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US8512271B2 - Device and method for determining a dialysis fluid flow rate for extracorporeal blood treatment - Google Patents

Device and method for determining a dialysis fluid flow rate for extracorporeal blood treatment Download PDF

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US8512271B2
US8512271B2 US12/443,001 US44300107A US8512271B2 US 8512271 B2 US8512271 B2 US 8512271B2 US 44300107 A US44300107 A US 44300107A US 8512271 B2 US8512271 B2 US 8512271B2
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blood
flow rate
dialysis
treatment
given amount
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US20100042035A1 (en
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Ulrich Moissl
Andreas Wüpper
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Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
    • A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
    • A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
    • A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
    • A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
    • A61M1/1601—Control or regulation
    • A61M1/1613—Profiling or modelling of patient or predicted treatment evolution or outcome
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
    • A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
    • A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
    • A61M1/1601—Control or regulation
    • A61M1/1615—Control or regulation using measurements made at different flow rates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
    • A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
    • A61M1/3607—Regulation parameters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
    • A61M2205/33—Controlling, regulating or measuring
    • A61M2205/3331—Pressure; Flow
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
    • A61M2205/33—Controlling, regulating or measuring
    • A61M2205/3331—Pressure; Flow
    • A61M2205/3334—Measuring or controlling the flow rate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
    • A61M2205/50—General characteristics of the apparatus with microprocessors or computers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a system and method for presetting a dialysis-fluid flow rate or blood flow rate for an extracorporeal blood-treating apparatus which has a dialyser which is divided by a semi-permeable membrane into a blood chamber through which blood flows at a preset blood flow rate and a dialysis-fluid chamber through which dialysis fluid flows at a preset dialysis-fluid flow rate.
  • the present invention also relates to a blood-treating apparatus having an arrangement for presetting a dialysis-fluid flow rate or blood flow rate and to a method of operating an extracorporeal blood-treating apparatus.
  • hemodialysis In processes used in blood cleansing therapy such as hemodialysis, hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration, blood from a patient is conveyed through an extracorporeal blood circuit in which there is a dialyser or filter, which is divided by a semi-permeable membrane into a blood chamber and a dialysis-fluid chamber or filtrate chamber. In hemodiafiltration, both hemodialysis and hemofiltration are performed.
  • the present invention relates to all processes used in blood cleansing therapy in which blood flows through the blood chamber of a dialyser and dialysis fluids flows through the dialysis-fluid chamber.
  • the clearance K of a substance is that proportion of the total flow through the dialyser which is totally cleared of the substance concerned.
  • Kt dialysis dose
  • V dialysis dose
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,100,554 describes a method of determining clearance in which dialyser electrolyte transfer is measured at each of two different dialysate input concentrations. It is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,100,554 that the effectiveness of dialysis treatment is dependent on the blood flow and the dialysis-fluid flow.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,092,836 therefore proposes controlling dialysis-fluid flow as a function of blood flow in accordance with preset criteria.
  • a dialysis-fluid flow is set that is obtained by multiplying the blood flow by a constant factor.
  • a numerical data matrix which, for each blood flow of a given dialyser, gives that dialysis-fluid flow at which a given percentage is achieved of the maximum clearance that would have to exist if the dialysis-fluid flow were assumed to be infinitely high.
  • the percentage may be, for example, 95%.
  • One object of the present invention is to specify a system and method for presetting an optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate or blood flow rate for an extracorporeal blood-treating apparatus in which account is taken of the demand for high effectiveness on the part of the dialysis treatment and of the demand for low consumption of the dialysis fluid.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a blood-treating apparatus with which a dialysis treatment of relatively high effectiveness can be performed at a relatively low dialysis-fluid flow. It is also an object of the present invention to specify a method of operating a blood-treating apparatus to enable a dialysis treatment of relatively high effectiveness to be performed with a reasonable consumption of dialysis fluid.
  • dialysis-fluid flow rate Q d is determined, for a preset blood flow rate, which, if it were increased by a given amount, would result in a metric characteristic of the effectiveness of the blood treatment increasing by not less than a given amount.
