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US3893131A - Ink printer - Google Patents

Ink printer Download PDF

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Publication number
US3893131A
US3893131A US393760A US39376073A US3893131A US 3893131 A US3893131 A US 3893131A US 393760 A US393760 A US 393760A US 39376073 A US39376073 A US 39376073A US 3893131 A US3893131 A US 3893131A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
nozzle
ink
pulses
applying
printer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US393760A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Julius Perel
John F Mahoney
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Xerox Corp
Original Assignee
Xerox Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Xerox Corp filed Critical Xerox Corp
Priority to US393760A priority Critical patent/US3893131A/en
Priority to CA199,354A priority patent/CA1002577A/en
Priority to BR5351/74A priority patent/BR7405351A/pt
Priority to DE2435214A priority patent/DE2435214A1/de
Priority to NL7411357A priority patent/NL7411357A/xx
Priority to JP49098837A priority patent/JPS5056132A/ja
Priority to GB3787574A priority patent/GB1471780A/en
Priority to IT26844/74A priority patent/IT1020381B/it
Priority to FR7430024A priority patent/FR2242247A1/fr
Priority to BE148193A priority patent/BE819528A/xx
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3893131A publication Critical patent/US3893131A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/21—Ink jet for multi-colour printing
    • B41J2/2121—Ink jet for multi-colour printing characterised by dot size, e.g. combinations of printed dots of different diameter
    • B41J2/2128—Ink jet for multi-colour printing characterised by dot size, e.g. combinations of printed dots of different diameter by means of energy modulation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
    • B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
    • B41J2/06—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand by electric or magnetic field

