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US3795239A - Electrochemical electrode with heating means - Google Patents

Electrochemical electrode with heating means Download PDF

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US3795239A
US3795239A US00177231A US3795239DA US3795239A US 3795239 A US3795239 A US 3795239A US 00177231 A US00177231 A US 00177231A US 3795239D A US3795239D A US 3795239DA US 3795239 A US3795239 A US 3795239A
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electrode
face
electrode arrangement
gas
blood
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Patrick Eberhard
Konrad Hammacher
Wolfgang Mindt
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F Hoffmann La Roche AG
Kontron Inc
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F Hoffmann La Roche AG
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/14542—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue for measuring blood gases
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/1468—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using chemical or electrochemical methods, e.g. by polarographic means
    • A61B5/1477—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using chemical or electrochemical methods, e.g. by polarographic means non-invasive
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
    • G01N27/404—Cells with anode, cathode and cell electrolyte on the same side of a permeable membrane which separates them from the sample fluid, e.g. Clark-type oxygen sensors

Definitions

  • Bare electrodes or electrodes covered with a membrane are suitable, depending on the particular measurement requirements, and platinum is preferred for the elctrode material.
  • Typical materials for the membrane material would include polypropylene, polyethylene, teflon, mylar, etc.
  • the measured current values derived by the electrodes are not only a function of the actual partial pressure of a gas, in the blood, but, in addition, depend on the local blood circulation of the tissue in the electrode measuring region. Because of the latter, for some measurements, it would be advantageous to decrease the influence of the blood circulation on the measuring results by hyperaemising the skin in the measuring region to increase the blood volume. It has already been proposed to use suitable vasodilating preparations (for example, histamine, papaverine, nicotinic acid, etc.) for this purpose. However, the application of suchpreparations is problematical in certain cases, for example, in the case of measurement on the inner canthus of the eye.
  • the present invention to provide an electrode arrangement in which the local blood circulation and thus the blood volume in the measuring region of the electrode is increased to enhance the transport of gas from the blood and also the system response time,wit hout additional application of hyperaemising preparations. This is achieved by providing an electrode arrangement with a heater for the thermal stimulation of local blood circulation.
  • FIG. I shows a longitudinal section through one embodimentof an electrode arrangement according to the invention, with a bare electrode for detecting a substance (for example, a gas) dissolved in the blood.
  • a substance for example, a gas
  • FIG. 2 shows a section through another embodiment of an electrode arrangement according to the invention, for partial pressure measurements.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic electrical circuit of the heating winding connection to a current source.
  • the electrode arrangement shown in FIG. 1 is particularly suitable for detecting at the inner canthus of an eye, a gas (for example, hydrogen) transported by the circulation. With it one may measure, for example, the transport time of an inhaled gas in the blood pathway from the lung to the innercanthus.
  • a gas for example, hydrogen
  • a platinum electrode 11 serves as the contact medium with the skin of the inner canthus of an eye. Its configuration is generally cylindrical with a approximately 3 mm diameter and a spherically rounded-off contact or application surface'at the tip which proves to be quite advantageous for this purpose.
  • the platinum electrode 11 is inserted firmly in a copper socket 12 to provide a good heat conduction connection.
  • the copper socket 12 likewise has a substantially cylindrical shape of about double the diameter of platinum electrode 11 with an axial boring to receive the platinum electrode.
  • On the face opposite the axial boring for receiving the platinum electrodes is a second axial boring a smaller diameter which leads to the vicinity of the platinum electrode 11. This second axial boring serves to receive a temperature measuring element 14, for example a thermistor, and its lead 17.
  • the outer surface of the copper socket 12 is interrupted by an encircling, broad recess about which is wound a heating winding 13, for example, a resistance wire.
  • the lead 18 to the heating winding is passed from end-face of the copper socket 12 through an eccentric boring to a suitable current source 10 as is illustrated in FIG. 3.
  • a lead 16 for the electrode current is attached in a further eccentric boring.
