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US9416096B2 - Crystalline forms of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate, methods of synthesis and use - Google Patents

Crystalline forms of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate, methods of synthesis and use Download PDF

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US9416096B2
US9416096B2 US14/478,627 US201414478627A US9416096B2 US 9416096 B2 US9416096 B2 US 9416096B2 US 201414478627 A US201414478627 A US 201414478627A US 9416096 B2 US9416096 B2 US 9416096B2
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crystalline form
methyl
dioate
diethylcarbamoyl
ene
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US20150073049A1 (en
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Chen Mao
Randall A. Scheuerman
Sami karaborni
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XenoPort Inc
Arbor Pharmaceuticals LLC
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
    • A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
    • A61K31/225—Polycarboxylic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
    • A61P31/22—Antivirals for DNA viruses for herpes viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C235/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms
    • C07C235/02—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C235/04—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
    • C07C235/06—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having the nitrogen atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
    • C07B2200/13—Crystalline forms, e.g. polymorphs
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • crystalline forms of drugs are utilized in dosage forms rather than amorphous forms of drugs, in part, because of their superior stability.
  • an amorphous drug converts to a crystalline drug form upon storage.
  • amorphous and crystalline forms of a drug typically have different physical properties, chemical properties, potencies and/or bioavailabilities, such interconversion is undesirable for safety reasons in pharmaceutical administration.
  • Polymorphs are crystals of the same molecule which have different physical properties because the crystal lattice contains a different arrangement of molecules.
  • certain polymorphs can include different hydration states that incorporate water into the crystalline structure without chemical alteration of the molecule itself.
  • certain compounds can exist in anhydrous and hydrated forms, where the hydrated forms can include, for example, hydrates, dihydrates, trihydrates, and the like, or partial hydrates such as hemihydrates.
  • the different physical properties exhibited by polymorphs can affect important pharmaceutical parameters such as storage, stability, compressibility, density (which is important in formulation and product manufacturing) and dissolution rates (which are important in determining bioavailability).
  • Stability differences may result from changes in chemical reactivity (e.g., differential hydrolysis or oxidation, such that a dosage form discolors more rapidly when the dosage form comprises one polymorph rather than another polymorph), mechanical changes (e.g., tablets crumble on storage as a kinetically favored crystalline form converts to a thermodynamically more stable crystalline form) or both (e.g., tablets of one polymorph are more susceptible to breakdown at high humidity).
  • Solubility differences between polymorphs may, in extreme situations, result in transitions to crystalline forms that lack potency and/or are toxic.
  • the physical properties of a particular crystalline form may be important in pharmaceutical processing. For example, one particular crystalline form may form solvates more readily or may be more difficult to filter and wash free of impurities than other forms (e.g., particle shape and size distribution might be different between one crystalline form relative to other forms).
  • Regulatory agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration closely regulate the polymorphic content of the active component of a drug in solid dosage forms. In general, regulatory agencies require batch-by-batch monitoring for polymorphic drugs if anything other than the pure, thermodynamically preferred polymorph is marketed. Accordingly, medical and commercial reasons favor synthesizing and marketing the most thermodynamically stable polymorph of a crystalline drug substance in solid drugs, which is substantially free of other, less favored polymorphs.
  • Compound (1) is a prodrug of methyl hydrogen fumarate. Once administered, the compound is metabolized in vivo into an active metabolite, namely, methyl hydrogen fumarate (MHF) which is also referred to herein as monomethyl fumarate (MMF).
  • MHF methyl hydrogen fumarate
  • MMF monomethyl fumarate
  • the in vivo metabolism of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate to MHF/MMF is illustrated below:
  • Compound (1) is synthesized in Example 1 of Gangakhedkar et al. U.S. Pat. No. 8,148,414 and is disclosed as having a melting point between 53° C. and 56° C.
  • Oral dosage forms comprising compound (1) are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13,973,456 filed Aug. 22, 2013, and Ser. No. 13/973,622 filed Aug. 22, 2013.
  • High drug load formulations of compound (1) are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13,973,542 filed Aug. 22, 2013.
  • Therapeutic uses and methods of treatment for compound (1) are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13,973,820 filed Aug. 22, 2013, Ser. No. 13/906,155 filed May 30, 2013, Ser. No. 13/973,700 filed Aug.
  • the present disclosure describes novel crystalline forms of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate having improved physicochemical properties that may be used in pharmaceutical processing and in pharmaceutical compositions and therapeutic methods of treatment.
  • a crystalline form 1 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the form 1, and methods of administering the form 1 to a patient in need thereof for treating a disease are provided.
  • a crystalline form 2 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the form 2, and methods of administering the form 2 to a patient in need thereof for treating a disease are provided.
  • a crystalline form 3 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the form 3, and methods of administering the form 3 to a patient in need thereof for treating a disease are provided.
  • a crystalline form 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the form 4, and methods of administering the form 4 to a patient in need thereof for treating a disease are provided.
