WO1998000573A1 - Tole d'acier au carbone antirouille pour reservoir a carburant presentant une bonne etancheite aux gaz lors du soudage et de bonnes proprietes anticorrosion apres formage - Google Patents
Tole d'acier au carbone antirouille pour reservoir a carburant presentant une bonne etancheite aux gaz lors du soudage et de bonnes proprietes anticorrosion apres formage Download PDFInfo
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- WO1998000573A1 WO1998000573A1 PCT/JP1997/002275 JP9702275W WO9800573A1 WO 1998000573 A1 WO1998000573 A1 WO 1998000573A1 JP 9702275 W JP9702275 W JP 9702275W WO 9800573 A1 WO9800573 A1 WO 9800573A1
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- steel sheet
- plating
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- unavoidable impurities
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/14—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
- C23C28/321—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer with at least one metal alloy layer
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/14—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to metal, e.g. car bodies
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
- B32B15/012—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of aluminium or an aluminium alloy
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
- B32B15/013—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium
- B32B15/015—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium the said other metal being copper or nickel or an alloy thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/004—Very low carbon steels, i.e. having a carbon content of less than 0,01%
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/04—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the coating material
- C23C2/12—Aluminium or alloys based thereon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/26—After-treatment
- C23C2/261—After-treatment in a gas atmosphere, e.g. inert or reducing atmosphere
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/345—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer
- C23C28/3455—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer with a refractory ceramic layer, e.g. refractory metal oxide, ZrO2, rare earth oxides or a thermal barrier system comprising at least one refractory oxide layer
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K15/00—Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
- B60K15/03—Fuel tanks
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
- Y10T428/12556—Organic component
- Y10T428/12569—Synthetic resin
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
- Y10T428/1275—Next to Group VIII or IB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12757—Fe
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
- Y10T428/12764—Next to Al-base component
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12951—Fe-base component
- Y10T428/12958—Next to Fe-base component
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12951—Fe-base component
- Y10T428/12972—Containing 0.01-1.7% carbon [i.e., steel]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
- Y10T428/263—Coating layer not in excess of 5 mils thick or equivalent
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T428/27—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified weight per unit area [e.g., gms/sq cm, lbs/sq ft, etc.]
- Y10T428/273—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified weight per unit area [e.g., gms/sq cm, lbs/sq ft, etc.] of coating
Definitions
- the present invention provides a steel sheet for a fuel tank of an automobile, which has both excellent welding airtightness and corrosion resistance after molding.
- Vehicle fuel tanks are usually designed last, according to the design of the bodywork, and their shape has become increasingly complex in recent years.
- the materials used for these fuel tanks are required to have extremely good deep drawing properties and to be free from cracks due to impact after molding. You.
- a Pb-Sn alloy-plated steel sheet Japanese Patent Publication No. 57-61833
- This material has stable chemical properties against gasoline, and has excellent press moldability due to its excellent lubricity.
- Aluminum has a stable oxidized skin on its surface Since the film is formed, it has good corrosion resistance to gasoline and other organic acids generated when alcohol, gasoline, or the like is deteriorated.
- the aluminum-plated steel sheet does not have an aluminum-plated layer because it is an extremely hard Fe-A1-Si intermetallic compound layer (hereinafter referred to as an alloy layer) generated at the interface between the coating layer and the steel sheet. The material is lower than the one. For this reason, cracks occur due to severe processing.
- the present invention does not use Pb, has excellent corrosion resistance in an organic acid environment, and is expected to increase in the tank manufacturing process in the future.
- a new fuel tank that has excellent press workability enough to withstand the expected severe pressing conditions, does not deteriorate the airtightness of the welded part, and also has corrosion resistance to organic acids after molding. It is intended to provide steel sheets for industrial use.
- the present invention first optimizes the steel composition in order to secure the airtightness of the welded part, and specifically achieves significant performance improvement by limiting the amount of P in steel and adding B. did.
