USRE16937E - Fuel fob use in intebnal-combustion engines - Google Patents

Description

Reisaued Apr. 17, 1928.

SAMUEL [ISEBMANQ OF SUMMIT, NEW JERSEY, AND

NT OFFICE,

WALDEMAR VERNET AND ED- KUND QUINCY MOSES, OF NEW YORK, N. Y., ASSIGNORS, BY MESNE ASSIGNMENTS, TO FRANK J.,HLLL AND L. B. RATTERMANN, F CINCINNATI, OHIO.

FUEL FOR USE IN INTERNAL-COMNUSTION ENGINES.

In Drawing. Original No. 1,054,259, dated December 27, 1927, Application for reissue filed March 10, 1928.

The present invention is concerned with the provision of a fuel ingredient having improved carbon-removing and preventing qualities and of'a fueLccntainin'g such in- 1 5 gredient, the same being provided with a j, coloring gasoline, w

coloring material. It also is concerned with ;the provision of an improved coloring mate j-iijal which will be articularly suitable in I iich will facilitate the I I0 useof the carbon-removing ingredient, as

. thereby greatlyimproving the 'matic hydrocarbons,

well as being of utility when used with a commercial fueland independently of said ingredient. v We have discovered that'the addition of certain ingredientsto the motor fuel, especially gasoline, greatly reduces and-alleviates the evils due to carbon formation, the materials used being of such nature as to cause the partial or complete elimination of the :arbon deposits, and especially of the heavier, tarlike substances formed in the cylinders which serve more or less as a binder for the carbon which is formed and which add tog the objectionable quality of the carbon deposit. Further we haveobserved that the formation of such tarry substances is ina creased somewhat by the use of gasoline ob tained by cracking processes; If the motoris already carbonized when the use of the ingredient is started, the carbon deposit is attacked and wholly orpartially removed, condition and increasing the efficiency of the engine. 1 The ingredients which have been vfound most suitable and effective fall in the class of the chemically active oxygen bearing cyclic hydrocarbons, especially nitrated aroand We have discovered that the use of suitable hydrocarbon derivatives of, this nature, withouttheaddition of other active ingredients, are effective for the desired purpose. The action of .the ingredients may be due primarily to the release of oxygen in the nascent condition from the ingredient itself (due to its decomposition under the temperature and v-pressure existing in the cylinder) which oxygen directly attacks and oxidizes theheated carbon, or it may of the ingredient or of. one of its reaction or decomposition products in activating a part ofthe oxygen of the air drawn into the cylinder with the fuel charge and thereby causing be due primarily to a catalytic action Serial No. 727,426, filed .Tuly 22,1924.

Serial No. 260,800.

such oxygen to attack the heated carbon; or to a direct catalytic'action of the ingredient or one of its reaction products,

or it may be due to a reaction of the in-' gredient or one of its reaction products directly with the carbon causing its oxidation, or to a combination of the above actions.

In arriving at a fuel ingredient suitable for actual commercial use, it is not only important that'it shall be capable of functioning in the .desired manner, but it must be also easily obtainable in commercial quantities, and must be inexpensive. Compounds which are available for these purposes at the present time include n'itrobenzol, thenitrotoluols and possibly also nitroxylols, nitronaphtlcne, and other analogous nitro-compounds. Ofcourse, other cyclic compounds might be found suitable, such as those found in Russian petroleum, by-products of camphor production, by-products of wood, coal and tar distillation, and possibl products in the lignin in waste liquors o the pulp mill which are capable of nitration. Nitrobenzol and ortho-nitrotoluol are especially available, adaptable and suitable, being liquids at normal temperature, easily nitrated, readily soluble in gasoline and very cheap. e have found that ticularly adaptable and is the best substance now vknown .to us for removing and eliminating the carbon deposit, because of its extreme reactivity with the aforementioned tarry substances which apparently cover the deposit in the form of a filmand hence protect the interior of the deposit.

Of the materials mentioned nitrobcnzol introduced into the gasoline in the proportion of approximately one-tenth of one percent of the gasoline has been extensively used by us, and has been found to prove very satisfactory; lVe prefer, however,to use orthonitrotoluol' in quantities equivalent to the trotoluol to the gasoline of about twelve-onehundredths of tione'd as hered to,

or diminished depending upon the'particular.

ortho-nitrotoluol is parone percent. Of course the percentages of the mtro-compounds menresults desired, the nature of the fuels, the

minimum proportion of the which will function'efiiciently, an case should the ingredient be employed in mentioned, howsatisfactory unever, have been found highl itions with the der average running con present grades of commercial gasoline. The

principle should be observed'of utilizin the in 're ient in no such quantity that the mechanism of the engine or the operation thereof will be injuriously affected by the ingredient or its reaction products. Without attempting to set absolute limits to theproportion of the ingredient which may be found mostasuitable under special conditions, it may be stated in general that with nitrobenzol or ortho-nitrotoluol the percentage should ordinarily not be less than five-hundredths of, one percent nor more than five-tenthsof one percent, approximately. "i,