  • blood flow rate Q b may also determined, for a preset dialysis-fluid flow rate, which, if it were increased by a given amount, would result in a metric characteristic of the effectiveness of the blood treatment increasing by not less than a given amount.
  • the system according to the present invention and the method according to the present invention assume in this case that, although, as from an optimum value for the dialysis-fluid flow rate at a preset blood flow rate, or for the blood flow rate at a preset dialysis-fluid flow rate, an increase in the effectiveness of the dialysis treatment can still by achieved by a further increase in the dialysis-fluid flow rate and the blood flow rate in the respective cases, the additional dialysis fluid and the further increase in the blood flow which is required in the respective cases for such treatment of greater effectiveness does not bear an economical relationship to the increase in effectiveness which it gives.
  • What is therefore aimed for as a target criterion is that operating point at which the consumption of additional dialysis fluid which would be needed to increase clearance by a given amount does not exceed a given amount, i.e. it is determined how many ml/min of dialysis fluid one is prepared to consume to achieve a further ml/min of clearance.
  • operating point at which a further increase in the blood flow rate which would be necessary to increase clearance by a given amount does not exceed a given amount.
  • Different modes of treatment in which the effectiveness of the blood treatment differs can be preset, in which case that dialysis-fluid flow rate Q d or blood flow rate Q b is determined for the given mode of treatment which, if it were increased by a given amount, would result in the metric characteristic of the effectiveness of the blood treatment increasing by not less than an amount that is assigned to the given mode of treatment.
  • the optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate Q dopt or blood flow rate Q bopt is dependent not only on the blood flow rate and dialysis-fluid flow rate respectively but also on the dialyser that is used for the dialysis treatment.
  • the system according to the present invention and the method according to the present invention therefore make provision for the optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate or blood flow rate, as the case may be, to be determined as a function of a metric characteristic of the dialyser, and in particular the mass transfer coefficient k 0 A of the dialyser.
  • the optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate Q dopt as a function of the blood flow rate Q b and of a metric characteristic of the dialyser, and particularly the mass transfer coefficient k 0 A, can be stored in a memory of the dialysis apparatus as a three-dimensional family of characteristics.
  • the family of characteristics is preferably defined by a suitable mathematical equation from which the optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate can be calculated for preset blood flow rates and mass transfer coefficients.
  • the three-dimensional family of characteristics is preferably approximated by a higher-order polynomial, and particularly a third-order polynomial in two or more variables including all the cross-terms. The same is true, mutatis mutandis, of the alternative of an optimum blood flow rate as a function of the dialysis-fluid flow rate.
  • the system according to the present invention preferably has a calculating unit by which the optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate is calculated as a function of the blood flow rate, or vice versa, for a given dialyser or for different dialysers having different mass transfer coefficients.
  • the system according to the present invention and the method according to the present invention for presetting a dialysis-fluid flow rate or a blood flow rate may be used to make a suggestion to the treating physician for the setting of an optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate or blood flow rate.
  • the system according to the present invention may be part of a blood-treating apparatus in this case or may form a separate unit.
  • the blood-treating apparatus will however preferably already have the system according to the present invention for presetting the optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate or blood flow rate. It is also preferable for the preset dialysis-fluid flow rate or blood flow rate not just to be suggested to the treating physician but also to be set automatically for the blood treatment.
  • FIG. 1 is a highly simplified schematic view of the principal components of an apparatus according to the present invention for the extracorporeal treatment of blood, having a system according to the present invention for presetting an optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate.
  • FIG. 2 shows clearance K (ml/min) as a function of the dialysis-fluid flow rate Q d (ml/min) for a given dialyser for various blood flow rates Q b .
  • FIG. 3 shows the additional amount of dialysis fluid that is required to increase clearance by 1 ml/min at different dialysis-fluid flow rates Q d and blood flow rates Q b .
  • FIG. 4 shows a three-dimensional family of characteristics in which the optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate Q dopt is represented as a function of blood flow rate Q b and the mass transfer coefficient of the dialyser.
  • FIG. 5 shows dialysis-fluid flow rate Q d (ml/min) as a function of blood flow rate Q b (ml/min) in the case of the method according to the present invention, i.e. the system according to the present invention, in comparison with known methods.