- the present applicant has disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 60-165366 a molten aluminum-coated steel sheet in which 30 ppm or less of B is added to steel. Disclosed are molten aluminum-plated steel sheets containing up to 01% added, but these inventions aim at high-temperature strength or oxidation resistance at high temperatures, and the addition of B was also for these reasons. Also, its use was naturally intended for high-temperature environments such as automotive exhaust system materials. In contrast, the present invention has found that optimizing the amounts of P and B in steel has a great effect on the improvement of welding airtightness, which is an essential property as a fuel tank material. Things.
- the main corrosive component of the fuel tank's internal environment is formic acid, which is formed by the decomposition of fuel. Corrosion of the base material starts from the cracks in the plating and alloy layers, corrosion progresses at the interface between the base material and the alloy layer, and the plating gradually rises from the base material, leading to complete corrosion. . The corrosion progresses at the interface between the base material and the alloy layer because the potential of the alloy layer is more noble than that of the base material in the presence of formic acid, and the base material corrosion near the alloy layer is accelerated.
- the present invention provides the following two types of solutions.
- One is to reduce the occurrence of cracks in aluminum-plated steel sheets with high total elongation, based on the new knowledge that cracking is suppressed. It is.
- the potential difference between the alloy layer and the base metal measured at 20 ° C in an environment of formic acid 10 Oppm and residual moisture is less than 0.35 V steel components and It is intended to control the progress of corrosion even if an alloy layer crack occurs by optimizing the corrosion components.
- the control of the potential of the alloy layer and the base metal can be performed by adjusting the steel composition and the plating bath composition, or by performing pre-plating before melting. It is possible to add Cr to the steel surface, apply Cr pre-plating to the surface of the steel, use a clad steel, or add Zn or the like to the plating bath.
- the gist of the present invention is as follows.
- C 0.01% or less, S 0.2% or less, Mn: less than 0.6%, P: 0.04% or less, acid soluble A1: 0.1% or less, N: 0.01% or less, Ti, Nb 1 or 2 or more kinds in total (C + N) atomic equivalent or more and 0.2% or less, B: 0.0003 to 0.0030%, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities, the weight% Containing 2 to 13% of Si and remaining
- a fuel tank steel sheet for fuel tanks characterized in that its part has a coating layer composed of Al and unavoidable impurities, and is excellent in welding airtightness and corrosion resistance after molding.
- C 0.003% or less, S 0.1% or less, Mn: 0.4% or less, P: 0.02% or less, acid soluble A1: 0.1% or less, N: 0.01% or less, 1 of Ti, Nb Species or two or more in total of (C + N) atomic equivalent or more and 0.2% or less, B: 0.0003-0.0030%, the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities on the surface of steel sheet A steel sheet containing 2 to 13% of Si and having a coating layer composed of A1 and unavoidable impurities, with the balance being A1 and unavoidable impurities.
- the fuel tank according to any one of (1) to (4) characterized by containing at least one or two or more of 0.05 to 0.5%, and having excellent welding airtightness and corrosion resistance after molding. Steel sheet for link.
- the fuel tank according to any one of (1) to (5) which has an adhesion amount of the aluminum-based coating layer of 50 g Zm 2 or less per side, and has excellent welding airtightness and corrosion resistance after molding. Steel sheet for link.
- An A1-Fe-Si based intermetallic compound layer is provided on the surface of the original plate for plating, and a plating layer comprising A1 and unavoidable impurities is provided on the surface of the original plate and contains lOOppm formic acid.
- the difference in immersion potential between the original plate for plating and the intermetallic compound layer when the remainder is immersed in a solution composed of water and unavoidable impurities is 0.35 V or less, and is characterized by welding airtightness and molding.
- Post corrosion resistance Excellent fuel-resistant steel plate for fuel tanks.
- A1 The composition of the Si-based plating layer is 2% to 13% by weight of Si, 0.5 to 5% in total of one or more of Sn, Zn, Sb, and Bi, and the balance
- At least the surface of one of the aluminum-based coating layer may, you characterized that you have a click Lome one preparative process layer of the single-sided person or 5 ⁇ 100 mg / m 2 of Cr in terms of (1) -
- the steel sheet has a high deep drawability that can be processed into a complicated shape such as a fuel tank.