  • FIG. 1 is an X-ray powder diffractogram (XRPD) of a crystalline form 1 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffractogram
  • FIG. 2 is a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of a crystalline form 1 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • DSC differential scanning calorimetry
  • FIG. 3 is thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogram of a crystalline form 1 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • FIG. 4 is an X-ray powder diffractogram (XRPD) of a crystalline form 2 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffractogram
  • FIG. 5 is a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of a crystalline form 2 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • FIG. 6 is thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogram of a crystalline form 2 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • FIG. 7 is an X-ray powder diffractogram (XRPD) of a crystalline form 3 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffractogram
  • FIG. 8 is a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of a crystalline form 3 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • FIG. 9 is thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogram of a crystalline form 3 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • FIG. 10 is an X-ray powder diffractogram (XRPD) of a crystalline form 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffractogram
  • FIG. 11 is a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of a crystalline form 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • FIG. 12 is thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogram of a crystalline form 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • Bioavailability refers to the amount of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation of a patient following administration of the drug, or a prodrug thereof, to the patient and may be determined by evaluating, for example, the plasma or blood concentration-versus-time profile for a drug.
  • Parameters useful in characterizing a plasma or blood concentration-versus-time curve include the area under the curve (AUC), the time to maximum concentration (T max ), and the maximum drug concentration (C max ), where C max is the maximum concentration of a drug in the plasma or blood of a patient following administration of a dose of the drug or prodrug thereof to the patient, and T max is the time to the maximum concentration (C max ) of a drug in the plasma or blood of a patient following administration of a dose of the drug or prodrug thereof to the patient.
  • AUC area under the curve
  • T max the time to maximum concentration
  • C max the maximum drug concentration of a drug in the plasma or blood of a patient following administration of a dose of the drug or prodrug thereof to the patient
  • T max is the time to the maximum concentration (C max ) of a drug in the plasma or blood of a patient following administration of a dose of the drug or prodrug thereof to the patient.
  • Crystal means having a regularly repeating arrangement of molecules.
  • Crystalstalline (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate refers to a compound in which crystalline (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate is not associated with water molecules.
  • Disease refers to a disease, disorder, condition, symptom, or indication. This term is used interchangeably with the phrase “disease or disorder.”
  • Dosage form refers to a form of a formulation that comprises an amount of active agent or a prodrug of an active agent, for example, the monomethyl fumarate prodrug (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate, which can be administered to a patient to achieve a therapeutic effect.
  • An oral dosage form is intended to be administered to a patient via the mouth and swallowed. Examples of oral dosage forms include capsules, tablets, and liquid suspensions.
  • a dose of a drug may include one or more dosage forms administered simultaneously or over a period of time.
  • “Patient” includes mammals, such as for example, humans.
  • “Pharmaceutical composition” refers to a composition comprising at least one compound provided by the present disclosure and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle with which the compound is administered to a patient.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to approved or approvable by a regulatory agency of a federal or a state government, listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia, or listed in other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in mammals, including humans.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle” refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, a pharmaceutically acceptable recipient, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, or a combination of any of the foregoing, with which crystalline forms of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate can be administered to a patient, which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof, and which is nontoxic when administered in doses sufficient to provide a therapeutically effective amount of one or both of the compounds.
  • Prodrug refers to a derivative of an active compound (such as a drug) that undergoes a transformation under the conditions of use, such as within the body, to release the active compound or drug.
  • Prod rugs are frequently, but not necessarily, pharmacologically inactive until converted into the active compound or drug.
  • Prod rugs can be obtained by bonding a promoted (defined herein), typically via a functional group, to a drug.
  • a promoted typically via a functional group
  • “Promoiety” refers to a group bonded to a drug, typically to a functional group of the drug, via one or more bonds that are cleavable under specified conditions of use.
  • the bond(s) between the drug and promoted may be cleaved by enzymatic or non-enzymatic means. Under the conditions of use, for example following administration to a patient, the bond(s) between the drug and promoted may be cleaved to release the parent drug.
  • the cleavage of the promoted may proceed spontaneously, such as via a hydrolysis reaction, or may be catalyzed or induced by another agent, such as by an enzyme, by light, by acid, or by a change of or exposure to a physical or environmental parameter, such as a change of temperature, pH, etc.
  • the agent may be endogenous to the conditions of use, such as an enzyme present in the systemic circulation to which the prodrug is administered or the acidic conditions of the stomach, or the agent may be supplied exogenously.
  • the promoted of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate is:
  • “Therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease or disorder, or at least one of the clinical symptoms of a disease or disorder, is sufficient to affect such treatment of the disease, disorder, or symptom.
  • the actual amount required for treatment of any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and its severity; the specific pharmaceutical composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the mode of administration; the time of administration; the route of administration; the rate of excretion of a disclosed crystalline form; the duration of the treatment; any drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed; the discretion of the prescribing physician; and other such factors well known in the medical arts.
  • purity when referring to one of the crystalline forms 1, 2, 3 and/or 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate disclosed herein, means the degree to which the particular crystalline form is undiluted or unmixed with another crystalline form and/or extraneous material(s), and is expressed as a percentage by weight (wt %).
  • purity when referring to a formulation or dosage form of one of the crystalline forms 1, 2, 3 and/or 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate disclosed herein, which formulation or dosage form comprises the particular crystalline form as the active pharmaceutical agent (as well as one or more other materials such as a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle), means the degree to which the active pharmaceutical agent in the formulation or dosage form comprises that particular crystalline form and no other crystalline form(s) of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate, and is also expressed as a percentage by weight (wt %).