  • FIG. 6 shows clearance K (ml/min) as a function of blood flow rate Q b (ml/min) in the case of the method according to the present invention, or in other words the system according to the present invention, in comparison with known methods.
  • FIG. 7 shows the difference between clearance K opt in the case of the method according to the present invention, or in other words the system according to the present invention, and clearance K(A, B) in the case of known methods, as a function of the blood flow rate Q b (ml/min).
  • FIG. 8 shows the quotient of optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate Q dopt divided by blood flow rate Q b in accordance with the present invention as a function of blood flow rate Q b , in comparison with the known methods.
  • FIG. 9 shows the quotient of optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate Q dopt divided by blood flow rate Q b as a function of blood flow rate Q b , in comparison with known methods.
  • FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a blood-treating apparatus according to the present invention which has a system according to the present invention for presetting an optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate.
  • a blood-treating apparatus which has a system according to the present invention for presetting an optimum blood flow rate differs from the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 only in that what is determined in accordance with the criteria according to the present invention is not the dialysis-fluid flow rate Q d as a function of the blood flow rate, but the blood flow rate Q b as a function of the dialysis-fluid flow rate Q d , which, if it were increased by a given amount, would result in a metric characteristic of the effectiveness of the blood treatment increasing by not less than a given amount. Otherwise, both pieces of apparatus comprise the same components.
  • FIG. 1 For greater clarity, it is only the essential components of the blood-treating apparatus which are shown in FIG. 1 because the individual components of a blood-treating apparatus for hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration will be generally familiar to the person skilled in the art.
  • the dialysis apparatus has a dialyser 1 which is divided by a semi-permeable membrane 2 into a blood chamber 3 and a dialysis-fluid chamber 4 .
  • a dialyser 1 which is divided by a semi-permeable membrane 2 into a blood chamber 3 and a dialysis-fluid chamber 4 .
  • an arterial blood line 5 into which a blood pump 6 is connected, runs to an inlet of the blood chamber 3 of the dialyser, while a venous blood line 7 runs from an outlet of the blood chamber to the patient.
  • Fresh dialysis fluid is made available in a dialysis-fluid source 8 .
  • a dialysis-fluid inlet line 9 runs to an inlet of the dialysis-fluid chamber 4 of the dialyser 1
  • a dialysis-fluid outlet line 10 runs from an outlet of the dialysis-fluid chamber to a discharge outlet 11 .
  • a dialysis-fluid pump 12 is connected into the dialysis-fluid outlet line 10 .
  • the dialysis apparatus has a control unit 13 which is connected to the blood pump 6 and the dialysis-fluid pump 12 via control lines 14 , 15 , respectively.
  • the control unit 13 produces control signals for operating the blood and dialysis-fluid pumps 6 , 12 at a preset pumping rate so that a preset blood flow rate Q b is set in the blood line 5 and a preset dialysis-fluid flow rate Q d is set in the dialysis-fluid line.
  • the dialysis apparatus For the input of various parameters for the dialysis, the dialysis apparatus has an input unit 16 which has for example an alphanumeric keyboard 16 A. As well as various other variables, the blood flow rate Q b and a metric characteristic of the effectiveness of the dialyser 1 that is being used, and in particular the mass transfer coefficient k 0 A of the dialyser, may be entered with the input unit 16 . Via a data line 17 , the input unit 16 is connected to the control unit 13 , by which the individual components of the dialysis apparatus, and in particular the blood and dialysis-fluid pumps, are operated in such a way that the dialysis treatment is performed with the preset dialysis parameters.
  • the control unit 13 by which the individual components of the dialysis apparatus, and in particular the blood and dialysis-fluid pumps, are operated in such a way that the dialysis treatment is performed with the preset dialysis parameters.
  • the dialysis apparatus presets an optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate Q d .
  • the dialysis apparatus has an arrangement 18 for presetting the optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate Q dopt , the construction and operation of which will be described in detail in what follows.