- the content be 0.003% or less, more preferably 0.0018% or less.
- Si has a strong affinity for oxygen and easily forms a stable oxide film on the surface during the process of melting aluminum. When an oxide film is formed, it inhibits the A1-Fe reaction in the plating bath and is called non-plating during aluminum plating. It becomes easier to form plating defects.
- this element is also an element that hardens a steel sheet, it is preferable that the steel sheet requiring high formability as in the present invention has a small amount of 0.2% or less, more preferably 0.1% or less. More preferably, it is 0.03% or less.
- Mn is an element effective in increasing the strength of a steel sheet, but the present invention aims at a soft steel sheet, and a smaller amount is preferred. If Mn exceeds 0.6%, it is difficult to harden the steel to produce a steel sheet with high ductility, so Mn is set to less than 0.6%, preferably to less than 0.4%. More preferably, it is less than 0.3%.
- P is an element that segregates the grain boundaries and makes the grain boundaries brittle, and is also an element that inhibits the ductility of the steel sheet. Although the reason is not clear, it also has a large effect on the weld hermeticity. If more than 0.04% is added, even if B is added, the weld hermeticity is greatly deteriorated. Therefore, in the present invention, it is limited to 0.04% or less.
- the desirable amount for obtaining a more stable weld tightness is 0.02% or less, and more desirably 0.01% or less.
- N For the same reason as for C, it is preferable that N is small. From the viewpoint of ensuring formability, the upper limit of N is set to 0.01%, preferably 0.006% or less.
- Ti, Nb This element is known as an element that fixes C and N, and a steel sheet that fixes C and N with these elements and substantially eliminates solute C and N is known as IF steel.
- IF steel is not only soft but also excellent in deep drawability.
- Ti is added for this purpose. It is desirable that the amount added be equal to or more than the atomic equivalent of (C + N), but when the amounts of C and N are very small, the amount of Ti may be at the impurity level. Therefore, no lower limit is set. If the amount is too large, the effect is saturated, and Ti is an element that promotes the A1-Fe reaction. If the amount is too large, the alloy layer tends to become thicker, which tends to impair the workability of the steel sheet. Therefore the upper limit 0.2%. However, since Nb is an element that raises the recrystallization temperature, it is desirable to use Ti together.
- A1 is an element that has a strong affinity for oxygen like Si, and tends to make molten aluminum deposition difficult. Also as the acid-soluble A1 to inhibit steel sheet formability to form A1 2 0 3 based inclusions to zero.]% Or less. Although there is no particular lower limit, it is preferable to add a small amount in order to suppress the generation of surface defects due to Ti oxide, and a preferable addition range is 0.01 to 0.05%.
- B In the present invention, it is an important element for ensuring the welding airtightness. It is known to improve secondary workability and fatigue strength when B is subjected to external force again after deep drawing, but the present inventors also added welding after aluminum plating. It has been found that the crystal structure of the welded part is modified and the airtightness of the welded part is dramatically improved. To exert this effect, 0.0001% or more is required, and the addition of B naturally has an effect on secondary workability and fatigue strength. To obtain stable performance, 0.0003% (3 ppm) or more is desirable. However, if the addition amount is too large, the hot strength becomes too high and the hot rollability decreases. Therefore, the upper limit is set to 0.0030%.
- Cr is an element that increases the electric potential of the steel sheet, and the addition of this element can reduce the electric potential difference between the alloy layer and the original sheet. To achieve this effect, Cr must be 0.5% or more, and if the Cr content exceeds 7%, the surface concentration of the Cr-based oxide becomes remarkable in the melting process, which is a problem with ordinary processes. It becomes difficult. Therefore, this value is set as the upper limit.
- Cu, Ni, Mo These elements can be added as needed.
