WO1997029275A1 - Turbocompresseur entraine par les gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne - Google Patents
Turbocompresseur entraine par les gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997029275A1 WO1997029275A1 PCT/FR1997/000234 FR9700234W WO9729275A1 WO 1997029275 A1 WO1997029275 A1 WO 1997029275A1 FR 9700234 W FR9700234 W FR 9700234W WO 9729275 A1 WO9729275 A1 WO 9729275A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- internal combustion
- combustion engine
- turbocharger
- turbine
- wheel
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 title claims description 52
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000037452 priming Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000005069 ears Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use
- F02C6/04—Gas-turbine plants providing heated or pressurised working fluid for other apparatus, e.g. without mechanical power output
- F02C6/10—Gas-turbine plants providing heated or pressurised working fluid for other apparatus, e.g. without mechanical power output supplying working fluid to a user, e.g. a chemical process, which returns working fluid to a turbine of the plant
- F02C6/12—Turbochargers, i.e. plants for augmenting mechanical power output of internal-combustion piston engines by increase of charge pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
- F01D25/24—Casings; Casing parts, e.g. diaphragms, casing fastenings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2220/00—Application
- F05D2220/40—Application in turbochargers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to turbochargers driven by the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines.
- a turbocharger fitted to an internal combustion engine consists of two turbomachines, one powered (the gas turbine) and the other receiving (the air compressor), which are connected to opposite ends of a shaft. common.
- the exhaust gases from the internal combustion engine, or at least some of these gases, are sent to the turbine, so that the energy of the gases rotates the common shaft and therefore the compressor wheel, which causes suction and compression of the ambient air which is then sent to the intake manifold of the internal combustion engine.
- This arrangement of a turbine and a compressor is well known and is similar to a supercharging compressor, except that in the case of the latter, the compressor is driven in rotation by a direct mechanical connection with the crankshaft.
- the turbine of the turbocharger generally centripetal, consists of a spiral-shaped inlet volute, which distributes the exhaust gases radially around a impeller, and a cylindrical-shaped outlet orifice which collects the gases in the axis of the wheel.
- the fixed part of the turbine consists of a casing containing the inlet and outlet pipes from the foundry.
- the gas inlet extending perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the wheel, comprises a fixing flange intended to be bolted at the outlet of the exhaust manifold, while the outlet orifice, extending in the extension of the axis of rotation of the wheel, includes a flange intended for connection to the vehicle exhaust tube.
- turbocharger offers many advantages, in particular in that it improves the filling of the internal combustion engine by increasing the air density and therefore makes it possible to lengthen the gearbox ratios and to reduce the displacement. of the engine for a given power.
- the use of a turbocharger also has a certain number of drawbacks and in particular that of slowing down the rise in temperature of the catalytic converter extending over the exhaust line, at the outlet of the turbine.
- the catalytic conversion of pollutants can only take place when the catalyst has reached a sufficient temperature, generally higher than 300 ° C. It follows that, in particular during the cold start of an engine, the temperature of the exhaust gases is not sufficient to initiate the chemical reactions, there therefore follows a more or less long phase during which the pollutants emitted by the engine are not or insufficiently treated. It can thus be estimated that 75 to 80% of pollutants are emitted during the first two minutes of engine operation.
- the present invention aims to remedy the aforementioned drawbacks by proposing a new type of turbocharger and more particularly a turbine casing limiting the thermal losses of the exhaust gases during the priming phase of the catalyst, this turbocharger being entirely both simple in design and economical to produce.
- the turbocharger for an internal combustion engine comprises a centripetal turbine driven by the exhaust gases from the engine, the turbine comprising a casing intended to receive a fin wheel mounted to rotate freely.
- This casing has an exhaust gas inlet orifice intended to be connected to the engine exhaust manifold and extending perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the wheel, an intake duct extended by a curved passage formed inside the casing and opening onto the circumference of the wheel so as to direct the exhaust gases radially towards the center of the wheel so as to drive the latter in rotation, a second interior passage collecting the exhaust gases at the outlet of the wheel and an exhaust duct whose outlet orifice is intended to be connected to the exhaust line of the engine.
- the turbocharger for an internal combustion engine is characterized in that the second passage is curved so that the exhaust gas outlet orifice extends perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the wheel.
- the exhaust gas outlet orifice is arranged near the exhaust gas inlet orifice substantially in the same transverse plane relative to the axis of the turbine wheel.
- the exhaust gas outlet orifice is arranged substantially in the extension of the exhaust gas inlet orifice.
- the turbine casing comprises a bypass duct connecting the inlet of the intake duct to the outlet of the exhaust duct.
- the bypass duct is substantially straight and of limited length.