  • Treating” or “treatment” of any disease or disorder refers to reversing, alleviating, arresting or ameliorating a disease or disorder, or at least one of the clinical symptoms of a disease or disorder, reducing the risk of acquiring at least one of the clinical symptoms of a disease or disorder, inhibiting the progress of a disease or disorder or at least one of the clinical symptoms of the disease or disorder, or reducing the risk of developing at least one of the clinical symptoms of a disease or disorder.
  • Treating” or “treatment” also refers to inhibiting the disease or disorder, either physically, (e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom), physiologically, (e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter), or both, and to inhibiting at least one physical parameter which may or may not be discernible to the patient.
  • “treating” or “treatment” refers to protecting against or delaying the onset of at least one or more symptoms of a disease or disorder in a patient.
  • the present disclosure is directed to crystalline forms of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • the first form is form 1.
  • the second form is form 2.
  • the third form is form 3.
  • the fourth form is form 4.
  • DSC Differential scanning calorimetry
  • DSC data shows differential heat flow plotted against temperature.
  • DSC can be used to characterize thermal properties of crystalline forms, such as melting temperature or heat of fusion. Therefore, the melting points of the crystalline form 1, form 2 and form 3 disclosed herein can be characterized by DSC.
  • the crystalline form 4 can be characterized by having a DSC thermogram peak.
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction provides three-dimensional structural information about the positions of atoms and bonds in a crystalline form. It is not always possible or feasible, however, to obtain such a structure from a crystalline form due to, for example, insufficient crystal size or difficulty in preparing crystals of sufficient quality for single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
  • Structural identification information can, however, be obtained from other solid-state techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. These techniques are used to generate data on a solid crystalline form. Once that data has been collected on a known crystalline form, that data can be used to identify the presence of that crystalline form in other materials. Thus, these data effectively characterize the crystalline form. For example, an X-ray powder diffraction pattern, or a portion thereof, can serve as a fingerprint which characterizes a crystalline form.
  • An X-ray powder diffraction plot is an x-y graph with scattering angles 2 ⁇ (diffraction) on the x-axis and intensity on the y-axis.
  • the peaks within this plot can be used to characterize a crystalline form.
  • the peaks within an entire diffractogram can be used to characterize a crystalline form, a subset of the more characteristic peaks can also be used to accurately characterize a crystalline form.
  • the data is often represented by the position of the peaks on the x-axis rather than the intensity of peaks on the y-axis because peak intensity may vary with sample orientation.
  • There is also variability in the position of peaks on the x-axis There are several sources of this variability, one of which comes from sample preparation.
  • Samples of the same crystalline material prepared under different conditions may yield slightly different diffractograms. Factors such as particle size, moisture content, solvent content, and orientation can affect how a sample diffracts X-rays. Another source of variability comes from instrument parameters. Different X-ray instruments operate using different parameters and these may lead to slightly different diffraction patterns from the same crystalline form. Likewise, different software packages process X-ray data differently and this also leads to variability. These and other sources of variability are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Due to these sources of variability, it is common to recite X-ray diffraction peaks using the word “about” prior to the peak value in 2 ⁇ .
  • HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography
  • HPLC is a chromatographic technique used to separate the compounds in a mixture, to identify each compound, and to quantify each compound.
  • HPLC is a technique known in the art to determine the purity of a compound. The purity of forms 1, 2, 3 and 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate can be determined using HPLC as is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Form 1 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • DSC Differential scanning calorimetry
  • the purity of crystalline form 1 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate is at least 99 wt % as measured by HPLC. In certain embodiments the purity of crystalline form 1 is at least 99.5 wt % as measured by HPLC. In certain embodiments the purity of crystalline form 1 is at least 99.9 wt % as measured by HPLC.
  • FIG. 1 is an X-ray powder diffractogram (XRPD) of form 1 of the (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate showing the diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • Table 2 lists the approximate numerical values of the XRPD peak positions of the FIG. 1 diffractogram.
  • form 1 can also be accurately characterized with a subset of that data.
  • form 1 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 14.5 ⁇ 0.2°, 21.7 ⁇ 0.2°, 12.3 ⁇ 0.2°, 29.0 ⁇ 0.2°, and 27.1 ⁇ 0.2° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 1 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 14.5 ⁇ 0.2°, 21.7 ⁇ 0.2°, 12.3 ⁇ 0.2°, 29.0 ⁇ 0.2°, 27.1 ⁇ 0.2°, 21.0 ⁇ 0.2°, 22.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 19.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 6.8 ⁇ 0.2°, and 20.3 ⁇ 0.2° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 1 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 14.5 ⁇ 0.2°, 21.7 ⁇ 0.2°, 12.3 ⁇ 0.2°, 29.0 ⁇ 0.2°, 27.1 ⁇ 0.2°, 21.0 ⁇ 0.2°, 22.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 19.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 6.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 20.3 ⁇ 0.2°, 20.6 ⁇ 0.2°, 25.9 ⁇ 0.2°, 24.7 ⁇ 0.2°, 28.7 ⁇ 0.2° and 17.0 ⁇ 0.2° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 1 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 14.5 ⁇ 0.1°, 21.7 ⁇ 0.1°, 12.3 ⁇ 0.1°, 29.0 ⁇ 0.1°, and 27.1 ⁇ 0.1° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 1 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 14.5 ⁇ 0.1°, 21.7 ⁇ 0.1°, 12.3 ⁇ 0.1°, 29.0 ⁇ 0.1°, 27.1 ⁇ 0.1°, 21.0 ⁇ 0.1°, 22.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 19.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 6.8 ⁇ 0.1° and 20.3 ⁇ 0.1° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 1 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 14.5 ⁇ 0.1°, 21.7 ⁇ 0.1 °, 12.3 ⁇ 0.1°, 29.0 ⁇ 0.1°, 27.1 ⁇ 0.1°, 21.0 ⁇ 0.1°, 22.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 19.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 6.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 20.3 ⁇ 0.1°, 20.6 ⁇ 0.1°, 25.9 ⁇ 0.1°, 24.7 ⁇ 0.1°, 28.7 ⁇ 0.1° and 17.0 ⁇ 0.1° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • FIG. 2 is a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of form 1 of the (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • the thermogram shows the form 1 has a melting point of about 58° C.
