an electronic brokerage and trading network operative to receive and transmit bids and offers of a commodity future; and a principal maker computer coupled to the electronic brokerage and trading network, the principal market maker computer operative to automatically maintain a constant bid and offer market for a commodity future and to automatically update the maintained constant bid and offer.

17. A computerized method having a principal market maker computer for trading commodities, comprising the steps of: receiving and transmitting bids and offers for publicly traded commodities; storing the received bids and offers in a memory; identifying unmatched stored bids and offers; and automatically providing a complementary trade to maintain a market for such commodities.

18. The method of claim 17 further comprising the step of confirming and settling matching bids and offers.

19. The method of claim 17 further comprising the step of confirming and settling a trade.

20. The method defined in claim 17, further comprising the step of identifying matching bids and offers.

21. The method defined in claim 20, further comprising the step of executing the matching bids and offers.

22. A computerized method having a principal market maker computer operative to receive currency bids and offers for trading currency futures comprising the steps of: receiving currency futures bids and offers at the principal market maker computer from at least one financial institution; storing the currency futures bids and offers in a memory; matching unmatched stored bids and offers; automatically maintaining a constant bid and offer market for the currency futures traded; and supplying and executing matching trades.

23. The method of claim 22 further comprising the step of confirming and settling matched trades.

24. A computerized method having a principal market maker computer operative to receive and transmit bids and offers for trading a commodity comprising the steps of: receiving and transmitting bids and offers; storing the received bids and offers in a memory; identifying the unmatched bids and offers; and automatically executing a complementary trade to maintain a constant bid and offer market for the commodity.

25. The method defined in claim 24, further comprising the step of identifying matching bids and offers.

26. The method defined in claim 25, further comprising the step of executing the matching bids and offers.

AMENDED CLAIMS

[received by the International Bureau on 01 December 2000 (01.12.00); new claims 27 - 44 added; other claims unchanged (4 pages)]

27. A method having a principal market maker for trading commodities, comprising the steps of: receiving and transmitting bids and offers for publicly traded commodities; recording the received bids and offers; identifying unmatched bids and offers; matching unmatched bids and offers: and maintaining a bid and offer market for such commodities by supplying and executing matching trades.

28. The method defined in claim 27 further comprising the step of confirming and settling matching bids and offers.

29. The method defined in claim 27 further comprising the step of confirming and settling a trade.

30. The method defined in claim 27, further comprising the step of identifying matching bids and offers.

23

AMENDED SHEET (AhTICLE 19)

31. The method defined in claim 30, further comprising the step of executing the matching bids and offers.

32. A method having a principal market maker to receive currency bids and offers for trading currency futures, comprising the steps of: receiving currency future bids and offers; recording the currency future bids and offers; matching unmatched bids and offers; maintaining a bid and offer market for the currency future traded; and supplying and executing matching trades.

33. The method defined in claim 32 further comprising the step of confirming and settling matched trades.

34. The method defined in claim 32, wherein a trade comprises a forward spread trade.

35. The method defined in claim 32, wherein a trade comprises a forward outright trade.

36. The method defined in claim 32, wherein a trade comprises a currency swap trade.

37. The method defined in claim 32, wherein a trade comprises odd value and odd date trades.

38. The method defined in claim 32, wherein a trade comprises covered interest rate arbitrage.

39. A method having a principal market maker for trading commodity futures, comprising the steps of: receiving and transmitting bids and offers for a publicly traded commodity future; recording the received bids and offers; identifying the unmatched bids and offers; matching unmatched bids and offers; and maintaining a bid and offer market for a commodity future by supplying and executing matching trades.

40. The method defined in claim 39, further comprising the step of identifying matching bids and offers.

41. The method defined in claim 40, further comprising the step of executing the matching bids and offers.

42. A method having a principal market maker for maintaining a market for publicly traded commodity futures, comprising the steps of: maintaining a bid and offer market for a publicly traded commodity future; receiving primary commodity futures purchase and sale trades and orders, the primary commodity futures purchase and sale trades and orders indicative of whether a commodity future is to be bought or sold; receiving secondary commodity futures purchase and sale trades and orders, the secondary commodity futures purchase and sale trades and orders, indicative of a commodity futures options hedge; matching and executing primary commodity futures purchase and sale trades and orders to maintain a commodity futures market; matching and executing secondary commodity futures purchase and sale trades and orders to maintain a commodity futures options market; and providing intermarket futures and options trading to manage risk taken in a position resulting from a trade in either market.

43. A method having a principal market maker for maintaining a market for publicly traded currency futures, comprising the steps of: maintaining a bid and offer market for a publicly traded commodity future; receiving primary currency futures purchase and sale trades and orders, the primary currency futures purchase and sale trades and orders indicative of whether a currency future is to be bought and sold; receiving secondary currency futures purchase and sale trades and orders, the secondary currency futures purchase and sale order indicative of an outright option purchase and sale; matching and executing the primary currency futures purchase and sale trades and orders to maintain a currency futures market; matching and executing the secondary currency futures purchase and sale trades and orders to maintain a currency futures options market; and providing intermarket futures and options trading to manage risk taken in a position resulting from a trade in either market.

44. A method having a principal market maker for trading deri vatives and derivative futures, comprising the steps of: receiving and transmitting bids and offers for publicly traded derivatives and derivative futures; recording the received bids and offers; identifying unmatched bids and offers; matching unmatched bids and offers; and maintaining a bid and offer market for such derivatives and derivative futures by supplying and executing matching trades.

26 AMENDED SHEET (ARTICLE 19J