- the bypass duct cooperates with piloted shutter means.
- the controlled shutter means are open when the engine starts.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a turbocharger turbine housing according to the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a front view of the turbine housing shown in Figure 1;
- FIG. 3 is a sectional view along line A-A of Figure 2.
- FIG. 1 to 3 there is shown the turbine housing referenced 1, of a turbocharger for internal combustion engine.
- This turbocharger of which only the turbine casing has been shown, is conventionally composed of three parts: a centripetal turbine which captures the energy of the exhaust gases, a central casing which carries the bearings of the shaft carrying the wheels. turbine and compressor and a centrifugal compressor which supercharges the engine.
- the centripetal turbine consists of a spiral-shaped inlet volute, which distributes the exhaust gases around a fin wheel, the exhaust gases then escaping to the center of the wheel.
- the movable part of the turbine therefore consists of a part of revolution or turbine wheel 15 having blades or fins of suitable profiles so that the result of the forces exerted by the flow of the exhaust gases determines an engine torque on the wheel axle.
- the fixed part of the turbine 15 is therefore constituted by a casing 1 coming from the foundry, formed from a single or from several joined parts, and containing the inlet and outlet ducts of the exhaust gases as well as the housing of the turbine wheel.
- This casing 1 is made of materials capable of withstanding high temperatures such as a nickel-based refractory cast iron.
- the turbine casing 1 is therefore intended to be fixed to one of the axial ends of the central casing, not shown, by a suitable coupling face 9 and a flange with ears.
- This casing 1 comprises an intake duct 2 which receives the exhaust gases from the exhaust manifold of the internal combustion engine through an inlet orifice 20 and which extends substantially radially to the axis of rotation of the turbine wheel 15.
- the gas inlet comprises a square flange 3 therefore intended to be bolted at the outlet of the engine exhaust manifold.
- the duct 2 extends inside the casing 1 in the form of a curved spiral passage 4 also called a volute coming to surround the impeller 15 of the turbine mounted free to rotate in a corresponding housing 5, this curved passage 4 communicates with the periphery of the turbine wheel 15 through a peripheral supply passage 6.
- the passage 4 conventionally has a substantially circular cross-sectional area which decreases as one moves away from the orifice d 'entry 20.
- the housing 5 of the turbine opens at its axial end opposite the coupling face 9 in a second interior passage 7 of the casing 1.
- This passage 7 which collects the exhaust gases at the outlet of the turbine wheel is extended by an exhaust gas discharge duct 10, the outlet orifice 21 of which is surrounded by a suitable flange 11 intended to be bolted to the inlet of the exhaust line of the engine, not shown.
- This second passage 7 is curved so that the discharge pipe 10 for the exhaust gases out of the turbine opens radially relative to the axis of rotation of the turbine wheel 15, substantially in the same transverse plane as the pipe 2.
- this turbine casing 1 which has inlet 20 and outlet 21 orifices for exhaust gases extending substantially in the extension of one another and near one of the 'other, it is possible to have a catalytic converter on the engine exhaust line at a distance relatively close to the cylinder head of the engine and the outlet of the combustion chambers (within 600 mm) and therefore to have a very short catalyst priming time.
- the casing 1 also incorporates a bypass circuit controlled by a controlled shutter device also called "wastegate".
- This branch circuit therefore consists of a conduit
- the shutter device 13 is actuated by non-figured maneuvering means, such as rods and rods, associated with a piloted drive system also not figured, such as a manometric capsule whose lung secured to the maneuvering means is example drawn against a return spring by a source of vacuum or pressure.
- This vacuum or this pressure is adjusted by an electromagnetic valve controlled by the electronic engine control computer so as in particular to open the bypass circuit under predetermined engine operating conditions such as the cold start phases, so as to further reduce the ignition time of the catalyst present on the exhaust line downstream of the turbine, by reducing as much as possible the path of the exhaust gases and therefore their heat losses.
- the present invention is not limited to this embodiment and any other type of actuator (electric, electromagnetic, hydraulic, etc.) can be used.
- the turbine according to the invention has a very limited thermal impact on the path of the exhaust gases before they enter the catalytic converter.
- Such a turbine therefore makes it possible to envisage applications with turbochargers in the context of highly stringent pollutant emission standards.
- the invention is in no way limited to the embodiment described and illustrated, which has been given only by way of example.
- the turbine casing 1 can come directly from the foundry with the exhaust manifold (steel or cast iron).
- the exhaust manifold can be made of single or double sheet steel welded to the turbine casing 1.
- orientation of the inlet 20 and outlet 21 ports relative to each other can be adapted to accept the constraints of installation in the engine compartment.