  • FIG. 3 is a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogram of crystalline form 1 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • One crystalline form disclosed herein is form 2 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • DSC Differential scanning calorimetry
  • the purity of crystalline form 2 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate is at least 99 wt % as measured by HPLC. In certain embodiments the purity of crystalline form 2 is at least 99.5 wt % as measured by HPLC. In certain embodiments the purity of crystalline form 2 is at least 99.9 wt % as measured by HPLC.
  • FIG. 4 is an X-ray powder diffractogram (XRPD) of form 2 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate showing the diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • Table 3 lists the approximate numerical values of the XRPD peak positions of the FIG. 4 diffractogram.
  • form 2 can also be accurately characterized with a subset of that data.
  • form 2 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 8.4 ⁇ 0.2°, 4.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 16.9 ⁇ 0.2°, 18.3 ⁇ 0.2°, and 20.0 ⁇ 0.2° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 2 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 8.4 ⁇ 0.2°, 4.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 16.9 ⁇ 0.2°, 18.3 ⁇ 0.2°, 20.0 ⁇ 0.2°, 26.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 23.5 ⁇ 0.2°, 29.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 20.7 ⁇ 0.2°, and 24.2 ⁇ 0.2° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 2 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 8.4 ⁇ 0.2°, 4.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 16.9 ⁇ 0.2°, 18.3 ⁇ 0.2°, 20.0 ⁇ 0.2°, 26.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 23.5 ⁇ 0.2°, 29.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 20.7 ⁇ 0.2°, 24.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 10.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 25.3 ⁇ 0.2°, 27.3 ⁇ 0.2°, 26.2 ⁇ 0.2° and 34.2 ⁇ 0.2° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 2 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 8.4 ⁇ 0.1°, 4.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 16.9 ⁇ 0.1°, 18.3 ⁇ 0.1°, and 20.0 ⁇ 0.1° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 2 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 8.4 ⁇ 0.1°, 4.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 16.9 ⁇ 0.1°, 18.3 ⁇ 0.1°, 20.0 ⁇ 0.1°, 26.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 23.5 ⁇ 0.1°, 29.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 20.7 ⁇ 0.1° and 24.2 ⁇ 0.1° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 2 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 8.4 ⁇ 0.1°, 4.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 16.9 ⁇ 0.1°, 18.3 ⁇ 0.1°, 20.0 ⁇ 0.1°, 26.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 23.5 ⁇ 0.1°, 29.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 20.7 ⁇ 0.1°, 24.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 10.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 25.3 ⁇ 0.1°, 27.3 ⁇ 0.1°, 26.2 ⁇ 0.1° and 34.2 ⁇ 0.1° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • FIG. 5 is a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of form 2 of the (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • the thermogram shows form 2 has a melting point of about 50° C.
  • FIG. 6 is a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogram of crystalline form 2 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • One crystalline form disclosed herein is form 3 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • DSC Differential scanning calorimetry
  • the purity of crystalline form 3 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate is at least 99 wt % as measured by HPLC. In certain embodiments the purity of crystalline form 3 is at least 99.5 wt % as measured by HPLC. In certain embodiments the purity of crystalline form 3 is at least 99.9 wt % as measured by HPLC.
  • FIG. 7 is an X-ray powder diffractogram (XRPD) of form 3 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate showing the diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • Table 4 lists the approximate numerical values of the XRPD peak positions of the FIG. 7 diffractogram.
  • form 3 can also be accurately characterized with a subset of that data.
