USRE45214E1 - Integrated transceiver with lightpipe coupler - Google Patents
Integrated transceiver with lightpipe coupler Download PDFInfo
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- USRE45214E1 USRE45214E1 US13/772,155 US201313772155A USRE45214E US RE45214 E1 USRE45214 E1 US RE45214E1 US 201313772155 A US201313772155 A US 201313772155A US RE45214 E USRE45214 E US RE45214E
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- cmos chip
- photodetectors
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- laser
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/40—Transceivers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/12004—Combinations of two or more optical elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
- G02B6/12009—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides
- G02B6/12019—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides characterised by the optical interconnection to or from the AWG devices, e.g. integration or coupling with lasers or photodiodes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
- G02B6/1225—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths comprising photonic band-gap structures or photonic lattices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4204—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms
- G02B6/4214—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms the intermediate optical element having redirecting reflective means, e.g. mirrors, prisms for deflecting the radiation from horizontal to down- or upward direction toward a device
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4246—Bidirectionally operating package structures
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4295—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements coupling with semiconductor devices activated by light through the light guide, e.g. thyristors, phototransistors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
- G02B2006/12121—Laser
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
- G02B6/38—Mechanical coupling means having fibre to fibre mating means
- G02B6/3807—Dismountable connectors, i.e. comprising plugs
- G02B6/3873—Connectors using guide surfaces for aligning ferrule ends, e.g. tubes, sleeves, V-grooves, rods, pins, balls
- G02B6/3885—Multicore or multichannel optical connectors, i.e. one single ferrule containing more than one fibre, e.g. ribbon type
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/43—Arrangements comprising a plurality of opto-electronic elements and associated optical interconnections
Definitions
- the present disclosure generally relates to optoelectronic devices, and more particularly, to integrated transceivers having emitter and detector incorporated therewith.
- a transceiver is a device that has both a transmitter and a receiver. Typically, the transmitter and receiver share at least some common circuitry, and sometimes, the same housing.
- An optical transceiver is a device that receives and transmits optical signals.
- the transmitter in the optical transceiver is typically a device such as a laser that modulates light outputs based on electrical input signals.
- the receiver in the optical transceiver is typically a device such as a photodetector that converts optical input signals into electrical output signals.
- Optical transceivers are commonly used in digital data communication applications, such as telecommunication. What is needed are optical transceivers that are fast, provide high bandwidth, and have reduced form factor.
- Systems and methods for configuring an integrated transceiver can include, in one embodiment among others, a very small form factor transceiver that can be configured to allow 10 G optical interconnects over distances up to 2 km.
- transceiver circuitry can be integrated on a single die, and be electrically connected to a transmitter such as a laser-diode and a receiver such as a photo-diode.
- the laser and photodiodes can be edge-operating, and be mounted on the die.
- one or both of the diodes can be surface-operating so as to allow relaxation of alignment requirement.
- one or both of the diodes can be mounted on a submount that is separate from the die so as to facilitate separate assembly and testing.
- the diodes can be optically coupled to a ferrule via an optical coupling element so as to manage loss in certain situations.
- one embodiment of the present disclosure relates to an integrated transceiver that includes a die including a plurality of semiconductor electronic devices.
- the integrated transceiver further includes an edge detecting photodetector and a semiconductor laser such as an edge emitting semiconductor laser.
- the plurality of semiconductor electronic devices are electrically coupled to the photodetector and the laser to process optical input received by the photodetector and control optical output produced by the laser.
- the photodetector may be integrated in the die and may be optically coupled to the fiber via a waveguide and a grating coupler. In this manner, light may be coupled vertically into and out of the surface of the die.
- the die may comprise a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) die, for example, which enables the integration of optical, optoelectronic, and electronic devices on the die.
- CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor
- an integrated transceiver that includes a die having semiconductor electronics.
- the integrated transceiver further includes a photodetector mounted on the die.
- the integrated transceiver further includes a laser also mounted on the die, with the semiconductor electronics electrically coupled to the photodetector and the laser to process optical input received by the photodetector and control optical output produced by the laser.
- the electronic die, the photodetector, and the laser form an integral unit having a largest dimension that is less than approximately 10 mm ⁇ 9 mm ⁇ 4 mm.
- an integrated transceiver that includes a die having top and bottom surfaces, with the die including a plurality of semiconductor electronic devices thereon.
- the integrated transceiver further includes a semiconductor laser mounted to the die, with the laser electrically coupled to at least one of the semiconductor electronic devices on the die to drive the laser.
- the integrated transceiver further includes a photodetector electrically coupled to at least one of the semiconductor electronic devices on the die to process optical input received by the photodetector.
- the semiconductor photodetector includes a semiconductor region having an optical input surface for receiving light, with the optical input surface being oriented at an angle with respect to the top surface of the die.
- an integrated transceiver that includes at least one die including a plurality of semiconductor electronic devices thereon.
- the integrated transceiver further includes a semiconductor laser having an optical output region configured to output laser light.
- the integrated transceiver further includes a photodetector having an optical input region including an input surface configured to receive light to be detected.
- the photodetector and the semiconductor laser are electrically coupled to the semiconductor electronic devices, and the optical input region of the photodetector and the optical output region of the laser are directed in substantially the same direction and separated by a distance of less than about 1000 microns.
- an integrated transceiver that includes at least one die including electronics thereon.
- the integrated transceiver further includes a semiconductor laser having an optical output region configured to output laser light, with the laser in electrical communication with the electronics.
- the integrated transceiver further includes a photodetector having an optical input region configured to receive light to be detected, with the photodetector in electrical communication with the electronics.
- the integrated transceiver further includes a support assembly on which the semiconductor laser and the photodetector are mounted such that the optical output region of the laser and the optical input region of the photodetector are separated by a distance of less than about 1000 microns.