  • clearance K is calculated from the blood flow rate Q b , the dialysis-fluid flow rate Q d and the mass transfer coefficient k 0 A of the dialyser 1 using the following equation:
  • FIG. 2 shows clearance K as a function of dialysis-fluid flow rate Q d for various blood flow rates Q b . It can be seen that a saturation of clearance K occurs at high dialysis-fluid flow rates Q d . Therefore, as from a certain blood flow rate, an increase in dialysis-fluid flow rate ceases to produce any appreciable gain in clearance.
  • the system according to the present invention presets an optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate Q dopt as an optimum operating point for the dialysis apparatus. The optimum operating points for different blood flow rates are indicated in FIG.
  • the optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate Q dopt is that dialysis-fluid flow rate which, when exceeded, results in the derivative of the function shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 3 shows how many ml/min of additional dialysis-fluid are required at different blood flow rates Q b from 100 ml/min to 600 ml/min to increase the clearance K by 1 ml/min.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 show clearance as a function of dialysis-fluid flow rate only for one specific type of dialyser which has a given mass transfer coefficient k 0 A.
  • FIG. 4 shows a three-dimensional family of characteristics from which the optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate Q dopt can be determined as a function of the blood flow rate Q b for different dialysers, which are each distinguished by a given mass transfer coefficient k 0 A.
  • the family of characteristics shown in FIG. 4 could be stored in the form of a table in a memory of the arrangement 18 according to the present invention for presetting the optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate.
  • the present invention makes provision for the family of characteristics to be approximated by means of a suitable function. Various mathematical processes are known for this purpose.
  • the individual parameters in the above system of equations are determined by the least squares method, thus minimizing the sum of the squared differences between the raw data and the model.
  • the match between the family of characteristics (surface) and the modelling equation is sufficiently good.
  • the treating physician presets a given blood flow rate Q b , which he enters from the keyboard 16 A of the input unit 16 , whereupon the control unit 13 sets the pumping rate (speed) of the blood pump 6 accordingly.
  • the physician also enters details of which dialyser 1 is being used for the dialysis treatment, whereupon the mass transfer coefficient k 0 A belonging to the given type of dialyser, which is stored in a memory, is determined. It is however also possible for the particular mass transfer coefficient k 0 A of the dialyser that is being used to be entered directly.
  • the values of the preset blood flow rate Q b and the preset mass transfer coefficient k 0 A are received from the control unit 13 by the arrangement 18 via a data line 19 .
  • the arrangement 18 has a calculating unit 18 A which calculates the optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate Q dopt on the basis of the third-order equation described above.
  • the arrangement 18 has an indicating unit 18 B, in the form of a screen or display for example.
  • the arrangement 18 also transmits the value calculated for the optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate Q dopt via the data line 19 to the control unit 16 , which in turn sets the speed of the dialysis-fluid pump 12 in such a way that the dialysis fluid is pumped at the optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate Q dopt .
  • the input unit 16 makes provision for the input of different target criteria. What may be set as a target criterion in addition to the ratio of 10:1 described above is for example a ratio of 5:1, i.e. 5 ml/min of additional dialysis fluid for 1 ml/min of additional clearance and a ratio of 15:1 or 20:1.
  • the calculating unit 18 A of the arrangement 18 calculates the optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate Q dopt .
  • the ratio of 5:1 represents in this case an economical mode in which, although dialysis fluid is to be saved, the accustomed clearance cannot be achieved, the ratio of 10:1 represents a normal mode and the ratio of 15:1 or 20:1 represents an intensive mode in which particularly high clearance is to be achieved but by using a larger amount of dialysis fluid.
  • FIGS. 5 to 9 a known method in which a constant dialysis-fluid flow rate Q d of 500 ml/min is set for blood flow rates Q b Up to 300 ml/min and a constant dialysis-fluid flow rate Q d of 800 ml/min is set for blood flow rates Q b greater than 300 ml/min is shown as “A.”
  • a known method in which the dialysis-fluid flow rate is calculated by multiplying the blood flow rate Q b by a factor of 1.2 is shown as “B.”