- Cu, Ni, and Mo are elements that contribute to improving corrosion resistance, and Ni and Mo in particular improve pitting corrosion resistance. To achieve these effects, Cu, Ni, and Mo must be added in an amount of 0.05% or more. There is a concern that it will cause the generation of scalp flaws. Since the effect is saturated even if Ni and Mo are added excessively, the upper limit concentration is set to 0.5% (Cu, Ni, Mo).
- the alloy layer formed by the fusion of the molten aluminum is very hard and brittle, so that it tends to be a starting point of fracture, and also impairs the ductility of the steel sheet itself.
- the ductility of the steel sheet is reduced by about 2 to 5 points (2 to 5%) even in a normal alloy layer of about 2 to 3 zm. Therefore, the thinner the alloy layer, the more advantageous it is for processing.
- Si is not added in an amount of 2% or more, the effect of reducing the alloy layer is small, and if it exceeds 13%, the effect is saturated and, in addition, Si is easily electrochemically used as a cathode. An increase in this leads to deterioration of the corrosion resistance of the plating layer. For this reason, the amount of Si is limited to 2 to 13%.
- the corrosion resistance increases and the plating adhesion and weldability tend to deteriorate.
- the weight be 50 g / m 2 or less per side.
- the thickness of the alloy layer is preferably thinner, as described above, because it adversely affects the ductility of the aluminum-plated steel sheet.
- the post-plating process may include chromate treatment for primary promotion, temper rolling for adjusting the surface condition and material, and resin coating for imparting lubricity.
- a chromate film after plating examples include an inorganic type and a type containing an organic substance, and a treatment method includes a coating method and a reaction method, and any of them may be a known one.
- the chromate treatment mainly improves the weldability and, of course, the corrosion resistance. Adhesion amount of click Lome one Bok at this time, and per side 5 ⁇ l OOmgZ m 2 in C r terms. If it is less than 5 mg / m 2 with respect to weldability effect rather small, also the effects 1 00mg / m 2 or more is Ukara want saturated. Further, it is desirable to apply a resin film on the outermost surface.
- This resin film contributes to lubricity, suppression of the reaction between the electrode and steel plate during resistance welding, etc., and improves the performance of formability and weldability, etc., and gives excellent performance as a fuel tank overall .
- the organic film may be directly provided on the steel sheet, or chromate may be added to the organic film.
- the potential difference between the alloy layer and the original plate is 0.35 V or less.
- the measurement environment is preferably an environment containing formic acid that is close to the corrosive environment in the actual fuel tank.In this environment, the conventional aluminum-plated steel sheet had a potential difference of about 0.4 V However, in this case, as described above, corrosion tends to progress between the alloy layer and the original plate. If the potential difference is small, the progress of corrosion will be slight even if there are cracks in the plating layer and alloy layer. If the potential difference is within this range, it does not matter which of the alloy layer and the original plate is noble, but in practice, it is unlikely that the alloy layer will be lower.
- the plating is Al-Si system, and Sn, Zn, Sb, and Bi are added in a total amount of 0.5 to 5%. You can. All of these elements are mixed into the alloy layer and lower the potential of this layer. The effect appears when a total of 0.5% or more is added. The upper limit is set to 5% because too much addition impairs the corrosion resistance of the plating layer.
- a normal method will be used to manufacture the steel sheet.
- the steel composition is adjusted and melted by, for example, a converter-vacuum degassing process, and the steel slab is manufactured by a continuous sintering method or the like and hot-rolled.
- the conditions of hot rolling followed by cold rolling affect the deep drawability of the steel sheet.
- the heating temperature during hot rolling is as low as about 1150 ° C
- the finishing temperature of hot rolling is as low as about 800 ° C
- the winding temperature is 600 ° C.
- the rolling reduction of cold rolling should be as high as about 80%.