- an integrated transceiver that includes at least one die including electronics thereon.
- the integrated transceiver further includes a semiconductor laser disposed on the at least one die and in electrical communication with the electronics.
- the integrated transceiver further includes a photodetector disposed on the at least one die and in electrical communication with the electronics.
- the integrated transceiver further includes a light pipe having a length of substantially optically transmissive material having a first end and a second end, with the second end disposed proximal to the photodetector, the second end having a sloping reflective surface angled such that light propagating along the length from the first end to the second end is redirected to the photodetector.
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of one embodiment of an integrated transceiver that includes a die, a photo-detector such as a photo-diode, and an emitter such as a laser-diode;
- FIG. 2 shows that in one embodiment, the integrated transceiver of FIG. 1 can have a very small form factor (VSSF);
- VSSF very small form factor
- FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of one embodiment of the integrated transceiver of FIG. 1 ;
- FIGS. 4A-4C show different views of one embodiment of the integrated transceiver, where the photo-diode and the laser-diode can be configured for edge-detecting and edge-emitting of signals, respectively;
- FIGS. 5A and 5B show different views of one embodiment of a packaged assembly having the die-mounted edge-detecting/emitting diodes so as to facilitate optical coupling with a coupler such as a multi-fiber assembly;
- FIGS. 6A-6D show different views of one embodiment of the integrated transceiver, where the photo-diode can be configured for surface-detection of signals;
- FIG. 7A shows one embodiment of a package configured to allow mounting of a die and a surface-detecting photo-diode
- FIGS. 7B and 7C show different views of the package of FIG. 7A with the die and the surface-detecting photo-diode mounted so as to facilitate optical coupling with the multi-fiber assembly;
- FIGS. 8A and 8B show example geometric design considerations for placement of various components of the integrated transceiver
- FIGS. 9A-9D shows different views of one embodiment of the integrated transceiver, where the photo-diode and the laser-diode can be mounted on a submount and electrically coupled to the die;
- FIG. 10 shows a more detailed view of one embodiment of the submount
- FIGS. 11A-11C show different views of one embodiment of the integrated transceiver, where the surface-detecting photo-diode can be optically coupled with the multi-fiber assembly via an optical coupling element;
- FIGS. 12A-12C show different views of one embodiment of the integrated transceiver, where the surface-detecting photo-diode and the surface-emitting laser-diode can be coupled with the multi-fiber assembly via the optical coupling element;
- FIGS. 13A-13C show different views of one embodiment of the integrated transceiver, where the emitter and the detector can be integrated into a single chip and be coupled with the multi-fiber assembly via the optical coupling element;
- FIGS. 14A and 14B show examples of some design considerations for the example edge-detecting photo-diode.
- transceivers can have small form factors (SFF) or very small form factors (VSFF).
- SFF small form factors
- VSFF very small form factors
- the SFF or VSFF integrated transceivers can be packaged in a relatively low cost manner and enable 10 G optical interconnects over distances up to 2 km.
- Such economical packaging can lead to proliferation of 10 G interconnects, and can lead to faster optical interconnects with data rates of 100 G (Gb/s) and higher.
- Cost can be an important factor. Cost associated with the integrated transceivers can include, for example, component costs, cable and connectorization costs, footprint, and cooling cost. In some embodiments, such design costs can be addressed by packaging the integrated transceiver in a VSFF configuration.
- the transceiver's size can be reduced (thus reducing the footprint) significantly by integrating various functionalities of the transceiver on one or more dies.
- a PCB printed circuit board
- the electronic components associated with the PCB can be integrated on a single die.
- such integration of electrical components on a die can reduce electrical parasitics associated with various connections in the PCB, and thereby improve high speed performance of the transceiver.
- the second largest parts in a transceiver are transmitter optical sub-assembly (TOSA) and receiver optical sub-assembly (ROSA).
- TOSA transmitter optical sub-assembly
- ROSA receiver optical sub-assembly
- the transceiver can also be made to be less expensive by consolidating all or substantially all of the electronic components on a single die.
- Such integration can reduce the number of optical alignments.
- integration of the various components can provide features such as elimination of at least two laser welding steps (one for ROSA and one for TOSA), elimination of a need for pigtailed devices, and/or improved heat sinking of laser and die.
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of one embodiment of an integrated transceiver 100 that includes a die 102 , an emitter 104 such as a laser-diode, and a photodetector 106 such as a photo-diode.
- the integrated transceiver 100 can have a single die.
- the integrated transceiver 100 can have two dies.
- the integrated transceiver 100 can have more than two dies.
- the integrated transceiver 100 can be configured to facilitate optical coupling with a coupler 108 .
- the coupler 108 can be a multi-fiber assembly.
- the multi-fiber assembly can include an assembly that holds two or more fibers.
- the multi-fiber assembly can include injection molded plastic with holes dimensioned to hold fiber ends or stubs.
- the multi-fiber assembly can be a device that conforms to an industry standard.
- the multi-fiber assembly can be any one of mini-MT or MT type connectors.
- FIG. 2 shows that in one embodiment, the integrated transceiver 100 of FIG. 1 can be a configured to be a VSFF transceiver 110 . Accordingly, a die 112 , a laser-diode 114 , and a photo-diode 116 can be configured to conform to the VSFF configuration, and to allow optical coupling with a ferrule 118 .
- FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of one embodiment of an integrated transceiver assembly 120 having a die 122 mounted to a packaging substrate 130 .
- the substrate 130 can be formed from ceramic.
- the substrate 130 can be dimensioned to facilitate positioning of a ferrule 140 .
- the ferrule 140 can include input and output optical fibers 144 that terminate at a housing so as to allow optical coupling with transmitter and/or receiver components.
- the integrated transceiver assembly 120 also includes transmitter and receiver components ( 124 and 126 ) that can be mounted to or about the die 122 .