  • the whole arrangement is enclosed by a substantially cylindrical capsule 15 of a plastic (e.g. of PVC, nylon) which only leaves free the tip of the platinum electrode 11 and, on the opposite face, the lead wires 16, 17, 18, which .are expediently incorporated into a single cable.
  • FIG. 2 Another embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 2, which is especially suitable for quantitative partial pressure measurements of 0 H etc. on the skin.
  • a discshaped platinum electrode 21 is in heat-conducting contact with a substantially cylindrical copper block 22 of the same diameter as platinum electrode 21.
  • the outer surface of the copper block 22 is provided with an encircling recess in which islocated at heating wind ing 23.
  • the lead 28 to the heating winding passs through a boring which connects the end-face of the copper block 22 opposite the platinum electrode 21 with the encircling recess.
  • a further eccentrically disposed boring in this end-face serves for the attachment of the lead 26 for the electrode current.
  • an axial boring directed from the same face of the copper block into the vicinity of the platinum electrode 21 is an axial boring in which is located a temperature-measuring element 24 with the leads 27.
  • a silver ring 29, serving as a reference electrode, is chlorinated on one of its flat faces and displays an internal diameter which is greater than the diameter of the platinum electrode. It is so arranged that its entire chlorinated face lies in a common plane with the outer exposed face of the platinum electrode 21.
  • a lead 3l is directed to the back face of the silver ring and is combined with the leads 26, 27, 28 into a single cable. The whole arrangement is enclosed with a smoothly cylindrical capsule 25 of a suitable plastic (for example,
  • one end-face of the capsule 25 lies in the plane defined by platinum electrode 22 and silver ring 29, leaving exposed their surfaces.
  • the whole end-face, including the platinum and AgCl surface, is coated with an electrolyte film 32 and thereover covered with a suitable membrane 33 (e.g. teflon).
  • This member 33 serving as the application or skin contact surface of the electrode arrangement, is secured by a substantially annular capsule 34.
  • the gap between the two capsules 25 and 34 is sealed off by an O- ring 35 which is fitted in corresponding ring grooves.
  • heating up of the skin, in the region of the measuring electrode, to about 4042 C is reasonable.
  • a markedly higher temperature is, as a rule, not admissible because of the skin lesions caused by it.
  • the heatingspiral is provided with a current the strength of which is regulated with the aid of the temperature-measuring element.
  • Any known temperature-regulation circuit is suitable for this purpose, as long as it is sufficiently sensitive.
  • the electrode in accordance'with the invention is particularly advantageous since it makes possible a hyperaemization in the region of the tissue and the skin in which the measurement is undertaken without additional preparations having to be applied. This is particularly useful when it is desired to measure certain positions of the body surface where the application of hyperaemizing preparations is problematical. Such an electrode is also expedient in the case of mass investigations.
  • An additional advantage of the electrode is the considerable stabilization of the electrode reaction, to provide a measurement in a standarized environment as the influence of fluctuations of the ambient temperature, i.e. both of the surrounding air and of the skin, is eliminated.
  • An electrode arrangement for application to a body surface for bloodless measurement in connection with the concentration or the partial pressure of a gas in the blood including, sensor means for deriving in vivo electrical signals indicative of the partial pressure of gas in blood and having a face member adapted for body contact, the improvement comprising:
  • heating means in direct thermal contact with said sensor means and adapted to transmit to said face member a thermal condition for thermal stimulasource.
  • heating means also includes:
  • thermally conductive block means positioned in thermal contact with said sensor means and said winding being mounted on said block means.
  • heating means includes: temperature regulating means having a temperature-measuring element the measuring probe of which is mounted in the vicinity of said sensor means.
  • An electrode arrangement for'application to a body surface for bloodless measurement in connection with the concentration or the partial pressure of a gas in the blood comprising:
  • heating winding means mounted in said recess for generating a thermal condition for application to said body surface; temperature measuring means mounted in said axial boring;
  • annular reference electrode means mounted concen' trically with the electrode means
  • lead means electrically coupled with said electrode means for deriving in vivo electrical signals indicative of the partial pressure of gas in blood.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
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  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
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Abstract

An electrode arrangement for application to a body surface for bloodless measurement in connection with the concentration or the partial pressure of a gas in the blood comprising a sensor unit having a face member for body contact, and a heating unit coupled to the sensor unit for transmitting to said face member a thermal condition for thermal stimulation of the local blood circulation. In a further embodiment, the sensor unit includes at the face member a cover membrane permeable for a gas to be measured.