  • form 3 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 20.6 ⁇ 0.2°, 9.5 ⁇ 0.2°, 11.1 ⁇ 0.2°, 15.8 ⁇ 0.2°, and 18.6 ⁇ 0.2° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 3 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 20.6 ⁇ 0.2°, 9.5 ⁇ 0.2°, 11.1 ⁇ 0.2°, 15.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 18.6 ⁇ 0.2°, 20.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 29.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 19.1 ⁇ 0.2°, 22.2 ⁇ 0.2°, and 24.3 ⁇ 0.2° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 3 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 20.6 ⁇ 0.2°, 9.5 ⁇ 0.2°, 11.1 ⁇ 0.2°, 15.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 18.6 ⁇ 0.2°, 20.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 29.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 19.1 ⁇ 0.2°, 22.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 24.3 ⁇ 0.2°, 26.6 ⁇ 0.2°, 21.5 ⁇ 0.2°, 22.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 19.5 ⁇ 0.2° and 14.3 ⁇ 0.2° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 3 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 20.6 ⁇ 0.1°, 9.5 ⁇ 0.1°, 11.1 ⁇ 0.1°, 15.8 ⁇ 0.1°, and 18.6 ⁇ 0.1° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 3 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 20.6 ⁇ 0.1°, 9.5 ⁇ 0.1°, 11.1 ⁇ 0.1°, 15.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 18.6 ⁇ 0.1°, 20.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 29.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 19.1 ⁇ 0.1°, 22.2 ⁇ 0.1°, and 24.3 ⁇ 0.1° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 3 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 20.6 ⁇ 0.1°, 9.5 ⁇ 0.1°, 11.1 ⁇ 0.1°, 15.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 18.6 ⁇ 0.1°, 20.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 29.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 19.1 ⁇ 0.1°, 22.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 24.3 ⁇ 0.1°, 26.6 ⁇ 0.1°, 21.5 ⁇ 0.1°, 22.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 19.5 ⁇ 0.1° and 14.3 ⁇ 0.1° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • FIG. 8 is a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of form 3 of the (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • the thermogram shows the form 3 has a melting point of about 47° C.
  • FIG. 9 is a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogram of crystalline form 3 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • One crystalline form disclosed herein is form 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • DSC Differential scanning calorimetry
  • the purity of crystalline form 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate is at least 99 wt % as measured by HPLC. In certain embodiments the purity of crystalline form 4 is at least 99.5 wt % as measured by HPLC. In certain embodiments the purity of crystalline form 4 is at least 99.9 wt % as measured by HPLC.
  • FIG. 10 is an X-ray powder diffractogram (XRPD) of form 4 of the (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate showing the diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • Table 5 lists the approximate numerical values of the XRPD peak positions of the FIG. 10 diffractogram.
  • form 4 can also be accurately characterized with a subset of that data.
  • form 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 20.4 ⁇ 0.2°, 8.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 33.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 26.3 ⁇ 0.2°, and 20.8 ⁇ 0.2° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 20.4 ⁇ 0.2°, 8.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 33.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 26.3 ⁇ 0.2°, 20.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 8.3 ⁇ 0.2°, 26.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 13.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 16.4 ⁇ 0.2°, and 21.8 ⁇ 0.2° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 20.4 ⁇ 0.2°, 8.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 33.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 26.3 ⁇ 0.2°, 20.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 8.3 ⁇ 0.2°, 26.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 13.2 ⁇ 0.2°, 16.4 ⁇ 0.2°, 21.8 ⁇ 0.2°, 13.6 ⁇ 0.2°, 19.4 ⁇ 0.2°, 24.7 ⁇ 0.2°, 28.7 ⁇ 0.2°, and 27.0 ⁇ 0.2° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 20.4 ⁇ 0.1°, 8.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 33.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 26.3 ⁇ 0.1°, and 20.8 ⁇ 0.1° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 20.4 ⁇ 0.1°, 8.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 33.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 26.3 ⁇ 0.1°, 20.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 8.3 ⁇ 0.1°, 26.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 13.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 16.4 ⁇ 0.1°, and 21.8 ⁇ 0.1° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • form 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate exhibits characteristic scattering angles (2 ⁇ ) at least at 20.4 ⁇ 0.1°, 8.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 33.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 26.3 ⁇ 0.1°, 20.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 8.3 ⁇ 0.1°, 26.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 13.2 ⁇ 0.1°, 16.4 ⁇ 0.1°, 21.8 ⁇ 0.1°, 13.6 ⁇ 0.1°, 19.4 ⁇ 0.1°, 24.7 ⁇ 0.1°, 28.7 ⁇ 0.1°, and 27.0 ⁇ 0.1° in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern measured using Cu—K ⁇ radiation.
  • FIG. 11 is a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of form 4 of the (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • the thermogram shows the form 4 has a melting point of about 38° C.
  • FIG. 12 is a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogram of crystalline form 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate.
  • the present disclosure relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline form of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate together with a suitable amount of one or more pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle so as to provide a composition for proper administration to a patient.
  • the crystalline form 1, form 2, form 3, and form 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate disclosed herein have the same pharmaceutical activity as the respective active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).
  • Suitable pharmaceutical vehicles are described in the art.
  • compositions for the treatment of any one or more diseases and disorders comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline form disclosed herein as appropriate for treatment of a patient with the particular disease(s) or disorder(s).
  • a pharmaceutical composition may be any pharmaceutical form which maintains the crystalline form of a disclosed crystalline form.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be selected from a solid form, a liquid suspension, an injectable composition, a topical form, and a transdermal form.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle may be chosen from any one or a combination of vehicles known in the art.
  • the choice of the pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle depends upon the pharmaceutical form and the desired method of administration to be used.
  • a vehicle should be chosen that maintains the crystalline form.
  • the vehicle should not substantially alter the crystalline form of the crystalline form.
  • a liquid vehicle which would dissolve the crystalline form should not be used.