- transmitter and receiver components 124 and 126
- Various transceiver and receiver placement configurations are described below in greater detail.
- the die can include a plurality of semiconductor electronic devices.
- semiconductor electronic devices can include a laser driver and a transimpedance amplifier to facilitate operation of laser and photodiode.
- the die includes a semiconductor (for example, silicon) substrate or a substrate having semiconductor disposed thereon.
- the die can have top and bottom surfaces, and a plurality of sides thereabout.
- the die can be mounted on a packaging substrate (such as the substrate 130 in FIG. 3 ) so that the bottom surface of the die is mounted to the packaging substrate, either directly or via one or more intervening layers.
- the top surface of the die can be configured to allow mounting of the laser and/or photodiode, and/or connections for such diode.
- each of the plurality of sides can define an edge. In one embodiment, such an edge can facilitate mounting and operation of edge-emitter and/or edge-detector.
- An edge detecting photodetector may for example comprise a multilayer structure having a top and a bottom and side surfaces.
- the bottom of the multilayer structure may be disposed on the top surface of the die.
- the multilayer structure may comprise a plurality of layers stacked on top of each other.
- the layers form a planar waveguide.
- Light may be coupled into the side of the edge detecting photodiode.
- the waveguide has an input and is optically coupled to a photosensitive region of the detector. Light is introduced into the optical input of the optical waveguide and is guided to the photosensitive region that converts the optical signal into an electrical signal.
- Such a device is a commercially available 40 G edge detection photo-diode available from Archcom Technology, Inc., of Azusa, Calif. Other configurations are also possible. For example, light may be coupled into the top surface of the die via a crating coupler.
- FIGS. 4A-4C show different views (top, side, and front views, respectively) of one embodiment of an integrated transceiver assembly 150 , where a laser-diode 154 and a photo-diode 156 can be configured to provide at least one of edge-emitting and edge-detecting functionalities. Accordingly, at least one of the laser and photodiode 154 and 156 can be mounted on the die 152 at or near one of the edges.
- the photo-diode 156 can be an edge-detecting type, and be mounted at or proximal to the edge of the die 152 .
- both of the photo and laser diodes can be edge-operating type, and be mounted at or proximal to the edge of the die 152 .
- each of the photo and laser diodes 154 and 156 are positioned on the die 152 so that their active edges. are within at least about 10 ⁇ m from the edge of the die 152 . Other edge-positioning configurations are possible.
- the laser and photodiode 154 and 156 can be spaced at a selected distance so as to allow optical coupling with selected fiber ends 176 of a ferrule assembly 170 .
- Mini-MT multi-fiber assembly is an example of such a ferrule assembly 170 .
- the ferrule assembly 170 can include a plurality of fiber ends that are optically coupled to input and output optical paths 174 . In one such ferrule assembly, the fiber ends are spaced at approximately 250 ⁇ m.
- the laser and photo diode 154 and 156 are spaced apart at about 750 ⁇ m. Other spacing configurations are possible.
- multiple laser diodes 154 and/or multiple photodiodes may be included on the die as discussed below. Such laser diodes 154 and/or photodiodes may be positioned to optically couple to different fibers in the ferrule.
- the edge-detecting photo-diode 156 includes a multi-layer structure having top, bottom, and side surfaces. The bottom surface can be disposed on the top surface of the die 152 , either directly or via one or more intervening layers.
- a metal layer is disposed between the multi-layer structure of the photo-diode 156 and the top surface of the die 152 .
- the multi-layer structure includes a waveguide that receives an optical input.
- the multi-layer also includes a photosensitive region that converts the optical input into an electrical signal. In certain embodiments the photosensitive region forms part of the waveguide.
- the edge-detecting photo-diode 156 can be a device comprising a III-V semiconductor material.
- the edge-detecting photo-diode 156 may comprise an InGaAs type device.
- Such a device can be appropriate for use with, for example 1550 nm light.
- One example of such a device is a commercially available 40 G edge detection photo-diode available from Archcom Technology, Inc., of Azusa, Calif.
- the edge-detecting photo-diode 156 can be a germanium device.
- AlGaAs or Si based photo-diodes can also be used.
- the laser diode 154 can be an edge-emitting semiconductor laser.
- An example of such semiconductor laser can include devices having III-V semiconductor material.
- the semiconductor laser can be flip-chip bonded to the die.
- the foregoing example semiconductor laser 154 can have an optical output region configured to output laser light.
- the above-described edge-detecting photo-diode 156 can include an optical input region configured to receive light to be detected.
- the optical output region of the laser-diode 154 and the optical input region of the photo-diode 156 are separated by a distance that is less than about 1,000 ⁇ m. Other separation configurations are possible.
- the optical output region of the laser-diode 154 and the optical input region of the photo-diode 156 are within about 10 ⁇ m of being on the same plane above and parallel the upper surface of the die 152 . In one embodiment, the optical output region of the laser-diode 154 and the optical input region of the photo-diode 156 are substantially coplanar. Other elevation configurations are possible.
- the separation and elevation configurations can be in terms of distances with respect to geometric centers of the laser and photo diodes. In one embodiment, such distances can be with respect to an intensity centroids associated with the diodes. Combinations of the above two example conventions, as well as other conventions, are possible.
- the optical axes of the fiber ends 176 can be positioned so as to be substantially aligned with optical axes of the laser-diode 154 and photo-diode 156 .
- the fiber ends 176 are depicted as being substantially aligned with the lower active surface of the laser-diode 154 . If the active surface was on the upper side of the diodes, or anywhere else on the diodes, the fiber ends 176 can be positioned accordingly.
- At least some of the plurality of semiconductor electronic devices of the die 152 can be electrically coupled to the laser-diode 154 and the photo-diode 156 , and be configured to control optical output produced by the laser-diode 154 and process optical input received by the photo-diode 156 .