- the present invention is applicable to all types of centripetal turbines and in particular to turbines with variable geometry. Similarly, the invention applies to turbines without "wastegate”.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Supercharger (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP9528226A JP2000504803A (ja) | 1996-02-09 | 1997-02-06 | 内燃機関用排気タービン過給機 |
US09/125,020 US6120246A (en) | 1996-02-09 | 1997-02-06 | Turbocharger driven by internal combustion engine exhaust gases |
EP97904499A EP0879348A1 (fr) | 1996-02-09 | 1997-02-06 | Turbocompresseur entraine par les gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9601601A FR2744763B1 (fr) | 1996-02-09 | 1996-02-09 | Turbocompresseur entraine par les gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne |
FR96/01601 | 1996-02-09 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1997029275A1 true WO1997029275A1 (fr) | 1997-08-14 |
Family
ID=9489022
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR1997/000234 WO1997029275A1 (fr) | 1996-02-09 | 1997-02-06 | Turbocompresseur entraine par les gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6120246A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0879348A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2000504803A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2744763B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1997029275A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19858293C1 (de) * | 1998-12-17 | 2000-03-09 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Brennkraftmaschine mit einem Abgasturbolader mit variabler Turbinengeometrie |
US7931437B1 (en) * | 2007-09-21 | 2011-04-26 | Florida Turbine Technologies, Inc. | Turbine case with inlet and outlet volutes |
DE102008000324A1 (de) * | 2008-02-18 | 2009-08-20 | Zf Friedrichshafen Ag | Verfahren zur Steuerung der Druckluftversorgung einer Brennkraftmaschine und eines Getriebes |
CN105102784B (zh) * | 2013-03-15 | 2017-09-12 | 博格华纳公司 | 紧凑的旋转式废气门阀 |
US9732633B2 (en) | 2015-03-09 | 2017-08-15 | Caterpillar Inc. | Turbocharger turbine assembly |
US9752536B2 (en) | 2015-03-09 | 2017-09-05 | Caterpillar Inc. | Turbocharger and method |
US9903225B2 (en) | 2015-03-09 | 2018-02-27 | Caterpillar Inc. | Turbocharger with low carbon steel shaft |
US10066639B2 (en) | 2015-03-09 | 2018-09-04 | Caterpillar Inc. | Compressor assembly having a vaneless space |
US9650913B2 (en) | 2015-03-09 | 2017-05-16 | Caterpillar Inc. | Turbocharger turbine containment structure |
US9810238B2 (en) | 2015-03-09 | 2017-11-07 | Caterpillar Inc. | Turbocharger with turbine shroud |
US9739238B2 (en) | 2015-03-09 | 2017-08-22 | Caterpillar Inc. | Turbocharger and method |
US9822700B2 (en) | 2015-03-09 | 2017-11-21 | Caterpillar Inc. | Turbocharger with oil containment arrangement |
US9683520B2 (en) | 2015-03-09 | 2017-06-20 | Caterpillar Inc. | Turbocharger and method |
US9890788B2 (en) | 2015-03-09 | 2018-02-13 | Caterpillar Inc. | Turbocharger and method |
US10006341B2 (en) | 2015-03-09 | 2018-06-26 | Caterpillar Inc. | Compressor assembly having a diffuser ring with tabs |
US9915172B2 (en) | 2015-03-09 | 2018-03-13 | Caterpillar Inc. | Turbocharger with bearing piloted compressor wheel |
US9879594B2 (en) | 2015-03-09 | 2018-01-30 | Caterpillar Inc. | Turbocharger turbine nozzle and containment structure |
US9777747B2 (en) | 2015-03-09 | 2017-10-03 | Caterpillar Inc. | Turbocharger with dual-use mounting holes |
US9638138B2 (en) | 2015-03-09 | 2017-05-02 | Caterpillar Inc. | Turbocharger and method |
US11131234B2 (en) * | 2018-12-20 | 2021-09-28 | Borgwarner Inc. | Turbine housing of a turbocharger |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0078637A1 (fr) * | 1981-10-23 | 1983-05-11 | The Garrett Corporation | Carter de turbine d'un turbocompresseur |
EP0342361A1 (fr) * | 1988-05-17 | 1989-11-23 | AlliedSignal Inc. | Suralimenteur à gaz perdu |
DE4002081A1 (de) * | 1990-01-25 | 1991-08-01 | Opel Adam Ag | Verfahren zum steuern eines bypasses eines turboladers sowie diesel-brennkraftmaschine zur durchfuehrung dieses verfahrens |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4850797A (en) * | 1988-01-21 | 1989-07-25 | Benson Steven R | Double chambered turbine housing and seal |
-
1996
- 1996-02-09 FR FR9601601A patent/FR2744763B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1997
- 1997-02-06 US US09/125,020 patent/US6120246A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-02-06 JP JP9528226A patent/JP2000504803A/ja active Pending