The commercial nitrotoluols, especially ortho-nitrotoluol, possess advantages which make them much more desirable for general use than nitrobenzol. Technical ortlio-nitro toluol has" a freezing point of approximately 7 Cl to 10 C. as against 5 C. for commercial nitrobenzol. This property makes it easier to'ship and use with commercial tially the same toxicity j as is not at'all dangerous 40 1 With nitrotoluol, this anyof'the engine parts,

gasoline in cold weather and cold climates. Another exceedingly important advantage of. nitrotoluol is the fact that it has substanas gasoline, so that its use is entirely free from danger which might under some circumstances be attendant upon the employment of nitrobenzol or other compounds of high toxicity. While the use ofnitrobenzol in t e quantities employed to the public, there exists the possibility of injury to those workers mixing and packaging the ingredient. danger is eliminated. Ortho-nitrotoluol also has a-higher boiling point than'nitrobenzol and has a greater calorific valuethan an equivalent quantity of the latter, both of these properties tending to produce more favorable conditions for the elimination of the carbon than in the case of nitrobenzol. Moreover, it is to be especially noted that nitrotoluol does not explodespontaneously either in the manufacture, mixing or packaging as do some of the organic compounds which have been proposed for this purpose. It is also non-corrosive and hence does not attack the'oontai'ners, carbureters, fuelpipes, auxiliaries, or

used with safety a'mdassuia'nce that no deterioration of equipment will occur;

The ortho-nitrotoluol has been found to be especiall active and superior to nitrobenzol in attac ingcarbon under the conditions of pressure an temperature existing in the cylinder.

We have found that a greater e fliciency of so that it may be combustion 'is attained when ortho-nitrb toluol is used with gasoline as a fuel for internal combustion engines.

by the increase in percentage of carbon di- \oxide in the exhaust gases, and a corresponding decreasein carbon monoxide.

Another very important feature of our inventionconsists in the use, with the active carbon attacking in redient, of .a suitable coloring matter whic shall be of such character and strength as to color not only the ingredient, but also the gasoline with which the ingredient is mixed so as to give the improved fuel-a distinctive color. The use of a proper coloring matter is important for many reasons. In the first place, it makes it possible to assure the proper and thorough mixing of the ingredient with the fuel. Under commercial conditions it is necessary to distribute the ingredient to a large nun s ber of fuel dealers or users, most of whom are entirely unskilled in the mixing of liquids and the color is whether pro-per mixin has been obtained. The color is particular y'necessary with ingredients such as nitrobenzol and nitrotoluol which are of materially gravity than gasoline. When, however, the ingredient is suitably and sufliciently colored, improper mixing can be at once detected by the lackof uniformity in the color of the mixed fuel. The proper steps can thus be takento insure a complete mixture. Another important advantage in the use of a distinctive color is that. it enables attempted frauds to bequickly detected and stopped.

Such frauds may take the form either of spectroscopic tests may .be readily applied I which definitely determine whether the partlcular color is present in the specified quantity. The color is also very important in enabling the consumer to immediately iden--- .tify thematerial and to have the assurance that he isobtaining the ingredientor fuel that he seeks. V

A color, to be suitable for the purposes of this invention should possess certain properties, among the most important of whlch are, that it must be soluble in the ingredient in I which it is carried, and also in the gasoline or fuel witlrwhichthe ingredient is mixed. This is desirable so as to prevent the coloring matter from precipitating or becoming jellylike. The color should also be suflicient- 1y fast, soas not to fade wherr exposed to light for a reasonable length of time, as

This is shown I greater specific derivatives when the fuel is sold in y the Ordinary visible gasoline pumps. The color should also be of such stable structure as not to react with the carbon attacking ingredients or with the unsaturated compounds in the gasoline or fuel, so as to cause a change. in or destruction of the color. Preferably also the coloring matter used should not be a dye stuff of such a nature as to stain the hands or fabrics with which it may come in contact. The color should also be of such nature as to be pleasing to the eye, and when dissolved in the fuel should be of suflicient intensity so that a very small quantity can be used to treat a large quantity of the fuel and still produce a color sufliciently distinctive to be easily recognized. It' is important also that the coloring matter should have no detrimental effect upon the action of the fuel in the engine or upon the action of the carbon attacking ingredient.