- an assembly of such a die 152 , laser-diode 154 , and photo-diode 156 has a dimension that is less than approximately 10 mm (length) ⁇ 9 mm (width) ⁇ 4 mm (thickness).
- the assembly of the die 152 , laser-diode 154 , and photo-diode 156 form an integral unit having a largest dimension that is less than approximately 10 mm. Other dimensions are possible.
- the die 152 can be mounted to the packaging substrate (for example, 130 in FIG. 3 ) via an adhesive layer 160 .
- the adhesive can be selected based on its thermal conductivity property. For example, an adhesive that has a relatively good thermal conducting property can be selected to reduce thermal resistance between the die 152 and the packaging substrate. Other attachment configurations are possible.
- various functionalities described in FIGS. 4A-4C can be implemented in more than one die.
- the plurality of die can be packaged on a multi-chip module (MOM) to provide substantially similar functionalities.
- MOM multi-chip module
- the integrated transceiver can be configured to have more than one transmitter, and correspondingly more than one receiver.
- the ferrule assembly 170 can house more than two fiber ends 176 .
- the example ferrule 170 is depicted as having four fiber ends.
- the integrated transceiver 150 can have a second laser-diode (not shown) mounted on the die 152 , and a second photo-diode (not shown) mounted on the die 152 so as to provide two-channel functionality.
- spacing between the fiber ends can be approximately 250 ⁇ m.
- the example four components two lasers and two photo-diodes
- spacing intervals such that the two outer-most components are separated by approximately 750 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 5A shows a front sectional view of one embodiment of a packaged edge-operating integrated transceiver 180 .
- FIG. 5B shows a top view of the packaged transceiver 180 .
- the packaged transceiver 180 can includes a packaging substrate 190 that defines a first recess 194 dimensioned to allow mounting of a die 182 .
- the example die 182 is shown to have mounted on it an edge-emitting laser-diode 184 and an edge-detecting photo-diode 186 .
- the die 182 , laser-diode 184 , and photo-diode 186 assembly can be similar to that described above in reference to FIGS. 4A-4C .
- the packaging substrate 190 can also define a second recess 192 that allows access to the mounted die 182 (or access to the first recess for mounting the die 182 ), and/or to provide protection of the die/laser/photo-diode assembly.
- the packaging substrate 130 in FIG. 3
- the packaging substrate does not necessarily need to have a recess for mounting of the die ( 122 ).
- any number of die/substrate mounting configurations are possible.
- the packaging substrate 190 can also be configured to allow mounting of a monitor photo-detector (MPD) 188 .
- the MPD 188 can be configured to monitor the output of the laser 184 .
- the packaging substrate 190 can be dimensioned to allow positioning of a ferrule assembly 200 .
- Such dimensioning can include one or more recesses or features that allow positioning of the fiber ends (not shown) at desired locations relative to the optical output and input regions of the laser-diode 184 and photodiode 186 .
- FIGS. 6A-6D show various views (top, first side, second side, and front views, respectively) of one embodiment of a transceiver assembly 210 , where at least one of the transmitter and receiver is a surface-operating device.
- a photo-diode 216 is depicted as being a surface-detecting device and a laser-diode 214 is depicted as an edge-emitting device.
- the photo-diode can be edge-detecting
- the laser-diode can be surface-emitting.
- the edge-emitting laser-diode 214 can be mounted to a die 212
- the surface-detecting photodiode 216 can be mounted to a mounting sub-assembly 218 .
- the die 212 can include a plurality of semiconductor electronic devices. At least some of those devices can be electrically coupled to the laser-diode 214 mounted on the die 212 , and to the photo-diode 216 (wire lead coupling depicted as 222 ); and be configured to control optical output produced by the laser-diode 214 and process optical input received by the photo-diode 216 .
- the structure and configuration of the die 212 can be similar to that described above in reference to FIGS. 4A-4C .
- the example laser-diode 214 can be configured and mounted to the die 212 in a manner similar to the laser-diode 154 described above in reference to FIGS. 4A-4C .
- a photo-diode 216 that is mountable on the mounting sub-assembly 218 can be a standardized component.
- photo-diode products from companies such as Kyocera can be mounted to the sub-assembly 218 .
- laser-diode products from companies such as Kyocera can also be mounted to a sub-assembly.
- the some or all of the mounting sub-assembly 218 can be formed from ceramic.
- the ceramic support structure can include one or more pathways for facilitating electrical connections between the photo-diode 216 and the die.
- a support structure (such as ceramic structure) that supports the die 212 can be the part of the same structure that supports the photo-detector 216 .
- the support structure for the die 212 is not part of the structure that supports the photo-detector 216 . These two separate structures may or may not be coupled mechanically.
- the photo-detector 216 can be a semiconductor photo-detector that includes a semiconductor region having an optical input surface 224 for receiving light.
- the optical input surface can be oriented at an angle with respect to the top surface of the die 212 .
- the photo-detector 216 can include a plurality of electrical leads that extend away from the detecting surface (rearward if the detecting surface faces front).
- the plurality of electrical leads contact the semiconductor region through bonds on a rearward side of the semiconductor region (on the side opposite to the fiber).
- the bonds and leads extending from the photo-detector may in some embodiments have a thickness that would otherwise prevent the fiber from being brought sufficiently close to the detecting surface of the photo-detector if the lead were on the front side of photodetector. Accordingly, the bonds may be on the rear side of the photo-detector with the fiber on the front side of the detector.
- a packaging of the photo-detector 216 can include an optically transmissive panel forward of the semiconductor region that transmits light to the semiconductor region.
- the photodiode may comprise semiconductor having a photosensitive detecting surface mounted downward onto a package with an optically transmissive aperture that permits light to pass through the package to the photosensitive detector surface of the semiconductor.