Description

United States Patent [1 1 Eberhard et al.
1 1 'Mar. 5, 1974 1 ELECTROCHEMICAL ELECTRODE WITH HEATING MEANS [751 lnventors: Patrick Eberhard, Basel; Konrad Hammacher, Kaiseraugst; Wolfgang Mindt, Therwill, all of Switzerland [73] Assignee: Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley,
221 Filed: Sept. 2, 1971 21 Appl.No.: 177,231
301 Foreign Application Priority Data Oct. 1, 1970 Switzerland 14544/70 [52] US. Cl 128/2 E, l28/2.1 E, 204/195 B, 204/195 P [51] Int. Cl....; A6111 5/00 [58] FieldEof Search 128/2 E, 2.1 E, 399, 303.1; 324/30 R; 204/195 B, 195 P [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,325,378 6/1967 Greene e t al...'.; 204 1951 x 3,659,586 5/1972 Johns ct a1. 128/2 E 3,664,178 5/1972 Spergel ct al.
3,507,283 4/1970 Thomas, Jr.
3,468,781 9/1969 Luccro 3,000,805 9/1961 Carritt ct a1 3,357,910 12/1967 Shillcr Vincent 128/2 E X Primary Examiner-Kyle L. Howell Attorney, Agent, or FirmSamuel L. Welt; Bernard S. Leon [57 ABSTRACT 8 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures PAIENIE R' SIQH m mm m w m 13 5 m a vvwme Q v, n 2MB m w 2/ m\ A n W L H WW G. F G 1 F m [CURRENT SOURCE ELECTROCHEMICAL ELECTRODE WITH HEATING MEANS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention is concerned with an electrode arrangement suitable for bloodless measurements in connection with the concentration or the partial pressure of a gas in the blood.
2. Description of the Prior Art It is known to bloodlessly measure the partial pressure of a gas in the blood (e.g. of oxygen or CO with electrodes. Generally, an electrode is applied to a position of the body surface of the patient, for example the scalp, a wrist, the inner canthus of an eye, etc. With the presence of an initial potential at the electrode, an electrochemical reaction takes place-at its surface, whereby gas is diffused through the tissue from the blood (e.g. in the case of oxygen, its reduction to OHions). The resulting current is measurable and under certain circumstances is proportional to the concentration or the partial pressure of the gas in the blood.
Bare electrodes or electrodes covered witha membrane are suitable, depending on the particular measurement requirements, and platinum is preferred for the elctrode material. Typical materials for the membrane material would include polypropylene, polyethylene, teflon, mylar, etc. v
It has been found that the measured current values derived by the electrodes are not only a function of the actual partial pressure of a gas, in the blood, but, in addition, depend on the local blood circulation of the tissue in the electrode measuring region. Because of the latter, for some measurements, it would be advantageous to decrease the influence of the blood circulation on the measuring results by hyperaemising the skin in the measuring region to increase the blood volume. It has already been proposed to use suitable vasodilating preparations (for example, histamine, papaverine, nicotinic acid, etc.) for this purpose. However, the application of suchpreparations is problematical in certain cases, for example, in the case of measurement on the inner canthus of the eye.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is the purpose of the present invention to provide an electrode arrangement in which the local blood circulation and thus the blood volume in the measuring region of the electrode is increased to enhance the transport of gas from the blood and also the system response time,wit hout additional application of hyperaemising preparations. This is achieved by providing an electrode arrangement with a heater for the thermal stimulation of local blood circulation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. I shows a longitudinal section through one embodimentof an electrode arrangement according to the invention, with a bare electrode for detecting a substance (for example, a gas) dissolved in the blood.