Definitions

  • the pulse signal applied to the nozzle may be derived from the scanning of a piece of copy material in accordance with facsimile principles, from the scanning of material in accordance with television principles, or from the output of a computer logic system.
  • the first type operates with physical contact between an ink-fed stylus and a recording surface with the stylus being physically removable from the recording surface on receipt of an appropriate signal.
  • Drawbacks of this system include difficulty associated with physical removal of the stylus under varying conditions of operation. At high operating speeds, such as is associated with a fast flow of intel ligence, a highly damped, relatively non-elastic mechanical system is required which becomes impractical or impossible to construct.
  • a second of the prior existing types of liquid ink recorders is one in which an ink-fed stylus is maintained in constant contact against a recording surface and is moved relative thereto in order to record information. Like the previously mentioned type, this provides a continuous mark on the recording surface at all times when the stylus and recording surfaces are in contact. This type has been largely limited in practical applications to oscillograph use since mechanical complexity has been regarded as too prohibitive to control a continuously marking stylus for the tortuous configurations necessary for modern, sophisticated writing.
  • ink spitters includes devices in which ink is projected across a gap from a nozzle point or orifice to a recording medium.
  • One type of ink spitter is known as a continuous flow system in which ink drops are formed continuously in response to pressure and vibration.
  • a charging tunnel through which the ink drops are projected and which serves the function of applying charge to selected ink drops in accordance with a desired video signal to be produced.
  • Downstream of the tunnel there is provided a set ofdeflecting plates which have a potential applied thereto.
  • the continuous flow ink spitters may not provide fidelity with the video signal.
  • the deflection signal is in the process of rising or falling, or is not present at the time the ink drops pass, the deflection of the drops will not be in accordance with the desired video information to be printed.
  • the drop separation is occurring or the phasing of the drop formation relative to the video signal. In the absence of control of drop separation time. because of unpredictable phase changes in ink drop formation, the uniformity and the fidelity of the printing are effected adversely.
  • a second type of ink spitter is known as an "ondemand" system in which ink drops are formed selec tively in accordance with the video signal, with all ink drops formed impinging on the recording medium.
  • Such systems are described in US. Pat. Nos. 3,34 l .859 and 2,143,376.
  • a conductive bar is placed behind the writing medium and a voltage of one polarity is applied to the bar, the magnitude of the voltage being insufftcient to draw ink from the nozzle.
  • square wave or rectangular wave voltage pulses of the other polarity are selectively applied to the nozzle, and the paper is moved. The resulting electrostatic field between the nozzle and the bar will overcome the liquid surface tension and draw ink from the nozzle to the writing medium.
  • ink spitters are desirable because they require only a dual electrode system, that is, a nozzle at one potential and a writing medium backing bar at another potential to produce printing, whereas continuous flow ink spitters require much more complicated equipment and electrostatic deflection techniques.
  • ink spitters have not produced ink drops of uniform size with the result that print line thickness has varied.
  • secondary or satellite ink drops that is, a small drop or drops trailing the main drop.
  • ink drops of uniform size and free of satellite drops are formed by pulsing the ink nozzle with a dc. waveform having pulses with a controlled pulse relaxation or decay time. That is, by pulsing the nozzle with a waveform having pulses that have a slowly decreasing trailing edge.
  • Ink drop size, and accordingly line thickness can be varied by superimposing a low frequency a.c. signal on the dc pulses when they are at the peak signal amplitude. Greater uniformity of ink drop size is achieved by applying a high frequency a.c. signal having a low d.c. value to the nozzle prior to the application of the dc pulse waveform. It is believed that the latter a.c. signal conditions the ink at the exit of the nozzle such that more rapid turn-on or response time is achieved.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of an arrangement of an ink drop printing system in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of another arrangement ofan ink drop printing system in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates waveforms applied to the nozzles of the arrangements of FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a circuit of producing high voltage pulses at a high frequency.
  • the apparatus includes an elongated ink nozzle 10 containing a quantity of liquid recording ink I2 which is electrically conductive and supplied by a reservoir 8.
  • Ink 12 may be pigment-based or dye-based ink having acceptable specified viscosity, conductivity, and surface tension.
  • the nozzel tapers from a large diameter and terminates in a short capillary tip I4. Since only the small hydrostatic pressure due to the ink head is present, the capillary forces at the tip 14 are not overcome and hence ink does not flow from the nozzle. Instead, a convex bulge or miniscus forms on the nozzle tip I4.
  • a flow in the form of ink drops of very small cross section is produced only when the miniscus is subjected to the action of an elec trostatic field of a certain value.
  • the inner diameter of the tip 14 is typically on the order of 0.15mm, and the outer diameter of the tip I4, which controls the size of the miniscus, is preferably on the order of 025mm.
  • Nozzle I is positioned such that the ink drops emanating from the nozzle are directed toward a recording medium 16 which passes over a grounded platen or backing plate 18.
  • an electric field is applied to nozzle to pull ink from the nozzle.
  • This field causes free charges in the ink to migrate to the surface of the miniscus.
  • a threshold field is impressed across the gap between nozzle 10 and platen 18, the force on these charges is sufficient to disrupt the ink surface, causing droplets of ink to be torn from the miniscus and accelerated toward the recording medium