- the opposite side of the semiconductor may include the electrical leads to provide access for the fiber.
- the semiconductor region of the photo-detector 216 can be a semiconductor diode.
- the optical input surface of the semiconductor region can be substantially planar. In one embodiment, the optical input surface can be oriented substantially orthogonal to the top surface of the die.
- the laser 214 has an output face.
- the optical input surface of the photo-detector 216 and the output face of the laser 214 are directed substantially in the same direction.
- the optical input surface of the semiconductor region of the photo-detector 216 and the output face of the laser 214 are coplanar.
- the output face of the laser 214 and the optical input surface of the photo-detector 216 can be within about 1 to 6 degrees, and within about 60 microns ( ⁇ m) of being coplanar. In one embodiment, the output face of the laser 214 and the optical input surface of the photo-detector 216 are tilted with respect to each other by about 4 to 10 degrees. The photo-detector may be tilted, for example, to reduce light reflected back into the fiber.
- the laser and photo diodes 214 and 216 can be spaced at a selected distance so as to allow optical coupling with selected fiber ends of a ferrule assembly 230 .
- the ferrule assembly 230 and the selected spacing between the diodes, can be similar to the ferrule 170 described above in reference to FIGS. 4A-4C .
- the output face of the laser 214 and the optical input surface of the photo-detector 216 can be laterally separated from each other, as measured center-to-center, by about 750 microns for optical interconnection with the selected fibers in the ferrule 230 .
- the center-to-center distance may be larger or smaller than 750 microns. In certain embodiments, however, the center-to-center distance is less than 1000 microns. In one embodiment, the center-to-center distance may be less than 750 microns (for example, about 250 microns).
- an assembly of such a die 212 , laser-diode 214 , and photo-diode 216 can have dimensions that are similar to the assembly described above in reference to FIGS. 4A-4C .
- the assembly of the die 212 , laser-diode 214 , and photo-diode 216 form an integral unit having a largest dimension that is less than approximately 15 mm. Other dimensions are possible.
- the die 212 can be mounted to the packaging substrate (for example, 130 in FIG. 3 ) via an adhesive layer 220 .
- the packaging substrate for example, 130 in FIG. 3
- an adhesive layer 220 Other attachment configurations are possible.
- various functionalities described in FIGS. 6A-6D can be implemented in more than one die.
- the plurality of dies can be packaged on a multi-chip module (MOM) to provide substantially similar functionalities.
- MOM multi-chip module
- use of the surface-operating component can allow use of standard parts, as well as providing a more relaxed alignment requirement for the surface-operating component. In one embodiment, however, such features can be offset by size limitations that can be imposed by the surface-operating component. For example, use of certain standard surface-detecting photo-detectors may limit the integrated transceiver to a single channel device if coupled to certain type of Mini-MT multi-fiber assembly.
- FIG. 7A shows a front sectional view of one embodiment of a packaging assembly 240 that can be dimensioned to receive an integrated transceiver similar to that described above in reference to FIGS. 4A-4D .
- a packaging substrate 242 can define a first recess 244 dimensioned to receive a die (for example, the die 212 of FIGS. 6A-6D ).
- the first recess 244 can be formed within a second larger recess 250 that allows access to the first recess 244 for mounting of the die, or for accessing the mounted die, and/or to provide protection of the die.
- the packaging substrate does not necessarily need to have a recess for mounting of the die. Thus, it will be understood that any number of die/substrate mounting configurations are possible.
- the packaging substrate 242 can define a receptacle opening 246 dimensioned to receive a surface-operating component (for example, the surface-detecting photo-detector 216 of FIGS. 6A-6D ).
- the packaging substrate 242 can further define one or more pathways 247 dimensioned to facilitate routing of wires that electrically couple the die with the photo-detector 216 .
- FIG. 7B shows a similar view as FIG. 7A , but with a die 252 and a surface-detecting photo-detector 256 mounted in their respective openings ( 244 and 246 ).
- An edge-emitting laser 254 can be mounted on the die 252 in a manner described above in reference to FIGS. 6A-6D .
- the first recess 244 and the receptacle opening 246 can be positioned relative to each other such that the laser 254 and the detecting surface 258 of the photo-detector 256 can be positioned at a desired orientation (desired center-to-center spacing, for example).
- the packaging substrate 242 is a monolithic structure to which the photo-detector 216 as well as the die 252 are mounted, with the laser 254 being mounted to the die 252 .
- FIG. 7C shows a top view of the packaged assembly of FIG. 7B .
- the packaging substrate 242 can be dimensioned to allow positioning of a ferrule assembly 260 .
- Such dimensioning can include one or more recesses or features that allow positioning of the fiber ends (not shown) at desired locations relative to the optical output and input regions of the laser 254 and photo-detector 256 .
- the packaging substrate 242 can also be configured to allow mounting of a monitor photo-detector (MPD) 248 .
- the MPD 248 can be configured to monitor the output of the laser 254 .
- FIGS. 8A and 8B show one embodiment of an integrated transceiver 270 having a surface-detecting photo-detector, where certain geometric parameters can be considered.
- FIG. 8A shows a front view of the transceiver 270
- FIG. 8B shows a top view.
- a die 272 is shown to be mounted on a packaging substrate 280 .
- the substrate 280 can be formed from ceramic material.
- the die 272 can be mounted on the substrate 280 via a die attach layer 286 such as an adhesive layer.
- An edge-emitting laser 274 is shown to be mounted on the die 272 .
- a surface-detecting photo-detector 276 (having a detecting surface 278 ) is shown to be mounted to the packaging substrate 280 via a mounting sub-assembly 282 .
- the die 272 , laser 274 , and photo-detector 276 can be similar to those described above in reference to FIGS. 6 and 7 .