  • the vehicle be otherwise incompatible with a crystalline form, such as by producing any undesirable biological effect or otherwise interacting in a deleterious manner with any other component(s) of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated in unit dosage forms for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.
  • a “unit dosage form” refers to a physically discrete unit of therapeutic agent appropriate for the patient to be treated. It will be understood, however, that the total daily dosage of a crystalline form and its pharmaceutical compositions will typically be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment.
  • solid dosage forms may be employed in numerous embodiments for the pharmaceutical compositions.
  • solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
  • the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate.
  • the solid dosage form may also include one or more of: a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid; b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia; c) humectants such as glycerol; d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; e) dissolution retarding agents such as paraffin; f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds; g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay; and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid
  • the solid dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can also be of a composition such that they release the active ingredient(s) only in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sixteenth Edition, E. W. Martin (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1980) discloses various vehicles used in formulating pharmaceutical compositions and known techniques for the preparation thereof.
  • Solid dosage forms of pharmaceutical compositions can also be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art.
  • a crystalline form disclosed herein can be in a solid micro-encapsulated form with one or more vehicles as discussed above.
  • Microencapsulated forms of a crystalline form may also be used in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules with vehicles such as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • compositions for the treatment of the disorders disclosed herein.
  • the crystalline forms, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them may be administered using any amount, any form of pharmaceutical composition and any route of administration effective for the treatment.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be administered to humans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally, intravenously, intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, or drops), bucally, as an oral or nasal spray, or the like, depending on the location and severity of the condition being treated.
  • the crystalline forms may be administered at dosage levels of about 0.001 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, or from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic effect. It will also be appreciated that dosages smaller than 0.001 mg/kg or greater than 50 mg/kg (for example 50-100 mg/kg) can be administered to a subject.
  • the crystalline forms 1, 2, 3, and 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate disclosed herein may be used to treat diseases, disorders, conditions, and/or symptoms of any disease or disorder for which MHF is known to provide, or is later found to provide, therapeutic benefit.
  • MHF is known to be effective in treating psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and arthritis, among others.
  • the crystalline forms 1, 2, 3, and 4 disclosed herein may be used to treat any one or more of the foregoing diseases and disorders.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the crystalline forms of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate may be administered to a patient, such as a human, as a preventative measure against various diseases or disorders.
  • the crystalline forms 1, 2, 3, and 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate disclosed herein can be administered to a patient to treat or prevent any one or more of the diseases and conditions selected from: acute dermatitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Addison's disease, adrenal leukodystrophy, AGE-induced genome damage, Alexanders Disease, alopecia areata (totalis and universalis), Alper's Disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, angina pectoris, ankylosing spondylitis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, arthritis, asthma, autoimmune carditis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune inner ear disease, balo concentric sclerosis, Behcet's disease, bullous pemphigoid, Canavan disease, cardiac insufficiency including left ventricular insufficiency, cel
  • Psoriasis is characterized by hyperkeratosis and thickening of the epidermis as well as by increased vascularity and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the dermis.
  • Psoriasis vulgaris manifests as silvery, scaly, erythematous plaques on typically the scalp, elbows, knees, and buttocks.
  • Guttate psoriasis occurs as tear-drop size lesions.
  • Fumaric acid esters are recognized for the treatment of psoriasis and dimethyl fumarate is approved for the systemic treatment of psoriasis in Germany (Mrowietz and Asadullah, Trends Mol Med (2005), 11(1): 43-48; and Mrowietz et al., Br J Dermatology (1999), 141: 424-429).
  • Efficacy of the crystalline forms 1, 2, 3 and 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate for treating psoriasis can be determined using animal models and in clinical trials.
  • MS Multiple sclerosis
  • Demyelination leads to the breakdown of conduction and to severe disease with destruction of local axons and irreversible neuronal cell death.
  • the symptoms of MS are highly varied, with each individual patient exhibiting a particular pattern of motor, sensible, and sensory disturbances.
  • MS is typified pathologically by multiple inflammatory foci, plaques of demyelination, gliosis, and axonal pathology within the brain and spinal cord, all of which contribute to the clinical manifestations of neurological disability (see e.g., Wingerchuk, Lab Invest (2001), 81: 263-281; and Virley, NeuroRx (2005), 2(4): 638-649).
  • Wingerchuk, Lab Invest (2001), 81: 263-281; and Virley, NeuroRx (2005), 2(4): 638-649 Although the causal events that precipitate MS are not fully understood, evidence implicates an autoimmune etiology together with environmental factors, as well as specific genetic predispositions.
  • MS Functional impairment, disability, and handicap are expressed as paralysis, sensory and octintive disturbances, spasticity, tremor, a lack of coordination, and visual impairment, any one of which negatively impacts the quality of life of the individual.
  • the clinical course of MS can vary from individual to individual, but invariably the disease can be categorized in three forms: relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, and primary progressive.
  • MS treatment efficacy in clinical trials can be accomplished using tools such as the Expanded Disability Status Scale and the MS Functional, as well as magnetic resonance imaging, lesion load, biomarkers, and self-reported quality of life.
  • Animal models of MS shown to be useful to identify and validate potential therapeutics include experimental autoimmune/allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) rodent models that simulate the clinical and pathological manifestations of MS and nonhuman primate EAE models.