  • FIG. 5 shows dialysis-fluid flow rate Q d as a function of blood flow rate Q b for the method according to the present invention as compared with the known methods “A” and “B,” while FIG. 6 shows clearance K as a function of blood flow rate for the method according to the present invention and the known methods “A” and “B.”
  • FIG. 7 shows, as a function of the blood flow rate Q b , the difference between the clearance K opt at the optimum dialysis-fluid flow rate Q dopt achieved with the method according to the present invention and the clearances K A and K B achieved with the known methods, to give a clearer picture of the differences between the method according to the present invention and the known methods with regard to the change in clearance.
  • a relatively large amount of dialysis fluid is saved with the method according to the present invention, even though clearance is reduced by only a relatively small amount. It is true that with method “B” more dialysis fluid is saved than with method “A,” but it also results in a larger reduction in clearance.

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US12/443,001 2006-09-26 2007-09-25 Device and method for determining a dialysis fluid flow rate for extracorporeal blood treatment Active 2030-06-23 US8512271B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102006045437.5 2006-09-26
DE102006045437 2006-09-26
DE102006045437A DE102006045437A1 (de) 2006-09-26 2006-09-26 Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Vorgabe einer Dialysierflüssigkeitsrate oder Blutflussrate für eine extrakorporale Blutbehandlung
PCT/EP2007/008297 WO2008037410A1 (de) 2006-09-26 2007-09-25 Vorrichtung und verfahren zur vorgabe einer dialysierflüssigkeitsrate oder blutflussrate für eine extrakorporale blutbehandlung

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JP (1) JP5395666B2 (de)
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US20120078658A1 (en) * 2009-05-14 2012-03-29 Peter Hilgers Method and apparatus for optimizing an extracorporeal blood treatment
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US9713665B2 (en) 2014-12-10 2017-07-25 Medtronic, Inc. Degassing system for dialysis
US9827361B2 (en) 2013-02-02 2017-11-28 Medtronic, Inc. pH buffer measurement system for hemodialysis systems
US9872949B2 (en) 2013-02-01 2018-01-23 Medtronic, Inc. Systems and methods for multifunctional volumetric fluid control
US9895479B2 (en) 2014-12-10 2018-02-20 Medtronic, Inc. Water management system for use in dialysis
US9943633B2 (en) 2009-09-30 2018-04-17 Medtronic Inc. System and method to regulate ultrafiltration
US10010663B2 (en) 2013-02-01 2018-07-03 Medtronic, Inc. Fluid circuit for delivery of renal replacement therapies
US10052423B2 (en) 2011-08-30 2018-08-21 Gambro Lundia Ab Apparatus for extracorporeal treatment of blood and process of calculating set flow rates in a medical apparatus for delivery or collection of fluids
US10076283B2 (en) 2013-11-04 2018-09-18 Medtronic, Inc. Method and device to manage fluid volumes in the body
US10098993B2 (en) 2014-12-10 2018-10-16 Medtronic, Inc. Sensing and storage system for fluid balance
US10543052B2 (en) 2013-02-01 2020-01-28 Medtronic, Inc. Portable dialysis cabinet
US10695481B2 (en) 2011-08-02 2020-06-30 Medtronic, Inc. Hemodialysis system having a flow path with a controlled compliant volume
US10737011B2 (en) 2010-09-27 2020-08-11 Gambro Lundia Ab Apparatus for extracorporeal treatment of blood
US10850016B2 (en) 2013-02-01 2020-12-01 Medtronic, Inc. Modular fluid therapy system having jumpered flow paths and systems and methods for cleaning and disinfection
US10857277B2 (en) 2011-08-16 2020-12-08 Medtronic, Inc. Modular hemodialysis system
US10874787B2 (en) 2014-12-10 2020-12-29 Medtronic, Inc. Degassing system for dialysis
US10905816B2 (en) 2012-12-10 2021-02-02 Medtronic, Inc. Sodium management system for hemodialysis
US10994064B2 (en) 2016-08-10 2021-05-04 Medtronic, Inc. Peritoneal dialysate flow path sensing
US11013843B2 (en) 2016-09-09 2021-05-25 Medtronic, Inc. Peritoneal dialysis fluid testing system
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