- the photo-detector 276 can be electrically interconnected with the die 272 via connection lines 284 b and 284 c. These connection lines 284 b and 284 c extend through the sub-assembly 282 to which the photo-detector 282 is mounted as well as through the portion of the package substrate 280 to which the sub-assembly 282 is mounted.
- the package substrate 280 is shaped to accommodate mounting of both the die 272 and the sub-assembly 282 .
- the laser 274 can be electrically interconnected with the die 272 via one or more connection lines 284 a. Other configurations, however, are possible.
- the center of the laser 274 can be positioned at a selected distance from the lateral edge of the die 272 (arrow 290 b). In one embodiment, the selected distance 290 b can be approximately 250 ⁇ m. The edge of the die 272 can be positioned at a selected distance from the edge of the mounting sub-assembly 282 (arrow 290 c). In one embodiment, the selected distance 290 c can be approximately 150 ⁇ m. The center of the detecting surface 278 of the photodetector 276 can be positioned at a selected distance from the lateral edge of the mounting sub-assembly 282 (arrow 290 d). In one embodiment, the selected distance 290 d can be approximately 350 ⁇ m. Based on the foregoing example configuration, the distance from the center of the laser 274 and the center of the photo-detector 276 (arrow 290 e) can be approximately 750 ⁇ m.
- the lateral width of the laser 274 (arrow 290 a) can be approximately 250 ⁇ m, and the length (arrow 290 f) can be approximately 750 ⁇ m.
- the example 750 spacing between the laser and the photo-detector can facilitate optical coupling with certain ferrules, such as the Mini-MT multi-fiber assembly. It will be understood that other spacing configurations are also possible. Accordingly, the center-to-center distance may be larger or smaller than 750 microns. In certain embodiments, however, the center-to-center distance is less than 1000 microns.
- FIGS. 9A-9D show various views (top, first side, second side, and front views, respectively) of one embodiment 300 , where both transmitter 304 and receiver 306 are mounted on a submount 310 .
- the submount 310 can be a single structure dimensioned to allow mounting of the transmitter 304 and receiver 306 .
- the submount 310 can be formed by first and second structures 314 and 316 that are joined together. The first structure 314 can be dimensioned to allow mounting of the transmitter 304 , and the second structure 316 can be dimensioned to allow mounting of the receiver 306 .
- the laser 304 and the photo-detector 306 can be electrically coupled to a die via a plurality of electrical interconnects 312 .
- the electrical interconnects can include, for examples, pins, sockets, wires, traces, conductive pathways imbedded in ridged insulating material, or any combination thereof. Such interconnects can be used to provide electrical connection in other embodiments describe herein as well.
- the submount assembly 310 can thus be populated with one or more lasers and one or more photo-detectors separate from die-mounting operations. For example, such populating of the submount assembly 310 can be performed without being impacted by die attaching adhesive thickness variations. Because both the laser and the photo-diode are mounted on the same assembly substantially free from such variations, the laser and photo-diode can be more accurately placed relative to each other.
- submount for both transmitter and receiver can allow for separate assembly and testing of the optical subassembly prior to connecting it to the die 302 .
- the laser 304 can be an edge-emitting type
- the photo-detector 306 can be a surface-detecting type (with a detecting surface 308 ).
- the example laser 304 and the photodetector 306 can be similar in configuration and relative orientation to those described above in reference to FIGS. 6 and 8 .
- the surface detecting photo-detector 344 may comprise a planar photosensitive surface shown in FIG. 9D that receives the light. In the embodiment shown, this planar photosensitive surface is orthogonal to the top surface of the die 302 .
- Other combinations of laser and photo-detector types mounted on the subassembly 310 are possible.
- the die 302 can be configured in a manner similar to those described above.
- the die 302 can be mounted to a packaging substrate (not shown) via an attachment layer 330 such as an adhesive layer.
- the subassembly 310 can be mounted to a packaging substrate (not shown) via an attachment layer 332 such as an adhesive layer.
- the packaging substrate for the die 302 may or may not be part of the same structure as that for the subassembly 310 .
- the packaging substrate may comprise ceramic in certain embodiments. Ceramic is a material that can provide desired thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties as a packaging substrate. In one embodiment, other materials having such properties can also be used as a packaging substrate.
- the subassembly 310 is configured couple with ferrule assembly 320 .
- optical fiber ends in the ferrule may be aligned with the transmitter 304 and receiver 306 to provided optical coupling between the fiber ends and the transmitter and receiver.
- FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of one embodiment of a support assembly 340 that can be the subassembly 310 described above in reference to FIGS. 9A-9D .
- a support assembly 340 can be the subassembly 310 described above in reference to FIGS. 9A-9D .
- such implementation of a submount can provide various flexibility in manufacturing and/or testing processes.
- the support assembly 340 can include mounting substrate 342 having surfaces for mounting of a laser 344 and a photo-detector 346 .
- the laser 344 is depicted as being an edge-emitting type, and the photo-detector 344 a surface-detecting type (with a detecting surface 348 ). It will be understood, however, that other combinations of laser and photo-detector are possible.
- the support assembly 340 can also be dimensioned to facilitate mounting of a monitor photo-detector (not shown).
- the support assembly 340 is also shown to have a plurality of contacts 352 that facilitate electrical connection of the laser 344 and the photo-detector 346 with the die (not shown).
- the laser 344 and the photo-detector 346 can be positioned and oriented relative to each other in a manner similar to those described above in reference to FIGS. 6-9 .
- the distance between the centers of the laser 344 and the photo-diode 346 (arrow 350 a) can be approximately 750 ⁇ m.
- the length of the laser 344 (arrow 350 b) can be approximately 250 ⁇ m, similar to the example laser described above in reference to FIG. 8B .
- Other dimensions are possible.