- the steel shown in Table 1 was melted by ordinary converter-vacuum degassing to form a steel slab, then heated at 1130 to 1170 ° C, finished at 870 to 920 ° C, and wound at 600 to 630 ° C. Then, cold rolling was performed at a cold rolling rate of about 80% to obtain a 0.8 mm thick cold rolled steel strip. For some materials, the hot rolling conditions were adjusted so that they would not elongate more. Using these as materials, we performed molten aluminum plating. Molten aluminum was installed on a non-oxidizing furnace-reduction furnace type line, and annealing was also performed inside this line. The annealing temperature was set at 800 to 850 ° C.
- the plating thickness was adjusted to about 60 g / m 2 on both sides by the gas wiping method.
- the plating temperature at this time was 660 ° C, and Si was added to A1 as the plating bath composition.
- Fe as an impurity may be mixed in from the strip of the plating equipment in the bath.
- Table 2 shows the plating conditions and the performance evaluation results according to the evaluation method shown below.
- JIS Z2241 a tensile test was performed on a JIS No. 5 test piece, and the total elongation was measured.
- a forming test was performed with a drawing ratio of 2.4 using a cylindrical punch with a diameter of 50.
- the screen suppressing pressure was set at 500 kg, and the formability was evaluated according to the following index.
- a die with a hydraulic bead was attached to the tensile tester, and the bead was pulled out while holding the plate with hydraulic pressure.
- the beads are 4 nm in diameter, semicircular, and have a pressure of 600 kgf.
- the sample from which the bead was extracted in this way was sealed in a glass container together with the fuel, and the corrosion resistance was evaluated.
- the test solution was gasoline + distilled water 10% + formic acid 200 ⁇ , the period was 3 months, and the temperature was room temperature. The corrosion state after the test was visually observed.
- the cold-rolled steel strip having the components shown in Table 1 of Example 1 was used as a base plate to perform molten aluminum plating.
- the conditions for the deposition of the molten aluminum were the same as in Example 1.
- in dark Kino component A l- 9. 4% S i plating-out adhesion amount sided uniform was varied 50 ⁇ 120 g / m 2 on both sides.
- a part of the manufactured aluminum-plated steel plate was subjected to chromate treatment of chromic acid-silica sol-phosphate-organic resin system, and a part of it was coated with an epoxy resin film.
- the performance of these materials as fuel tanks was evaluated in terms of weldability, in addition to the same method as in Example 1.
- Table 3 shows the coating composition and performance evaluation results.
- the adhesion amount is the value on both sides
- the film thickness is the value per one side.
- the steels shown in Table 4 were melted by ordinary converter-vacuum degassing and turned into steel slabs, which were then subjected to hot rolling and cold rolling under normal conditions to obtain cold rolled steel sheets (thickness 0). .8 mm). Using this as a material, a molten aluminum plating was performed.
- the non-oxidizing furnace-reduction furnace type line was used for the molten aluminum plating, and the annealing was also performed in this molten plating line.
- the annealing temperature was set at 800 to 850 ° C. After plating, the plating thickness was adjusted to about 60 g / m on both sides by gas wiping.
- the plating temperature at this time was 660 ° C
- the plating bath composition was basically A 1-2% Fe, and Si was added to this.
- the Fe in this bath is supplied from the plating equipment in the bath.
- the performance of the aluminum-plated steel sheet produced in this way as a fuel tank was evaluated. Table 5 shows the plating conditions and performance evaluation results, using the evaluation method shown below.
- a forming test was performed using a cylindrical punch with a diameter of 50 mm with a hydraulic forming tester at a drawing ratio of 2.3.
- the shear suppression pressure at this time was 500 kg, and the formability was evaluated according to the following index.
- a flat-bottomed square tube with a flange width of 30 mm, a depth of 25 mm and a size of 70 x 70 mm was formed using a crank press tester, and the flange was subjected to seam welding under the welding conditions shown below.
- a hole was made in a part of this hole, and an internal pressure of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 atm was applied to the hole with water in water to determine air leakage from the seam weld.
- the corrosion resistance to gasoline was evaluated.