  • the electrical signal supplied to nozzle 10 by signal source 20 to create the electrostatic field has a controlled time-amplitude relationship or characteristic which produces ink drops of uniform size and ink drops free of secondary drops.
  • the signal supplied by source 20 has a slow relaxation or decay time, that is, a trailing edge that decreases in amplitude slowly from a steady, intermediate level.
  • the amplitude of the trailing edge of each pulse supplied by source 20 decreases at a rate slower than the rise time of the leading edge of the pulse.
  • FIG. 3a depicts the pulses of a waveform 22 illustrative of the signal supplied by source 20 in accordance with the invention, each pulse producing desirably sev eral ink drops.
  • each pulse has a steep or rap idly rising leading edge 24 which increases from a base level 25 to a predetermined peak level 26, 3,500 volts being satisfactory for the peak level with the nozzle and ink specifically mentioned previously, and is maintained at that peak level for a brief period, I00 microseconds or longer being appropriate.
  • the trailing edge 28 of each pulse decreases slowly, that is, the trailing edge has a slow relaxation or decay time.
  • Edge 28 may decrease at an exponential rate, as shown, or at a linear rate.
  • edge 28 decreases to about the base level 25 prior to the occurrence of the next pulse.
  • the trailing edge would decrease from the level 26 to the base level with a time constant of between 10 and I00 microsec onds, preferably 20.
  • the magnitude and duration of the pulses supplied by source 20 are proportional to the diameter of the ink dots produced on paper 16 and hence proportional to line thickness.
  • a schematic diagram of a circuit for producing waveform 22 is shown as FIG. 4.
  • the voltage pulses of waveform 22 are applied to the nozzle of an on-demand ink printer.
  • slowly decaying voltage pulses are supplied to charging elec trodes in the path of ink drop travel of a continuous flow ink drop system.
  • the pulses of the aforementioned patent thus act to deflect a plurality of previously formed ink drops.
  • ink drop size and hence line thickness can be varied by applying an a.c. signal, such as from a.c. signal source 21 of FIG. I, to nozzle 10 while the pulses supplied thereto by source 20 are at the peak value.
  • This a.c. signal having a dc. level equal to the peak level 26, has a frequency of about one hundred thousand hertz.
  • Conventional switching means would be used for supplying the signal from source 21 to the nozzle 10.
  • the composite signal supplied by sources 20 and 2] is shown as waveform 22a in FIG. 3b.
  • FIG. 2 This embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 2.
  • the alternating-current signal from source 30 would have a peak value substantially lower than that required to draw ink from nozzle 10, for example, about 1,000 volts peak, and would have a high frequency, preferably about five hunderd thousand hertz.
  • the a.c. signal supplied by source 30 is applied to nozzle 10 only when the video signal supplied by circuit 20 is at about the base level.
  • the composite waveform supplied to nozzle 10 of FIG. 3 by sources 20 and 30 would be waveform 22b shown in FIG. 3c, and the composite waveform supplies to nozzle 10 of FIG. 2 by sources 20, 21, and 30 would be waveform 226 shown in FIG. 3d.
  • Conventional circuitry (not needing description here) would be used to open and close switch 32 in accordance with whether the signal supplied by source 20 is at about the base line level 25.
  • the dc. component of the a.c. bias signal need not be at the base level 25 but may be at a greater level provided that the a.c. bias signal does not of itself produce a flow of ink drops from nozzle 10.
  • a fluid printer in which substantially all ink drops produced are used for printing on a recording medium comprising:
  • pulsing means for applying to said nozzle a voltage waveform having a voltage pulses of sufficient magnitude to produce an electrostatic field between said nozzle and said electrode of sufficient magnitude to overcome the liquid surface tension of the nozzle and draw ink from the nozzle to the recording medium.
  • each of said pulses having a peak amplitude portion and a trailing edge portion that decrease in magnitude at a variable rate.
  • a fluid printer in which all ink drops produced are used for printing on a recording medium comprising:
  • pulsing means for applying to said nozzle a waveform having voltage pulses of sufficient magnitude to produce an electrostatic field between said nozzle and said electrode of sufficient magnitude to overcome the liquid surface tension of the nozzle and draw ink from the nozzle to the recording medium, each of said pulses having a peak amplitude portion and a trailing edge portion that changes in magnitude at a rate slower than the rate of the rise time of the leading edge of each of the pulses.
  • the printer of claim 3 further comprising first means for applying a first alternating current signal to said nozzle when each of said pulses is at the peak smplitude, and second means for applying a second alternating current signal to said nozzle when each of said pulses has an amplitude substantially less than said peak amplitude.
  • pulsing means for applying to said nozzle a waveform having voltage pulses with each pulse having a leading edge portion, a peak amplitude portion. and a trailing edge portion occurring after the peak amplitude portion, said leading edge portion having a rise time from a base value that is faster than the decay time of said trailing edge portion to about said base value, and
  • the printer of claim 7 further comprising second means for applying a second alternating current signal to said nozzle only when each of said pulses supplied to said nozzle by said pulsing means is substantially at said base value, the frequency of said second signal is greater than the frequency of said first signal.
  • the printer of claim 7 further comprising means for applying an alternating current signal to said nozzle only when the amplitude of each of said pulses is substantially lower than said peak amplitude.
  • pulsing means for applying to said nozzle a waveform having voltage pulses with each pulse having a leading edge portion, a peak amplitude portion, and a trailing edge portion occurring after the peak amplitude portion said leading edge portion having a rise time from a base value that is faster than the decay time of said trailing edge portion to about said base value, and