- the center-to-center distance may be larger or smaller than 750 microns. In certain embodiments, however, the center-to-center distance is less than 1000 microns.
- the support assembly 340 can be formed from ceramic. In one embodiment, the support assembly 340 can be a monolithic structure that supports both of the laser and photodetector. In one embodiment, the support assembly 340 can include separate first and second subassemblies, with the laser mounted to the first subassembly and the photo-detector mounted to the second subassembly. In one embodiment, the support assembly 340 can comprise insulating material and include conductive pathways therethrough or thereon that provide electrical connections from the laser and the photo-detector to the electronics on the die (not shown). The conductive pathways can lead to the electrical contact 352 to provide electrical connections with the electronics on the die (not shown). In one embodiment, the support assembly 340 is positioned relative to the die so as to butt up against the die. In some embodiments, the electrical contacts 352 mate with other contacts mounted on the die.
- FIGS. 11-13 show various embodiments of optical coupling configurations between an integrated transceiver and a ferrule.
- an optical coupling element 370 is shown to couple light between an integrated transceiver and a ferrule 380 .
- an optical coupling element 400 is shown to couple light between another integrated transceiver and a ferrule 410 .
- an optical coupling element 430 is shown to couple light between another integrated transceiver and a ferrule 440 .
- the optical coupling elements 370 , 400 , and 430 are similar; and ferrules 380 , 410 , and 440 are similar.
- the dies 362 , 392 , and 422 can be configured similarly in manners described above (including mounting via their respective mounting layers 374 , 404 , and 434 ). However, it will be understood that such similarities are not requirements, and that they may be different.
- the optical coupling element can include a light pipe or conduit having a length 371 , 401 , 431 of substantially optically transmissive material (for example, glass or plastic).
- the light pipe or light guide can have a first end and a second end, with the second end being disposed proximal to a photo-detector ( 366 , 396 , and 425 ).
- this light pipe may guide light from the first end to the second end in part via total internal reflection at the sidewalls. Much of the light may however propagate forward from the first end to the second end without reflecting from the sidewalls.
- the second end can include a sloping reflective surface 373 , 403 , 433 angled such that light propagating along the length from the first end to the second end is redirected to the photo-detector.
- the sloping reflective surface 373 , 403 , 433 can be angled such that a difference, between the angle of the sloping reflective surface ( 373 , 403 , 433 ) relative to the length of the light pipe and the incident angle of light with respect to a normal to the sloping reflective surface, is between about 4° and 12°. If the length of the light pipe is horizontal and the detector faces upwards, such an angle (e.g., between about 4° and 12°) represents the incident angle on the detector.
- the sloping reflective surface 373 , 403 , 433 can include a total internal reflection surface.
- the sidewalls, including the sloping sidewalls can be planar in some embodiments, although the shape should not be so restricted.
- the sidewalls and in particular the sloping reflective sidewall can be polished in some embodiments to reduce scattering of light undergoing total internal reflection.
- a reflective coating e.g., an interference coating or metallization
- Examples of embodiments of optical coupling elements are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/109,210 titled “PLC For Connecting Optical Fibers to Optical or Optoelectronic Devices” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- the first end of the light pipe can be disposed with respect to a multi-fiber ferrule (such as Mini-MT multi-fiber assembly) to permit light coupling into the light pipe.
- the multi-fiber assembly can be positioned so that the optical axes of the fibers therein can be substantially aligned with the optical axis of the light pipe or light guide.
- the fibers may be positioned, e.g., centered with respect to the length of transmissive material such that light from the fiber can be coupled into the light pipe and propagate directly to the sloping reflective surface.
- an anti-reflection coating or index matching can be provided at the first end to increase coupling efficiency.
- the photo-detectors 366 (with a detecting surface 368 ), 396 (with a detecting surface 398 ), and 425 can be surface-detecting types.
- the photo-detectors may include planar photo-sensitive surfaces oriented parallel to the surface of the dies 362 , 392 , 422 on which the photodetectors 366 , 396 , 425 are mounted. Direct coupling with such surface-detecting photo-detectors with the second end of the light pipe can reduce signal loss.
- the bottom surface of the coupler can be disposed with respect to the photo-detector to couple light thereto.
- the bottom surface of the coupler can contact the detector, or be positioned so as to provide a gap between the bottom surface of the coupler and the detector.
- an optically transmissive adhesive which in some cases may provide index matching, may exist between the bottom surface of the coupler and the detector.
- the detector may or may not have a glass faceplate in front of the photosensitive surface.
- an intermediate optical component for example, a spacer, is disposed between the coupler and the photo-detector.
- a laser 364 can couple light into a waveguide structure 372 having an output disposed with respect to the second end of the light pipe, to thereby couple light into the second end of the light pipe.
- the waveguide structure 372 can be a planar waveguide formed on the planar surface of the die 362 .
- the planar waveguide can comprise an optical modulator. This modulator may comprise a ring resonator or other type of waveguide resonator or modulator such as a Mach-Zehnder modulator. Examples of different embodiments of ring resonators can be found in U.S. Pat. No.
- the waveguide structure can further include an optical waveguide grating coupler to couple light from the planar waveguide to the second end of the light pipe.
- an optical waveguide grating coupler to couple light from the planar waveguide to the second end of the light pipe. Examples of embodiments of waveguide grating couplers are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/776,475 titled “OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE GRATING COUPLER” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- the lateral spacing between the photodetector 366 and the waveguide 372 is about 750 microns. In other embodiments, however, the spacing may be larger or smaller than 750 microns. In certain embodiments, for example, the center-to-center distance is less than 1000 microns. In one embodiment, the center-to-center distance may be less than 750 microns (for example, about 250 microns).
- a substantially optically transmissive spacer can be disposed between the second end of the light pipe and the die so as to couple light output from the waveguide structure into the second end of the light pipe.