  • EAE experimental autoimmune/allergic encephalomyelitis
  • Crystalline form 1 is the thermodynamically stable form at ambient temperature. Because of that, it can be produced by suspending an excess amount of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate solid in an organic solvent for an extended period of time.
  • the pure form 1 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate can be produced by suspending 300 mg (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate solid in 1 mL tert-butyl ether (MTBE) at room temperature for 24 hours, followed by vacuum filtration and drying.
  • MTBE tert-butyl ether
  • DSC analysis was conducted using a TA Instruments Q2000 DSC equipped with a refrigerated cooling system. For all DSC analyses, 2-5 mg of sample was loaded into T zero aluminum pans with crimpled lids. A pinhole was made at the center of the lid to avoid any pressure buildup during heating. Samples were equilibrated at 10° C. and ramped at a heating rate of 10° C. per minute under a purge of dry nitrogen gas. The data acquisition was controlled by Thermal Advantage software Release 4.9.1. The data were analyzed with Universal Analysis 2000 software (version 4.5A).
  • the DSC thermogram ( FIG. 2 ) shows that form 1 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate first melts at about 58° C.
  • Thermal gravimetric analysis was conducted using a TA Instruments Q5000 thermogravimetric analyzer. For all TGA analyses, 5-10 mg of sample was loaded onto a platinum pan and heated at a rate of 10° C. per minute under a purge of dry nitrogen gas. The data acquisition was controlled by Thermal Advantage software Release 4.9.1. The data was analyzed with Universal Analysis 2000 software (version 4.5A).
  • the TGA thermogram ( FIG. 3 ) shows that form 1 of N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate does not undergo any weight loss prior to melting, which indicates that the form 1 is an anhydrous crystalline solid.
  • Powder X-ray diffraction analysis was performed using a PANalytical X'Pert Pro X-ray diffractometer.
  • the instrument adopts a para-focusing Bragg-Brentano geometry with incident divergence and scattering slits set at 1/16° and 1 ⁇ 8° respectively. Large Soller slits (0.04 rad) were used for both incident and diffracted beam to remove axial divergence.
  • a small amount of powder (9-12 mg) was gently pressed onto the single crystal silicon sample holder to form a smooth surface, and samples were subjected to spinning at a rate of two revolutions per second, throughout the acquisition process.
  • the samples were scanned from 2° to 40° in 2 ⁇ with a step size of 0.017° and a scan speed of 0.067°/sec.
  • the data acquisition was controlled and analyzed by X'Pert Data Collector (version 2.2d) and X'Pert Data Viewer (version 1.2c), respectively.
  • the X-ray diffraction pattern for form 1 of the (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate is shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the experimental data for X-ray powder diffraction were collected at room temperature.
  • HPLC analysis is performed using an Agilent HPLC, UV detector monitoring at 210 nm wavelength, and an Inertsil ODS-4 C-18 chromatography column (4.6 ⁇ 150 mm, 3 ⁇ m particle size) at 35° C., using an injection volume of a 10 ⁇ L sample with an approximate concentration of 0.1 mg/mL.
  • the eluent consists of a 30 minute gradient between two separate mobile phases; mobile phase A consisting of water with 0.05% phosphoric acid and mobile phase B consisting of 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.05% phosphoric acid at a flow rate of 1 ml/min.
  • DSC analysis was conducted using a TA Instruments Q2000 DSC equipped with a refrigerated cooling system. For all DSC analyses, 2-5 mg of sample was loaded into T zero aluminum pans with crimpled lids. A pinhole was made at the center of the lid to avoid any pressure buildup during heating. Samples were equilibrated at 10° C. and ramped to at a heating rate of 2° C. per minute under a purge of dry nitrogen gas. The data acquisition was controlled by Thermal Advantage software Release 4.9.1. The data were analyzed with Universal Analysis 2000 software (version 4.5A).
  • the DSC thermogram ( FIG. 5 ) shows that form 2 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate first melts at about 50° C., followed by recrystallization and melting. The second melting completes at approximately 60° C.
  • Thermal gravimetric analysis was conducted using a TA Instruments Q5000 thermogravimetric analyzer. For all TGA analyses, 5-10 mg of sample was loaded onto a platinum pan and heated at a rate of 2° C. per minute under a purge of dry nitrogen gas. The data acquisition was controlled by Thermal Advantage software Release 4.9.1. The data was analyzed with Universal Analysis 2000 software (version 4.5A).
  • the TGA thermogram ( FIG. 6 ) shows that form 2 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate does not undergo any weight loss prior to melting, which indicates that the form 2 is an anhydrous crystalline solid.
  • Powder X-ray diffraction analysis was performed using a PANalytical X'Pert Pro X-ray diffractometer.
  • the instrument adopts a para-focusing Bragg-Brentano geometry with incident divergence and scattering slits set at 1/16° and 1 ⁇ 8° respectively. Large Soller slits (0.04 rad) were used for both incident and diffracted beam to remove axial divergence.
  • a small amount of powder (9-12 mg) was gently pressed onto the single crystal silicon sample holder to form a smooth surface, and samples were subjected to spinning at a rate of two revolutions per second, throughout the acquisition process.