\Ve have discovered that anthraquinone are found to fill all of the above requirements in a most satisfactory manner and are entirely suitable for the present purpose. These colors include either singly, or in combination phenylated amino-anthraquinones, oxyphenyl a'mino or amino anthraquinones or compounds of anthraquinone containing eitheramino or hydroxygroups. Of these compounds the ones which we now prefer to employ'as most suitable for the present purposes are the diaryl amino anthraquinones and particularly 1.4 toluido anthraquinone. This latter substance, when dissolved in nitrotoluol or nitrobenzol or other solvent such as gasoline in suitable strength and then mixed with the gasoline in the proportions above indicated, of approximately one-tenth of one per cent more or less of the nitro compound to the gasoline, produces a beautiful greenish-blue color which is very attractive to the eyeand very distinctive from any other fuel now known.

"It is possible, by comparison of the color with standard solution, to determine with considerable accuracy whether a standard amount of the ingredient has been miked with the fuel, and it is also possible, by simple chemical tests to determine whether the proper amount of ingredien't has been The presence" of this particularfcolorused. ing matter, as distinguished from any imitation thereof, may also be instantly and definitely of the colored fuel in a'spectroscope This coloring therefore, the fuel colored therewith Wlll'Il Qt' stain either the hands or fabric, for-any fabric which colored 'fuel readily washes free thereof. The color may he used in. desired proportions depending uponthe color-effect to be pr0- duced, but a suitable strength for producing a satisfactory tint-inthe fuel is about one hydrogen atoms attached to the another organic radical.

determined by examining a sample 'compri'sing commercial has been saturated with the.

Icomprising commercial F amino anthraqumone color, and asolvent for per Cent in the nitrobeniol. r jotol uol giving approximately nd h e I.

percent in the fuel. t

The coloring matter mentioned will-also. have no deleterious action when-introduced.

with the fuel into the'engine butso far as it would have any functional effect would-be beneficial. Other colors may of 'co'ursebe utilized but those mentioned particularly well suited to the purpose of the present invention.

As will be understood from theenamples f 7 appear to be" of coloring materials given above, by theezpressiou a substituted amino anthraquinone= 1 used in certain. of the claims is meant an amino anthraqumone 1n which one/or both atoms is replaced by As above stated, the active ngredient, such as nitrobenzol or nitrotoluol, with the addi tion only of thecoloring matter is preferably introduced by itself into the gasoline. In no case should anything be mixed with It which might tend to interfere with its"be'neficial'action or in any way unfavorably-af feet the operation of the purpose of giving the ingredienta little greater bulk so as to facilitate measuring and handling the same when introduced into the asoline by the consumer, it may .bedesired to add to the active ingredient a small the engine.- Merely fornitrogen amount of neutral carrier, preferably" 'a' per.' troleum distillate analogous to the fuel itself, such as gasoline or kerosene. As such 1'00- diluent will immediately blend with the fuel when-added thereto and become virtually a part thereof-rather than ofthe ingredient, it may be employed when desired withoutin-j jurious effects and without departing from. 1.

the scope of our invention. Furthermore in some cases a mixture-of nitrated aromatic hydrocarbons or other suitable carbon tacking ingredients may be used.

What we claim is:- l 5 s 1. A fuel ingredient forremovi ng' carbon from the cylinders of internal combustion engines, said ingredients containing 1.4 diilo Itoluido anthraquinone as a. coloring matter.'-

2.. A fuel for internal combustion enginescomprising commercial tcraeke d? gasoline,

orthonitrotoluol and an ant-hraqui-none co lor.

' 3. A fuel for internal combustion engines l .of commercialgasoline,

consisting wholly twelve-hundredths of onc;' pe1' cent,"more.or

less, of ortho-nit-rotoluol and one-thousandth v of one pe1'cent ..1nore or less, of 1.4 ditoluido 7 matter is also not a .dyestufiimd anthraquinone.

.' 4. 'A fuel for internal;coihbustion engines quantityiwof 1.4 ditoluidofanthraquinone gasoline, a smallcolor, and a solvent'for said color which is soluble .in said commercial 5. -A fuelifor internal gasoline.

combustion engines asoline a diar l g y :13

said color which -is soluble in commercial gasoline. I I

6; A fuel for internal combustion engines comprising commercial gasoline and a small quantity of a diaryl amino 'a'nthraquinone color. V "T 7. A fuel for internal-combustion engines comprising commercial gasoline and a small quantity of 1,4 ditoluido anthraquinone c'olor.

8. A motor fuel comprising a petroleum distillate and as a coloring material a small quantity of an'amino or" substituted amino anthraquinone. 4 v f 9. A motor fuel fcomprising a petroleum distillate and as a coloring material a small guantity 01Ev a diamino or substituted iamino anthraquinone. I

10. The combination of a petroleum distillate, and, as a coloring material, a small quantity of anaminov or substituted amino anthraquinone.

11. The combination of a petroleum distillate, and, as-a coloring material, a small substituted quantity of a diamino or diamino anthraquinone.

- In testimony whereof, we have aflixed our signatures to thisspecification.

SAMUEL ISERMAN. WALDEMAR VERNET. v- EDMUND QUINCY MOSES.