- the substantially optically transmissive spacer can include silicon having at least one anti-reflection coating thereon.
- the spacer can be held in place by an optically transmissive adhesive.
- a laser 394 can be a surface-emitting laser.
- the emitting surface of the laser 394 can have an output that faces face upwards, e.g., normal to the top surface of the die 392 , similar to the upward-facing detecting surface 398 of the photo-detector 396 , so as to couple with the second end of the light pipe 400 .
- the output surface of the laser 394 may be parallel to the top surface of the die 392 on which the laser is mounted.
- such surface-emitting laser 394 can be a VCSEL (vertical cavity surface emitting laser).
- the surface emitting laser comprises a HCSEL (horizontal cavity surface emitting laser).
- Example lasers 394 comprising a stack of layers of material with an output face on the top of the stack.
- the laser 394 and the photo-detector 396 can be separated by 750 microns.
- the center-to-center distance may be larger or smaller than 750 microns. In certain embodiments, however, the center-to-center distance is less than 1000 microns. In one embodiment, the center-to-center distance may be less than 750 microns (for example, about 250 microns).
- a surface-emitting laser and a surface-detecting photo-detector can be monolithically integrated into a single chip unit 425 .
- the emitting surface of the laser and the detecting surface of the photo-detector can face upward so as to couple with the second end of the light pipe 430 .
- the surface-emitting laser can be a VCSEL or a HCSEL.
- the laser can be configured to emit light at approximately 1310 nm, and the photo-detector can be configured to detect light at approximately 1490 nm.
- the laser can be modulated at a rate of approximately 2.5 Gbps, and the photo-detector can support data rate at approximately 2.5 Gbps.
- such monolithically integrated chip can operate uncooled.
- edge emitting lasers and edge detectors can provide smaller footprints (for example, an edge-emitting laser can be approximately 250 ⁇ m ⁇ 250 ⁇ m) to allow implementation of more than one channel for the integrated transceiver.
- surface-detectors can allow for more relaxed alignment. Surface photodetectors that are commercially available can also be used. Integrating the photodetectors in the die can further reduce package dimensions and cost while improving performance by eliminating external electrical connections.
- optical coupling efficiency can also be considered when selecting a configuration for the integrated transceiver.
- an optical fiber couples with a lesser efficiency to an edge detector than to a surface-photo-detector which has a larger area for receiving the light from the fiber.
- FIG. 15A shows an example optical coupling configuration 460 between an edge-detecting photo-diode (depicted as “PD mode”) and a circular fiber (depicted as “Fiber mode”). As shown, portions of the circle above and below the elliptical distribution of the PD mode do not overlap with the detecting region of the PD, thereby reducing the optical coupling efficiency.
- FIG. 15B shows an exemplary relationship between such coupling loss between an example 5 ⁇ m single-mode fiber (SMF) separated from the detecting edge of the PD by about 10 ⁇ m. The horizontal mode size of the detecting edge is held at a constant value, and the vertical mode size is varied (X-axis).
- SMF single-mode fiber
- the relationship between coupling loss (Y-axis) and the vertical mode size (X-axis) is generally an inverse relationship. Based on such characterization, one can select a desired operating configuration of an edge-detecting (or edge-emitting) component when being coupled to a fiber.
- coupling loss associated with edge-emitting lasers and edge detectors may be acceptable. In some situations, such coupling loss with for example an edge detector may not be desirable—in which case, surface photo-detector may be used. In some embodiments, loss and power budget considerations may be used to select a desired configuration of the integrated transceiver.
- a surface emitting laser can be oriented and mounted such that the output surface faces outward (generally orthogonal to the top surface of the die) instead of the example edge-emitting lasers (for example, in FIG. 3 ).
- Various embodiments described herein can provide an integrated transceiver that has a reduced form factor but that provides for high data rates.
- Various features of the physical, optical, and electrical design may provide these and other advantages.
- the selection, positioning, orientation, and arrangement of components as described herein may result compactness, ruggedness, efficient optical coupling, high data rates, and ease of manufacture and repair.
- the shape of the packaging may be useful in providing a compact and robust platform.
- various types of electrical connections which may include for example pins, sockets, wires, traces, conductive pathways imbedded in ridged insulating material, or any combination thereof, may additionally provide for a robust design that is easy to manufacture and that uses largely existing optical and electrical components.
- Other design features may contribute to the performance and advantages provided by the designs described herein.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (24)
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US10/917,204 US7116853B2 (en) | 2003-08-15 | 2004-08-11 | PN diode optical modulators fabricated in rib waveguides |
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US9864138B2 (en) | 2015-01-05 | 2018-01-09 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Integrated photonics including germanium |
US10025033B2 (en) | 2016-03-01 | 2018-07-17 | Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc. | Optical fiber structure, optical communication apparatus and manufacturing process for manufacturing the same |
US10698156B2 (en) | 2017-04-27 | 2020-06-30 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Wafer scale bonded active photonics interposer |
US10816724B2 (en) | 2018-04-05 | 2020-10-27 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Fabricating photonics structure light signal transmission regions |
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USRE45390E1 (en) | 2015-02-24 |
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US10454586B2 (en) | 2019-10-22 |
US8577191B2 (en) | 2013-11-05 |
US9136946B2 (en) | 2015-09-15 |
USRE45215E1 (en) | 2014-10-28 |
US20110236029A1 (en) | 2011-09-29 |
USRE44829E1 (en) | 2014-04-08 |
US8121447B2 (en) | 2012-02-21 |
US8165431B2 (en) | 2012-04-24 |
US9712243B2 (en) | 2017-07-18 |
US20160006514A1 (en) | 2016-01-07 |
US10128954B2 (en) | 2018-11-13 |
US20180175940A1 (en) | 2018-06-21 |
US7773836B2 (en) | 2010-08-10 |
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