FIG. 2 shows a section through another embodiment of an electrode arrangement according to the invention, for partial pressure measurements.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic electrical circuit of the heating winding connection to a current source.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODEMENT The electrode arrangement shown in FIG. 1 is particularly suitable for detecting at the inner canthus of an eye, a gas (for example, hydrogen) transported by the circulation. With it one may measure, for example, the transport time of an inhaled gas in the blood pathway from the lung to the innercanthus.
A platinum electrode 11 serves as the contact medium with the skin of the inner canthus of an eye. Its configuration is generally cylindrical with a approximately 3 mm diameter and a spherically rounded-off contact or application surface'at the tip which proves to be quite advantageous for this purpose. The platinum electrode 11 is inserted firmly in a copper socket 12 to provide a good heat conduction connection. The copper socket 12 likewise has a substantially cylindrical shape of about double the diameter of platinum electrode 11 with an axial boring to receive the platinum electrode. On the face opposite the axial boring for receiving the platinum electrodes is a second axial boring a smaller diameter which leads to the vicinity of the platinum electrode 11. This second axial boring serves to receive a temperature measuring element 14, for example a thermistor, and its lead 17.
The outer surface of the copper socket 12 is interrupted by an encircling, broad recess about which is wound a heating winding 13, for example, a resistance wire. The lead 18 to the heating winding is passed from end-face of the copper socket 12 through an eccentric boring to a suitable current source 10 as is illustrated in FIG. 3. A lead 16 for the electrode current is attached in a further eccentric boring. The whole arrangement is enclosed by a substantially cylindrical capsule 15 of a plastic (e.g. of PVC, nylon) which only leaves free the tip of the platinum electrode 11 and, on the opposite face, the lead wires 16, 17, 18, which .are expediently incorporated into a single cable.
Another embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 2, which is especially suitable for quantitative partial pressure measurements of 0 H etc. on the skin. Here a discshaped platinum electrode 21 is in heat-conducting contact with a substantially cylindrical copper block 22 of the same diameter as platinum electrode 21. The outer surface of the copper block 22 is provided with an encircling recess in which islocated at heating wind ing 23. The lead 28 to the heating winding passs through a boring which connects the end-face of the copper block 22 opposite the platinum electrode 21 with the encircling recess. A further eccentrically disposed boring in this end-face serves for the attachment of the lead 26 for the electrode current. In addition, directed from the same face of the copper block into the vicinity of the platinum electrode 21 is an axial boring in which is located a temperature-measuring element 24 with the leads 27.
A silver ring 29, serving as a reference electrode, is chlorinated on one of its flat faces and displays an internal diameter which is greater than the diameter of the platinum electrode. It is so arranged that its entire chlorinated face lies in a common plane with the outer exposed face of the platinum electrode 21. A lead 3l is directed to the back face of the silver ring and is combined with the leads 26, 27, 28 into a single cable. The whole arrangement is enclosed with a smoothly cylindrical capsule 25 of a suitable plastic (for example,
PVC, nylon, etc.). As depicted, one end-face of the capsule 25 lies in the plane defined by platinum electrode 22 and silver ring 29, leaving exposed their surfaces. The whole end-face, including the platinum and AgCl surface, is coated with an electrolyte film 32 and thereover covered with a suitable membrane 33 (e.g. teflon). This member 33, serving as the application or skin contact surface of the electrode arrangement, is secured by a substantially annular capsule 34. In order to exclude the access of gas from outside, the gap between the two capsules 25 and 34 is sealed off by an O- ring 35 which is fitted in corresponding ring grooves.
It has been found that heating up of the skin, in the region of the measuring electrode, to about 4042 C is reasonable. A markedly higher temperature is, as a rule, not admissible because of the skin lesions caused by it. In operation, the heatingspiral is provided with a current the strength of which is regulated with the aid of the temperature-measuring element. Any known temperature-regulation circuit is suitable for this purpose, as long as it is sufficiently sensitive.