- 1997-02-06 WO PCT/FR1997/000234 patent/WO1997029275A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-02-06 EP EP97904499A patent/EP0879348A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0078637A1 (fr) * | 1981-10-23 | 1983-05-11 | The Garrett Corporation | Carter de turbine d'un turbocompresseur |
EP0342361A1 (fr) * | 1988-05-17 | 1989-11-23 | AlliedSignal Inc. | Suralimenteur à gaz perdu |
DE4002081A1 (de) * | 1990-01-25 | 1991-08-01 | Opel Adam Ag | Verfahren zum steuern eines bypasses eines turboladers sowie diesel-brennkraftmaschine zur durchfuehrung dieses verfahrens |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2744763B1 (fr) | 1998-04-10 |
US6120246A (en) | 2000-09-19 |
EP0879348A1 (fr) | 1998-11-25 |
JP2000504803A (ja) | 2000-04-18 |
FR2744763A1 (fr) | 1997-08-14 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
WO1997029275A1 (fr) | Turbocompresseur entraine par les gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne | |
EP3286417B1 (fr) | Dispositif amélioré de contrôle de la quantité d'air introduit à l'admission d'un moteur à combustion interne suralimenté et procédé utilisant un tel dispositif | |
FR2772835A1 (fr) | Systeme de transfert d'ecoulement servant au refroidissement module d'une turbine | |
FR2864994A1 (fr) | Moteur a combustion interne suralimente par turbocompresseur | |
EP0096624B1 (fr) | Dispositif de suralimentation pour moteur à combustion interne | |
FR2756867A1 (fr) | Turbine de turbocompresseur de suralimentation a gaz d'echappement pour un moteur a combustion interne | |
FR2468737A1 (fr) | Turbine de turbocompresseur pour un moteur a combustion interne | |
EP2092169B1 (fr) | Agencement pour le montage d'une conduite de derivation de gaz d'echappement qui comporte un troncon d'extremite amont porte par un dispositif de depollution | |
EP1036259B1 (fr) | Dispositif d'echappement pour moteur a combustion interne | |
EP1162098B1 (fr) | Véhicule automobile à moteur thermique comportant une ligne d'échappement ayant un système de dépollution placé à l'avant du moteur | |
FR3107304A1 (fr) | Dispositif catalytique pour traitement des gaz d’echappement d’un moteur a combustion interne | |
FR2752880A1 (fr) | Dispositif de suralimentation pour moteur a combustion interne | |
EP3267006B1 (fr) | Circuit d'échappement comportant une turbine et un dispositif de traitement des gaz d'échappement formant un module rigide | |
FR2577276A1 (fr) | Dispositif d'echappement des gaz brules d'un moteur thermique | |
EP3217006B1 (fr) | Moteur thermique à système de recirculation des gaz d'échappement | |
FR2676511A1 (fr) | Machine soufflante radiale comportant un rotor de soufflante tournant dans un carter en spirale comme air secondaire a la veine de gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne, notamment d'automobile. | |
FR2755179A1 (fr) | Carter de turbine entrainee par les gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne | |
FR3032230A1 (fr) | Ensemble a deflecteur de gaz d'echappement situe en sortie de turbine de turbocompresseur | |
FR2887924A1 (fr) | Dispositif de guidage d'un flux d'air entre un compresseur et une chambre de combustion dans une turbomachine | |
EP0431985B1 (fr) | Dispositif d'évacuation et de traitement anti-pollution de gaz d'échappement d'un moteur | |
WO2019092337A1 (fr) | Compresseur électrique comportant un système de refroidissement par air intègre | |
FR2919674A1 (fr) | Dispositif d'orientation et de regulation des gaz d'echappement d'un moteur thermique dans un circuit de recirculation de gaz d'echappement appele egr vers l'admission d'air | |
FR2878914A1 (fr) | Compresseur d'air, notamment pour moteur a combustion interne, comprenant une chambre de mise en rotation de l'air admis | |
FR2877397A1 (fr) | Turbocompresseur a geometrie variable pour moteur a combustion interne | |
WO2006079732A1 (fr) | Element de ligne d'echappement equipe d'un turbocompresseur |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): BR CA CN JP KR MX US |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE |
|
DFPE | Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101) | ||
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 1997904499 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 09125020 Country of ref document: US |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 1997904499 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWW | Wipo information: withdrawn in national office |
Ref document number: 1997904499 Country of ref document: EP |