Landscapes

  • Particle Formation And Scattering Control In Inkjet Printers (AREA)
  • Recording Measured Values (AREA)
  • Facsimile Heads (AREA)
US393760A 1973-09-04 1973-09-04 Ink printer Expired - Lifetime US3893131A (en)

Priority Applications (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US393760A US3893131A (en) 1973-09-04 1973-09-04 Ink printer
CA199,354A CA1002577A (en) 1973-09-04 1974-05-07 Ink printer
BR5351/74A BR7405351A (pt) 1973-09-04 1974-06-28 Aperfeicoamento em impressora a fluido
DE2435214A DE2435214A1 (de) 1973-09-04 1974-07-22 Fluidschreiber
NL7411357A NL7411357A (ja) 1973-09-04 1974-08-26
JP49098837A JPS5056132A (ja) 1973-09-04 1974-08-28
GB3787574A GB1471780A (en) 1973-09-04 1974-08-29 Ink printer
IT26844/74A IT1020381B (it) 1973-09-04 1974-09-02 Stampatrice a fluido
FR7430024A FR2242247A1 (ja) 1973-09-04 1974-09-04
BE148193A BE819528A (fr) 1973-09-04 1974-09-04 Dispositif d'enregistrement a encre a jets multiples

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US393760A US3893131A (en) 1973-09-04 1973-09-04 Ink printer

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3893131A true US3893131A (en) 1975-07-01

Family

ID=23556132

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US393760A Expired - Lifetime US3893131A (en) 1973-09-04 1973-09-04 Ink printer

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US3893131A (ja)
JP (1) JPS5056132A (ja)
BE (1) BE819528A (ja)
BR (1) BR7405351A (ja)
CA (1) CA1002577A (ja)
DE (1) DE2435214A1 (ja)
FR (1) FR2242247A1 (ja)
GB (1) GB1471780A (ja)
IT (1) IT1020381B (ja)
NL (1) NL7411357A (ja)

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4018383A (en) * 1974-06-05 1977-04-19 Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Process for production of drop streams
US4332487A (en) * 1977-12-28 1982-06-01 Ing. C. Olivetti & C., S.P.A. Solid ink cartridge for a non-impact printer
US4491851A (en) * 1979-07-18 1985-01-01 Fujitsu Limited Method and circuit for driving an ink jet printer
US4492968A (en) * 1982-09-30 1985-01-08 International Business Machines Dynamic control of nonlinear ink properties for drop-on-demand ink jet operation
US4509059A (en) * 1981-01-30 1985-04-02 Exxon Research & Engineering Co. Method of operating an ink jet
EP0147575A2 (en) * 1983-12-16 1985-07-10 International Business Machines Corporation Drop-on-demand ink jet printers
US4646106A (en) * 1982-01-04 1987-02-24 Exxon Printing Systems, Inc. Method of operating an ink jet
US5486848A (en) * 1979-04-02 1996-01-23 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Recording apparatus which twice ejects droplets to the same position and image forming apparatus with u-shaped material path
DE19847421A1 (de) * 1998-10-14 2000-04-20 Easy Lab Gmbh Pipettier- oder Dosierverfahren und -vorrichtung
US6106092A (en) * 1998-07-02 2000-08-22 Kabushiki Kaisha Tec Driving method of an ink-jet head
US6193343B1 (en) 1998-07-02 2001-02-27 Toshiba Tec Kabushiki Kaisha Driving method of an ink-jet head
US20040217006A1 (en) * 2003-03-18 2004-11-04 Small Robert J. Residue removers for electrohydrodynamic cleaning of semiconductors
US20150015629A1 (en) * 2013-07-11 2015-01-15 Michael J. Motala Burst mode electrohydrodynamic printing system
US9114609B1 (en) 2014-05-16 2015-08-25 Xerox Corporation System and method for ink drop acceleration with time varying electrostatic fields

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2808407C2 (de) * 1978-02-27 1983-06-30 NCR Corp., 45479 Dayton, Ohio Steuereinrichtung für eine Tintentröpfchen-Druckvorrichtung
JPS5581171A (en) * 1978-12-13 1980-06-18 Nec Corp Ink drop injector
JPS5766974A (en) * 1980-10-10 1982-04-23 Ricoh Co Ltd Fluid spray method
JPS58175668A (ja) * 1982-04-08 1983-10-14 Masayuki Sato 交流電界による均一液滴の同期生成方式
US4477869A (en) * 1983-04-28 1984-10-16 Burroughs Corporation Pulsed aperture for an electrostatic ink jet system
CA1244714A (en) * 1984-04-16 1988-11-15 William J. Debonte Method for selective multi-cycle resonant operation of an ink jet apparatus for controlling dot size
CA1259853A (en) * 1985-03-11 1989-09-26 Lisa M. Schmidle Multipulsing method for operating an ink jet apparatus for printing at high transport speeds
US4710784A (en) * 1985-07-11 1987-12-01 Tokyo Electric Co., Ltd. Ink jet printing device
JPS6399952A (ja) * 1986-10-16 1988-05-02 Tokyo Electric Co Ltd インクジエツトプリンタ及びその印刷方法