The electrode in accordance'with the invention is particularly advantageous since it makes possible a hyperaemization in the region of the tissue and the skin in which the measurement is undertaken without additional preparations having to be applied. This is particularly useful when it is desired to measure certain positions of the body surface where the application of hyperaemizing preparations is problematical. Such an electrode is also expedient in the case of mass investigations.
An additional advantage of the electrode is the considerable stabilization of the electrode reaction, to provide a measurement in a standarized environment as the influence of fluctuations of the ambient temperature, i.e. both of the surrounding air and of the skin, is eliminated.
We claim:
1. An electrode arrangement for application to a body surface for bloodless measurement in connection with the concentration or the partial pressure of a gas in the blood including, sensor means for deriving in vivo electrical signals indicative of the partial pressure of gas in blood and having a face member adapted for body contact, the improvement comprising:
heating means in direct thermal contact with said sensor means and adapted to transmit to said face member a thermal condition for thermal stimulasource.
3. An electrode arrangement according to claim 2 whereby said heating means also includes:
thermally conductive block means positioned in thermal contact with said sensor means and said winding being mounted on said block means.
4. An electrode arrangement according to claim 3 whereby said face member is of a material adapted for catalysing the electrochemical reaction at the body surface to which applied.
5. An electrode arrangement according to claim 4 whereby the face member of saidsensor means is of platinum.
6. An electrode arrangement according to claim 3 whereby said sensor means further includes at said face member a cover membrane, permeable for the gas to be measured.
7. An electrode arrangement according to claim 1, whereby said heating means includes: temperature regulating means having a temperature-measuring element the measuring probe of which is mounted in the vicinity of said sensor means.
8. An electrode arrangement for'application to a body surface for bloodless measurement in connection with the concentration or the partial pressure of a gas in the blood comprising:
a substantially cylindrical electrically and heat conductive member provided with an encircling recess about its outer surface and a first axial boring on one end-face; Y
smoothly cylindrical electrode means lyingon the member end-face opposite said boring and electrically and heat-conductively coupled with said member;
heating winding means mounted in said recess for generating a thermal condition for application to said body surface; temperature measuring means mounted in said axial boring;
annular reference electrode means mounted concen' trically with the electrode means;
a contact face of said reference'electrode lying'in a common plane with the end-face of the electrode means distal to said member;
an electrolyte film covering the contact face and the end-face of the electrode means;
membrane means covering said electrolyte film,
adapted for body contact; and
lead means electrically coupled with said electrode means for deriving in vivo electrical signals indicative of the partial pressure of gas in blood.

Claims (8)

1. An electrode arrangement for application to a body surface for bloodless measurement in connection with the concentration or the partial pressure of a gas in the blood including, sensor means for deriving in vivo electrical signals indicative of the partial pressure of gas in blood and having a face member adapted for body contact, the improvement comprising: heating means in direct thermal contact with said sensor means and adapted to transmit to said face member a thermal condition for thermal stimulation at the applied body surface of local blood circulation.
2. An electrode arrangement according to claim 1 whereby said heating means includes a current source and a resistance winding connected from said current source.
3. An electrode arrangement according to claim 2 whereby said heating means also includes: thermally conductive block means positioned in thermal contact with said sensor means and said winding being mounted on said block means.
4. An electrode arrangement according to claim 3 whereby said face member is of a material adapted for catalysing the electrochemical reaction at the body surface to which applied.
5. An electrode arrangement according to claim 4 whereby the face member of said sensor means is of platinum.
6. An electrode arrangement according to claim 3 whereby said sensor means further includes at said face member a cover membrane, permeable for the gas to be measured.
7. An electrode arrangement according to claim 1, whereby said heating means includes: temperature regulating means having a temperature-measuring element the measuring probe of which is mounted in the vicinity of said sensor means.