  • the samples were scanned from 2° to 40° in 2 ⁇ with a step size of 0.017° and a scan speed of 0.067°/sec.
  • the data acquisition was controlled and analyzed by X'Pert Data Collector (version 2.2d) and X'Pert Data Viewer (version 1.2c), respectively.
  • the X-ray diffraction pattern for form 2 of the (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate is shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the experimental data for X-ray powder diffraction were collected at room temperature.
  • HPLC analysis is performed as described in Example 1.
  • DSC analysis was conducted using a TA Instruments Q2000 DSC equipped with a refrigerated cooling system. For all DSC analyses, 2-5 mg of sample was loaded into T zero aluminum pans with crimpled lids. A pinhole was made at the center of the lid to avoid any pressure buildup during heating. Samples were equilibrated at 10° C. and ramped at a heating rate of 2° C. per minute under a purge of dry nitrogen gas. The data acquisition was controlled by Thermal Advantage software Release 4.9.1. The data were analyzed with Universal Analysis 2000 software (version 4.5A).
  • the DSC thermogram ( FIG. 8 ) shows that form 3 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate first melts at about 47° C. The melting is immediately followed by recrystallization and melting. The second melting completes at approximately 60° C.
  • Thermal gravimetric analysis was conducted using a TA Instruments Q5000 thermogravimetric analyzer. For all TGA analyses, 5-10 mg of sample was loaded onto a platinum pan and heated at a rate of 2° C. per minute under a purge of dry nitrogen gas. The data acquisition was controlled by Thermal Advantage software Release 4.9.1. The data was analyzed with Universal Analysis 2000 software (version 4.5A).
  • the TGA thermogram ( FIG. 9 ) shows that form 3 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate does not undergo any weight loss prior to melting, which indicates that the Form 3 is an anhydrous crystalline solid.
  • Powder X-ray diffraction analysis was performed using a PANalytical X'Pert Pro X-ray diffractometer.
  • the instrument adopts a para-focusing Bragg-Brentano geometry with incident divergence and scattering slits set at 1/16° and 1 ⁇ 8° respectively. Large Soller slits (0.04 rad) were used for both incident and diffracted beam to remove axial divergence.
  • a small amount of powder (9-12 mg) was gently pressed onto the single crystal silicon sample holder to form a smooth surface, and samples were subjected to spinning at a rate of two revolutions per second, throughout the acquisition process.
  • the samples were scanned from 2° to 40° in 2 ⁇ with a step size of 0.017° and a scan speed of 0.067°/sec.
  • the data acquisition was controlled and analyzed by X'Pert Data Collector (version 2.2d) and X'Pert Data Viewer (version 1.2c), respectively.
  • the X-ray diffraction pattern for form 3 of the (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate is shown in FIG. 7 .
  • the experimental data for X-ray powder diffraction were collected at room temperature.
  • HPLC analysis is performed as described in Example 1.
  • DSC analysis was conducted using a TA Instruments Q2000 DSC equipped with a refrigerated cooling system. For all DSC analyses, 2-5 mg of sample was loaded into T zero aluminum pans with crimpled lids. A pinhole was made at the center of the lid to avoid any pressure buildup during heating. Samples were equilibrated at 10° C. and ramped to a rate of 2° C. per minute under a purge of dry nitrogen gas. The data acquisition was controlled by Thermal Advantage software Release 4.9.1. The data were analyzed with Universal Analysis 2000 software (version 4.5A).
  • the DSC thermogram ( FIG. 11 ) shows that form 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate undergoes a solid-solid phase transformation at approximately 38° C. The resulting solid melts at approximately 58° C.
  • Thermal gravimetric analysis was conducted using a TA Instruments Q5000 thermogravimetric analyzer. For all TGA analyses, 5-10 mg of sample was loaded onto a platinum pan and heated at a rate of 2° C. per minute under a purge of dry nitrogen gas. The data acquisition was controlled by Thermal Advantage software Release 4.9.1. The data was analyzed with Universal Analysis 2000 software (version 4.5A).
  • the TGA thermogram ( FIG. 12 ) shows that form 4 of (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate does not undergo any weight loss prior to melting, which indicates that the form 4 is an anhydrous crystalline solid.
  • Powder X-ray diffraction analysis was performed using a PANalytical X'Pert Pro X-ray diffractometer.
  • the instrument adopts a para-focusing Bragg-Brentano geometry with incident divergence and scattering slits set at 1/16° and 1 ⁇ 8° respectively. Large Soller slits (0.04 rad) were used for both incident and diffracted beam to remove axial divergence.
  • a small amount of powder (9-12 mg) was gently pressed onto the single crystal silicon sample holder to form a smooth surface, and samples were subjected to spinning at a rate of two revolutions per second, throughout the acquisition process.
  • the samples were scanned from 2° to 40° in 2 ⁇ with a step size of 0.017° and a scan speed of 0.067°/sec.
  • the data acquisition was controlled and analyzed by X'Pert Data Collector (version 2.2d) and X'Pert Data Viewer (version 1.2c), respectively.
  • the X-ray diffraction pattern for form 4 of the (N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate is shown in FIG. 10 .
  • the experimental data for X-ray powder diffraction were collected at room temperature.
  • HPLC analysis is performed as described in Example 1.

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