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3375528A (en) * 1965-05-07 1968-03-26 Xerox Corp Recording pen having a plurality of closely spaced wires
US3500436A (en) * 1968-01-08 1970-03-10 Teletype Corp Fluid transfer device
US3512177A (en) * 1968-12-26 1970-05-12 Xerox Corp Ink recording system
US3588332A (en) * 1968-09-17 1971-06-28 Columbia Controls Research Cor Facsimile apparatus with vibrating pressure stylus and method thereof
US3683212A (en) * 1970-09-09 1972-08-08 Clevite Corp Pulsed droplet ejecting system
US3739396A (en) * 1970-12-14 1973-06-12 Mishima Kosan Co Ltd Fluid injection recording system utilizing alternating bias field
US3848258A (en) * 1973-08-30 1974-11-12 Xerox Corp Multi-jet ink printer

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3375528A (en) * 1965-05-07 1968-03-26 Xerox Corp Recording pen having a plurality of closely spaced wires
US3500436A (en) * 1968-01-08 1970-03-10 Teletype Corp Fluid transfer device
US3588332A (en) * 1968-09-17 1971-06-28 Columbia Controls Research Cor Facsimile apparatus with vibrating pressure stylus and method thereof
US3512177A (en) * 1968-12-26 1970-05-12 Xerox Corp Ink recording system
US3683212A (en) * 1970-09-09 1972-08-08 Clevite Corp Pulsed droplet ejecting system
US3739396A (en) * 1970-12-14 1973-06-12 Mishima Kosan Co Ltd Fluid injection recording system utilizing alternating bias field
US3848258A (en) * 1973-08-30 1974-11-12 Xerox Corp Multi-jet ink printer

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4018383A (en) * 1974-06-05 1977-04-19 Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Process for production of drop streams
US4332487A (en) * 1977-12-28 1982-06-01 Ing. C. Olivetti & C., S.P.A. Solid ink cartridge for a non-impact printer
US5486848A (en) * 1979-04-02 1996-01-23 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Recording apparatus which twice ejects droplets to the same position and image forming apparatus with u-shaped material path
US6264297B1 (en) 1979-04-02 2001-07-24 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Liquid jet recording using a multi-part drive signal sequentially applied to plural blocks of thermal elements
US6139126A (en) * 1979-04-02 2000-10-31 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Information recording apparatus that records by driving plural groups or arrays of recording elements
US4491851A (en) * 1979-07-18 1985-01-01 Fujitsu Limited Method and circuit for driving an ink jet printer
US4509059A (en) * 1981-01-30 1985-04-02 Exxon Research & Engineering Co. Method of operating an ink jet
US4646106A (en) * 1982-01-04 1987-02-24 Exxon Printing Systems, Inc. Method of operating an ink jet
US4492968A (en) * 1982-09-30 1985-01-08 International Business Machines Dynamic control of nonlinear ink properties for drop-on-demand ink jet operation
EP0147575A3 (en) * 1983-12-16 1986-03-12 International Business Machines Corporation Drop-on-demand ink jet printers
EP0147575A2 (en) * 1983-12-16 1985-07-10 International Business Machines Corporation Drop-on-demand ink jet printers
US6106092A (en) * 1998-07-02 2000-08-22 Kabushiki Kaisha Tec Driving method of an ink-jet head
US6193343B1 (en) 1998-07-02 2001-02-27 Toshiba Tec Kabushiki Kaisha Driving method of an ink-jet head
DE19847421A1 (de) * 1998-10-14 2000-04-20 Easy Lab Gmbh Pipettier- oder Dosierverfahren und -vorrichtung
US20040217006A1 (en) * 2003-03-18 2004-11-04 Small Robert J. Residue removers for electrohydrodynamic cleaning of semiconductors
US20150015629A1 (en) * 2013-07-11 2015-01-15 Michael J. Motala Burst mode electrohydrodynamic printing system
US9073314B2 (en) * 2013-07-11 2015-07-07 Eastman Kodak Company Burst mode electrohydrodynamic printing system
US9114609B1 (en) 2014-05-16 2015-08-25 Xerox Corporation System and method for ink drop acceleration with time varying electrostatic fields

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2242247A1 (ja) 1975-03-28
BR7405351A (pt) 1976-02-24
DE2435214A1 (de) 1975-03-06
NL7411357A (ja) 1974-11-25
BE819528A (fr) 1974-12-31
JPS5056132A (ja) 1975-05-16
IT1020381B (it) 1977-12-20
GB1471780A (en) 1977-04-27
CA1002577A (en) 1976-12-28

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