8. An electrode arrangement for application to a body surface for bloodless measurement in connection with the concentration or the partial pressure of a gas in the blood comprising: a substantially cylindrical electrically and heat conductive member provided with an encircling recess about its outer surface and a first axial boring on one end-face; smoothly cylindrical electrode means lying on the member end-face opposite said boring and electrically and heat-conductIvely coupled with said member; heating winding means mounted in said recess for generating a thermal condition for application to said body surface; temperature measuring means mounted in said axial boring; annular reference electrode means mounted concentrically with the electrode means; a contact face of said reference electrode lying in a common plane with the end-face of the electrode means distal to said member; an electrolyte film covering the contact face and the end-face of the electrode means; membrane means covering said electrolyte film, adapted for body contact; and lead means electrically coupled with said electrode means for deriving in vivo electrical signals indicative of the partial pressure of gas in blood.
US00177231A 1970-10-01 1971-09-02 Electrochemical electrode with heating means Expired - Lifetime US3795239A (en)

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Cited By (40)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US3912614A (en) * 1972-01-10 1975-10-14 Int Biophysics Corp Sensor
US3918434A (en) * 1972-11-15 1975-11-11 Eschweiler & Co Method and apparatus for determining the perfusion efficiency factor of animal tissue
US3929605A (en) * 1973-09-22 1975-12-30 Eschweiler & Co Apparatus for quickly evaluating gases dissolved in blood
US3998212A (en) * 1974-06-28 1976-12-21 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Electrode for percutaneous polarographic measurements
US4005002A (en) * 1973-08-06 1977-01-25 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Apparatus for measuring substrate concentrations
US4005700A (en) * 1974-04-05 1977-02-01 G. D. Searle & Co. Limited Device for measuring blood gases
US4033330A (en) * 1975-09-08 1977-07-05 Hewlett-Packard Company Transcutaneous pH measuring instrument
US4041932A (en) * 1975-02-06 1977-08-16 Fostick Moshe A Method for monitoring blood gas tension and pH from outside the body
DE2758413A1 (en) * 1976-12-29 1978-07-06 Bunji Hagihara ELECTRODE ARRANGEMENT FOR OXYGEN MEASUREMENT
US4129478A (en) * 1974-08-01 1978-12-12 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Method for measuring substrate concentrations
JPS5424694A (en) * 1977-07-26 1979-02-24 Searle & Co Electrochemical detector for po2* pco2
US4207161A (en) * 1978-12-14 1980-06-10 Cambridge Instrument Company, Inc. Dissolved oxygen analyzer
USRE30317E (en) * 1972-11-15 1980-07-01 Hellige Gmbh Method and apparatus for determining the perfusion efficiency factor of animal tissue
US4230122A (en) * 1977-08-22 1980-10-28 Max Planck Gesellschaft Fuer Foerderung Der Wissenschaften Transcutaneous monitoring of critical perfusion-efficiency situations
WO1980002794A1 (en) * 1979-06-20 1980-12-24 Novametrix Med Syst Inc Fixation ring for transcutaneous gas sensor probe
US4252123A (en) * 1978-02-20 1981-02-24 U.S. Philips Corporation Device for the transcutaneous electrochemical determination of the partial oxygen pressure in blood
US4273134A (en) * 1979-05-22 1981-06-16 Biochem International Inc. Fixation ring assembly and method of assembling a sensor head
US4274418A (en) * 1976-06-01 1981-06-23 Radiometer A/S Electrochemical measuring device
US4296752A (en) * 1976-09-24 1981-10-27 Johnson & Johnson Transcutaneous oxygen sensor with adjacent heater
US4303076A (en) * 1979-12-31 1981-12-01 Air Shields, Inc. Probe for transcutaneous sampling
US4311151A (en) * 1977-08-24 1982-01-19 Bunji Hagihara Oxygen measuring electrode assembly