- the test method was as follows: A hydraulic molding tester was used to fill the sample with a flat-bottomed cylinder with a flange width of 20 miii, a diameter of 50 and a depth of 25, and the test liquid was poured into the sample through a silicone rubber ring. And closed the lid. After leaving it at room temperature for 3 months, the corrosion state was visually observed.
- Test solution gasoline + distilled water 10% + formic acid 200ppm
- Red color is generated 0.1 to 5% or white is generated
- the amount of B in steel is slightly insufficient
- the airtightness of the welded portion tends to be slightly inferior, and even when P exceeds 0.01% (Examples 2 and 6 of the present invention). , 7, 8, 11), the airtightness is somewhat inferior to those with lower P contents.
- the amount of elements such as C, Si, and ⁇ in the steel is large (Examples 9 and 13 of the present invention), the workability tends to be slightly inferior. Therefore, if these elements are properly used, a steel sheet with higher properties can be obtained.
- the steel shown in Table 6 (P: 0.008%, S: 0.010%) was melted by ordinary converter-vacuum degassing treatment to produce steel slabs, then heated at 1140-1180 ° C and finished at 800- Hot rolling was performed at 900 ° C and a winding temperature of 620 to 670 ° C, and cold rolling was performed at a cold rolling reduction of about 80%, to obtain a cold rolled steel strip with a sheet thickness of 0.8.
- the non-oxidizing furnace-reduction furnace type line was used for the molten aluminum, and the annealing was also performed in the line with the molten plating.
- the annealing temperature was set at 800 to 850 ° C.
- the plating-out thickness sided about 60mg in Gasuwai pin ring method after-out message; adjusted to Roh m 2.
- the plating temperature at this time was 660 ° C, and the plating bath composition was Al-9.4% Si.
- the Fe in the bath is supplied as an impurity from the plating equipment in the bath.
- a part of the aluminum-plated steel plate thus manufactured is subjected to a base treatment of oxalic acid-silica sol-phosphoric acid-organic resin (acrylic), and a part of it is coated with resin. Covered.
- steel sheets with increased or decreased resin content for chromate treatment were also manufactured. The performance of such a material as a fuel tank was evaluated.
- Table 7 and Table 8 show the plating conditions and performance evaluation results using the evaluation method shown below.
- the analysis of the message can layer composition
- only aluminum flashing can layer 3% NaOH + 1% A1 CI - 6 H 2 0 electrolytic stripping solution was collected in the process after the inductive coupling flop plasma atomic spectroscopy acid Quantitative analysis was performed by the analytical method (Induced Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy) to determine the Si composition in the plating layer.
- a die with a hydraulic bead was attached to the tensile tester, and the plate was pressed with hydraulic pressure to pull out the bead.
- the bead has a diameter of 4 ⁇ , is semicircular, and has a pressure of 600kgf.
- the sample from which the bead was pulled out was sealed in a glass container together with the fuel, and the corrosion resistance was evaluated.
- the test solution was gasoline + distilled water 10% + formic acid 100 ppm, the duration was 3 months, and the temperature was room temperature (20 ° C ).
- the corrosion state after the test was evaluated in the form of the amount of Fe eluted into the test solution.
- the cold-rolled steel strip having the components shown in Table 6 of Example 4 was used as a base plate to perform molten aluminum plating.
- the conditions for the molten aluminum are basically A 1—9% Si.
- elements such as Sn and Zn were added thereto.
- about 2% of Fe as an impurity may be mixed in the plating bath (plated layer).
- Ni-based pre-plating was performed for the part-before the aluminum plating.
- post-treatment of Table 2 in Example 4 was performed. The performance of these materials as a fuel tank was evaluated by the evaluation method of Example 4.
- the present invention is to provide a molten aluminum-plated steel sheet which has both corrosion resistance and press workability required as a material for an automotive fuel tank, and also has a welded part airtightness which has been a problem to date.