US4312332A (en) * 1980-04-25 1982-01-26 Cordis Corporation Oxygen sensing
US4324256A (en) * 1978-03-28 1982-04-13 Radiometer A/S Electrode device
US4401122A (en) * 1979-08-02 1983-08-30 Children's Hospital Medical Center Cutaneous methods of measuring body substances
US4407291A (en) * 1978-05-12 1983-10-04 Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd. Transcutaneous blood oxygen measuring device
US4439679A (en) * 1981-04-10 1984-03-27 The Regents Of The University Of California Transcutaneous gas tension measurement using a dual sampling chamber and gas analysis system
US4450842A (en) * 1980-04-25 1984-05-29 Cordis Corporation Solid state reference electrode
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US4467811A (en) * 1979-08-02 1984-08-28 Children's Hospital Medical Center Method of polarographic analysis of lactic acid and lactate
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US4586149A (en) * 1983-07-05 1986-04-29 Sensormedics Corporation Temperature control system for cutaneous gas monitor
US4615340A (en) * 1985-02-27 1986-10-07 Becton, Dickinson And Company Sensor assembly suitable for blood gas analysis and the like and the method of use
US4805122A (en) * 1986-12-31 1989-02-14 Sensormedics Corporation Temperature control system for cutaneous gas monitor
US9839378B2 (en) 2007-02-06 2017-12-12 Medtronic Minimed, Inc. Optical systems and methods for ratiometric measurement of blood glucose concentration
US8838195B2 (en) 2007-02-06 2014-09-16 Medtronic Minimed, Inc. Optical systems and methods for ratiometric measurement of blood glucose concentration
US8738107B2 (en) 2007-05-10 2014-05-27 Medtronic Minimed, Inc. Equilibrium non-consuming fluorescence sensor for real time intravascular glucose measurement
US8979790B2 (en) 2007-11-21 2015-03-17 Medtronic Minimed, Inc. Use of an equilibrium sensor to monitor glucose concentration
US8088097B2 (en) 2007-11-21 2012-01-03 Glumetrics, Inc. Use of an equilibrium intravascular sensor to achieve tight glycemic control
US20090177143A1 (en) * 2007-11-21 2009-07-09 Markle William H Use of an equilibrium intravascular sensor to achieve tight glycemic control
US8535262B2 (en) 2007-11-21 2013-09-17 Glumetrics, Inc. Use of an equilibrium intravascular sensor to achieve tight glycemic control
US20090264719A1 (en) * 2008-04-17 2009-10-22 Glumetrics, Inc. Sensor for percutaneous intravascular deployment without an indwelling cannula
US8512245B2 (en) 2008-04-17 2013-08-20 Glumetrics, Inc. Sensor for percutaneous intravascular deployment without an indwelling cannula
US20110077477A1 (en) * 2009-09-30 2011-03-31 Glumetrics, Inc. Sensors with thromboresistant coating
US8715589B2 (en) 2009-09-30 2014-05-06 Medtronic Minimed, Inc. Sensors with thromboresistant coating
US8467843B2 (en) 2009-11-04 2013-06-18 Glumetrics, Inc. Optical sensor configuration for ratiometric correction of blood glucose measurement
US8700115B2 (en) 2009-11-04 2014-04-15 Glumetrics, Inc. Optical sensor configuration for ratiometric correction of glucose measurement
US20110105866A1 (en) * 2009-11-04 2011-05-05 Glumetrics, Inc. Optical sensor configuration for ratiometric correction of blood glucose measurement
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NL152084B (en) 1977-01-17
IL37643A0 (en) 1971-11-29
IL37643A (en) 1974-09-10
GB1312169A (en) 1973-04-04
DE2145400C3 (en) 1985-06-05
SE373952C (en) 1979-08-20
DK156285B (en) 1989-07-24
CA1008931A (en) 1977-04-19
CS158566B2 (en) 1974-11-25
SE373952B (en) 1975-02-17
JPS5112199B1 (en) 1976-04-16
NL7113018A (en) 1972-04-05
DE2145400B2 (en) 1980-08-28
AT313480B (en) 1974-02-25
ES395581A1 (en) 1975-11-01
USRE31440E (en) 1983-11-15
DE2145400A1 (en) 1972-04-06
CH530006A (en) 1972-10-31
BE773307A (en) 1972-03-30
DK156285C (en) 1990-02-26
FR2110906A5 (en) 1972-06-02
NO130779B (en) 1974-10-28
AU463724B2 (en) 1975-08-07
AU3296571A (en) 1973-03-08

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