- Pb-based materials are very promising as new fuel tank materials when their use becomes difficult due to environmental problems.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
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Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP97928533A EP0870847B1 (en) | 1996-07-01 | 1997-07-01 | Rust preventive carbon steel sheet for fuel tank having good welding gastightness and anticorrosion after forming |
CA002230706A CA2230706C (en) | 1996-07-01 | 1997-07-01 | Rust-preventive steel sheet for fuel tanks exellent in air-tightness after welding and corrosion resistance subsequent to forming |
US09/029,558 US6673472B2 (en) | 1996-07-01 | 1997-07-01 | Rust preventive carbon steel sheet for fuel tank having good welding gastightness and anticorrosion after forming |
DE69738417T DE69738417T2 (de) | 1996-07-01 | 1997-07-01 | Rostgeschütztes stahlblech für einen kraftstofftank mit ausgezeichneter gasdichtigkeit nach schweissen und korrosionsbeständigkeit nach formen |
AU32772/97A AU694077B2 (en) | 1996-07-01 | 1997-07-01 | Rust preventive carbon steel sheet for fuel tank having good welding gastightness and anticorrosion after forming |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP8/170795 | 1996-07-01 | ||
JP17079596 | 1996-07-01 | ||
JP33067296A JP2938402B2 (ja) | 1996-12-11 | 1996-12-11 | プレス成型性と成型後の耐食性に優れた燃料タンク用防錆鋼板 |
JP8/330672 | 1996-12-11 | ||
JP8/338422 | 1996-12-18 | ||
JP33842296A JP4036347B2 (ja) | 1996-12-18 | 1996-12-18 | 成型後耐食性に優れた燃料タンク用防錆鋼板 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1998000573A1 true WO1998000573A1 (fr) | 1998-01-08 |
Family
ID=27323384
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP1997/002275 WO1998000573A1 (fr) | 1996-07-01 | 1997-07-01 | Tole d'acier au carbone antirouille pour reservoir a carburant presentant une bonne etancheite aux gaz lors du soudage et de bonnes proprietes anticorrosion apres formage |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6673472B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0870847B1 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100260017B1 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU694077B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2230706C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69738417T2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1998000573A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (26)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP0916746A1 (en) * | 1996-07-31 | 1999-05-19 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Preservative steel plate having high resistance weldability, corrosion resistance and press formability for automobile fuel tanks |
JP3800928B2 (ja) * | 2000-03-30 | 2006-07-26 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | 高耐食性燃料タンク用鋼板 |
WO2002099154A1 (fr) * | 2001-06-01 | 2002-12-12 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Reservoir de carburant ou tuyau d'alimentation en essence presentant une excellente resistance a la corrosion et procede de fabrication afferent |
US7475478B2 (en) * | 2001-06-29 | 2009-01-13 | Kva, Inc. | Method for manufacturing automotive structural members |
US7926180B2 (en) * | 2001-06-29 | 2011-04-19 | Mccrink Edward J | Method for manufacturing gas and liquid storage tanks |
US7540402B2 (en) * | 2001-06-29 | 2009-06-02 | Kva, Inc. | Method for controlling weld metal microstructure using localized controlled cooling of seam-welded joints |
US20070012748A1 (en) * | 2001-06-29 | 2007-01-18 | Mccrink Edward J | Method for manufacturing multi-component structural members |
US7618503B2 (en) * | 2001-06-29 | 2009-11-17 | Mccrink Edward J | Method for improving the performance of seam-welded joints using post-weld heat treatment |
DE10163171A1 (de) * | 2001-12-21 | 2003-07-03 | Solvay Fluor & Derivate | Neue Verwendung für Legierungen |
RU2202649C1 (ru) * | 2001-12-26 | 2003-04-20 | Закрытое акционерное общество "Межотраслевое юридическое агентство "Юрпромконсалтинг" | Способ нанесения алюминиевых покрытий на изделия из чугуна и стали |
KR100757322B1 (ko) * | 2003-09-29 | 2007-09-11 | 닛신 세이코 가부시키가이샤 | 강/알루미늄의 접합구조체 |
US7473864B2 (en) * | 2004-05-19 | 2009-01-06 | Kobe Steel, Ltd. | Weldment of different materials and resistance spot welding method |
WO2007118939A1 (fr) * | 2006-04-19 | 2007-10-25 | Arcelor France | Procede de fabrication d'une piece soudee a tres hautes caracteristiques mecaniques a partir d'une tole laminee et revetue |
KR100872569B1 (ko) * | 2008-06-05 | 2008-12-08 | 현대하이스코 주식회사 | 고내식 초고강도 강철성형체 제조방법 |
DE102008037602A1 (de) * | 2008-11-27 | 2010-06-10 | Hydro Aluminium Deutschland Gmbh | Kraftstofftank aus Metall und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
CN102971444B (zh) * | 2010-06-21 | 2014-08-27 | 新日铁住金株式会社 | 耐加热黑变性优异的热浸镀Al钢板及其制造方法 |
KR101253893B1 (ko) * | 2010-12-27 | 2013-04-16 | 포스코강판 주식회사 | 내산화성 및 내열성이 우수한 알루미늄 도금강판 |
RU2563421C2 (ru) * | 2011-04-01 | 2015-09-20 | Ниппон Стил Энд Сумитомо Метал Корпорейшн | Горячештампованная высокопрочная деталь, имеющая превосходное антикоррозийное свойство после окрашивания, и способ ее изготовления |
CN104334349B (zh) | 2012-05-25 | 2016-06-08 | 夏伊洛工业公司 | 具有焊接凹口的金属板材件及其形成方法 |
EP2866966A4 (en) | 2012-06-29 | 2016-07-13 | Shiloh Ind Inc | WELDED ROHLING AND METHOD |
MX2015006795A (es) | 2012-11-30 | 2015-08-14 | Shiloh Ind Inc | Metodo para formar una muesca de soldadura en una pieza de metal en hoja. |
CN105050760B (zh) | 2013-03-14 | 2018-12-11 | 夏伊洛工业公司 | 焊接板组件及其制造方法 |
PL3070187T3 (pl) | 2013-12-25 | 2020-03-31 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Element pojazdu o dużej wytrzymałości i sposób wytwarzania elementu pojazdu o dużej wytrzymałości |
EP3461670A4 (en) * | 2016-06-24 | 2019-07-31 | Unipres Corporation | STRUCTURE FOR INSTALLING A TUBULAR ELEMENT FOR CONNECTION TO A FUEL TANK ON A VEHICLE, AND PIPING STRUCTURE |
CN106334875A (zh) * | 2016-10-27 | 2017-01-18 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | 一种带铝或者铝合金镀层的钢制焊接部件及其制造方法 |
KR102330812B1 (ko) * | 2020-06-30 | 2021-11-24 | 현대제철 주식회사 | 열간 프레스용 강판 및 이의 제조 방법 |
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- 1997-07-01 EP EP97928533A patent/EP0870847B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-07-01 US US09/029,558 patent/US6673472B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-07-01 CA CA002230706A patent/CA2230706C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-07-01 KR KR1019980701574A patent/KR100260017B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-07-01 DE DE69738417T patent/DE69738417T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-07-01 AU AU32772/97A patent/AU694077B2/en not_active Expired
- 1997-07-01 WO PCT/JP1997/002275 patent/WO1998000573A1/ja active IP Right Grant
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR100260017B1 (ko) | 2000-06-15 |
DE69738417D1 (de) | 2008-02-07 |
AU694077B2 (en) | 1998-07-09 |
KR19990044334A (ko) | 1999-06-25 |
US20010016268A1 (en) | 2001-08-23 |
EP0870847A4 (en) | 2003-10-15 |
CA2230706A1 (en) | 1998-01-08 |
AU3277297A (en) | 1998-01-21 |
US6673472B2 (en) | 2004-01-06 |
EP0870847B1 (en) | 2007-12-26 |
EP0870847A1 (en) | 1998-10-14 |
DE69738417T2 (de) | 2008-12-04 |
CA2230706C (en) | 2002-12-31 |
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